Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tomato root

Academic literature on the topic 'Tomato root'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Tomato root"

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O'Neill, T. M., S. J. Deery, G. Scott, and M. Dickinson. "MONITORING TOMATO ROOT MICROORGANISMS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1044 (July 2014): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1044.8.

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Tan, C. S., and J. M. Fulton. "Water Uptake and Root Distribution by Corn and Tomato at Different Depths." HortScience 20, no. 4 (August 1985): 686–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.4.686.

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Abstract Root systems were studied to determine if differences in utilization of soil moisture were associated with the extent and number of roots produced by corn and tomato. Growth room studies for both crops indicated that the reduction in transpiration when the upper portion of the root zone was dry was greater than when the lower portion was dry. Total root length of corn was about twice that of tomato roots. However, no direct relationship between the total amount of root length and transpiration was found. Roots of corn and tomato in the field extended beyond the maximum depth measured (100 cm) between 42 – 46 days after establishment. The spatial density of corn roots was much greater than that of tomato roots, especially as depths increased. This difference possibly explains the use of stored soil moisture by corn. On the other hand, the capacity of tomatoes to extract large amounts of water from the soil cannot be explained by the density and rooting depth. Perhaps this capacity is due to total root surface area differences or high absorption capacity of tomato root system.
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Shi, J. B., X. Y. Gong, M. Khashi u Rahman, T. Yua, X. G. Zhou, and F. Z. Wu. "Effects of potato-onion intercropping on root morphology of tomato through volatile organic compounds." Allelopathy Journal 52, no. 2 (March 2021): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j/2021-52-2-1319.

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Facilitative interactions occur between the plants in intercropping systems, however, the underlying allelopathy mechanisms are poorly understood. We determined the effects of potato-onion (Allium cepa var. agrogatum Don.) intercrop on root morphology of tomato (Lycopersicon esculenum L.) through volatile organic compounds (VOCs). There were four treatments as (i) Tomato/tomato without VOCs interaction (-TT), (ii) Tomato/tomato with VOCs interaction (+TT, control), (iii) Potato-onion/tomato without VOCs interaction (-OT) and (iv) Potato-onion/tomato with VOCs interaction +(OT) in glasshouses. As compared to tomato, VOCs from potato-onion significantly increased the number of root tips total length but decreased the root diameter of tomato, however significantly the increase the tomato root length (0-0.5 mm mean diameter). These results indicated that the tomato root morphology has influenced by aboveground secreted VOCs from neighboring plants in potato-onion intercropping system.
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Crespo, Aline M., Andrew W. MacRae, Cristiane Alves, Tyler P. Jacoby, and Rick O. Kelly. "Tomato Root Uptake of Carfentrazone." Weed Technology 27, no. 3 (September 2013): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00008.1.

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Fresh market tomato is an important and valuable crop in Florida, accounting for 630 million dollars farm-gate value, which was 45% of the total value of the U.S. crop in 2010. In order to maintain or increase its productivity, labeled herbicide alternatives to methyl bromide are important to limiting seed production of weeds emerging between the raised plasticulture beds. A study was conducted inside a greenhouse where carfentrazone was applied as a drench at 0.03125×, 0.0625×, 0.125×, 0.25×, 0.5×, 1×, 2×, 4×, and 8× and as a subsurface irrigation at 0.0625×, 0.125×, 0.25×, 0.5×, 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, and 16× rates. The 1× rate equaled the maximum labeled rate of carfentrazone (35.1 g ai ha−1) that would be applied to an area of 0.360 m2. Both the drench and subsurface trials showed an increase in plant injury and reduced growth as the rate of carfentrazone increased. The drench trial, however, was observed to have higher visible injury and greater growth reduction (based on plant measurement) than the subsurface trial, when comparing similar rates. For the 1× rate of carfentrazone in the drench trial vs. the subsurface trial, injury was 66 and 24.5%, respectively. For the 1× rate the tomato plants had estimated growth, based on the curves fit for the data, of 4.8% vs. 39.9% for the drench and subsurface trials, respectively. The subsurface trial better represents what happens in the field when carfentrazone root uptake injury is observed since it is normally observed to be around 10% or less. This still leaves a level of concern; once a 10% injury level in the subsurface trial was estimated to have reduced tomato growth, fruit weight, and total shoot dry weight by 33, 15, and 9.5%, respectively.
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French, Elizabeth, Tri Tran, and Anjali S. Iyer-Pascuzzi. "Tomato Genotype Modulates Selection and Responses to Root Microbiota." Phytobiomes Journal 4, no. 4 (January 2020): 314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-02-20-0020-r.

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Using microbial inoculants to enhance plant health is promising for crop improvement. However, for success, knowledge of how different cultivars within a crop species select and respond to the root microbiome is critical. The aims of this study were to (i) determine the contribution of tomato genotype to the tomato root bacterial microbiome and (ii) investigate whether closely related tomato genotypes differ in their selection of and response to root endophytes. We used 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing to examine the root bacterial communities of six Solanum lycopersicum (domesticated tomato) and two S. pimpinellifolium (wild tomato) accessions. We found that, across accessions, both the root endosphere and rhizosphere were affected by genotype. Genotype accounted for 10% of the variation in root microbiota. Two bacterial families, Bacillaceae and Rhizobiaceae, were significantly enriched in the root endosphere in at least six of the eight tomato genotypes. To investigate whether closely related tomato genotypes differed in selection of these endosphere-enriched taxa, we profiled the root endosphere of 20 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from two of the genotypes. The abundance of Bacillaceae and Rhizobiaceae isolates varied quantitatively in the root endosphere of the RILs. Inoculation of 16 RILs with a Bacillaceae isolate identified from the root endosphere of field-grown tomato showed that RIL responses, in terms of shoot and root growth, varied from less than 5% growth enhancement to more than 40%. Our data show that tomato genotypes have distinct but overlapping root bacterial microbiomes and respond differently to specific bacterial endophytes.
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Alaguero-Cordovilla, Aurora, Francisco Gran-Gómez, Sergio Tormos-Moltó, and José Pérez-Pérez. "Morphological Characterization of Root System Architecture in Diverse Tomato Genotypes during Early Growth." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 3888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123888.

