Relevant bibliographies by topics / Toluene

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Academic literature on the topic 'Toluene'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Toluene"

1

Haidar, Mochamad Ali. "Hubungan Antara Konsentrasi Toluena Dengan Konsentrasi Malondialdehida Dan Degenerasi DNA Pada Pekerja Home Industry Sepatu." Preventif : Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/preventif.v14i1.460.

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ABSTRAK Toluena adalah pelarut organik yang terkandung didalam lem perekat sepatu di home industry sepatu Tambak Osowilangun Surabaya. Toluena bersifat volatile sehingga mudah terhirup. Toluena dimetabolisme menjadi toluena epoksida yang dapat meningkatkan spesies oksigen reaktif yang mengakibatkan peroksidasi lipid ditandai dengan malondialdehida dan juga menyebabkan degenerasi DNA.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat hubungan antara konsentrasi toluena dengan konsentrasi malondialdehida dan degenerasi DNA pada pekerja home industry Sepatu Tambak Osowilangun Surabaya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain penelitian cross sectional dengan teknik total population sampling yaitu sebanyak 25 pekerja. Variabel bebas pada penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi toluena. Variabel terikat adalah konsentrasi malondialdehida dan degenerasi DNA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata konsentrasi toluena melebihi NAB. Rata-rata konsentrasi malondialdehida pekerja sebesar 7,84 nmol/ml. Terdapat hubungan yang lemah antara konsentrasi toluena dengan konsentrasi malondialdehida (0,201) dan degenerasi DNA (0,312). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi toluena melebihi NAB secara terus menerus dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi malondialdehida dan degenerasi DNA. Disarankan kepada pekerja menggunakan alat bantu untuk mengoleskan lem, mengonsumsi makanan yang kaya enzim sitokrom oksidase dan glutathione, menggunakan alat pelindung diri seperti respirator cartridge kimia selama bekerja. Kata kunci: degenerasi DNA, malondialdehida, toluena, sepatu ABSTRACT Toluene is an organic solvent contained in the shoe adhesive glue at the shoes home-industry Tambak Osowilangun Surabaya. Toluene is volatile so it is easily inhaled. Toluene is metabolized into toluene epoxide which can increase reactive oxygen species resulting in lipid peroxidation characterized by malondialdehyde and also causes DNA degeneration. This research is an analytic observational study with a cross sectional research design with a total population sampling technique of 25 workers. The independent variable in this study was toluene concentration. The dependent variable is the malondialdehyde concentration and DNA degeneration. The results showed that the average concentration of toluene exceeded the TLV. The workers' average of malondialdehyde concentration was 7,84 nmol/ml. There is a weak relationship between the concentration of toluene with the concentration of malondialdehyde (0,201) and DNA degeneration (0,312). It can be concluded that the concentration of toluene exceeding the TLV continuously can increase the malondialdehyde concentration and DNA degeneration. It is recommended that workers use tools to apply glue, eat foods rich in cytochrome oxidase and glutathione enzymes, use personal protective equipment such as chemical cartridge respirators while working. Keywords: DNA degeneration, malondialdehyde, shoes, toluene
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2

Irmasari, Fardani. "Level of Airbone Toluene in Work Environment is Associated With Level of Urine Hippuric Acid in Printing Workers at Rungkut Surabaya." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 10, no. 3 (December 4, 2018): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v10i3.2018.328-335.

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One of industrial hazards in printing can come from chemical elements. The chemicals that may be in the printing industry is toluene. Toluene used in 75% of printing work activity. The biggest toluen used as automatic cleaning. Other toluen used as a printing ink, solvent, varnish and glue. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between airbone toluene levels with hippuric acid in workers Printing in Rungkut Surabaya. This research was an observational analytic, used cross sectional design. The sample of this study were 30 people, taken by random sampling. The results of pearson correlation test showed that there were a association between airbone toluene with hippuric acid in urine (p= 0.000; r=0.796) and results of pearson correlation test showed thatthere is no association between airbone toluene with eye irritation complaint (p=0.268). Its conclued that level of airbone toluene in work environment is associated with level of urine hippuric acid in printing workers at Rungkut Surabaya. Suggestions from this research is the company must conduct periodic monitoring in the airbone workplace of workers and to raise workers awareness of the importance of PPE.
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3

Suhartono, S., Herri Susanto, Dwiwahju Sasongko, and Azis Trianto. "Pengukuran konstanta henry toluen dan benzen dalam minyak dan air dengan kolom gelembung." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 9, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2010.9.2.2.

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Determination of Henry’s constant for toluene and benzene in oils and water were carried out in a bubbling bottle with diameter of 3 cm. Air containing toluene vapour or benzene vapour was bubbled through 50 mL absorbing liquid. The gas flow rate was 13.6 mL/min. By measuring the concentration of toluene or benzene in the inlet and outlet gas stream, we were able to calculate their concentrations in absorbing liquid. We found that the value of Henry’s constant of toluene in lubrication oil and palm oil at 30 oC were 155 and 145 respectively (H= CG/CL, with CG in mol/L and CL in mol/L). We also found that the absorption capacities were in the order (from the highest) of: lubrication oil, palm oil, and sunflower oil. Henry’s constant of toluene in water was at about 4 which was much lower than those of oils.Keyword: absorption, Henry’s constant, toluene, benzene, producer gas AbstrakPengukuran konstanta Henry sistem toluen dan benzen dalam minyak dan air dilakukan melalui percobaan absorpsi di dalam sebuah kolom gelembung dengan diameter 3 cm. Minyak sawit, minyak bunga matahari, minyak pelumas dan air digunakan sebagai absorben. Toluen dan benzen dipilih sebagai tar model. Gas model yang tersusun dari udara dan uap toluen atau benzen digelembungkan ke dalam absorben 50 mL. Absorpsi dilakukan pada suhu 30 dan 60 oC dan laju alir gas model 13,6 mL/min. Analisa dilakukan terhadap konsentrasi aliran gas model sebelum dan sesudah absorpsi. Analisa tersebut dilakukan dengan kromatografi gas Shimadzu GC-8APF. Konstanta Henry dihitung sebagai H=CG/CL dan H=P/CL. Nilai 1/H sistem toluen-minyak pelumas dan toluen-minyak sawit pada suhu 30 oC dan laju alir gas 13,6 mL/min berturut-turut adalah 155 dan 145 (untuk CG dalam mol/L dan CL dalam mol/L). Merujuk pada nilai-nilai konstanta Henry hasil percobaan, minyak pelumas dan minyak sawit merupakan cairan penyerap yang paling cocok untuk toluen dan benzen sebagai representasi tar dalam gas hasil gasifikasi. Urutan besarnya kapasitas absorpsi cairan penyerap terhadap toluen dan benzen adalah sebagai berikut (berturut-turut dari yang besar): minyak pelumas, minyak sawit, minyak bunga matahari dan air. Konstanta Henry toluen dalam air berada pada kisaran 4, yang menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas absorpsi toluen dalam air lebih rendah dibandingkan kapasitas absorpsi toluen dalam minyak.Kata Kunci: absorpsi, konstanta Henry, toluen, benzen, gas produser
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4

