Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tomato extract'

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death in the Western world. Most of the colon tumors are sporadic and develop somatically in epithelial cells. Apart from genetic factors, nutritional factors can markedly affect tumor development. In particular, while a high intake of red meat and animal fat is considered key points predisposing to colorectal cancer development, epidemiological studies often observed an inverse correlation between tomato and tomato product (sauce, paste) consumption and colon cancer risk. Tomato antioxidant bioactive molecules such as carotenoids and polyphenols could be responsible, at least in part, for the healthy effect. Here we analyzed the effect of total lipophilic extracts of a Southern Italy tomato variety, Corbarino and its processed form, Corbarino sauce, on two in vitro model of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines, Colo–320 and SW-480, characterized by different aggressiveness. Our results support the hypothesis of a role for this variety of tomato in the inhibition of some features involved in the neoplastic advancement. The treatment with tomato extracts affected cancer cell ability to grow both in adherence and in semisolid medium, reducing also cell migration ability as highlighted after 24 hrs and more relevant results were gained after 72 hrs of incubation. Moreover, the most effective results were obtained with Corbarino sauce extract. No toxic effects were observed on non-tumoral cells, Human Skin Fibroblasts (HSFs). The observed inhibition of cancer cell growth and aggressiveness is associated with a negative regulation of cell cycle progression as pointed out by the increased expression levels of pRb/p105, p107 and pRb2/p130 while p21-Cip1 and p27-Kip1 expression levels decreased. The extent of antineoplastic effects, furthermore, seem to be correlated with the antioxidant activity of the two tomatoes form. Our data indicate that Corbarino tomato and its processed form intake might be further considered as nutritional support not only in cancer prevention, but also for cancer patient diet

Abstract Melanoma is a form of skin cancer occurring prevalently, in fair-skinned and lighthaired person; its incidence is constantly increasing and in Italy is the second most frequent cancer males under 50 and third most frequent in female under 50 years. Increasing evidences are demonstrating that antioxidants from vegetables have both antriproliferative activity and ratio-sensiting property on cancer cell. Here, we will investigate the anti-proliferative and ratio-sensitizing potential of polyphenolic fraction from different tomato cultivars in melanoma cells lines. Aim of this work is to expand the existing knowledge on the effects of anti-oxidants and antiproliferative on melanoma cancer cells. The melanoma cancer cell line we used for this study is M14 with mutation in the BRAF gene which is involved in cancer drug resistance. Polyphenolic fraction obtained from our tomatoes extracts has been examined for identification of polyphenols by High Performance Liquid Chromatography technology, and we will study the effects of these compounds on the main pathways to be deregulated in cancer (Rb2, p21/Cip1 and p27/Kip1), according with our published results. Cytotoxicity assay, western blot, qRT-PCR, cell cycle analysis and will be performed to study the impact of these compouds on melanoma cells biology. In the second part of this work we evaluated also the capacity to inhibition of UV-A induced ROS generation in fibroblast cell by tomato extract and the ability to screen UV light and to reduce the harm to DNA caused by free oxygen radicals.

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Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is one of the most important diseases of tomato in Brazil. This disease affects leaves, stems, petioles and fruits causing important economicaI losses. New alternatives to fungicides have been evaluated to control the diseases with low environmental impact and low toxicity to living beings. The discovery of vegetal secondary compounds with antimicrobiotic activity or secondary compounds that induce disease resistance shows to be very promissory. Turmeric, Curcuma longa, has compounds in its rhizomes with proved antimicrobiotic activity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vitro fungitoxic activity of turmeric extracts and curcumin against A. solani and to determinate their potential in the control of tomato early blight. Four different concentrations (1, 5, 10 and 20%) of aqueous extracts of turmeric rhizomes (sterilized by autoclavation) and four curcumin solutions (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1) were incorporated into potato dextrose agar medium in order to evaluate fungal micelial growth and esporulation. To evaluate the effect of autoclavation, 10% and 15% turmeric extracts were sterilized by filtration. The effects of autoclavated and non autoclavated turmeric extracts and curcumin on in vitro spore germination were tested. The concentrations of 10 and 15% non autoclavated turmeric extracts inhibited the micelial growth by 38,2% and 23,2%, respectively, and the fungal sporulation by 71,7% and 87% respectively. When the turmeric extracts were autoclavated, neither micelial growth nor spore germination was inhibited and the effect on the sporulation was reduced, suggesting the presence of thermolabile antimicrobiotic compounds. The non autoclavated 5% extract inhibited by 15% the spore germination. At the highest concentration, the curcumin solution inhibited the micelial growth by 29,5%. Neither in vitro esporulation nor spore germination was affected by curcumin. At a greenhouse experiment, desease severity, fruit production and classification were evaluated. The treatments were: 1 and 10% turmeric extracts, 50 e 100 mg L-1 curcumin solutions, acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) (2,5 g 100 L-1 of a.i.), copper oxychloride (110 g L-1 of a.i.), azoxystrobin (40 g L-1 of a.i.) and control (water). The disease control showed by turmeric extracts and curcumin solutions was similar to cuprous fungicide, but inferior to azoxystrobin control. There was no statistical difference in comercial fruit production between treatments. Only 50 mg L-1 curcumin treatment had higher porcentage of bigger fruits compared to the control. Another experiment with tomato plants growing in vases was performed with the subject of veryfing resistance induction. After 26 days of transplanting, the 7th. leaf was sprayed with turmeric extract (1 and 10%), curcumin (50 e 100 mg L-1), ASM (2,5 g a.i. 100 L-1) and water. Seventy two hours later, 7th. treated leaf and 8th. untreated leaf were inoculated with A. solani. At 7th. leaf, 10% turmeric extract and 100 mg L-1 curcumin treatments showed an statistically inferior area under disease progress curve, compared to the control, what could suggest induction of local resistance or direct antimicrobiotic activity. At 8th. leaf, only 10% turmeric extract shows significant difference compared with the control, what could mean a systemic resistance induced by turmeric extract. These results show the potential of turmeric and curcumin in the control in tomato early blight.
A pinta preta, causada por Alternaria solani, é uma das mais importantes doenças da cultura do tomateiro no Brasil. A doença ocorre em folhas, hastes, pecíolos e frutos, ocasionando elevados prejuízos econômicos. Várias alternativas aos fungicidas têm sido avaliadas nos últimos anos na busca de produtos que controlem satisfatoriamente as doenças, tenham pequeno impacto ambiental e baixa toxicidade aos seres vivos. A descoberta de muitos compostos secundários de plantas com atividade antimicrobiana e/ou indutores de resistência, mostra-se promissora. A cúrcuma, Curcuma longa, apresenta compostos em seus rizomas com comprovada atividade antimicrobiana. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a atividade fungitóxica in vitro dos extratos brutos de cúrcuma e da curcumina contra A. solani e determinar o potencial dos mesmos no controle da pinta preta em tomateiro. Foram utilizados extratos brutos aquosos de rizomas de cúrcuma (esterilizados por autoclavagem) nas concentrações de 1, 5, 10 e 20% e curcumina nas concentrações de 50, 100, 200 e 400 mg L-1, os quais foram incorporados em meio de cultura batata-dextrose-ágar para avaliação de crescimento micelial e esporulação do fungo. Para avaliar o efeito da autoclavagem, foram testados extratos de cúrcuma a 10 e 15% esterilizados por filtração. Foi testado também o efeito dos extratos de cúrcuma autoclavados e não autoclavados e da curcumina na germinação de esporos in vitro. Os extratos de cúrcuma a 10 e 15% sem autoclavar, inibiram em 38,2% e 23,2% respectivamente o crescimento micelial e 71,7% e 87%, respectivamente, a esporulação do fungo. Quando autoclavados, não apresentaram inibição do crescimento micelial nem da germinação de esporos e a inibição da esporulação foi menor, indicando a presença de compostos antimicrobianos termolábeis. O extrato não autoclavado na concentração de 5%, inibiu um máximo de 15% a germinação dos esporos. A curcumina inibiu o crescimento micelial em 29,5% na maior concentração. Não foi verificado efeito da curcumina sobre a esporulação e a germinação de esporos in vitro. No ensaio in vivo, conduzido em casa de vegetação, foi avaliada a severidade da doença e a produção e classificação de frutos. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: extrato de cúrcuma (1 e 10%), curcumina (50 e 100 mg L-1), acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) (2,5 g 100 L-1 de i.a.), oxicloreto de cobre (110 g L-1 de i.a.), azoxystrobin (40 g L-1 de i.a.) e testemunha (água). A curcumina e os extratos brutos de cúrcuma apresentaram níveis de controle de pinta preta, no campo, similares ao tratamento com fungicida cúprico, mas inferior ao azoxystrobin. Não houve diferenças estatísticas na produção comercial de frutos entre tratamentos. Somente o tratamento de curcumina 50 mg L-1 apresentou maior porcentagem de frutos grandes em relação à testemunha. Outro ensaio foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar a indução de resistência em plantas cultivadas em vasos. Aos 26 dias após o transplante, a 7ª folha da planta recebeu extrato de cúrcuma (1 e 10%), curcumina (50 e 100 mg L-1), ASM (2,5 g 100 L-1 de i.a.) ou água, por aspersão. Após 72 h, a 7a folha tratada e a 8a folha (não tratada) foram inoculadas com A. solani. Na 7ª folha, os tratamentos com extrato de cúrcuma 10% e curcumina 100 mg L-1 apresentaram um valor de área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença estatisticamente menor à testemunha, o que poderia indicar indução de resistência local ou atividade antimicrobiana direta. Na 8ª folha, somente o extrato de cúrcuma 10% apresentou diferença significativa com a testemunha o que poderia indicar uma indução de resistência sistêmica pelo extrato bruto de cúrcuma. Esses resultados indicam o potencial de cúrcuma e curcumina para o controle de pinta preta no tomateiro.