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Plant roots exploit morphological plasticity to adapt and respond to different soil environments. We characterized the root system architecture of nine wild tomato species and four cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties during early growth in a controlled environment. Additionally, the root system architecture of six near-isogenic lines from the tomato ‘Micro-Tom’ mutant collection was also studied. These lines were affected in key genes of ethylene, abscisic acid, and anthocyanin pathways. We found extensive differences between the studied lines for a number of meaningful morphological traits, such as lateral root distribution, lateral root length or adventitious root development, which might represent adaptations to local soil conditions during speciation and subsequent domestication. Taken together, our results provide a general quantitative framework for comparing root system architecture in tomato seedlings and other related species.
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Feng, Yingming, Huanxiu Li, Xianshi Zhang, Xuewen Li, Jie Zhang, Lei Shi, Xingyun Chen, et al. "Effects of Cadmium Stress on Root and Root Border Cells of Some Vegetable Species with Different Types of Root Meristem." Life 12, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12091401.

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Cadmium is one of the most toxic heavy metals and can be easily absorbed by plants, affecting root growth. Root border cells (RBCs), that are located in the periphery of the root cap and originate from the root cap meristem, represent a convenient tool to study the toxic effects of Cd on root performance. In this work, vegetables with contrasting types of root apical meristem (RAM) organizations were used. The open RAM organizations included pea and cucumber, and the closed RAM organizations included tomato, chili, and eggplant. The number of RBCs were significantly higher in the species possessing open RAM organization: pea (11,330 cells per root) > cucumber (8200) > tomato (2480) > eggplant (1830) > chili (1320). The same trend was observed for cell viability: pea (61%) > cucumber (59%) > tomato (49%) > eggplant (44%) > chili (42%). Pea and cucumber had higher relative radicle elongation rates and a lower increase in stress-induced accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), making them more resistant to Cd stress than the vegetables with close RAM organization. Under Cd treatment, the number and viability of RBCs in vegetables with both types of RAM organization were significantly decreased. However, the decreasing ratio of the number and viability of RBCs in pea and cucumber was higher than in tomato, chili, and eggplant. Taken together, the plants with the open-type RAM are more tolerant to Cd, and it can be speculated that the cadmium tolerance of the vegetables may be correlated with the number and viability of RBCs in response to cadmium stress.
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Clergeot, Pierre-Henri, Herwig Schuler, Ejvind Mørtz, Maja Brus, Simina Vintila, and Sophia Ekengren. "The Corky Root Rot Pathogen Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Secretes a Proteinaceous Inducer of Cell Death Affecting Host Plants Differentially." Phytopathology® 102, no. 9 (September 2012): 878–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-12-0004.

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Pathogenic isolates of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, the causal agent of corky root rot of tomato, secrete cell death in tomato 1 (CDiT1), a homodimeric protein of 35 kDa inducing cell death after infiltration into the leaf apoplast of tomato. CDiT1 was purified by fast protein liquid chromatography, characterized by mass spectrometry and cDNA cloning. Its activity was confirmed after infiltration of an affinity-purified recombinant fusion of the protein with a C-terminal polyhistidine tag. CDiT1 is highly expressed during tomato root infection compared with axenic culture, and has a putative ortholog in other pathogenic Pleosporales species producing proteinaceous toxins that contribute to virulence. Infiltration of CDiT1 into leaves of other plants susceptible to P. lycopersici revealed that the protein affects them differentially. All varieties of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) tested were more sensitive to CDiT1 than those of currant tomato (S. pimpinellifolium). Root infection assays showed that varieties of currant tomato are also significantly less prone to intracellular colonization of their root cells by hyphae of P. lycopersici than varieties of cultivated tomato. Therefore, secretion of this novel type of inducer of cell death during penetration of the fungus inside root cells might favor infection of host species that are highly sensitive to this molecule.
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do Rosário G. Oliveira, Maria, António M. Calado, and Carlos A. Martins Portas. "Tomato Root Distribution under Drip Irrigation." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 4 (July 1996): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.4.644.

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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) root distribution was evaluated by the trench profile wall method at four trickle irrigation regimes (irrigation at soil water potential -10, -20, -40, and -60 kPa) in a 2-year field trial. Total root length intensity (m·m-2), final yield (t·ha-1) and fruit size (g/fruit) decreased with decrease in amount of water applied. In both years, tomato water use efficiency (kg·ha-1·mm-1) was significantly lower with irrigation at -10 kPa than with any other irrigation regime studied. The largest proportion of tomato roots, 88% for 1989 and 96% for 1990, was found in the top 40 cm of the soil and rapidly decreased with depth. The high concentration of roots in the 30 to 40 cm layer was attributed to an horizon with high soil bulk density values, immediately below 40 cm, impeding deeper root penetration. Most roots occurred in the emitter area, close to the plant. In rows 1.5 m apart, between 12% and 21% of total root length was found more than 0.5 m from the stem, which may have resulted from the interpenetration of roots from plants of adjoining rows.
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Hochmuth, George J., Warren H. Gabelman, and Gerald C. Gerloff. "A Gene Affecting Tomato Root Morphology." HortScience 20, no. 6 (December 1985): 1099–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.6.1099.

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Abstract A strain of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) having a high capacity for P uptake and characterized by prolific root hair formation (“cottony root”) was studied genetically. Based on data from several experiments, a monogenic, recessive mode of inheritance was indicated. The gene symbol crt has been proposed for “cottony root”.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tomato root"

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Omar, Ibrahim. "Biological control of crown and root rot of tomato." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310952.

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El, Masry Mousa Ahmed. "Biological and chemical control of Pythium butleri on tomato." Thesis, University of London, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265901.

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Sivananthan, Malini. "An examination of the relationship between NO, ABA and auxin in lateral root initiation and root elongation in tomato." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1375.