Agustriyanto, Rudy, Puguh Setyopratomo, Endang Srihari Mochni, and Edy Purwanto. "Simulation of the Hydrodealkylation of Toluene Using Conversion Reactor." Keluwih: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 5, no. 1 (May 29, 2024): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/saintek.v5i1.6351.

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Abstract—The hydrodealkylation of toluene is frequently used to produce the more valuable compound benzene. This process is widely employed in the petrochemical industry. Through hydrodealkylation, toluene undergoes a transformation, resulting in the production of valuable chemicals such as benzene and diphenyl. The objective of this study is to present the results obtained from simulating the process of toluene dealkylation using Aspen HYSYS. The feed to the reactor must contain toluene and hydrogen, while the recommended operating conditions are at 500 oC to 650 oC and 20 to 40 atm pressure to achieve 90% conversion. For this purpose, a conversion reactor has been selected as the preferred type. The simulation outcomes are particularly valuable during the initial stages of designing a production facility for benzene. The mass and energy balance calculations can be easily performed using Aspen HYSYS. Future research may focus on investigating different reactor types while considering the kinetics of the reaction. Keywords: aspen HYSYS, hydrodealkylation, simulation, toluene Abstrak—Hidrodealkilasi toluena sering digunakan untuk menghasilkan senyawa yang lebih bernilai yaitu benzene. Proses ini banyak digunakan dalam industri petrokimia. Melalui hidrodealkilasi, toluena mengalami transformasi, menghasilkan bahan kimia berharga seperti benzene dan diphenyl. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyajikan hasil yang diperoleh dari mensimulasikan proses dealkilasi toluena menggunakan Aspen HYSYS. Umpan ke reaktor harus mengandung toluena dan hidrogen, sedangkan kondisi operasi yang direkomendasikan adalah pada suhu 500 oC hingga 650 oC dan tekanan 20 hingga 40 atm untuk mencapai konversi 90%. Untuk tujuan ini, reaktor konversi telah dipilih sebagai tipe yang disukai. Hasil simulasi sangat berharga selama tahap awal perancangan fasilitas produksi benzene. Perhitungan neraca massa dan energi dapat dengan mudah dilakukan menggunakan Aspen HYSYS. Penelitian masa depan dapat fokus pada penyelidikan berbagai jenis reaktor sambil mempertimbangkan kinetika reaksi. Kata kunci: aspen HYSYS, hidrodealkilasi, simulasi, toluene
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Bukasa, Dewi A., Harry S. J. Koleangan, and Audy D. Wuntu. "ADSORPSI TOLUENA PADA ARANG AKTIF TEMPURUNG KEMIRI." JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS 12, no. 2 (October 31, 2012): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jis.12.2.2012.561.

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ADSORPSI TOLUENA PADA ARANG AKTIF TEMPURUNG KEMIRI ABSTRAK Telah diteliti adsorpsi toluena pada arang aktif yang dibuat dari tempurung kemiri yang diaktivasi dengan ZnCl2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan parameter adsorpsi, yaitu kapasitas dan energi adsorpsi. Parameter tersebut dihitung dari persamaan regresi linear yang diperoleh dari data adsorpsi toluena pada arang aktif dalam sistem tertutup yang dianalisis menggunakan model isoterm adsorpsi Dubinin-Raduskevich. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa arang aktif tempurung kemiri dapat mengadsorpsi toluena dengan kapasitas adsorpsi sebesar 0,094 cm3/g dan nilai energi adsorpsi, yaitu 2,56 kJ/mol. Selain itu dilakukan pula penentuan waktu setimbang adsorpsi arang aktif tempurung kemiri terhadap toluena dengan berbagai variasi waktu. Hasilnya menunjukkan arang aktif tempurung kemiri mencapai keadaan setimbang terhadap toluena pada waktu 5 jam. Kata kunci: Adsorpsi, Karbon Aktif, Tempurung Kemiri TOLUENE ADSORPTION ON CANDLENUT SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON ABSTRACT The adsorption of toluene on activated charcoal prepared ​​from candlenut (Aleurites moluccana) shell activated with ZnCl2 was investigated. This investigation was aimed to calculate the adsorption parameters which were adsorption capacity and energy of toluene on the adorbent. The parameters were calculated using linear regression equation derived from data of acetone adsorption on the activated carbon in a closed system and were analyzed using Dubinin-Raduskevich adsorption isotherm model. The results obtained indicated that the candlenut shell activated charcoal had adsorption capacity value of 0.094 cm3/g and the adsorption energy values of 2.56 kJ / mol. Besides, the time required to reach equilibrium state for the adsorption of toluene on the adsorbat was conducted. The results showed that the adsorption state was obtained in 5 hours. Keywords: Adsorption , Activated Carbon, Candlenut Shell
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Wuntu, Audy D., and Vanda S. Kamu. "KINETICS OF GASEOUS TOLUENE ADSORPTION ON CANDLENUT SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON." JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS 13, no. 1 (June 2, 2013): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jis.13.1.2013.1979.