Background: Tomato by-products contain a great variety of biologically active substances and might represent a significant source of natural antioxidant supplements of the human diet. The preliminary studies were carried out on two ancient Tuscan tomato peel varieties, Rosso di Pitigliano (RED) and Perina a Punta della Valtiberina (PER), obtained by growing plants in normal (-Ctr) or in drought stress conditions (-Ds) present in the Regional Bank of the Germplasm of Tuscany. The variety chosen was Rosso di Pitigliano for the best beneficial effects on vascular related dysfunction. The preliminary aim of the thesis was to create an in vitro model of sarcopenia, induced by dexamethasone using human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSMM). Sarcopenia is a disease that affects athletes who practice endurance physical activity. In these, an excessive exercise increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, that, if not properly balanced by the endogenous antioxidant system, can compromise the performance of the athletes. Furthermore, in controlling muscle mass an important role is played by serine/threonine kinase and a decreased activation of the Akt-mTOR pathway by sarcopenia contributes to protein synthesis reduction. The main aim of study was to evaluate the cytoprotective properties of tomato peel polyphenols from Rosso di Pitigliano, cultivated in normal or in drought stress conditions, on an in vitro model of sarcopenia. Methods: The antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content (TPC) were measured. The identification of bioactive compounds of several tomato peel was performed by HPLC. HUVEC were pre-treated with different TPC of RED-Ctr or RED-Ds, then stressed with H2O2. Cell viability, ROS production and CAT, SOD and GPx activities were evaluated. Permeation of antioxidant molecules contained in RED across excised rat intestine was also studied. The phenol content of both peel extracts was investigated by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) analyses coupled to electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HR-MS). Morphological sarcopenia induction and treatment with tomato peels extracts were performed. The effector’s expression was evaluated by Real-Time PCR reactions after setting the optimal reaction conditions. Myotubes-differentiated were examined for the expression of Myosin heavy chain-2 (MYH2), Troponin T type 1 (TNNT) and Myogenin (MYOG). Furthermore, Protein kinase B (AKT1) and Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1) mRNA expression was evaluated. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were performed. Results: RED-Ds tomato peel extract possessed higher TPC than compared to RED-Ctr (361.32 ± 7.204 mg vs. 152.46 ± 1.568 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight). All extracts were non-cytotoxic. Two hours pre-treatment with 5 μg GAE/mL from RED-Ctr or RED-Ds showed protection from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and significantly reduced ROS production raising SOD and CAT activity (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.005 vs. H2O2, respectively). The permeation of antioxidant molecules contained in RED-Ctr or RED-Ds across excised rat intestine was high with non-significant difference between the two RED types (41.9 ± 9.6% vs. 26.6 ± 7.8%). Phenolic acids increase in the stressed tomato peel extract, while flavonoids decrease. Data shows a protective effect of 5μg GAE/ml TPC of Red DS extract on the sarcopenia. FOXO1 mRNA expression was significantly increased when cells treated with Dexa, but this expression was significantly decreased in Red Ds+Dexa (p <0.0001 vs control). AKT1 mRNA expression was increased in myotubes pre-treated with Red Ds and Dexa (p <0.0001 vs control). Myosin heavy chain 2 (MYH2), troponin T (TNNT1), miogenin (MYOG), were express in myotubes differentiated (p<0.001 vs Control). DEXA significantly reduces the antioxidant enzyme activity of SOD compared with untreated cells (p < 0.0001), but RED-Ds increased SOD activity. Conclusions: The final results show that the tomato peel extract of Rosso di Pitigliano, grown in conditions of drought stress, represents a good source of bioactive molecules, which protects the endothelium from oxidative stress even at low concentrations. Furthermore, the polyphenols from tomato peel show a cytoprotective effect in the in vitro model of sarcopenia without the use of vehicles for absorption.

Colorectal cancer represents the third most common cancer and the fourth cause for cancer death in both sexes worldwide. Different epidemiological and observational evidences strictly correlated the risk of colorectal cancer to lifestyle, especially to diet. Numerous studies have investigated the effect of antioxidant substances derived from food but data on lycopene or tomato extracts are still rare. This project is based on comparing the effects of extracts (total and lipophilic fractions) obtained from fresh tomato of one tomato cultivar (corbarino) versus another tomato variety (tangerino), this latter known to have lycopene already in bioactive isoform. Using two colorectal carcinoma cell lines we previously investigated the ability of tomatoes to inhibit cancer cell growth and proliferation and hypothesized a selective action on cancer cells and a lack of an effect on non-cancer cells (normal human fibroblasts). We noticed a major effect of tangerino tomato extracts, particularly of total fraction. These data made us hypothesize a possible effect of tomato extract on cell cycle. We analyzed cell cycle progression by flow cytometry. Data obtained showed that there are not great differences between treatment and control, but we noticed different peaks in sub G0/G1 phase, suggesting a possible cellular death via apoptosis. At the molecular level, we found variation in the expression of different proteins (RBL1, RBL2, pAKT, p21cip1, p27kip1, etc) involved in different cellular mechanisms. Based on the known anti-inflammatory effect of lycopene, we also performed a western blot for IL6 and IL10 to understand if tomato extracts have an impact on the inflammation process. Data showed a reduction of IL6 and a small increase of IL10 levels, compatible with an anti-inflammatory action.

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are a serious problem in vegetable production and can cause severe damage to several crops. In rural, low-input farming nematode damage is much higher and yields can be completely destroyed. Some Commercial nematicides have been withdrawn from the market due to health and environment concerns. These need to be replaced by alternative nematode control strategies of which soil amendments is one alternative. Nine non-crop plant species used in various forms in traditional healing, viz. Cassia abbreviata, Cissus cactiformis, Euphorbia ingens, Ipomoea kituiensis, Maerua angolensis, Senna petersiana, Synadenium cupulare, Tabernaemontana elegans and Urginea sanguinea were screened under glasshouse conditions for their effect on the plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) (Meloidogyne incognita) on tomato. Subsequent assessments in microplots and in the field supported the glasshouse results in terms of suppression of root-knot nematode numbers with crudely milled soil amendments of C. cactiformis, M. angolensis and T. elegans. Tomato growth responses in these trials showed a tendency of phytotoxic effects after treatment of soil with crude leaf meal of E. ingens and S. cupulare. In the microplot study, the overall soil-amendment treatment effect was greater than that of three soil types on the performance of the tomato, although soil type might have had an effect on nematode suppression. Due to lack of correspondence between tomato leaf nutrient contents and the nutrient contents of the soil amendments it is suggested that these noncrop materials had negligible soil fertilization effects. In vitro bioassay studies confirmed that extracts of varying polarity of both plant products M. angolensis and T. elegans might be toxic to J2 stages of the root-knot nematode M. incognita. All extracts tested of M. angolensis caused immobility of J2, whereas only three extracts of T. elegans affected mobility of J2 adversely. Duration to 50 % effect, as well as extract concentration to cause immobility of the J2 varied but where movement ceased the J2 did not recover for up to 98 hours. This study has demonstrated the potential of locally available botanical materials for use as amendments in plant-parasitic nematode management and tomato growth and productivity improvement. This would particularly be true for small-scale application in subsistence agriculture. It is believed that these amendments could be used as control measures in integrated nematode control strategies. Their potential use could be adopted by small-scale farming communities, domestic gardeners and commercial farmers in the Mpumalanga, Limpopo and Kwazulu/Natal Provinces of South Africa where the relevant materials are available in useful quantities. Over-exploitation of natural resources should be avoided at all cost, however.
Thesis (PhD (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia / UL
The production of functional food products rich in natural bioactive compounds, with the intention of taking advantage of their health benefits, is an important target of the food industry to answer the growing interest of consumers for healthy food. Tomato pomace is rich in carotenoids, mainly lycopene, which have been related to important bioactive properties. Within this context, this work was focused on the stabilization of a tomato pomace ethanolic extract using microencapsulation by spray drying with arabic gum and inulin as wall materials, aiming at its incorporation in food matrices. A first insight on carotenoids microencapsulation with Arabic gum was assessed using model carotenoid molecule (β-carotene). Afterwards, the microencapsulation process of tomato pomace extract using inulin and arabic gum as wall materials was successfully optimized, focusing on the evaluation of the effect of drying temperature and the wall material concentration on drying yield, loading capacity and antioxidant activity of encapsulated bioactives. Both wall materials allowed the production of microparticles loaded with tomato pomace carotenoids. The optimized drying conditions were 10% wall material concentration, and drying temperatures of 160 and 200 °C for inulin and arabic gum, respectively. Finally, particles produced under optimized conditions were evaluated for their storage stability and in vitro release of lycopene. Inulin has shown to be the most efficient wall material in maintaining bioactives stability during microcapsules storage after production. In addition, inulin microcapsules demonstrated a higher bioactives protection ability against simulated gastric conditions, either alone or incorporated in a selected food product (liquid yoghurt), enabling a preferential release in simulated intestinal fluid. Overall, it is envisaged a good potential for the microcapsules of tomato pomace extracts to be incorporated in foods systems with diverse chemical and physical properties
N/A

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014
The management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) has become a challenging task in tomato (Solanum lycorpesicum) production, due to the withdrawal of effective chemical nematicides. Currently, crude extracts of different plant species are being researched as alternative to chemical nematicides, with promising results. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of crude extracts of wild garlic (Tulbaghia violacea) on the growth of tomato under greenhouse conditions, and the suppression of M. incognita race 2 population densities. Treatments consisted of four levels of crude extracts viz. 0, 2, 4 and 8 g per pot, were arranged in a randomised complete block design with 10 replicates. Seedlings were inoculated with 1000 juveniles of M. incognita race 2 at transplanting and treated with crude extracts two days later. At 56 days, the crude extract of T. violacea increased plant height, stem diameter, number of cluster, flowers, fruits and leaves by 43-73%, 108-200%, 57-81%, 55-110%, 170-223% and 51-66%, respectively. It also increased the root mass and shoot mass by 95% and 96%, respectively. Crude extracts of T. violacea did not have any effect on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Crude extracts of T. violacea consistently reduced population densities of M. incognita race 2 by 50, 64 and 73% in roots at 2, 4 and 8 g crude extracts, respectively and by 21, 30 and 58% in soil at similar levels, respectively. In conclusion, crude extracts of T. violacea have the potential to improve growth of tomato plants and suppress population densities of M. incognita race 2 and could be used as botanical nematicide in tomato production.