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The length of the primary root and the density of lateral roots determine the architecture of the root. In this thesis the effect of NAA, ABA and the NO donor SNP alone as well as the combination of ABA or NAA with SNP on lateral root development was investigated. The interaction between CPTIO, a NO scavenger, and NAA or SNP is also reported. Following preliminary experiments in which it was observed that the aerial part of the seedling influenced LR growth and that there was a possible inhibitory effect of light on cultured root tips, experiments were conducted with excised roots tips in the dark. NAA was shown to have the potential to initiate LRs across a wide concentration gradient with the total number of LRs and initiated lateral root primordia (LRP) remaining constant across the range of concentrations tested. Over the last decade, nitric oxide (NO), a bioactive molecule, has been reported to be involved in the regulation of many biological pathways. The presence of NO in the system provided via sodium nitroprusside (SNP), promoted LRP initiation based on the NAA concentration gradient; but without changing the total LR initiation, that is LRs plus primordia density remained constant along the concentration gradient of NAA. The absence of LR and LRP in the treatments of CPTIO (a NO scavenger) with SNP or NAA suggests that NO regulates LRP initiation triggered by NAA, which is in agreement with the recent paper published after the commencement of this study (Correa-Aragunde et al., 2006). In agreement with previous studies, ABA inhibited lateral root development by reducing LR density and the number of LRs. The experiments with fluridone, an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, may indicate that endogenous ABA was at sufficient concentrations in the excised root tips to inhibit primordia initiation. In this study, evidence is presented for the first time to show that SNP can relieve the inhibitory effect of ABA on LR density and number of LRs suggesting the NO, released from SNP, acts downstream of ABA. Overall these data confirm a critical role for NO in LR initiation.
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Mansoorkhani, Fereshteh Malekpoor. "Investigating the genetic and molecular basis of root architecture in tomato." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.718989.

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Root system architecture (RSA) and morphology are important for plant productivity as many soil resources are unevenly distributed. RSA varies widely between species, individuals in a species and even within individual root systems. In recent years, the structure and function of plant root systems has received increasing attention. Many cultivated plants have undergone a reduction in genetic variability from ancestral forms, and this is particularly obvious in tomato whose history of domestication has significantly reduced the variation available in the cultivated tomato gene pool. However, substantial variation for root architecture and other traits still exists in related wild Solanum species. This root variability can be potentially used to breed new and improved tomato varieties. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for root architecture and other important traits can be identified using available sets of tomato introgression lines, which were developed through a succession of backcrosses. The small green-fruited species Solanum pennellii is a distant sexually compatible relative of S. lycopersicum (domesticated tomato) native to the Andes mountains of South America. S. pennelli was used as a founding donor parent of the first tomato introgression (IL) population made available for interspecific QTL identification, cloning, and plant breeding. In this project, the S. pennellii IL population was used as the starting point to fine map QTL involved in the control of tomato root architecture. A large effect QTL was identified on the top of tomato chromosome 4. The QTL region enhanced root length and number of lateral roots. To fine map the underlying gene(s), approximately 8000 IL 4-1-1 F2 plants were screened to identify recombinants, leading to the generation of two small ILs (Q1120 and Q2173) harbouring the root system architecture (RSA) QTL. These recombinants delineated a mapping interval of 177kb containing 26 gene models. Analysis of the genes in the mapping interval indicated that several showed expression depending on the presence of an M82 or S.pennellii allele. Based on these and other criteria two genes were selected as RSA QTL candidates. These included a transcription factor belonging to the bHLH class and the gibberellin receptor GID1. Functional studies in Arabidopsis and tomato are in progress to validate the link between these genes and improved RSA.
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MacLeod, Michael M. "Control of Fusarium crown and root rot on tomato seedlings using synthetic iron chelators and phenolic compounds found in lettuce roots." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq21095.pdf.

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Alwan, A. H. "The influence of root solution environment on fruit production by tomato plant." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355895.

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Malatji, Kgashane Philip. "Development of mean concentration stimulation point for fermented Lantana Camara Phytonematicide on tomato production." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1918.

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Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture)) --University of Limpopo, 2017
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) are the major soil-borne pests of tomato (Solanum lycorpesicum) plants. Due to the global withdrawal of effective chemical nematicides from the agrochemical markets, nematodes are difficult to control under the production systems. Currently, botanicals are being researched and developed as alternative to chemical nematicides with promising results, although they have challenge of phytotoxicity. The objective of this study was to determine the Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP) of Tickberry (Lantana camara) extracts for tomato plant-infected with M. javanica. Treatments consisted of six levels of L. camara extracts, namely, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% per pot, which were arranged in a randomised complete block design, with ten replicates. Tomato seedlings were inoculated with 2500 second-stage juveniles (J2S) of M. javanica at five days after transplanting, with treatments applied at seven days after inoculation. At 56 days after inoculation, L. camara extracts had positive effects on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of fruits and fruit mass, contributing 65, 74, 61, 25 and 61% in total treatment variation (TTV), respectively, under greenhouse conditions. Under microplot conditions, treatments contributed 55, 85, 61, 36 and 85% in TTV of the respective plant variables. Under greenhouse it contributed 60, 35 and 77% and 29, 79 and 70% under microplot on dry shoot mass, dry root mass and galling index respectively. Treatments did not have any effects on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Under greenhouse conditions, treatments contributed 88, 94 and 92% in TTV of nematode in roots, soil and final population, respectively, whereas under microplot conditions 94, 97 and 95% in xvii TTV of the respective nematode stages. The derived mean concentration of L. camara extracts for tomato was 5.76 and 5.31% under microplot and greenhouse conditions, respectively. The overall sensitivity of tomato plants to L. camara extracts under microplot and greenhouse were 3 and 0, respectively. In conclusion Meloidogyne species can be managed using L. camara extracts 5.31 and 5.76% under glasshouse production and field production system respectively.
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Hasna, Mahbuba Kaniz. "Corky root disease management in organic tomato production : composts, fungivorous nematodes and grower participation /." Uppsala : Dept. of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007114.pdf.

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Karanja, Daniel Kimani. "Studies on integrated management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on tomato in Kenya." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408105.

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Bingham, I. J. "Effects of root-zone temperature on the growth, water and mineral relations of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355125.

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Books on the topic "Tomato root"

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Dunn, Geraldine Kim. The effects of chemical inhibitors on the resistance of tomato to Fusarium crown and root rot: An anatomical study. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.