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KINETICS OF GASEOUS TOLUENE ADSORPTION ON CANDLENUT SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON ABSTRACT Adsorption kinetics of gaseous toluene on activated carbon prepared from candlenut shell had been studied. The research was performed by examining adsorption data, which was obtained in previous research, over several rate equations, which were: (1) Lagergren’s pseudo first order rate equation, (2) Ho’s pseudo second order rate equation, (3) Elovich’s equation, and (4) persamaan Ritchie’s equation. The result showed that the data of toluene adsorption on candlenut shell activated carbon fits the Ho’s pseudo second order rate equation and, hence, the model is the most applicable model for the adsorption. Calculation from linear regression of Ho’s pseudo second order rate equation gave the equilibrium adsorption capacity value of 56,069 mg g-1, second order rate constant of 3,54x10–4 g mg-1 min-1, and initial adsorption rate of 1,112 mg g-1 min-1. Keywords: adsorption, candlenut, activated carbon, toluene KINETIKA ADSORPSI GAS TOLUENA PADA KARON AKTIF TEMPURUNG KEMIRI ABSTRAK Studi mengenai aspek kinetika adsorpsi toluena pada arang aktif yang terbuat dari tempurung kemiri telah dilakukan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menguji data adsorpsi yang telah diperoleh pada penelitian terdahulu menggunakan empat persamaan laju adsorpsi, yaitu (1) persamaan laju pseudo order pertama Lagergren, (2) persamaan laju pseudo order kedua Ho, (3) persamaan Elovich, dan (4) persamaan Ritchie. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa model kinetika dengan persamaan laju pseudo order kedua Ho adalah yang paling sesuai diaplikasikan untuk adsorpsi gas toluena pada arang aktif tempurung kemiri. Dari persamaan linear untuk model kinetika pseudo order kedua Ho diperoleh nilai kapasitas adsorpsi pada kesetimbangan sebesar 56,069 mg g-1, konstanta adsorpsi sebesar 3,54x10–4 g mg-1 menit-1, dan laju adsorpsi awal sebesar 1,112 mg g-1 menit-1. Kata kunci: adsorpsi, kemiri, karbon aktif, toluena
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Schwantes, Rebecca H., Katherine A. Schilling, Renee C. McVay, Hanna Lignell, Matthew M. Coggon, Xuan Zhang, Paul O. Wennberg, and John H. Seinfeld. "Formation of highly oxygenated low-volatility products from cresol oxidation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 5 (March 10, 2017): 3453–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3453-2017.

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Abstract. Hydroxyl radical (OH) oxidation of toluene produces ring-retaining products: cresol and benzaldehyde, and ring-opening products: bicyclic intermediate compounds and epoxides. Here, first- and later-generation OH oxidation products from cresol and benzaldehyde are identified in laboratory chamber experiments. For benzaldehyde, first-generation ring-retaining products are identified, but later-generation products are not detected. For cresol, low-volatility (saturation mass concentration, C* ∼ 3.5 × 104 − 7.7 × 10−3 µg m−3), first- and later-generation ring-retaining products are identified. Subsequent OH addition to the aromatic ring of o-cresol leads to compounds such as hydroxy, dihydroxy, and trihydroxy methyl benzoquinones and dihydroxy, trihydroxy, tetrahydroxy, and pentahydroxy toluenes. These products are detected in the gas phase by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) and in the particle phase using offline direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). Our data suggest that the yield of trihydroxy toluene from dihydroxy toluene is substantial. While an exact yield cannot be reported as authentic standards are unavailable, we find that a yield for trihydroxy toluene from dihydroxy toluene of ∼ 0.7 (equal to the reported yield of dihydroxy toluene from o-cresol; Olariu et al., 2002) is consistent with experimental results for o-cresol oxidation under low-NO conditions. These results suggest that even though the cresol pathway accounts for only ∼ 20 % of the oxidation products of toluene, it is the source of a significant fraction (∼ 20–40 %) of toluene secondary organic aerosol (SOA) due to the formation of low-volatility products.
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Hendriyana, H., S. Suhartono, and Herri Susanto. "Thermodynamic study on vapour-liquid equilibrium of toluene and several types of oil as absorbent." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 10, no. 1 (October 2, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2011.10.1.3.

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Thermodynamic study on vapour-liquid equilibrium of toluene and several types of oil as absorbent Gas cleaning system is one of important step in the utilization of biomass via gasification process. The producer gas obtained from the gasification process must be very clean before it is used in an internal combustion engine. In order to gaseous fuel get cleaned with a tar content below 100 mg/Nm3, a gas cleaning system using scrubbing oil is being developed and taking the advantage of a lower vapour pressure of oil than scrubbing water. Study on vapour-liquid equilibrium is being conducted to understand the phenomena taking place in the absorption of tar with oil. In our present study, the producer gas containing tar is represented using air containing toluene. This producer gas model with a toluene or benzene concentration then bubbled with a rate of 27.6 mL/min into a bath of oil at a various temperature. The progress of absorption of tar model in oil measured gas chromatography until saturated condition. Considering that the concentration of toluene in the gas stream is very low, the toluene and oil vapour-liquid equilibrium follows the Henry’s law. Prediction of Henry’s constants is also carried out using UNIFAC-FV model which is known to be suitable for hydrocarbon gases and high-boiling point hydrocarbon solvent. Keywords: tar, oil, Henry’s constant AbstrakSistem pembersihan gas merupakan salah satu langkah penting dalam pemanfaatan biomassa melalui proses gasifikasi. Gas produser yang dihasilkan dari proses gasifikasi harus sangat bersih sebelum digunakan dalam mesin pembakaran internal. Untuk mendapatkan bahan bakar gas yang bersih dengan kandungan tar di bawah 100 mg/Nm3. Sebuah sistem pembersihan gas dengan menggunakan minyak sebagai media penyerap dikembangkan dengan mengambil keuntungan dari tekanan uap minyak lebih rendah air penyerap. Studi kesetimbangan uap-cair yang dilakukan untuk memahami fenomena yang terjadi dalam penyerapan tar dengan minyak. Dalam kami studi ini, gas produser yang mengandung direpresentasikan dengan udara yang mengandung toluena. Model gas produser ini dibuat dengan menggelembungkan konsentrasi benzena atau toluena dengan laju 27,6 mL/menit ke dalam bak minyak pada berbagai suhu. Kemajuan penyerapan model tar dalam minyak diukur dengan cromathograpy gas sampai dengan kondisi jenuh. Mengingat konsentrasi toluena dalam aliran gas sangat rendah, maka kesetimbangan uap-cair toluena dan minyak mengikuti hukum Henry. Konstanta Henry juga dapat diprediksi dengan menggunakan model UNIFAC-FV yang cocok untuk gas hidrokarbon dan pelarut hidrokarbon dengan titik didih tinggi. Kata kunci: tar, minyak, konstanta Henry
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Wyndham, R. C. "Adaptation of estuarine bacteria to toluene at low concentrations in sea water: cometabolism of toluene." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 910–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-171.