Visando a produção de um alimento que possua elevados teores de compostos bioativos, a piramidação de genes é uma técnica capaz de estimular o acúmulo e a expressão de novas classes de flavonoides em tecidos vegetais, como por exemplo, o tomate roxo, rico em antocianinas. As antocianinas podem atenuar o processo inflamatório através da modulação da cascata de sinalização e da expressão de enzimas, sendo este um dos possíveis mecanismos de ação que leva a promoção da saúde, atribuído a esta classe de compostos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação anti-inflamatória do extrato de tomate roxo, obtido por piramidação dos genes Anthocyanin Fruit (Aft), Aubergine (Abg) e atroviolaceum (atv), em camundongos submetidos ao modelo de peritonite induzida por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). O fruto tomate vermelho - Micro Tom (MT) e o transformado foram caracterizados quanto ao seu perfil de compostos fenólicos. A casca do tomate roxo, rica em antocianinas, apresentou conteúdo de fenólicos totais dez vezes maior quando comparado à casca do MT, apresentando também maiores quantidades de ácido ascórbico e capacidade antioxidante avaliado nos métodos DPPH e ORAC; em relação à polpa e casca do tomate vermelho e a polpa do tomate roxo. Os principais flavonoides identificados na casca do tomate roxo, por CLAE-DAD, foram: as antocianidinas petunidina (86,5 mg/100 g b.u.), delfinidina (6,85 mg/100 g b.u.), principalmente na forma acilada, e o flavonol rutina (106,26 mg/100 g b.u.). A propriedade anti-inflamatória dos compostos fenólicos foi avaliada através de um modelo de peritonite, em camundongos, induzida por LPS. O extrato aquoso do tomate roxo, rico em antocianinas (2 e 4 mg petunidina eq./100 g peso corpóreo) foi administrado, por via oral, 30 minutos antes do estímulo inflamatório. No exsudato peritoneal, coletado após 3h do estímulo, foi observada, no grupo que recebeu 4 mg quando comparado ao grupo estimulado com LPS, uma redução significativa (p<0,05) de cerca de 37% no número de leucócitos totais e de 64% na expressão gênica de mRNA de COX-2 e na produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 e MCP-1), assim como um aumento significativo da citocina anti-inflamatória IL-10. Em estudo de absorção, os metabólitos: delfinidina aglicona (m/z 303) e malvidina aglicona (m/z 331) foram detectados, por cromatografia líquida ESI-MS/MS, nas amostras de fígado dos animais eutanasiados após 30 minutos de administração do extrato do tomate roxo. Portanto, os resultados demonstram que as antocianinas presentes no tomate roxo, por meio dos metabólitos encontrados no fígado dos animais, apresentam atividade anti-inflamatória através do controle do influxo leucocitário, da modulação da expressão gênica de COX-2 e da produção citocinas.
Aiming to produce a food having high contents of bioactive compounds, the gene pyramiding is a technique capable of stimulating the expression and accumulation of new classes of flavonoids in plant tissues, such as purple tomato, rich in anthocyanins. Anthocyanins may attenuate the inflammatory process by modulating the signaling cascade and expression of enzymes, which is one of the possible mechanisms of action that leads to health promotion, assigned to this class of compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of the purple tomato paste, obtained by pyramiding of genes Fruit Anthocyanin (Aft), Aubergine (Abg) and atroviolaceum (atv) in mice submitted to peritonitis model induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The tomato fruit - Micro Tom (MT) and the transformed were characterized according to their profile of phenolic compounds. The purple tomato peel, rich in anthocyanins, phenolics content presented ten times higher compared to the shell of the MT, and also provides increased amounts of ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity in the DPPH rated and the ORAC methods; than the pulp and peel the tomato pulp and purple tomatoes. The main flavonoids identified in tomato peel purple, by HPLC-DAD were: petunidin the anthocyanidins (86.5 mg / 100 g wb), delphinidin (6.85 mg / 100 g wb), especially in the acylated form, and flavonol rutin (106.26 mg / 100 g bu). The anti-inflammatory properties of the phenolic compounds was evaluated through a model of peritonitis in mice induced by LPS. The extract of purple tomato, rich in anthocyanins (2 and 4 petunidin mg eq. / 100 g body weight) was administered orally 30 minutes before the inflammatory stimulus. In the peritoneal exudate collected after 3 h of stimulation was observed in the group receiving 4 mg as compared to the LPS stimulated group, a significant reduction (p <0.05) of about 37% in the number of total leukocytes and 64 % mRNA gene expression of COX-2 and production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 and MCP-1), as well as a significant increase of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In a study of absorption, the metabolites: aglycone delphinidin (m / z 303) and malvidin aglycone (m / z 331) were detected by HPLC - ESI-MS / MS, in liver samples from animals euthanized 30 minutes after administration the purple tomato extract. Therefore, the results show that anthocyanins present in the purple tomato, through the metabolites found in animal liver, exhibit anti-inflammatory activity by controlling the leukocyte influx, the modulation of gene expression of COX-2 and production cytokines.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, sendo um deles com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de concentrações de extrato pirolenhoso (EP) na movimentação de íons no perfil do solo e verificar as alterações nas propriedades químicas do mesmo, e o outro para verificar os efeitos do EP na nutrição, produção, classificação e características de sabor (sólidos solúveis total e acidez titulável) em plantas de tomateiro do grupo cereja, cultivados em ambiente protegido. No primeiro experimento, colunas desmontáveis foram preenchidas com Latossolo Vermelho e submetidas à aplicação de soluções com concentrações de EP (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 % v/v) para avaliar 4 profundidades (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 cm). Posteriormente foi realizada a lixiviação das colunas com aplicação de água deionizada na quantidade de uma vez e meia do volume de poros. Imediatamente após a lixiviação, tanto o lixiviado como o solo das diferentes profundidades foram coletados e analisados. A aplicação de 4 e 8% (v/v) de EP provocou diminuição no pH do solo nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20cm com reflexo na lixiviação de K, Ca e Mg, além de aumento de Mn, Cu e Zn disponível no solo. O SO42- movimentou-se no solo independente da aplicação de EP, mas sua disponibilidade diminui com o aumento das concentrações de EP. A aplicação de 8% (v/v) de EP provocou diminuição de P nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20cm com aumento na camada de 30-40cm e no lixiviado. No segundo experimento, plantas de tomateiro do grupo cereja foram cultivadas em solo tratado com 5 concentrações de EP (0; 1; 2; 4; 8% v/v), na presença e ausência de pulverização de EP (0,1% v/v) na parte aérea. Foram avaliados os atributos químicos do solo, acúmulo de massa seca da parte aérea, diâmetro de haste, área foliar, teor foliar e acúmulo de nutrientes da parte aérea e também distribuição dos...
Two experiments were carried out aiming to evaluate the effect of Pyroligneous Acid (PA) concentrations on the ions movement in the soil profile and it’s possible chemical properties changes, and also to evaluate the effect of PA on nutrition, production, classification and taste characteristics (total soluble solids and titratable acidity) on cherry tomato plants cultivated with PA in a greenhouse. The first experiment, columns were filled with Oxisol submitted to application of solution with PA concentrations (0,1, 2, 4 and 8% v/v), to evaluate four depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 cm). Following, the columns were leached by application of deionized water at 1 ½ amount of its pores volume. Immediately after leaching, both the volume recovered as the soils recovered from different depths were collected and analyzed. The application of PA at 4 and 8% (v/v) promoted pH soil decrease at 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers reflecting on K, Ca, and Mg leaching, and an increase on Mn, Cu and Zn available in soil. The SO42- moved in the soil independently to PA application, however, its availability decreased with PA increasing concentrations. The application of 8% (v/v) PA promoted a decrease on P layers at 0-10 and 10-20 cm, but an increase on 30-40 and on the leached was observed. The second experiment, cherry tomato plants were cultivated in soil and treated with 5 PA concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4.8% v/v) and in the presence and absence of spraying 0.1% v/v PA on shoots. The soil chemical properties, shoots dry mass, stem diameter, leaf area, foliar nutrient accumulation content of aerial portion, fruit size distribution, fruits total numbers, fruits fresh mass, titratable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids (TSS) were evaluated. The PA application on soils of the ground up to a concentration of 2% (v/v) did not cause... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Jairo Osvaldo Cazetta
Banca: Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho
Banca: Adriano Bortolotti da Silva
Resumo: Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, sendo um deles com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de concentrações de extrato pirolenhoso (EP) na movimentação de íons no perfil do solo e verificar as alterações nas propriedades químicas do mesmo, e o outro para verificar os efeitos do EP na nutrição, produção, classificação e características de sabor (sólidos solúveis total e acidez titulável) em plantas de tomateiro do grupo cereja, cultivados em ambiente protegido. No primeiro experimento, colunas desmontáveis foram preenchidas com Latossolo Vermelho e submetidas à aplicação de soluções com concentrações de EP (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 % v/v) para avaliar 4 profundidades (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 cm). Posteriormente foi realizada a lixiviação das colunas com aplicação de água deionizada na quantidade de uma vez e meia do volume de poros. Imediatamente após a lixiviação, tanto o lixiviado como o solo das diferentes profundidades foram coletados e analisados. A aplicação de 4 e 8% (v/v) de EP provocou diminuição no pH do solo nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20cm com reflexo na lixiviação de K, Ca e Mg, além de aumento de Mn, Cu e Zn disponível no solo. O SO42- movimentou-se no solo independente da aplicação de EP, mas sua disponibilidade diminui com o aumento das concentrações de EP. A aplicação de 8% (v/v) de EP provocou diminuição de P nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20cm com aumento na camada de 30-40cm e no lixiviado. No segundo experimento, plantas de tomateiro do grupo cereja foram cultivadas em solo tratado com 5 concentrações de EP (0; 1; 2; 4; 8% v/v), na presença e ausência de pulverização de EP (0,1% v/v) na parte aérea. Foram avaliados os atributos químicos do solo, acúmulo de massa seca da parte aérea, diâmetro de haste, área foliar, teor foliar e acúmulo de nutrientes da parte aérea e também distribuição dos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Two experiments were carried out aiming to evaluate the effect of Pyroligneous Acid (PA) concentrations on the ions movement in the soil profile and it's possible chemical properties changes, and also to evaluate the effect of PA on nutrition, production, classification and taste characteristics (total soluble solids and titratable acidity) on cherry tomato plants cultivated with PA in a greenhouse. The first experiment, columns were filled with Oxisol submitted to application of solution with PA concentrations (0,1, 2, 4 and 8% v/v), to evaluate four depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 cm). Following, the columns were leached by application of deionized water at 1 ½ amount of its pores volume. Immediately after leaching, both the volume recovered as the soils recovered from different depths were collected and analyzed. The application of PA at 4 and 8% (v/v) promoted pH soil decrease at 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers reflecting on K, Ca, and Mg leaching, and an increase on Mn, Cu and Zn available in soil. The SO42- moved in the soil independently to PA application, however, its availability decreased with PA increasing concentrations. The application of 8% (v/v) PA promoted a decrease on P layers at 0-10 and 10-20 cm, but an increase on 30-40 and on the leached was observed. The second experiment, cherry tomato plants were cultivated in soil and treated with 5 PA concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4.8% v/v) and in the presence and absence of spraying 0.1% v/v PA on shoots. The soil chemical properties, shoots dry mass, stem diameter, leaf area, foliar nutrient accumulation content of aerial portion, fruit size distribution, fruits total numbers, fruits fresh mass, titratable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids (TSS) were evaluated. The PA application on soils of the ground up to a concentration of 2% (v/v) did not cause... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Orientador: Jose de Assis F. Faria
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar latas eletrossoldadas quanto à qualidade da solda e ao seu desempenho em relação à interação embalagem/alimento, por meio de testes de estocagem, no acondicionamento de três tipos de produtos alimentícios: ervilha, extrato de tomate e pêssego em calda. Para cada tipo de produto foram estudadas duas alternativas de embalagem, seja pela variação do verniz de proteção da eletrossolda, seja pelo uso ou ausência de envernizamento interno na lata. A qualidade da solda elétrica dos diferentes tipos de lata foi determinada por meio dos ensaios de avaliação visual (verificação da regularidade dos pontos de solda, presença de respingos, rabo de peixe), dimensional (determinação da espessura e do comprimento da sobreposição da solda antes e após a soldagem), de resistência mecânica (ensaios de ruptura e de alongamento do flange, expansão e reversão do cilindro) e metalográfica das seções longitudinal e transversal (para avaliação do grau de fusão e presença de vírgula e inclusões) da costura eletrossoldada. Todos estes métodos, aplicados à avaliação da qualidade da solda, foram introduzidos especificamente para a realização deste estudo. Os testes de estocagem foram realizados pelo período de 365 dias em três condições de temperatura, 23, 30 e 35°C, com avaliações periódicas, a intervalos de 90 dias, quanto à aparência visual interna das latas, nível de vácuo, análises químicas do produto (pH, acidez e sólidos solúveis), composição de gases no espaço livre (O2 e H2) e concentração de ferro e estanho no produto. As embalagens estudadas também foram caracterizadas quanto ao tipo e revestimento do material metálico e do envemizamento interno. A avaliação da qualidade das latas eletrossoldadas permitiu verificar que o ensaio mais efetivo de determinação da qualidade foi a avaliação da microestrutura das seções longitudinal e transversal da solda, embora os diferentes parâmetros sejam complementares. As latas de ervilha apresentaram pequena alteração da qualidade, as latas de extrato de tomate apresentaram maior variação, com ocorrência de muitos defeitos e um dos tipos de lata para pêssego em calda apresentou condição de fusão insuficiente, enquanto o outro tipo apresentou desvios de qualidade dentro da normalidade. Verificou-se que é fundamental a adequada distinção entre a condição aceitável e o limite da solda para cada tipo de embalagem, dependendo da aplicação final. O teste de estocagem mostrou que, para a ervilha, a baixa intensidade de corrosão neste tipo de lata não permitiu diferenciação entre as duas latas estudadas, tornando desnecessário o investimento em melhor proteção da costura eletrossoldada; neste caso não se observou influência importante da temperatura de estocagem na interação embalagem/produto. O extrato de tomate apresentou intensa corrosão interna no corpo e na região de soldagem, resultando em alteração da superfície interna, perda do vácuo e estufamento e dissolução de ferro e estanho no produto, os quais foram muito influenciados pela temperatura de estocagem. A lata com envernizamento da costura lateral com epóxi-amina apresentou desempenho um pouco superior em relação à lata com verniz epóxi-uréia na eletrossolda. O pêssego em calda acondicionado em lata sem verniz interno apresentou dissolução normal de estanho e alteração uniforme da superfície das diferentes partes da lata, demonstrando que a utilização de verniz de proteção da eletrossolda é dispensável nas latas para este tipo de produto. A corrosão se desenvolveu pelo mecanismo de desestanhamento, foi fortemente acelerada pela temperatura de estocagem de 35°C, mostrando que é necessário o devido controle da temperatura ambiente para o desempenho adequado destas latas durante a estocagem. Na lata envernizada internamente, observou-se que a corrosão se concentrou nas descontinuidades do verniz e na costura lateral, desenvolvendo-se por mecanismo pontual e resultando inclusive na perfuração de algumas embalagens estocadas a 35°C. Observou-se um grande efeito do aumento da temperatura na aceleração do processo corrosivo.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the welding quality and the performance of welded cans relative to the package/food interaction by means of storage tests in the packaging of three types of food products: peas, tomato paste and peaches in syrup. For each kind of product, two package alternatives were analysed as follows: one with the variation of the welding protective lacquer (for peas and tomato paste) and the other with the presence and the absence of the can internal lacquering. The welding quality of the different types of cans was determined through visual evaluation tests (verification of the regularity of the welding overlap before and after welding), tests of mechanical resistance (rip test, test of expansion and partial reversion of the cylinder) and metalographic evaluation of the longitudinal and cross sections (to evaluate fusion and presence of commas and inclusions) of the welded seams. All the test methods to evaluate the welding quality were adapted for this study specifically. Storage tests were conducted during 365 days in three temperature conditions, that is, 23, 30, 35°C, with periodical evaluations at intervals of 90 days relative to the internal visual appearance of the cans, vacuum level, chemical analyses of the product (pH, acidity and soluble solids), composition of the gases in the headspace (O2 and H2) and concentration of iron and tin in the product. The analysed packages were also characterized as to type and coating of the metallic material and of the internal lacquering. The evaluation of the quality of the welded cans revealed that the most effective test to determine the quality was the microstructure evaluation of the longitudinal and cross sections of the welded are a, although the different parameters are complementary. Pea cans had a slight quality alteration, tomato paste cans presented a higher variation with the occurence of several defects and one of the types of peach can presented insufficient fusion condition, whereas the other showed normal quality deviations. The correct distinction between the acceptable condition and the weld limit for each type of package, depending on the final application, was fundamental. Storage tests showed that the low corrosion in the pea can did not permit the differentiation of the two analysed packages. Therefore, it is not necessary to invest in a better protection of the welded seam; in this case, the influence of the storage temperature on the product/package interaction was not relevant. Tomato paste presented intense internal corrosion in the body and in the welded area, resulting in alteration of the internal surface, vacuum loss, swelling and iron and tin dissolution in the product, which were strongly influenced by the storage temperature. The can with epoxy-mina side stripe presented a slightly superior performance than the can with the epoxy-urea lacquer in the welding area. The peach in syrup packaged in a can without lacquer presented high tin dissolution and even alteration of the surface in different parts of the can, which shows that the use of the weld protective lacquer is dispensable in cans for this kind of product. Such cans presented corrosion by the detinning mechanism, which was strongly accelerated by the storage temperature of 35°C, showing that it is necessary to control the environment temperature for the adequate performance of these cans during storage.
Doutorado
Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