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Khalil, Sammar. Microflora in the root environment of hydroponically grown tomato: Methods for assessment and effects of introduced bacteria and Pythium ultimum. Alnarp: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2001.

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Klug, Katharina. Systemic effects of mycorrhization on root and shoot physiology of Lycopersicon esculentum. Jülich: Forschungszentrum Jülich, 2006.

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Conan, Doyle Arthur. Zapiski o Sherloke Kholmse: V dvukh tomakh. Minsk: Mastat︠s︡kai︠a︡ Literatura, 1993.

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Brammall, Ronald Anthony. Host-pathogen interactions in Fusarium crown and root rot disease in tomato. 1987.

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Dunn, Geraldine Kim. The effects of chemical inhibitors on the resistance of tomato to Fusarium crown and root rot: an anatomical study. 1991.

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Franzinelli, Mimmo. Squadrism. Edited by R. J. B. Bosworth. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199594788.013.0006.

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Squadrism characterized fascism in a decisive manner, furnishing it with a special impulse in its struggle against its political adversaries from its first beginnings until its taking of power. The roots of the squadrists were nourished by the war experience, especially so-called arditismo, the spirit that had driven young men who had fought as volunteers in assault units. The initial brigade or manipolo of squadrists was founded in Milan in the winter of 1918–19 by ex-arditi officer Ferruccio Vecchi, attracting men who were finding it difficult to resume civilian life. Bound to the charismatic figure of Benito Mussolini, the brigade acted as a bodyguard for the managing editor of the paper Il popolo d'Italia, with special fervour in defending the value of the war and in deprecating socialist pacifism. Among the movement's most significant figures was Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who led attacks against what he called ‘pro-Bolshevik’ rallies.
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Book chapters on the topic "Tomato root"

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Fassuliotis, G. "Root-Knot Resistance in Tomato." In Genetic Improvement of Tomato, 143–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84275-7_11.

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Kouki, K., A. Mougou, and R. Paul. "Root cultures for elucidating tomato root reactions to NaCl stress." In Plant Nutrition, 428–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_207.

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Liharska, Tsvetana B., and Valerie M. Williamson. "Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes in Tomato." In Developments in Plant Pathology, 191–200. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5596-0_15.

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Kumari, Rima, Pankaj Kumar, Dan Singh Jakhar, and Arun Kumar. "Molecular Approaches to Control the Root-Knot Nematode in Tomato." In Biotic Stress Management in Tomato, 167–77. Boca Raton: Apple Academic Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003186960-10.

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Komosa, A. "Interaction between Foliar and Root Nutrition of Greenhouse Tomato." In Plant Production on the Threshold of a New Century, 455–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1158-4_62.

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Berta, G., A. Fusconi, S. Sampò, G. Lingua, S. Perticone, and O. Repetto. "Polyploidy in tomato roots as affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization." In Recent Advances of Plant Root Structure and Function, 63–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2858-4_8.

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Cornillon, P., and A. Fellahi. "Influence of root temperature on potassium nutrition of tomato plant." In Optimization of Plant Nutrition, 213–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2496-8_35.

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Machado, Rui M. A., Maria do Rosário, and G. Oliveira. "Comparison of tomato root distributions by minirhizotron and destructive sampling." In Roots: The Dynamic Interface between Plants and the Earth, 375–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2923-9_36.

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Machado, Rui M. A., Maria do Rosário, G. Oliveira, and Carlos A. M. Portas. "Tomato root distribution, yield and fruit quality under subsurface drip irrigation." In Roots: The Dynamic Interface between Plants and the Earth, 333–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2923-9_32.

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Aggarwal, Rajan, Ajay Kumar Vashisht, and Narinder K. Narda. "Performance of Drip-Irrigated Tomato: Water Uptake, Root Distribution, and Quality." In Fertigation Technologies for Micro Irrigated Crops, 3–18. First edition. | Series statement: Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation.: Apple Academic Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003084136-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tomato root"

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Syrova, D. S., V. Y. Shakhnazarova, A. I. Shaposhnikov, A. A. Belimov, and Y. V. Gogolev. "The intensity of root colonization by phytopathogenic fungus and rhizobacterium depends on the genotype of tomatoes and abscisic acid." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.242.

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The intensity of root colonization by phytopathogenic fungus and rhizobacterium differs depending on the tomato genotype. Inoculation of wild-type tomatoes Ailsa Craig, but not of its ABA deficient mutant flacca, with Novosphingobium sp. P6W inhibits root colonization by Fusarium oxysporum MF-G284.
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González-Hernández, Ana Isabel, Rodrigo Pérez-Sánchez, María Ángeles Gómez-Sánchez, and María Remedios Morales-Corts. "Compost Tea as Biostimulant: Promoting Tomato Root Development." In IOCAG 2022. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocag2022-12224.

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Rui Yang, Jihong Cheng, Chen Zhang, and Shao-hui Wang. "Selection of tomato cultivars with resistance to root knot nematodes." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5966186.

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Jovovic, Mirjana, Verica Prodanovic, Aleksandra Govedarica-Lucic, and Zoranka Malesevic. "EFFECT OF APPLAYING OF HUMIC ACID ON SEEDLING GROWTH OF TOMATO." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.039j.

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This study was undertaken to determine the effects of humic acid on the growth seedling of two tomato cultivars CeylandoF1 and RallyF1, under greenhouse conditions. Treatment with „Humistar“ was started in the two-leaf stage of the plant. One level of humic acid of 20 ml l-1 was applied to the seedling growing media and each seedling of the species was treated every ten days until transplanting directly into the soil in greenhouse.The higest growth rate: leaf (weight), stem (diameter and weight) and root (weight and lenght) growth were optained in cultivar RallyF1 as compared to the control and leaf, stem and root weight compared to Ceylando F1 cultivar.General, the results showed that humic acid influenced better root development in both examined tomato cultivars.
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Bogoutdinova, L. R., E. N. Baranova, E. M. Lazareva, E. A. Smirnova, and M. R. Haliluev. "Structural organization of tomato root under in vitro chloride salinization conditions." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-75.