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The ability of sediment-water interface bacteria to adapt to micromolar concentrations of water-dissolved toluene was determined. Control and experimental chambers of 200 cm2 of undisturbed sediment were fitted for continuous replacement of overlying seawater. The experimental chamber received toluene in sterile seawater at a rate determined to give concentrations of 4 to 17 μM during adaptation. Samples of seawater and sediment surface were removed at intervals and analyzed for bacterial numbers and rates of assimilation of radiolabeled glutamate, phenol, and toluene. Adaptation occurred in 3 to 5 days in the experimental chamber and was characterized by rapid increases in phenol and toluene assimilation. An increase in phenol assimilation by sediment surface bacteria was the first detectable adaptation. Kinetic analyses indicated bacteria in seawater overlying the sediments had a greater affinity for toluene (half-saturation at 50 nM) following adaptation than for phenol (half-saturation at 3.9 μM). The first-order rate constant for toluene assimilation at low concentrations decreased 10-fold on prolonged continuous culture of the seawater community at millimolar concentrations of toluene. Total numbers of bacteria by direct count and plate count, and bacterial activity measured with [14C]glutamate, did not change appreciably in the control and experimental chambers. During the early stages of adaptation the meta-ring-fission product of 3-methylcatechol accumulated in the seawater to a concentration of 4.9 μM. Tests of isolates from plate counts on phenol and toluene vapours revealed 30% formed diffusable yellow metabolites of these substrates in the absence of significant growth. One of these isolates showed partial metabolism of toluene and meta-toluate to the first metabolite following meta-ring fission, 2-hydroxy-6-keto-2,4-heptadienoate, by resting cells and cells growing on alternative carbon sources.
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Panggabean, Aman Sentosa, Tika Widyastuti, and Noor Hindryawati. "Validasi Metode Penentuan Benzena, Toluena dan Xilena pada Sampel Udara dan Tanah Menggunakan Kromatografi Gas." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.15.1.25522.177-189.

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<p>Penelitian tentang validasi metode penentuan kadar benzena, toluena dan xilena pada sampel udara dan tanah dengan menggunakan kromatografi gas telah dilakukan. Untuk mendapatkan hasil pengukuran yang valid, beberapa parameter penting yang berpengaruh dalam validasi metode telah ditentukan. Beberapa parameter penting yang dilakukan adalah penentuan besaran dasar kromatografi yang meliputi: waktu retensi, kapasitas (k’), faktor selektivitas (α) dan kinerja analitik yang meliputi: penentuan linearitas (r), limit deteksi (LOD), limit kuantitasi (LOQ), presisi dan akurasi. Hasil penelitian penentuan kinerja analitik sangat baik ditunjukkan oleh nilai presisi sebagai % KV &lt; 2/3 nilai KV Horwitz, LOD untuk masing-masing senyawa benzena, toluena dan xilena adalah 0,02 mg/L; 0,59 mg/L dan 0,08 mg/L serta LOQ untuk masing-masing senyawa benzena, toluena dan xilena adalah 0,07 mg/L; 1,99 mg/L dan 0,27 mg/L. Akurasi metode ini sangat baik ditunjukkan dengan nilai presentase perolehan kembali masing-masing senyawa benzena, toluena dan xilena untuk sampel tanah sebesar 102,61 ± 4,61%; 101,65 ± 7,41%; 102,15 ± 4,15%, dan untuk sampel udara masing-masing senyawa sebesar 101,69 ± 5,77%; 102,08 ± 5,43% dan 98,55 ± 5,11%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, metode kromatografi gas dapat digunakan dalam penentuan benzena, toluena dan xilena pada sampel udara dan tanah dengan memberikan hasil yang valid.</p><p><strong>Validation Method </strong><strong>o</strong><strong>n The Determination </strong><strong>o</strong><strong>f Benzene, Toluene </strong><strong>a</strong><strong>nd Xylene </strong><strong>i</strong><strong>n Air </strong><strong>a</strong><strong>nd Soil Samples Using Gas Chromatography. </strong>The present study investigated the method for the determination of the content of benzene, toluene, and xylene in air and soil samples using gas chromatography. To obtain a valid measurement result, several important parameters that influence the method validation have been determined. The several important parameters carried out are the determination of the basic chromatographic such as retention time, capacity factor (k'), selectivity (α) and analytical performance measurement includes: the determination of linearity (r), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), precision and accuracy. The result of analytical performance of the research are well verified, in which the value of precision was % CV &lt; 2/3 CV Horwitz value, LOD for benzene, toluene, and xylene compound were 0.02 mg/L, 0.59 mg/L, 0.08 mg/L, respectively, and LOQ for benzene, toluene and xylene compounds was 0.07 mg/L, 1.99 mg/L and 0.27 mg/L respectively. This method achieved high accuration, indicated by a percentage of recovery value of benzene, toluene, and xylene for soil samples of 102.61 ± 4.61%; 101.65 ± 7.41%; 102.15 ± 4.15%, and for air samples was 101.69 ± 5.77%, 102.08 ± 5.43%, and 98.55 ± 5.11% respectively. Based on the results of this research, the method presented in this study can be applied for the determination of benzene, toluene, and xylene using gas chromatography in air and soil samples with valid results.</p>
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Toluene"

1

Boyle, Sarah Ann. "Oxidation of toluene." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387977.