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A broca-pequena-do-fruto, Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) é uma praga de grande importância na cultura do tomateiro. Desta forma, métodos de manejo que auxiliem no controle dessa praga e que reduzam a aplicação de agrotóxicos devem ser estudados. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar métodos alternativos de manejo da broca-pequena-do-fruto, como: o controle biológico, através da utilização de parasitoides do gênero Trichogramma e nematoides entompatogênicos (Heterorhabditis indica e Sterneneima carpocapsae); o controle físico, por meio do ensacamento de cachos de tomate com o tecido-não-tecido (TNT); e o controle químico através do estudo da atividade inseticida de plantas como a pimenta, o fumo, o alho e a mamona nas fases embrionárias, larval, pupal e adulta. Desta forma, por meio das análises foi possível verificar que a espécie e/ou linhagem de Trichogramma que mais se destacou foi T. galloi (Tg1) com características biológicas favoráveis ao manejo de N. elegantalis. Para os nematoides entomopatogênicos, S. carpocapsae, foi o mais efetivo, causando uma mortalidade de 82,93% a uma concentração de 65 juvenis infectivos por pré-pupa da broca-pequena-do-fruto. Através do ensacamento dos frutos, foi possível verificar a redução na oviposição da praga em frutos do tomateiro para quase zero com sacolas de TNT com fundo fechado, não ocorrendo alteração no peso, pH e graus brix do fruto, enquanto que no controle químico através de inseticidas botânicos foi possível verificar o destaque do extrato aquoso de fumo, reduzindo a oviposição, entrada e saída das lagartas nos frutos; causando mortalidade na fase embrionária, lagarta, pré-pupa e pupa da broca-pequena-do-fruto. Palavras-chave: Manejo Fitossanitário de Pragas. Tomate. Controle biológico. Ensacamento. Inseticidas botânicos.