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Salverson, Lynsey A. M., Nader Saniei, Mel Mendelson, and Michelle Lum. "An Engineering Approach Investigating the Uptake and Phytotoxicity of One Type of Engineered Nanoparticle (CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots) by Solanum Lycopersicum." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14032.

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The novel and extraordinary physiochemical properties of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) is certain, yet, at the same time, their unique characteristics raise growing concerns regarding potentially adverse effects on biological and ecological systems. It is becoming increasingly evident, that before the full potential of nanotechnology can be realized, standardized characterization of ENPs behavior, fate, and their effects in the ecosystem are essential, to ensure the safe manufacturing and use of ENP products. Otherwise, the promise of such extraordinary advancements may find itself limited to applications such as electronics, and sporting equipments, industries in which it currently resides. The current toxicity profile of engineered nanomaterials is not only preliminary, but highly variable amongst researchers. Emphasizing the great need to develop a highly organized, efficient, and precise approach to assess the hazardous potential ENPs may pose, and address the safety concerns surrounding and limiting nanotechnology. In response to such concerns, the present study took an engineering approach, in an otherwise traditionally viewed discipline, to assess the potential impact of engineered nanoparticles on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings, by implementing a full factorial design of experiment (FDOE) in an effort to identify what factors, and their interactions, have a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on root and shoot elongation, and if any observed effects are a result of particle uptake, evaluated via fluorescence microscopy imaging. Therefore, the goal of our study was to design and implement an efficient, effective, and precise method to assess the effect of one type of ENP, water-soluble CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, using Solanum lycopersicum as our model organism, one of 10 species recommended by the Unites States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for use in phytotoxicity studies, via a methodology we believe novel to nanotechnology. By implementing factorial experimental design methodologies, not only are we efficiently identifying the factors that affect phytotoxicity, we are providing, for the first time to our knowledge, the first scientific data to report the significant interaction effects between the factors responsible for ENP toxicity. Water soluble (MUA) CdSe/ZnS quantum dots used in our study had a negative influence on root and shoot lengths of tomato seeds exposed for 3 and 6 days. The observed influence depended on (MUA) CdSe/ZnS concentration and QD exposure time. The importance of the factor effects were examined via analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-tests, confidence intervals, and normal plot statistical analyses. The findings concluded that factors B, C, and the BC-interaction (CdSe/ZnS: Exposure time, concentration, and exposure time–concentration interaction) significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected root and shoot lengths of tomato seedlings. Thus, factors A, AB, AC, and ABC (CdSe/ZnS QD: Size, size–concentration, size-exposure time, and size-concentration-exposure time interactions) were not found to have a significant effect on root and shoot lengths of tomato seedlings, and ultimately eliminated from our model. After analyzing the interaction plots, it became evident that low percentages of root reduction are obtained at low concentration levels for short lengths of time; thus, to obtain the least amount of phytotoxic effects one would set factors B (concentration) and C (exposure time) to their low levels, 125 mg/L for 3 days, respectively. Alternatively, high percentages of root reduction are obtained at high concentration levels for long lengths of time; thus, to obtain the greatest phytotoxic effect one would set factors B and C to their high levels, 1000 mg/L for 6 days, respectively. This indicates that as exposure time increases, root reduction increases; thus, phytotoxicity increases. Since our study attempted to realize which factors minimize phytotoxicity effects of one type of ENP, these findings suggest that to minimize phytotoxicity effects (i.e. maximize root length or minimize percent of root reduction) of (MUA) CdSe/ZnS QDs on tomato seeds, set factors B and C (QD concentration and exposure time) to their low levels; that is, expose tomato seeds to 125 mg/L of QD solution for a maximum of 3 days. These settings will yield the least amount of root reduction (5.15%) and; thus, phytotoxicity effects will be minimized. With regard to tomato roots ability to uptake MUA QDs, our results contribute to the literature by reporting uptake possible. Although we did see particles inside the root, it was sporadic and difficult to quantify. As to whether it was intracellular (within the cell) or intercellular (in the spaces between the cells, i.e., outside the cells) we could not conclude with certainty, although we suspect the QDs were intercellular. Thus, we highly recommend future experiments involving cross sections and more in-depth microscopy imaging. Additionally, although the results of our experiment failed to support that particle size (t = 2.13; d.f. = 1; p = 0.065) or the particle size-exposure time interaction (t = 2.17; d.f. = 1; p = 0.062) had a significant effect on root and shoot lengths of tomato seedlings, due to the small p-value associated with both test statistics, it is our belief that particle size and the particle size-exposure time interaction may, in fact, be a real effect; thus, further investigation is recommended.
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Yu Yingduo, Gong Shihong, and Yanfeng Li. "Tomato Root Distribution As Affected By Pesticide Injection Under Subsurface Drip Irrigation." In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20697.

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Mihnea, Nadejda. "Reacția unor linii de tomate la izolatele fungului Alternaria alternata." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.64.

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The paper presents the results of the appreciation of some tomato lines based on the resistance to the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata. Culture filtrates (CF) of pathogen in the most cases did not significantly influence for the seed germination. A more obvious impact was manifested in the case of the root and the stem, the deviations from the control constituting -38.2…. -69.6% for the root and -40.7… -72.6% - for the stem. It was found that the greatest importance in the reaction to A. alternata isolates for seed germination had the genotypic factor, and for root and stem growth - the isolation factor - 95.7-91.0%.
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Wang, Lei, Chao Ma, Xin Rong Wang, Zhen Zhong, and Lu Lu Ren. "Growth charts of root knots and giant cells caused by Meloidogyne incognita in susceptible tomato roots in vit." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5964087.

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Castañé, Cristina. "Below ground-above ground interactions: Effects of root fungi on zoophytophagous predators of tomato pests." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.107759.

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Reports on the topic "Tomato root"

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Kapulnik, Yoram, Maria J. Harrison, Hinanit Koltai, and Joseph Hershenhorn. Targeting of Strigolacatones Associated Pathways for Conferring Orobanche Resistant Traits in Tomato and Medicago. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7593399.bard.