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2

Mar, Therese Frances. "The effects of physical activity and gender on the toxicokinetics of toluene in human volunteers /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8441.

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3

Simpson, Helen D. "The metabolism of toluene by thermotolerant bacteria." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1987. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/98248/.

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Several thermotolerant organisms capable of growth on toluene as the sole carbon and energy source, were isolated from various soil samples and liquid samples from a waste treatment works. Two isolates ware selected for further studies and tentatively characterized as Bacillus species. The isolates were designated strain HTB16 and strain AT50 and had optimum growth temperatures of 45°C and 50°C respectively. An initial aim of the project was to investigate whether thermotolerant organisms could be exploited to produce aromatic cis-dihydrodiols. Both strains HTB16 and AT50 oxidized toluene using a dioxygenase-catalyzed reaction, thereby forming cis-toluene dihydrodiol as an intermediate. Therefore, a mutant of either strain, which lacked functional cis-toluene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase would accumulate cis-toluene dihydrodiol when grown in the presence of toluene and a co-substrate. A mutant of strain AT50 would probably be the most suitable organism for an industrial process since it exhibited a higher optimum growth temperature, which was reflected by a greater thermostability of its enzymes. The enzymes detected in crude extracts of strain AT50 appeared to be more thermostable than those in extracts of HTB16. Cis-Toluene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase from AT5O was particularly stable. This enzyme was purified and partially characterized and amongst its properties, had a half-life of 100 min at 80°C. Strains HTB16 and AT5O were subjected to various mutagenic procedures. NTG mutagenesis appeared to be the best method for obtaining a relatively high percentage of mutants amongst the survivors. Unfortunately, all the mutants obtained appeared to lack toluene dioxygenase. In conclusion, it appears that enzymes from thermotolerant organisms are more thermostable than those from mesophiles. Consequently, it may be advantageous to use strain AT50 to produce cis-toluene dihydrodiol, once a suitable mutant is obtained. However, experiments with continuous cultures of strain AT5O suggested that one possible disadvantage of growing toluene-utilizing bacteria at 50°C is the low solubility of toluene in aqueous medium at this temperature.
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Albahar, Mohammed. "Selective toluene disproportionation over ZSM-5 zeolite." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/selective-toluene-disproportionation-over-zsm5-zeolite(bcc7a677-3234-470f-be44-fdefa2bd7350).html.

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This research aimed at improving p-xylene selectivity in toluene disproportionation over ZSM-5 zeolite by exploring the effect of crystal size and various post synthetic modification methods. A comprehensive study of the effect of different modifications on the physicochemical properties of ZSM-5 was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), pyridine adsorption, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), 29Si magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), BET surface area by N2 adsorption, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalytic performance of each catalyst was studied in a fixed bed reactor at a temperature 475 °C, WHSV 3-83 h-1 and two different pressures (1 and 10 bar). ZSM-5 zeolites with different crystal sizes (5, 50 and 100 ÂÂμm) were synthesized in house and compared with the commercially obtained ZSM-5 having a crystal size of 0.5 ÂÂμm. The increase in crystal size improved p-xylene selectivity which was attributed to the diffusion constraints imposed by the longer diffusion path lengths of large crystals. The highest p-xylene selectivity (58 %) was achieved over ZSM-5 with the largest crystal size 100 ÂÂμm at the highest WHSV 83 h-1. However, it was accompanied by a low conversion (2 wt. %). ZSM-5 with crystal size of 5 ÂÂμm delivered the best results in terms of the combination of para-selectivity (40 %) and toluene conversion (15 wt. %). The p-xylene produced in the channels of ZSM-5 can quickly isomerise to o-xylene and m-xylene on the external unselective acid sites. Different post modification methods were applied in this study in attempt to suppress the fast isomerization reaction by deactivating the external acid sites. This was achieved to some extent by depositing an inert silica layer using different silica agents, amounts and number of modification cycles and as a result p-xylene selectivity was significantly improved (84 %), especially over large crystals 5 ÂÂμm. The decrease in Brà̧nsted acidity (FTIR) suggested the success of the silylation method. Furthermore, impregnation of lanthanum and phosphorus on ZSM-5 improved p-xylene selectivity (40 %). FTIR measurements showed a drastic drop in the number of Brà̧nsted and Lewis acid sites after loading phosphorus which led to a large reduction in toluene conversion. Lanthanum impregnation had less effect on conversion and increased selectivity with decreased Brà̧nsted sites and pore volume reduction showed by N2 adsorption suggesting some pore narrowing. There are several approaches that can be considered in future to further improve p-xylene selectivity. Improving the synthesis of large crystals to balance acidity and crystal size can lead to the enhancement of p-xylene selectivity. Also, performing toluene disproportionation on optimised pre-coked ZSM-5 large crystals at high pressure can help to maintain the conversion while increasing p-xylene selectivity. Another approach would be to apply silylation modification to extruded large crystals ZSM-5.
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Marcelová, Štěpánka. "Toxicita nitroderivátů toluenu a produktů jejich transformací." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216647.

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This work is focused on verification of p-Nitrotoluenu toxicity and compounds resulting from the aerobic transformation, and methyl group oxidation and reduction of nitro. Some of these products are not commercially available and had to be made soon. Toxicity of the substances was determined by toxicity tests. Were tested root growth inhibition Sinapis alba, which resulted in an inhibitory concentration IC50; test inhibition duckweed Lemna minor , which was also the determination of IC50 inhibitory concentration, and acute toxicity test Artemia salina, which was observed in mortality and immobility organisms and the test result was an efficient concentration EC50 value. Results of tests are compared in the conclusion of the work and is made evaluation of the toxicity of individual substances.
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Regan, Lucy. "Metabolic pathway engineering of the toluene degradation pathway." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317891/.