Darbo tikslas - nustatyti vaistažolių fabriko „Mėta“ biologinių ekstraktų efektyvumą šiltnamyje auginamiems pomidorams. Darbo uždaviniai: - Stebėti preparatų įtaką pomidorų augimo tarpsniams vegetacijos laikotarpiu. - Nustatyti optimalią tirpalo koncentraciją pomidorams tręšti, išbandant trijų rūšių (pušų, beržų ir dilgėlių) ekstraktus. - Atlikus tyrimus rekomenduoti naudoti efektyviausią preparatą ir jo koncentraciją. Darbo objektas: ekologiškai šiltnamyje auginami pomidorai. Tyrimai atlikti Telšių apskrityje, Mažeikių rajone, Šerkšnėnų kaime. Darbo rezultatai: Tyrimo metu pomidorų lapai buvo purškiami minėtų ekstraktų skirtingomis koncentracijomis. Stebėti pomidorų augimo tarpsniai vegetacijos laikotarpiu. Pomidorai pradėjo žydėti birželio pradžioje, ryškiausiai išsiskyrė augalai purkšti pušų ekstrakto 3% koncentracija. Pirmus vaisius užmezgė augalai purkšti pušų ekstraktu, t. y. birželio 14 d. Po savaitės vaisius užmezgė ir likę augalai. Pomidorai pradėjo derėti liepos viduryje ir derėjo iki spalio 15 d. Derliaus suvestinės sudarytos kiekvienam mėnesiui ir už visą vegetacijos laikotarpį. Gauti derliaus duomenys apdoroti dispersinės analizės metodu. Apibendrinus gautus rezultatus galima teigti, kad pomidorai, kurie buvo purkšti pušų ekstraktu pirmieji pradėjo žydėti, megzti vaisius ir jų išauginti vaisiai buvo didžiausi lyginant su kontrole ir kitais t. y. dilgėlių ir beržų ekstraktais.
Tomatoes- mostly cultured vegetable in the world. Their yield, quality, sensual internal mostly depends from vegetable nutritional. In the last year has been founded a new technologies, start using fertile species, resistant for illnesses and vermin’s. Biological extract, we were using for research, were made by partnership of “Meta”. It is private company, established in 1989, which produce ecological volatile oil, herb tea, massage honey mixture from natural and ecological production. It is only one such a company in the Baltic. “Meta” already 5 years participate with EU scientific researches like Copernicus and Eureka, supplies volatile oil and extract for researches. The impact of “Meta” extracts for tomatoes, fertilizing them through the leaf, still is not explored. This companies production usable in medicine and mode of life. A new idea has been rised up for us and for manager of “Meta” to try to use an ecological piny, birch and nettle extracts for fertilizing tomatoes through their leafs.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ecologia, 2018.
O tomateiro Lycopersicon esculentum é uma das hortaliças mais importantes do mundo, sendo o Brasil um dos principais países produtores dessa cultura. Porém, o cultivo do tomateiro é um grande desafio, devido à alta suscetibilidade da planta a diversas pragas. A mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci biótipo B é uma das pragas que causam sérios danos à cultura ao sugar a seiva e injetar toxinas debilitando a planta. Alémdisso, atua como vetor de vírus que afetama cultura. Atualmente, o controle da mosca-branca é realizado principalmente através do uso de inseticidas químicos sintéticos. No entanto, esses produtos causam danos à saúde humana, problemas ambientais e seleção de populações de pragas resistentes. Nesse sentido, evidenciase a necessidade de alternativas ambientalmente mais seguras e menos prejudiciais à saúde. Os inseticidas botânicos são de rápida degradação, baixa toxicidade a mamíferos, possuem mais de um princípio ativo, o que pode dificultar o desenvolvimento de resistência pela praga e muitos são seletivos, não afetando os inimigos naturais. Assim, os extratos vegetais apresentam uma alternativa menos prejudicial, podendo ser usados no sistema orgânico de produção. No primeiro capítulo deste estudo, foram realizados experimentos para testar o efeito de extratos aquosos de sete espécies de plantas, no comportamento e na sobrevivência de B. tabaci biótipo B, emcultivos de tomate emcasa-de-vegetação. Aconcentração de cada extrato foi estabelecida a partir de testes de fitotoxicidade ao tomateiro, ficando definidas as seguintes concentrações (peso/volume): barbatimão Stryphnodendron adstringens 10%; quina-do-cerrado Strychnos pseudoquina 10%; nim Azadirachta indica 3%; salsa Petroselinum crispum 2%; boldo-baiano Vernonia condensata 5%; saboneteira Sapindus saponaria 1%; e confrei Symphytum officinali 2%. Com base nos resultados deste estudo, verificou-se que os extratos de A. indica, S. adstringens, P. crispum e S. saponaria apresentaram potencial para controle da mosca-branca no tomateiro ao reduzir a colonização em cerca de 50% (A. indica e S. adstringens) e a oviposição em mais de 50% (A. indica), além de afetar a sobrevivência dos ovos, 50,8% de mortalidade (S. adstringens) e de ninfas, 73,4% de mortalidade (S. saponaria). No segundo capítulo, para verificar o impacto dos efeitos dos extratos sobre a dinâmica populacional da mosca-branca, foi desenvolvido um modelo determinístico. Utilizamos equações de diferenças para populações estruturadas em estágios discretos de desenvolvimento, a partir de parâmetros biológicos da mosca-branca, obtidos na literatura e nos experimentos desse estudo. Esse modelo, que considera o recurso ilimitado, gerou curvas de crescimento exponencial com uma explosão populacional de mais de 40 mil indivíduos adultos por planta no final da safra, destoando da realidade vista em campo. Então, esse modelo foi ajustado pela inclusão de parte da equação de crescimento logístico, onde as taxas de emigração são denso-dependentes para o estágio adulto. Foram avaliadas três possíveis capacidades de suporte K = 2000, 500 e 200 adultos/planta. A inserção da dependência da densidade, corrigiu o crescimento exponencial do modelo inicial. Assim, o aumento da densidade de adultos por planta, produzia o aumento da emigração dos adultos recém-emergidos, reduzindo o recrutamento de novos adultos com base na capacidade de suporte da planta. As simulações geradas pelo modelo, considerando os efeitos (letais ou subletais) da aplicação individual dos extratos de A. indica, S. adstringens e S. saponaria, demostraram forte impacto na dinâmica populacional de B. tabaci. O efeito da aplicação combinada de todos os extratos provocou uma mudança ainda mais drástica na dinâmica populacional da praga, mantendo baixa densidade populacional durante todo o ciclo do tomateiro. Portanto, as simulações resultantes do modelo, sugerem que a aplicação individual ou combinada dos extratos de nim, na fase de colonização, barbatimão, na fase de ovo e saboneteira, na fase de ninfa, pode ser uma alternativa eficiente de controle populacional de B. tabaci biótipo B na cultura do tomateiro. O modelo desenvolvido também pode ser útil para a seleção de produtos a serem utilizados no manejo de pragas.
The tomato Lycopersicon esculentum is one of the most important vegetable crops of the world, and Brazil one of the main producing countries of this vegetable. However, the cultivation of tomato is a major challenge due to its high susceptibility to various pests. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci biotype B, is a major pest causing serious damage to plant, sucking the sap and injecting toxins that weaken the plant. It, is also the main vector of virus that affects the plant. Currently, the main whitefly control method is spraying synthetic chemical insecticides. However, the use of these products cause damage to human health, environmental problems and select resistant pest populations. Thus, it is evident the need for alternative methods which are less harmful to the health and more environmentally safe. Botanical insecticides are degraded faster in the environment, have low toxicity to mammals, have more than one active ingredient, which can hinder the development of resistance by pest. In addition, many of them are selective, do not affecting their natural enemies. Thus, plant extracts present a less harmful alternative that can be even used in organic production systems. In the Chapter 1 of this study, experiments were performed to test the effect aqueous extracts of seven plant species in the behavior and mortality of B. tabaci biotype B in tomato plants growed in greenhouse. To set the concentrations of each extract to be used in the study, experiments were performed to test phytotoxicity for each plant extract in different concentrations. The followings concentrations (weight/volume) were set: Stryphnodendron adstringens 10%; Strychnos pseudoquina 10%; Azadirachta indica 3%; Petroselinum crispum 2%; Vernonia condensata 5%; Sapindus saponaria 1%; and Symphytum officinali 2%. It was found that the extracts A. indica, S. adstringens, P. crispum and S. saponaria presented potential to control whitefly in tomato to reduce the colonization in around 50% (A. indica and S. adstringens), and oviposition in more than 50% (A. indica), in addition to affect the viability of eggs, 50,8% mortality (S. adstringens) and survival of nymphs, 73,4% mortality (S. saponaria). In the Chapter 2 a deterministic model was developed to verify the impact of former tested plants extracts on the population dynamics of the whitefly. We used differences equations for populations structured in discrete stages of development, from the biological parameters of the whitefly, obtained in the literature and in the experiments of this study. This model which considers the resource unlimited has generated exponential growth curves with a population explosion of more than 40 thousand adult individuals per plant at the end of the harvest, unlike reality seen in the field. So, this model was adjusted by the inclusion of part of the logistic growth equation, where the emigration rates are dense-dependent for the adult stage. Then we evaluated three possible carrying support K = 2000, 500, and 200 adults/plant. The inclusion of the density dependence function corrected the exponential growth of the initial model. Thus, the increase in density adults per plant, produced the increase of emigration newly hatched adults, reducing its recruitment based on the plant carrying capacity. Simulations generated by the model considering the effects (lethal or sublethal) resulting from application of each single extract of A. indica, S. adstringens, and S. saponaria showed strong impact on the population dynamics of B. tabaci. Effect of combined application of all extracts, caused even more drastic change in the population dynamics of pest, keeping the density low throughout the tomato cycle. This way, results from the simulations suggests that individual or combined application of extracts of A. indica during colonization, S. adstringens on egg stage, and S. saponaria on nymph stage can be an alternative and efficient method for population control of B. tabaci biotype B in tomato crops. The model developed may also be useful selection of products to be used in pest management.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guen?e, 1854) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a pest of tomato production in Brazil is basically controlled with chemicals insecticides. This work was carried out with the overall objective of producing information on alternative forms to control N. elegantalis, involving genetic resistance of tomato (Chapter I) and botanical extracts from weeds (Chapter II), as well as evaluating the selectivity of these botanical extracts on adults of a predator, Coleomegilla maculata (Chapter III). In Chapter I, the objective was to evaluate eight tomato varieties (Viradoro, Nemadoro, Tospodoro, HEI36, LAI148, LAI144, LAI132 and UC82) in the field under organic management, and in laboratory conditions, to identify non- preference (antixenosis) oviposition of N. elegantalis. The assay at the field was conducted at Serop?dica, RJ, Brazil, in randomized complete block design, with eight varieties, three replications and two sampling times. The laboratory assay was conducted in a cage, in a randomized complete blocks design, with eight varieties as treatments and eight replicates (days). It was noted that N. elegantalis, at the Field, had lower preference for oviposition in the fruit variety HEI36, unlike the variety LAI148, which in laboratory conditions showed a tendency to present fewer eggs and hatched larvae. In Chapter II, the objective was to evaluate the effect of deterrence of alcoholic extracts of species of weeds Cyperus rotundus, Commelina benghalensis, Richardia brasiliensis and Euphorbia heterophylla on oviposition of N. elegantalis, at different concentrations. The assay was conducted in a laboratory with an randomized complete blocks design, whose treatments were extracts of four species at concentrations 5%, 10% and 15% (4X3 factorial) with two additional treatments: control 0% (alcohol diluted in distilled water to 15%) and absolute control (distilled water), with 8 replicates (days). Green fruits of tomato cultivar Marmande (susceptible) were sprayed with the extracts and placed in a cage containing 150 pairs of N. elegantalis. Four cages were used for concentration of all extracts. The alcoholic extract of Euphorbia heterophylla at different concentrations (5%, 10% and 15%), presented effect of deterrence on oviposition of N. elegantalis differing from the other extracts. In chapter III aimed to evaluate the selectivity of alcoholic extracts of weeds Cyperus rotundus, Commelina benghalensis, Richardia brasiliensis, Euphorbia heterophylla, in three different concentrations applied to 10 adult individuals of C. maculate, by replication. The effects of extracts on insect biological parameters were evaluated along 30 days after spraying. The trial was conducted in laboratory with a complete randomized design. Treatments was alcoholic extracts of four plant species diluted in distilled water at three concentrations (5, 10 and 15%) (4x3 factorial) with two controls, 15% alcohol and distilled water. In general, the extracts showed selectivity for the adult C. maculata treated topically, although Euphorbia heterophylla has affected the number of hatched larvae and reduced egg viability when compared with other treatments.
Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guen?e, 1854) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), uma das principais pragas da tomaticultura no Brasil, ? controlada basicamente com inseticidas qu?micos. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo geral de produzir informa??es sobre medidas alternativas de controle de N. elegantalis envolvendo a resist?ncia gen?tica do tomateiro (Cap?tulo I) e os extratos bot?nicos provenientes de plantas espont?neas (Cap?tulo II), bem como avaliar a seletividade desses extratos bot?nicos aos adultos de um predador, Coleomegilla maculata (Cap?tulo III). No cap?tulo I, o objetivo foi o de avaliar oito variedades de tomateiro (Viradoro, Nemadoro, Tospodoro, HEI36, LAI148, LAI144, LAI132 e UC82), em campo, sob manejo org?nico, e em condi??es de laborat?rio, para identificar a n?o-prefer?ncia (antixenose) para oviposi??o de N. elegantalis. O ensaio de campo foi conduzido na Fazendinha Agroecol?gica km 47 (Serop?dica, RJ), em delineamento em bloco ao acaso, com oito variedades, tr?s repeti??es e duas ?pocas de avalia??o. O ensaio de laborat?rio foi conduzido em gaiola, com delineamento em blocos ao acaso, tendo como tratamentos as oito variedades e oito repeti??es (dias). Observou-se em campo que N. elegantalis teve menor prefer?ncia para oviposi??o em frutos da variedade HEI36 e, em condi??es de laborat?rio, houve uma tend?ncia da variedade LAI148 em apresentar menor n?mero de ovos e de larvas eclodidas. No cap?tulo II, o objetivo foi o de avaliar o efeito de deterr?ncia dos extratos alco?licos das esp?cies de plantas espont?neas Cyperus rotundus, Commelina benghalensis, Richardia brasiliensis e Euphorbia heterophylla na oviposi??o de N. elegantalis, quando aplicados em diferentes concentra??es. O ensaio foi conduzido em laborat?rio, com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, tendo como tratamentos os extratos das quatro esp?cies nas concentra??es 5%, 10% e 15% (fatorial 4X3), com dois tratamentos adicionais: testemunha 0% (?lcool dilu?do em ?gua destilada a 15%) e testemunha absoluta (?gua destilada), com 8 repeti??es (dias). Frutos verdes de tomate cv. Marmande (suscept?vel) foram pulverizados com os extratos e acondicionados em gaiola contendo 150 casais de N. elegantalis. Foram utilizadas quatro gaiolas por concentra??o de todos os extratos. O extrato alco?lico de Euphorbia heterophylla nas diferentes concentra??es (5%, 10% e 15%), apresentou efeito de deterr?ncia sobre a oviposi??o de N. elegantalis diferindo dos demais extratos. No cap?tulo III, objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade dos extratos alco?licos das esp?cies de plantas espont?neas Cyperus rotundus, Commelina benghalensis, Richardia brasiliensis e Euphorbia heterophylla, em tr?s diferentes concentra??es, aplicados sobre 10 indiv?duos adultos de C. maculata, por repeti??o. Os efeitos dos extratos sobre par?metros biol?gicos dos insetos foram avaliados durante 30 dias ap?s a pulveriza??o. O ensaio foi conduzido em laborat?rio, com o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram dos extratos alco?licos das quatro esp?cies bot?nicas dilu?dos em ?gua destilada em tr?s concentra??es (5, 10 e 15%) (fatorial 4x3), com duas testemunhas, ?lcool a 15% e ?gua destilada. No geral, os extratos apresentaram seletividade para os adultos de C. maculata tratados topicamente, embora a Euphorbia heterophylla (leiteiro) tenha xi afetado o n?mero de larvas eclodidas e reduzido a viabilidade dos ovos quando comparada com os demais tratamentos.