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This proposal is focused on examination of two plant interactions: parasitic with Orobanche, and symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), and the involvement of a newly define plant hormones, strigolactones (SLs), in these plant interactions. In addition to strigolactones role in regulation of above-ground plant architecture, they are also known to be secreted from roots, and to be a signal for seed germination of the parasitic plants Orobanche. Moreover, secreted strigolactones were recognized as inducers of AMFhyphae branching. The present work was aimed at Generation of RNAi mutants of both tomato and Medicago, targeting multiple genes that may be involved in strigolactone production, carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, Pi signaling or other metabolic pathways, and hence affect AMF colonization and/or Orobanche resistance. Following the newly formed and existing RNAi mutants were examined for AMF colonization and Orobanche resistance. At the first phase of this project Orobanche seed germination assays and AMF colonization were examined in intact plants. These assays were shown to be effective and resulted with enhancement of Orobanche seed germination and AMF colonization in WT tomato plants, whereas roots of strigolactones impaired lines did not result with Orobanche seed germination and mycorrhiza colonization. Unexpectedly, root organ cultures (ROC) that were produced from the same wild type (WT) and mutant lines did not induce the Orobanche seed germination and AMFhyphal branching. This implies that under in vitro conditions ROC cultures are missing an important component for induction of Orobanche seed germination and AMFhyphal branching. In another line of experiments we have tested transgenic lines of Medicagotruncatula for AMFhuyphal branching and Orobanche seed germination assays. These lines included lines silenced for a GRAS transcription factor (RNAi 1845), an NBS-LRR type resistance gene (RNAi 1847), a kinase (RNAi 2403) and a protein of unknown function (RNAi 2417). In all cases, five independent transgenic root lines showed altered AMFphenotypes with reduced or aberrant colonization patterns. Following, we transformed tomato plants with the M. truncatulaTC 127050 PhosphoinositidekinaseRNAi construct. Transgenic lines that contained GUS constructs were used as control. All transgenic lines showed reduced level of Orobanche seed germination, masking any strigoalctones-specific effect. The research demonstrated that SLs production may not be examined in ROC –based bioassays. It was shown by the 3 independent assays employed in this project that none of the recognized characters of SLs may be reflected in these bioassays. However, when the whole plant root exudates were examined, SLs activity in root exudates was demonstrated. Hence, it can be concluded that the presence of an intact shoot, and possibly, shoot factors, may be necessary for production of SLs in roots. Another point of interest that rises from these results is that the presence of SLs is not necessary for AMF completion of life cycle. Hence, it may be concluded that SLs are important for AMFhyphal branching, before symbiosis, but not essential for AMF colonization and life cycle completion under ROC system conditions.
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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Siobhan M. Brady. Mechanisms underlying root system architecture adaptation to low phosphate environment. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600024.bard.

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In order to advance our understanding towards potential biotechnology improvement of plant performance, we studied root responses to limited P in two different plants, Arabidopsis and tomato. Arabidopsis is among the most studied model plants that allows rapid application of molecular and developmental experiments while tomato is an important crop, with application in agriculture. Using Arabidopsis we found that steroid hormones modulate the extent of root elongation in response to limited P, by controlling the accumulation of iron in the root. We also found that the availability of P and iron control the activity of the steroid hormone in the root. Finally, we revealed the genes involved in this nutrient-hormone interaction. Hence, the ferroxidase LPR1 that promotes iron accumulation in response to low P is repressed by the transcription factor BES1/BZR1. Low P inhibits the steroid hormone pathway by enhancing the accumulation of BKI1. High levels of BKI1 inhibit the activity of the steroid hormone receptor at the cell surface and iron accumulation increases inside the root, resulting in a slow growth. Together, the extent of root elongation depends on interactions between an internal cue (steroid hormone) and cues derived from the availability of P and iron in the environment. Using tomato, we found that the response of two cultivated tomato varieties (M82 and New Yorker) to limited P is distinct from that of the wild species, Solanumpennellii. This is implicated at both the levels of root development and whole plant physiology. Specifically, while the root system architecture of cultivated tomato is modulated by limited P availability, that of the wild type species remained unaffected. The wild species appears to be always behaving as if it is always in phosphate deprived conditions, despite sufficient levels of phosphate. Hyper-accumulation of metals appears to mediate this response. Together, this knowledge will be used to isolate new genes controlling plant adaptation to limited P environment.
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Eshel, Amram, Jonathan P. Lynch, and Kathleen M. Brown. Physiological Regulation of Root System Architecture: The Role of Ethylene and Phosphorus. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585195.bard.

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Specific Objectives and Related Results: 1) Determine the effect of phosphorus availability on ethylene production by roots. Test the hypothesis that phosphorus availability regulates ethylene production Clear differences were found between the two plants that were studied. In beans ethylene production is affected by P nutrition, tissue type, and stage of development. There are genotypic differences in the rate of ethylene production by various root types and in the differential in ethylene production when P treatments are compared. The acceleration in ethylene production with P deficiency increases with time. These findings support the hypothesis that ethylene production may be enhanced by phosphorus deficiency, and that the degree of enhancement varies with genotype. In tomatoes the low-P level did not enhance significantly ethylene production by the roots. Wildtype cultivars and ethylene insensitive mutants behaved similarly in that respect. 2) Characterize the effects of phosphorus availability and ethylene on the architecture of whole root systems. Test the hypothesis that both ethylene and low phosphorus availability modify root architecture. In common bean, the basal roots give rise to a major fraction of the whole root system. Unlike other laterals these roots respond to gravitropic stimulation. Their growth angle determines the proportion of the root length in the shallow layers of the soil. A correlation between ethylene production and basal root angle was found in shallow rooted but not deep-rooted genotypes, indicating that acceleration of ethylene synthesis may account for the change in basal root angle in genotypes demonstrating a plastic response to P availability. Short-time gravitropic response of the tap roots of young bean seedlings was not affected by P level in the nutrient solution. Low phosphorus specifically increases root hair length and root hair density in Arabidopsis. We tested 7 different mutants in ethylene perception and response and in each case, the response to low P was lower than that of the wild-type. The extent of reduction in P response varied among the mutants, but every mutant retained some responsiveness to changes in P concentration. The increase in root hair density was due to the increase in the number of trichoblast cell files under low P and was not mediated by ethylene. Low P did not increase the number of root hairs forming from atrichoblasts. This is in contrast to ethylene treatment, which increased the number of root hairs partly by causing root hairs to form on atrichoblasts. 3) Assess the adaptive value of root architectural plasticity in response to phosphorus availability. A simulation study indicated that genetic variation for root architecture in common bean may be related to adaptation to diverse competitive environments. The fractal dimension of tomato root system was directly correlated with P level.
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.