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This thesis addresses the problem of how to examine a metabolic pathway and identify what are the key elements, specifically with respect to rate-limitation. The aim is to be able to analyze a pathway, identify the bottlenecks and implement genetic modifications to remove these bottlenecks. This is done by defining the system of interest and developing a predictive model using kinetic data. The model predictions can then be verified using fermentation data and genetic techniques to make the appropriate changes for improved performance. The test system chosen for this study was the TOL meta-cleavage pathway for the degradation of benzoate. This system was chosen on the basis of the application of pathway engineering principles to other systems. The modelling strategy and software was developed using principles from metabolic control theory and biochemical systems theory. By applying this to the TOL pathway using kinetic data, the control coefficients for the pathway were obtained as well as the system parameters required for the optimization of the pathway. The simulated results obtained from this model must be validated by experiment. Errors can arise both from incorrect assumptions in the model and from the fact that the kinetic data taken from individual in vitro experiments may not be applicable to the in vivo system. The effect of the presence of the TOL pathway on the behaviour of E.coli JM107 during fermentation was investigated and the transient concentration data necessary to identify the bottlenecks in the pathway measured. This data is then used to calculate the flux control coefficients for the TOL pathway. The predictive results were verified by the fermentation data which identified the first two enzymes in the pathway as having significant flux control coefficients. This final chapter also addresses the issue of flux analysis, that is, the calculation of the fluxes in the system to determine where fluxes to unwanted by-products occur and to indicate points of control. A graphical user interface is used to provide a user-friendly and intuitive means of building and customising metabolic pathways which can then be interfaced with instrumentation to provide on-line flux analysis.
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Chalapati, Sachin. "Toluene Mediated FCC of LDPE Using Ionic liquids." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17973.

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Polyethylene is one of the most widely used synthetic materials produced by mankind and its accumulation in the biosphere is exceeding at an alarming rate. There are several methods to recycle or remediate the waste polyethene apart from land filling and generation of useful products from the waste is on demand for research and development. Ionic liquids are aggressively replacing several organic compounds due to their robust nature and also have novel properties that allow depolymerization of synthetic materials into simpler short chained paraffins. Initial dissolution of polymer using hot toluene followed by agitated depolymerization using EMIM-Cl (AlCl3) ionic liquid for producing fuel grade high calorie organic molecules might be proven successful. This method uses proton sources like sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid or waters that aid saturation of organic compounds by hydrogen ion exchange. This could be a novel procedure that aims to produce fuel grade products from waste synthetic polymers like polyethene.
Program: Master of Science with a Major in Resource recovery – Industrial biotechnology
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8

VIEIRA, Kátia Cristina de Melo Tavares. "Efeitos da exposição à mistura comercial de gasolina/etanol sobre a função reprodutiva masculina em modelo experimental." Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 2018. http://bdtd.unoeste.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/1083.

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Leaks at gas stations cause major problems for the environment, especially with regard to contamination of groundwater and soils. The major problems of oil derivative contamination are attributed to monoaromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX - benzene, toluene and xylene), which are the most soluble and mobile constituents of the gasoline fraction, being the first to reach the water table. In the most recent survey carried out by the State Company of Environmental Sanitation Technology of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), it was identified that more than 85% of the contamination cases in the region of West Paulista are related to waste from fuel stations. The present study evaluated the toxicological potential of exposure of adult male rats to the commercial gasoline / ethanol blend (75/25 by volume), with emphasis on the possible impacts on reproductive morphophysiology. Adult male Wistar rats were allocated into 4 experimental groups (n = 8 / group). The animals received commercial gasoline diluted in corn oil via gavage at doses of 0 (control group- C), 16 (group A - GA), 160 (group B - GB) or 800 mg / kg / day (group C - GC). The reproductive organs were collected and weighed. The sperm parameters evaluated were motility, plasma membrane integrity and acrosomal, mitochondrial activity and morphology. In addition, the epididymis and right testis were collected for sperm counts. Histopathological analysis of the testis and epididymis, spermatogenesis and cell counts. For the machine learning test, different pattern recognition algorithms were used: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Bayes Classifier (BAY), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Optimum Path Forest OPF). The results were compared by ANOVA with Tukey's posterior test, and the Kruskall-Wallis test with Dunn's a posteriori, considering p <0.05. The sperm parameters were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Mitochondrial activity and acrosomal integrity were decreased in the GC and GB groups in relation to the control group. There was an increase of isolated heads in the GC and GB groups in relation to the control group. Plasma membrane integrity was reduced in GC in relation to the control group. A decrease in the number of mobile spermatozoa with progressive trajectory was observed in the GC and GB groups, in relation to the control group. The daily sperm production was reduced in GC and GB in relation to the control group. In addition, this parameter was lower in GC than in GB. There was a significant delay in transit time in the tail of the epididymis in the GC and GB groups in relation to the control group. The number of Sertoli cells decreased in the GB and GC groups when compared to the CG and GB groups. Histopathological analysis, spermatogenesis and germ cell counts showed no significant difference between the groups. There was presence of pattern with the subdivision of two classes (control group and exposed groups), with better classification with the SVM test and 90% accuracy for control group. Thus, it was concluded that the exposure of rats to different doses of the commercial gasoline / ethanol mixture can alter spermatogenesis and sperm quality, with a recognizable classification pattern of machine learning algorithms.
Vazamentos em postos de combustíveis provocam grandes problemas ao meio ambiente, principalmente no que diz respeito à contaminação de águas subterrâneas e solos. Os maiores problemas da contaminação por derivados de petróleo são atribuídos aos hidrocarbonetos monoaromáticos (BTEX - benzeno, tolueno e xileno), que são os constituintes mais solúveis e mais móveis da fração da gasolina, sendo os primeiros a atingir o lençol freático. No mais recente levantamento realizado pela Companhia Estadual de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), identificou-se que mais de 85% dos casos de contaminação na região do Oeste Paulista estão relacionados a resíduos de postos de combustíveis. O presente estudo avaliou o potencial toxicológico da exposição de ratos machos adultos à mistura comercial de gasolina/etanol (75/25 em volume), com ênfase nos possíveis impactos sobre a morfofisiologia reprodutiva. Ratos machos Wistar adultos foram alocados em 4 grupos experimentais (n=8/grupo). Os animais receberam gasolina comercial diluída em óleo de milho, via gavagem, nas doses de 0 (grupo controle - C), 16 (grupo A - GA), 160 (grupo B - GB) ou 800 mg/kg/dia (grupo C - GC). Os órgãos reprodutivos foram coletados e pesados. Os parâmetros espermáticos avaliados foram motilidade, integridade da membrana plasmática e acrossomal, atividade mitocondrial e morfologia. Além disso, o epidídimo e testículo direito foram coletados para contagens espermáticas. Também foram realizadas análise histopatológica do testículo e epidídimo, contagens dos estágios da espermatogênese e de células. Para o teste de aprendizado de máquina foram utilizados diferentes algoritmos de reconhecimento de padrões: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Bayes Classifier (BAY), K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) e Optimum Path Forest (OPF). Os resultados foram comparados por ANOVA com o teste “a posteriori” de Tukey, e o teste de Kruskall-Wallis, com “a posteriori” de Dunn, considerando p<0,05. Os parâmetros espermáticos foram reduzidos de maneira dose-dependente. A atividade mitocondrial e integridade acrossomal foram diminuídas nos grupos GC e GB em relação ao grupo controle. Houve um aumento de cabeças isoladas nos grupos GC e GB em relação ao grupo controle. A integridade de membrana plasmática foi reduzida em GC em relação ao grupo controle. Foi observada uma redução no número de espermatozoides móveis com trajetória progressiva nos grupos GC e GB, em relação ao grupo controle. A produção diária espermática foi reduzida em GC e GB em relação ao grupo controle. Além disso, este parâmetro foi menor em GC em relação a GB. Houve um atraso significativo no tempo de trânsito na cauda do epidídimo nos grupos GC e GB em relação ao grupo controle. O número de células de Sertoli sofreu redução nos grupos GC e GB quando comparado aos grupos controle e GA. A análise histopatológica, contagem dos estágios da espermatogênese e de celulas germinativas não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos. Houve presença de padrão com a subdivisão de duas classes (grupo controle e grupos expostos), com melhor classificação com o teste SVM e 90% de acurácia para o grupo controle. Assim, concluiu-se que a exposição de ratos a diferentes doses da mistura comercial de gasolina/etanol pode alterar a espermatogênese e a qualidade espermática, com reconhecível padrão de classificação de algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina.
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Sood, Dhiraj S. "The role of strongly acidic media on the formylation of toluene." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10090.