Em um ensaio clinico, randomizado, controlado, foram estudados 156 homens, com idades entre 45 e 75 anos, com diagnóstico histológico de hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) e níveis séricos do antígeno prostático específico (PSA) entre 4 a 10 ng/ml. Foram constituídos três grupos de tratamento: licopeno (15 mg/dia), extrato de tomate (50 g/dia) e placebo. Após 10 semanas, não foram encontrados resultados significativos para o desfecho primário que era os níveis séricos de PSA total. Porém, o único grupo de tratamento em que os valores séricos de PSA total não se elevaram foi o do extrato de tomate. Foi encontrada uma diminuição (p=0,005) nos níveis séricos de PSA livre entre o grupo que recebeu extrato de tomate (de 1,27 ± 0,64 ng/ml para 1,08 ± 0,50 ng/ml) e o grupo que recebeu licopeno (de 1,16 ± 0,54 ng/ml para 1,33 ± 0,93 ng/ml. Os demais desfechos secundários, isto é, níveis séricos do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina-1 (IGF-1) e testosterona total e sintomas relacionados ao prostatismo e índice de qualidade de vida (IQV) foram semelhantes entre os três grupos, após tratamento. Neste estudo houve efeito dos três grupos de tratamento sobre as variáveis subjetivas, evidenciando um efeito placebo. A redução do PSA livre nos pacientes que consumiram extrato de tomate, quando comparado aos pacientes tratados com licopeno, pode ser resultado de um efeito protetor de outra substância presente no alimento sobre as células prostáticas. Concluindo, no presente estudo, observou-se redução dos níveis séricos de PSA livre nos indivíduos que utilizaram extrato de tomate, quando comparado ao grupo que recebeu licopeno. Ensaios clínicos comparando indivíduos ingerindo extrato de tomate com indivíduos que restrinjam esse alimento por tempo longo podem ser úteis para determinar se a engestão de extrato de tomate tem impacto em desfechos clínicos, em homens com HPB.