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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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Brown Horowitz, Sigal, Eric L. Davis, and Axel Elling. Dissecting interactions between root-knot nematode effectors and lipid signaling involved in plant defense. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598167.bard.

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Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogynespp., are extremely destructive pathogens with a cosmopolitan distribution and a host range that affects most crops. Safety and environmental concerns related to the toxicity of nematicides along with a lack of natural resistance sources threaten most crops in Israel and the U.S. This emphasizes the need to identify genes and signal mechanisms that could provide novel nematode control tactics and resistance breeding targets. The sedentary root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogynespp. secrete effectors in a spatial and temporal manner to interfere with and mimic multiple physiological and morphological mechanisms, leading to modifications and reprogramming of the host cells' functions, resulted in construction and maintenance of nematodes' feeding sites. For successful parasitism, many effectors act as immunomodulators, aimed to manipulate and suppress immune defense signaling triggered upon nematode invasion. Plant development and defense rely mainly on hormone regulation. Herein, a metabolomic profiling of oxylipins and hormones composition of tomato roots were performed using LC-MS/MS, indicating a fluctuation in oxylipins profile in a compatible interaction. Moreover, further attention was given to uncover the implication of WRKYs transcription factors in regulating nematode development. In addition, in order to identify genes that might interact with the lipidomic defense pathway induced by oxylipins, a RNAseq was performed by exposing M. javanicasecond-stage juveniles to tomato protoplast, 9-HOT and 13-KOD oxylipins. This transcriptome generated a total of 4682 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Being interested in effectors, we seek for DEGs carrying a predicted secretion signal peptide. Among the DEGs including signal peptide, several had homology with known effectors in other nematode species, other unknown potentially secreted proteins may have a role as root-knot nematodes' effectors which might interact with lipid signaling. The molecular interaction of LOX proteins with the Cyst nematode effectors illustrate the nematode strategy in manipulating plant lipid signals. The function of several other effectors in manipulating plant defense signals, as well as lipids signals, weakening cell walls, attenuating feeding site function and development are still being studied in depth for several novel effectors. As direct outcome of this project, the accumulating findings will be utilized to improve our understanding of the mechanisms governing critical life-cycle phases of the parasitic M. incognita RKN, thereby facilitating design of effective controls based on perturbation of nematode behavior—without producing harmful side effects. The knowledge from this study will promote genome editing strategies aimed at developing nematode resistance in tomato and other nematode-susceptible crop species in Israel and the United States.
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Westwood, James H., Yaakov Tadmor, and Hanan Eizenberg. Identifying the genes involved in host root perception by root parasitic weeds: Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of Orobanche hybrids differing in signal response specificity. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598145.bard.

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Seeds of the root parasitic plants of the genus Orobanchegerminate specifically in response to host-derived germination signals, which enables parasites to detect and attack preferred hosts. The best characterized class of germination stimulants is the strigolactones (SL), although some species respond to sesquiterpene lactones such as dehydrocostuslactone (DCL). Despite great progress in characterizing the SL signaling system in plants, the mechanism(s) by which parasite species detect specific compounds remains poorly understood. The goal of our project was to identify and characterize the genes responsible for stimulant specificity in O. cernuaand O. cumana. These two species are closely related, but differ in host range, with O. cernuaparasitizingSolanaceous crops such as tomato (and responding to SLs), and O. cumanaspecifically parasitizing sunflower (and responding to DCL). We used a genetic approach based on O. cernuax O. cumanahybrids to associate germination response with genes. We found that these parasite species each have multiple copies of KAI2d genes, which function in SL perception. In O. cernua, the OrceKAI2d2 responds to SL stimulants and is most consistently associated with hybrid lines that respond to SLs. For O. cumana, an apparently linked block of KAI2d genes was associated with response to DCL in hybrid lines, but we found no strong evidence that any of the OrcuKAI2d genes specifically recognize the DCL stimulant. Remarkably, one O. cumanagene, OrcuKAI2d5, responds to certain SLs in a genetic complementation assay, even though hybrid lines containing this gene show fidelity to DCL. In summary, we have identified the SL receptor in O. cernua, but the DCL receptor in O. cumanaremains unknown. Our data point to involvement of additional genes and yet greater levels of complexity regulating germination specificity in Orobanche. BARD Report - Project 4616 Page 2 of 8
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Tuller, Markus, Asher Bar-Tal, Hadar Heller, and Michal Amichai. Optimization of advanced greenhouse substrates based on physicochemical characterization, numerical simulations, and tomato growth experiments. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600009.bard.