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Burton, Helen Amanda. "Liquid-phase oxidation and coupling of arenes by Pd(II)/HPA." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368630.

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Books on the topic "Toluene"

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M, Battershill J., Shillaker R. O, and Great Britain. Health and Safety Executive., eds. Toluene. London: H.M.S.O., 1989.

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Canada, Canada Environment. Toluene. Ottawa, Canada: Health and Welfare Canada, 1992.

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Program, United Nations Environmental, International Labour Organisation, World Health Organization, and International Programme on Chemical Safety., eds. Toluene. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1985.

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International Program on Chemical Safety., United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organisation, and World Health Organization, eds. Toluene diisocyanates. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1987.

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United Nations Environment Programme. Toluene diisocyanates. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1987.

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Corporation, Syracuse Research, and Dorsey Alfred, eds. Toxicological profile for toluene. [Atlanta, Ga.]: The Agency, 2000.

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Inc, Life Systems, and Clement International Corporation, eds. Toxicological profile for toluene. [Atlanta, Ga.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1994.

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Corporation, Syracuse Research, and United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry., eds. Toxicological profile for toluene. [Atlanta, Ga.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2000.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Life Systems Inc, and Clement Associates, eds. Toxicological profile for toluene. [Atlanta, Ga.]: [Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control], 1989.

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Phumathon, P. Biotransformation of toluene to toluene cis-glycol by recombinant escherichia coli strains. Manchester: UMIST, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Toluene"

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Toluene." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 560. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_10590.

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Turiault, Marc, Caroline Cohen, Guy Griebel, David E. Nichols, Britta Hahn, Gary Remington, Ronald F. Mucha, et al. "Toluene." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1324. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_974.

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Ware, George W. "Toluene." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 189–201. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3922-2_17.

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Hallenbeck, William H., and Kathleen M. Cunningham-Burns. "Toluene." In Pesticides and Human Health, 135–36. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5054-8_93.

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Patnaik, Pradyot. "Toluene." In Handbook of Environmental Analysis, 511–12. Third edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315151946-132.

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Howard, Philip H., Gloria W. Sage, William F. Jarvis, and D. Anthony Gray. "Toluene." In Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data For Organic Chemicals, Volume II, 435–44. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003418863-69.

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Winkelmann, Jochen. "Diffusion coefficient of toluene in toluene." In Diffusion in Gases, Liquids and Electrolytes, 1081. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54089-3_684.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Toluene Diamine." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 560. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_10591.

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Schomburg, Dietmar, and Dörte Stephan. "Toluene dioxygenase." In Enzyme Handbook, 373–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57942-4_80.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Toluene (Tuluol)." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 753. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_11933.

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Conference papers on the topic "Toluene"

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Roh, J., K. Park, C. Kim, H. Kim, and H. Kim. "373. Correlation Between Airborne Toluene Diisocyanate and Urinary Toluene Diamine." In AIHce 2004. AIHA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2758409.

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Bodiguel, Hugues, Frédéric Doumenc, Béatrice Guerrier, Albert Co, Gary L. Leal, Ralph H. Colby, and A. Jeffrey Giacomin. "Aging in PMMA∕Toluene Films." In THE XV INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON RHEOLOGY: The Society of Rheology 80th Annual Meeting. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2964556.