Na indução de resistência a planta possui mecanismos de defesa físicos e químicos para impedir a entrada e o desenvolvimento de patógenos e parasitas, incluindo fungos, bactérias, vírus, nematóides e até insetos. Estes mecanismos são ativados por infecções prévias ou pelo tratamento com agentes indutores (eliciadores) bióticos ou abióticos. Entre os agentes indutores bióticos, destaca-se a S. cerevisiae, que além da importância biotecnológica, tem demonstrado em estudos prévios potencial para o controle de doenças em várias plantas de importância econômica. Produtos à base de S. cerevisiae, como por exemplo o Agro-Mos® (carboidratos da parede celular da levedura) estão disponíveis no mercado, mas não como indutores de resistência. Já o indutor químico registrado como Bion® vem sendo comercializado e utilizado na indução de resistência em diversas espécies de plantas contra vários patógenos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram purificar parcialmente frações de S. cerevisiae indutoras de resistência em pepineiro contra antracnose, causada por Colletotrichum lagenarium, e avaliar o efeito do extrato bruto autoclavado de S. cerevisiae, Agro-Mos® e Bion® na indução de resistência contra o inseto T. absoluta em tomateiro, o nematóide M. incognita em pepineiro, como também, verificar o efeito destes agentes na interação simbiótica entre soja e B. elkanii. Os resultados mostraram que o extrato bruto aquoso de S. cerevisiae autoclavado por 4 h foi o mais efetivo na redução da antracnose. Dessa maneira, o mesmo foi submetido à precipitação etanólica e o sobrenadante da precipitação foi fracionado utilizando-se Cromatografia de Troca Aniônica - CTA. Obtiveram-se quatro picos, sendo que os picos I (frações não ligada à resina DEAE-celulose) e II (frações ligadas à resina DEAE-celulose) foram os mais efetivos na proteção de plântulas de pepineiro reduzindo a severidade de antracnose em 80% e 72%, respectivamente. A aplicação foliar do extrato bruto aquoso de S. cerevisiae, Agro-Mos® e Bion® não afetou o desenvolvimento do inseto em tomateiro, como também, não interferiu significativamente na multiplicação do nematóide em raízes de pepineiro. Na interação simbiótica da soja com B. elkanii, os agentes testados não afetaram a nodulação por B. elkanii em raízes e o desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas. Porém, a aplicação foliar do extrato bruto autoclavado de S. cerevisiae aumentou a quantidade de nitrogênio total da parte aérea das plantas. Finalmente, conclui-se que frações de S. cerevisiae induziram resistência em pepineiro contra C. lagenarium. Por sua vez, os agentes testados são foram eficientes no controle do inseto herbívoro e do nematóide e não demonstraram efeito negativo na interação soja - rizóbio.
In the resistance induction, the plant has physical and chemical defense mechanisms to avoid the entrance and the development of pathogens and parasites, including fungi, bacteria, virus, nematodes and even insects. These mechanisms are activated by previous infections or by the treatment with biotic and abiotic inducer agents. Among the biotic agents there is S. cerevisiae, that besides the biotechnological importance, was shown in previous studies to control diseases in several plants of economical importance. Products made of S. cerevisiae, as for exemple, the Agro-Mos® (formulated with carbohydrates from the cellular wall of the yeast) are available in the market, but not resistance inducers. The chemical inducer known as Bion® is already marketed and used to induced resistance in several plant species against several pathogens. The objectives of this work were to partially purify fractions of S. cerevisiae able to induce resistance in cucumber against anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lagenarium, and also evaluate the effect of the autoclaved crude aqueous extract from S. cerevisiae, Agro-Mos® and Bion® in the resistance induction against the insect T. absoluta in tomato plants, the nematode M. incognita in cucumber plants, as well as to verify the effect of the agents in the symbiotic interaction envolving soybean and B. elkanii. The results showed that the crude aqueous extract of S. cerevisiae autoclaved for 4 h was the most effective out in the reduction of cucumber anthracnose. Thus, the same extract was submitted to ethanolic precipitation and the obtained supernatant was fractioned by using Anion Exchange Chromatography - AEC. For peaks were obtained and peak I (non-adsorbed fraction to DEAE-Cellulose) and II (fraction adsorbed to DEAE-Cellulose) were the most effective out in the protection of the cucumber seedling by reducing anthracnose severity in 81% and 72% ,respectively. The application of the autoclaved extract of S. cerevisiae, Agro-Mos® and Bion® did not affect the development of the insect in tomato plants as well as did not interfere significantly in the multiplication of the nematode in cucumber roots. In the symbiotic interaction of soybean and B. elkanii, the tested agents did not affect the formation of nodules in soybean roots and the vegetative development of the plants. However, the foliar application of the autoclaved crude extract of S. cerevisiae significantly increased the amount of total nitrogen in the aerial part of the plants. Finally, it is concluded that the fractions (peaks I and II) of S. cerevisiae induced resistance of the cucumber plants. However the tested agents were not efficient in the control of the herbivore insect and the nematode and did not exhibit negative effects in the symbiotic interaction soybean and rhizobium.

U okviru disertacije su razvijeni postupci za iskorišćenje sporednog produkta prerade paradajza (tropa) kao polazne sirovine za proizvodnju prehrambenih proizvoda sa dodatom vrednošću. Sprovedena istraživanja kretala su se u dva smera: proizvodnja lipofilnih i hidrofilnih ekstrakata od liofilizovanog tropa paradajza, primenom rastvarača koji su dozvoljeni za upotrebu u prehrambenoj industriji (n-heksana i 95% etanola) i njihova karakterizacija u pogledu sadržaja i sastava fitohemikalija i biološke aktivnosti in vitro; razvoj formulacija i tehnoloških postupaka za kreiranje gotovih proizvoda sa povećanim sadržajem prehrambenih vlakana i njihova karakterizacija u smislu nutritivnih, reoloških i senzorskih svojstava. Proizvedena su tri proizvoda sa povećanim sadržajem prehrambenih vlakana: kečap od svežeg tropa paradajza, kečap od liofilizovanog tropa paradajza u prahu i marmelada od liofilizovanog tropa paradajza u prahu.Proizvedeni lipofilni i hidrofilni ekstrakti pokazali su sposobnost redukcije jona gvožđa, kao i antiradikalsku aktivnost na DPPH, azot (II)-oksid i superoksid-anjon radikale. Karotenoidi detektovani u lipofilnim ekstraktima (likopen i β-karoten) povezani su sa višom antiradikalskom aktivnošću na superoksid-anjon radikal, dok su fenolna jedinjenja detektovana u hidrofilnim ekstraktima (hidroksicinamati, flavonoli i dihidrohalkoni) bila efikasnija u redukciji jona gvožđa. Etanolni ekstrakt tropa paradajza pokazao je inhibitornu aktivnost na angiotenzin-konvertujući enzim pri koncentraciji ekstrakta od 10 mg/ml.Kečap proizveden od svežeg tropa paradajza, kečap proizveden od liofilizata tropa paradajza i marmelada proizvedena od liofilizata tropa paradajza su bili okarakterisani povećanim sadržajem prehrambenih vlakana (preko 3 g na 100 g proizvoda), na osnovu kog mogu da se deklarišu kao izvor vlakana. Marmelada je proizvedena od liofilizovanog tropa paradajza bez dodatka hidrokoloida, sa 20% manjim sadržajem šećera u odnosu na komercijalne proizvode.Reološka svojstva kečapa proizvedenog od svežeg tropa paradajza su prevashodno zavisila od koncentracije nerastvorljivih čestica. Rezultati senzorske ocene sprovedene uz primenu panela treniranih ocenjivača, ukazuju da su miris na paradajz i aroma paradajza bili najvažniji za jasno razlikovanje kečapa proizvedenog od svežeg tropa paradajza od komercijalnih proizvoda.Kečap i marmelada proizvedeni od liofilizovanog tropa paradajza se, kao reološki sistemi, mogu opisati modifikovanom frakcionom Kelvin-Voigt-ovom jednačinom kao viskoelastična tela. Ispitivanje model sistema sastavljenih od različitih odnosa liofilizata tropa paradajza i vode tretiranih na temperaturi od 60°C i 100°C ukazalo je da su vrednosti modula elastičnosti (G’) zavisile od koncentracije liofilizata tropa i da su G’ vrednosti niže na 100°C u odnosu na 60°C. Test dopadljivosti kečapa i marmelade od liofilizovanog tropa paradajza, sproveden primenom hedonske skale od 1 do 7, ukazuje da su oba proizvoda prihvaćena od strane potrošača (prosečna ocena za ukupnu dopadljivost veća od 4).
This dissertation describes processes for utilization of tomato processing byproduct (tomato pomace) as raw material for value-added food products. Research was conducted in two directions: one is production of lipophilic and hydrophilic tomato pomace extracts using solvents that are allowed for use in the food industry (n-hexane and 95% ethanol) and their characterization in terms of content and composition of phytochemicals and their in vitro biological activity; the other one is development of formulations and technological processes for the creation of tomato pomace based products with increased content of dietary fiber and their characterization in terms of nutritional, rheological and sensory properties. Three products with increased dietary fiber content were produced: ketchup was produced from fresh tomato pomace, and ketchup and jam were produced from lyophilized tomato pomace powder.Produced lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts showed ferric ion reducing ability, as well as DPPH, nitric oxide and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity. Carotenoids detected in lipophilic extracts (lycopene and β-carotene) were correlated with higher superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, while phenolic compounds detected in hydrophilic extracts (hydroxycinnamates, flavonols and dihydrochalcones) were more effective in ferric ion reduction.Ketchup produced from fresh tomato pomace, ketchup produced from lyophilized tomato pomace, and jam produced from lyophilized tomato pomace were characterized by increased content of dietary fiber (more than 3 g per 100 g of product). Jam was produced from the lyophilized tomato pomace without addition of hydrocolloids, with 20% lower sugar content in comparison with commercial products. Rheological properties of ketchup produced from fresh tomato pomace primarily depended on the insoluble particles content. The results of sensory analysis indicate that tomato odor and flavor were the most important for clear separation of ketchup produced from fresh tomato pomace from commercial products.Ketchup and jam produced from lyophilized tomato pomace could be described, as rheological systems, by the application of modified fractional Kelvin-Voigt model as viscoelastic solids. The examination of model systems comprised of different lyophilized tomato pomace:water ratios heat treated at 60°C and 100°C indicated that storage modulus (G’) values depended on the concentration of lyophilized tomato pomace and that G’ values were lower at 100°C than at 60°C. Preference test for ketchup and jam, conducted by application of 7-point hedonic scale, indicated that both products were accepted by the consumers (average score for overall acceptability higher than 4).