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Over the last decade there has been a dramatic shift in global agricultural practice. The increase in human population, especially in underdeveloped arid and semiarid regions of the world, poses unprecedented challenges to production of an adequate and economically feasible food supply to undernourished populations. Furthermore, the increased living standard in many industrial countries has created a strong demand for high-quality, out-of-season vegetables and fruits as well as for ornamentals such as cut and potted flowers and bedding plants. As a response to these imminent challenges and demands and because of a ban on methyl bromide fumigation of horticultural field soils, soilless greenhouse production systems are regaining increased worldwide attention. Though there is considerable recent empirical and theoretical research devoted to specific issues related to control and management of soilless culture production systems, a comprehensive approach that quantitatively considers all relevant physicochemical processes within the growth substrates is lacking. Moreover, it is common practice to treat soilless growth systems as static, ignoring dynamic changes of important physicochemical and hydraulic properties due to root and microbial growth that require adaptation of management practices throughout the growth period. To overcome these shortcomings, the objectives of this project were to apply thorough physicochemical characterization of commonly used greenhouse substrates in conjunction with state-of-the-art numerical modeling (HYDRUS-3D, PARSWMS) to not only optimize management practices (i.e., irrigation frequency and rates, fertigation, container size and geometry, etc.), but to also “engineer” optimal substrates by mixing organic (e.g., coconut coir) and inorganic (e.g., perlite, pumice, etc.) base substrates and modifying relevant parameters such as the particle (aggregate) size distribution. To evaluate the proposed approach under commercial production conditions, characterization and modeling efforts were accompanied by greenhouse experiments with tomatoes. The project not only yielded novel insights regarding favorable physicochemical properties of advanced greenhouse substrates, but also provided critically needed tools for control and management of containerized soilless production systems to provide a stress-free rhizosphere environment for optimal yields, while conserving valuable production resources. Numerical modeling results provided a more scientifically sound basis for the design of commercial greenhouse production trials and selection of adequate plant-specific substrates, thereby alleviating the risk of costly mistrials.
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Davis, Eric L., Yuji Oka, Amit Gal-On, Todd Wehner, and Aaron Zelcer. Broad-spectrum Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes in Transgenic Cucurbits. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593389.bard.

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Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp., are extremely destructive pathogens of cucurbit crops grown in the United States and Israel. The safety and environmental concerns of toxic nematicides, and limited sources of natural cucurbit resistance to the four major species of Meloidogyne that threaten these crops in Israel and the U.S., have emphasized the use of biotechnology to develop cucurbits with novel RKN resistance. The U.S. scientists have identified over 40 unique RKN parasitism genes that encode nematode secretions involved in successful plant root infection by RKN, and they have demonstrated that expression of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) complementary to a RKN parasitism gene (called 16DIO) in Arabidopsis thaliana induced RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of the RKN16DlO gene and produced transgenic plants with strong resistance to all four major RKN species. The expression 8D05 parasitism gene was found to coincide with the timing of upregulation of NtCel7 promoter (identified to be upregulated in giantcells by US scientists). NtCel7 promoter was used to express the genes at the right time (early stages of infection) and in the right place (giant-cells) in transgenic plants. US partners produced NtCel7 (nematode-induced promoter)-driven 16DlO-RNAi and 8DOS-RNAi constructs, pHANNIBAL 4D03-RNAi construct and modified 16DlO-RNAi construct (for increased RNAi expression and efficacy) for cucurbit transformation in Israel. In Arabidopsis, some 16DlO-RNAi plant lines show greater levels of resistance to M. incognita than others, and within these lines resistance of greater than 90% reduction in infection is observed among almost all replicates in US. The level of observed nematode resistance is likely to be directly correlated with the level of RNAi expression in individual plants. In Israel, all the RKN parasitism genes-RNAi constructs were successfully transformed into cucumber and melon. The transgenic lines were evaluated for expression of the transgene siRNA in leaves and roots. Those displaying transgene siRNA accumulation were passed on for nematode resistance analysis. Rl seedlings from different lines were subjected to evaluation for resistance to M. javanica. None of the lines was resistant to the nematode in contrast with US partner's results in Arabidopsis. This could be for the following reasons: a) The level of transgene siRNA was insufficient in cucumber and tomato to cause resislance. b) 111e nemalode species on cucwnber IIlay be different ur act in a different manner. c) The assay was performed in soil with a high level of nematode inoculation, and not in petri dish, which may not permit the observation of a low level of resistance.
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Mosquna, Assaf, and Sean Cutler. Systematic analyses of the roles of Solanum Lycopersicum ABA receptors in environmental stress and development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604266.bard.

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Drought and other abiotic stresses have major negative effects on agricultural productivity. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many responses to environmental stresses and can be used to improve crop performance under stress. ABA levels rise in response to diverse abiotic stresses to coordinate physiological and metabolic responses that help plants survive stressful environments. In all land plants, ABA receptors are responsible for initiating a signaling cascade that leads to stomata closure, growth arrest and large-scale changes in transcript levels required for stress tolerance. We wanted to test the meaning of root derived ABA signaling in drying soil on water balance. To this end we generated transgenic tomato lines in which ABA signaling is initiated by a synthetic agonist- mandipropamid. Initial study using a Series of grafting experiments indicate that that root ABA signaling has no effect on the immediate regulation of stomata aperture. Once concluded, these experiments will enable us to systematically dissect the physiological role of root-shoot interaction in maintaining the water balance in plants and provide new tools for targeted improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.
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10

Cohen, Jerry D., and Ephraim Epstein. Metabolism of Auxins during Fruit Development and Ripening. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7573064.bard.

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Abstract:
We had proposed to look at several aspects of auxin metabolism in fruit tissues: 1) IAA biosynthesis from tryptophan and IAA biosynthesis via the non-tryptophan pathway; 2) changes in the capacity to form conjugates and catabolites of auxin at different times during fruit development and; 3) the effects of modifying auxin metabolism in fruit tissues. The latter work focused primarily on the maize iaglu gene, with initial studies also using a bacterial gene for hydrolysis of IAA-aspartate. These metabolic and molecular studies were necessary to define potential benefits of auxin metabolism modification and will direct future efforts for crop improvement by genetic methods. An in vitro system was developed for the production of tomato fruit in culture starting from immature flowers in order to ascertain the effect of auxin modification on fruit ripening. IAA supplied to the fruit culture media prior to breaker stage resulted in an increase in the time period between breaker and red-ripe stages from 7 days without additional IAA to 12 days when 10-5 M IAA was added. These results suggest that significant changes in the ripening period could be obtained by alteration of auxin relationships in tomato fruit. We generated transgenic tomato plants that express either the maize iaglu gene or reduced levels of the gene that encodes the enzyme IAA-glucose synthetase. A modified shuttle vector pBI 121 expressing the maize iaglu gene in both sense and antisense orientations under a 35S promoter was used for the study. The sense plants showed total lack of root initiation and development. The antisense transgenic plants, on the other hand, had unusually well developed root systems at early stages in development. Analysis showed that the amount and activity of the endogenous 75 kDa IAGLU protein was reduced in these plants and consequently these plants had reduced levels of IAA-glucose and lower overall esterified IAA.
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