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
植物保護系
94
Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria is one of the most important diseases of tomato and pepper plants. Euent of pesticides for control of plant diseases may induce resistant mutants of plant pathogens. Development of alternative methods for disease control in the future is urgently needed. Seventy-two different kinds of Chinese medicines were used to test their antibacterial abilities against X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria. Results showed that Chinese medicine extracts of Myrobalan, Schisandra, Galla rhois, Amur cork-tree, Coptis and Clove were inhibitory and then inhibition zone were 8.2, 8.1, 6.2, 5.8, 5.9 and 4.2 mm respectively. Aqueous extract of Galla rhois was inhibitory to 9 out of 10 phytopathogenic bacteria tested, 2000 fold dilution was still inhibitory to growth of X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria. Galla rhois extract at 10 fold dilution caused curling and rapid wilting of leaves of sweet pepper and eggplant seedlings but no injury to tomato seedlings. Disease severities of tomato leaves sprayed with Galla rhios extract at 500 fold dilution before , right after and 24-h after inoculation with X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria were 33.9, 39.3, 31.3％, respectively, after four weeks. Disease severities of those sprayed with Kasugamysin+Copper oxychloride at 1000 fold dilution and water as the control right after inoculation with the pathogen were 65.1 and 88.7％, respectively. Galla rhois extract became lees inhibitory when the pH was adjusted from the original 5 to 7. The major antibacterial substance of Galla rhois has molecular weight between 500 to 1000, and negative charge on its molecule. The antibacterial substance of Galla rhois was soluble in polar solvents. Methylgallate at 1000 ppm was highly suppressive to X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria、X. axonopodis pv. citri、X. campestris pv. campestris and A. avenae subsp. citrulli. However, gallic acid at the some concentration was that inhibitory. when Galla rois extract was tested with cation exchange resin or anion exchange resin before fractionation with SephadexTMLH-20, 7 out of 13 fractions were found to be inhibitory to bacterial growth, fraction B was inhibitory to X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria at 1000 fold dilution .

碩士
大葉大學
食品工程研究所
90
In this study, two varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), I Tien Hung and Sheng Neu, were used as materials, and sampled as fresh, freeze dried, and hot air dried tomatoes. The antioxidative components of these samples were extracted using methanol as a solvent, and the antioxidative properties of methanolic extracts were studied. In the analysis of reducing power, it was found that the methanolic extract from freeze dried Sheng Neu tomato had the highest reducing power, those from fresh and freeze dried I Tien Hung tomatoes and fresh Sheng Neu tomato had the next ones, those from hot air dried Sheng Neu and I Tien Hung tomatoes had the third ones, and BHA and alpha-tocopherol had the lowest. In the analysis of ferrous ion chelating power, it showed the methanolic extracts from freeze dried and hot air dried I Tien Hung tomatoes had the highest values, those from fresh I Tien Hung, freeze dried and hot air dried Sheng Neu tomatoes had the next ones. BHA and alpha-tocopherol exhibited no ferrous ion chelating power. In the analysis of DPPH scavenging activity, all the tomato samples exhibited high scavenging activity at a low concentration about 2mg/mL, which was close to those of BHA and alpha-tocopherol. In the quantitative analysis of antioxidative components, all the fresh tomato samples had the highest content of ascorbic acid; all the tomato samples contained a low quantity of flavonoids, which was less than 10 mg/100 g dry sample; hot air dried I Tien Hung and Sheng Neu tomato samples had a high content of total phenolics; the fresh Sheng Neu tomato sample contained the highest quantity of lycopene.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture)) --University of Limpopo, 2018
Tomato is second most cultivated crop globally and in South Africa it is planted by both commercial and smallholder farmers. However, the crop is susceptible to a number of diseases including those caused by fungal pathogens. Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and seedling damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani, are known to cause serious yield loss in tomato production. Their management is mainly based on the application of synthetic fungicides and cultural practices. However, both methods have limitations which result in their inefficiency. Synthetic fungicides also have negative impact on the environment and human health. The ability of fungal pathogens to develop resistance to fungicides has also resulted in their reduced application. These challenges have led to a need to identify novel methods using plant extracts and biological control agents which can be used to manage these diseases. The objectives of this study were therefore to, firstly determine the efficacy of both plant extracts on mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and R. solani under laboratory conditions and secondly, to evaluate the effectiveness of both plant extracts as well as antagonistic fungi Trichoderma harzianum against Fusarium wilt and damping-off of tomato under greenhouse conditions. Food poisoning assay was used to investigate the efficacy of M. burkeana and M. oleifera extracts in vitro. Six (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 g/ml) treatments were arranged in a completely randomised design and replicated four times. After 7 days of incubation at 25 °C, radial growth colony was measured. For the greenhouse xp im nt, Fusa ium wilt was t st d on cv. ‘HTX14’ as th most susc ptibl cultiva whilst seedling damping-off was t st d on cv. ‘Mon y-make ’. Aqu ous xt acts were prepared by decocting different concentrations of M. burkeana (4, 6, 8 g/ml) xiv and M. oleifera (2, 4 and 6 g/ml) in 100 ml of distilled water at 100 °C for 15 minutes then left to cool before filtering and applying as a treatment. Trichoderma harzianum as a treatment was applied 7 days after inoculating the soil-borne pathogens. In-vitro M. burkeana treatments concentrations had the highest mycelia growth suppression against both F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici at 10 g/ml (76 %) whilst suppression on R. solani was at 8 g/ml (71 %) relative to control. Moringa oleifera xt acts’ highest pathogen suppression for both F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and R. solani were respectively 35 % and 60 % relative to control at concentration 6 g/ml. Under greenhouse conditions shoot disease severity had highest suppression at 0.6 g/ml of M. burkeana and 0.4 g/ml of M. oleifera treatment concentrations resulting to 32 and 49 % relative to control. Whereas, treatment 0.8 g/ml of M. burkeana and 0.4 g/ml of M. oleifera suppressed stem and root discoloration by 39 and 54 % respectively. Trichoderma harzianum significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced shoot severity and root and stem discolouration contributing the highest suppression of 49 % relative to control. In damping-off treatments, both plant extracts and T. harzianum also significantly duc d (P ≤ 0.05) pre- and post-emergence damping-off incidence with M.burkeana recording the highest suppression at 78 % followed by M. oleifera at 64 %. Trichoderma harzianum reduced incidence of damping-off by 60 % relative to untreated control on both M. burkeana and M. oleifera experiments. The results of this study showed that M. burkeana, M. oleifera extracts and T. harzianum can be highly suppressive to both tested plant diseases. However, further studies should be conducted to determine their mode of action, application method and their effect on other soil microorganisms. Keywords: Damping-off, Fusarium wilt, Plant extracts, T. harzianum, Tomato plant

Breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer in women. Recent data suggest that lifestyle factors including dietary factors play a significant role in breast cancerdevelopment and survival.Current knowledge suggests that a healthy/Mediterranean-like diet characterized by high intake of fruit, vegetables, fiber, fish and unsaturated oils, particularly n-3 fatty acids, has a protective effect on breast cancer, whereas a typical Western diet characterized by high intake of total/saturated fat, refined carbohydrates, processed and red meat and low fiber intake is associated with poorer outcome. Tomatoes are of specific interest because they are key elements of the Mediterranean diet. Moreover, they are relatively cheap and easy to store, and also because they are the main source of phytochemicals with strong antioxidant properties. Whole tomato as a food with potential anticancer properties has not been extensively evaluated so far, because greater attention has been given to single antioxidant compounds, such as lycopene, β-carotene, etc. Here we presented our results on a possible antineoplastic role of tomatoes without significantly affecting non-tumor cells(primary human skin fibroblasts). We used total lipophilc tomato extracts of two Southern Italy cultivars, San Marzano and Corbarino, which better mimics tomato intake by diet, without isolating antioxidants, or vitamins, as often reported in the literature. We chose in vitro models of breast cancer, because much of lycopene accumulates in breast, an organ consists mainly of adipose tissue.