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Ibrahim, Salisu, Ahmed S. AlShoaibi, and Ashwani K. Gupta. "Effect of Toluene Addition on Hydrogen Sulfide Combustion Under Claus Condition." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98101.

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Experimental results on the effect of different amounts of toluene addition to H2S gas stream are presented. Three toluene concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 5% in H2S are presented and compared with the baseline case of 100% H2S/air combustion. Temperature data showed that addition of toluene to H2S gas stream increases the flame temperature because of large heating value associated with toluene. Addition of toluene resulted in the production of H2, which increased with increase in the amounts of toluene addition. Furthermore, increased addition of toluene concentration increased the asymptotic value of hydrogen sulfide due to oxidation competition between the formed H2 and H2S. The results also showed that the presence of CO triggers the formation of COS with toluene addition due to reaction of CO with SO2. The results revealed that SO2 mole fraction increased to a maximum value then decayed with distance along the reactor. Addition of toluene increased the rate of SO2 decay. These results have direct impact on sulfur capture in Claus reactor performance for sulfur capture.
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Vorokhta, Maryna. "TOLUENE SORPTION ON CZECH BITUMINOUS COALS." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/1.3/s03.090.

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Miller, Victor, Mirko Gamba, Godfrey Mungal, and Ronald Hanson. "Toluene PLIF Thermometry in Supersonic Flows." In 42nd AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-2828.

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Maikisch, Jonathan S., and Thomas K. Gaylord. "Compact Silicon Diffractive Sensor for Toluene." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2012.fm4e.5.

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Ibrahim, Salisu, Marie Chardonneau, Ahmed S. AlShoaibi, and Ashwani K. Gupta. "Role of Toluene and Carbon Dioxide on Sulfur Recovery Efficiency in Claus Process." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32055.

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Examination of the effect of toluene and carbon dioxide accompanying acid gases (mainly H2S) in the sulfur recovery process is very critical to determine the optimum operating temperature for enhanced sulfur recovery. Experimental and simulation were used to quantify the conversion efficiency with the addition of different amounts of toluene and carbon dioxide/toluene mixtures to the H2S gas stream. The results showed similar trends between predictions and experimental data, which revealed a decrease in conversion efficiency with increase in toluene or carbon dioxide/toluene addition to the H2S gas stream in a reactor. Further simulations were carried out to seek for the effect of toluene and CO2 addition to acid gas stream on the more favorable operating temperature of the reactor. The results showed that toluene increases the optimum reactor temperature at which enhanced sulfur recovery occurs, whereas it reduces the optimum operating temperature in the presence of CO2. The presence of toluene and CO2 in the acid gas stream affects the sulfur recovery efficiency by altering the optimum temperature of the reactor. These results reveal the importance of reactor temperature and its excursion on sulfur recovery in a Claus process. The effect of mean reactor temperature and its role on detailed chemical speciation from within the reactor as well as the role of key species formed in the process on sulfur recovery are presented.
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Park, Jaebum, and Kishore Mohanty. "Design of Surrogate Oils for Surfactant-Brine-Oil Phase Behavior." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209427-ms.

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Abstract Many conventional surfactant-brine-oil phase behavior tests are conducted under ambient pressure conditions without the solution gas. It is known that the solution gas lowers the optimum salinity. Researchers often mix toluene (or cyclohexane) with the dead oil and form a surrogate oil to mimic the live oil. The objective of our work is to study the effect of gas and toluene on phase behavior, and to provide the proper amount of toluene to be mixed to mimic the live oil. Effects of toluene in surrogate oil and solution gas in live oil are examined by hydrophilic-lipophilic difference and net average curvature (HLD-NAC) structural model simulation and the equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN). Experimental values from literature and our experiments are also examined to compare those with the simulation results. For the simulation, both the mole fraction and mass fraction were used to calculate mixture EACN and examine the effect of additional components. HLD-NAC simulation results showed that the mass fraction-based simulation is more accurate (~7% error) than mole fraction-based simulation (~19% error) with a toluene EACN of 1. For larger molecules like toluene in surrogate oil, EACN using mole fraction also works with a toluene EACN of 5.2. The EACN of the surrogate oil should match the EACN of the live oil to determine the proper amount of toluene in the surrogate oil.
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Xu, Zhengxin, Zhichao Zhao, Juncheng Li, Mianzhi Wang, Jingping Liu, Chia-Fon Lee, Wayne Chang, and Jie Hou. "A Reduced Chemical Kinetic Mechanism of Toluene Reference Fuel (toluene/n-heptane) for Diesel Engine Combustion Simulations." In SAE 2015 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0387.

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Varma, Anumeha, Dhananjoy De, Ritu Raj Singh, and Vishnu Priye. "Rectangular Waveguide based SOI Toluene Gas Sensor." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2018.jw4a.107.

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Reports on the topic "Toluene"

1

Li, Shijian, and Elliot R. Bernstein. Toluene-Water Clusters: Ion Fragmentation and Chemistry. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada245813.

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2

Williams, Malcolm, G, Danie Todd, Hana Pohl, Jessilynn Taylor, Lisa Ingerman, Heather Carlson-Lynch, Courtney Hard, and Mario Citra. Toxicological profile for toluene diisocyanate and methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. SRC Inc, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc58080.

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3

Parekh, M. B. Performance test plan for a space station toluene heater tube. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/672147.

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4

Barnabas, M. V., D. W. Werst, and A. D. Trifunac. Transformations of toluene radical cation in ZSM-5 and Silicalite. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10161958.

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5

Mahanama, K. R. R., and A. T. Hodgson. An Improved Impregnated-filter Method for Measuring Low-levelConcentrations of Toluene. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/915405.

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6

Papadias, D., and R. Ahluwalia. Toluene-Methylcyclohexane as Two-Way Carrier for Hydrogen Transmission and Storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1828600.

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7

Cole, R. L., J. C. Demirgian, and J. W. Allen. Organic Rankine-cycle power systems working fluids study: Topical report No. 2, Toluene. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5059264.

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8

Ruwona, Tinashe. Production, Characterization and Possible Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies Generated against Toluene Diisocyanate-conjugated Proteins. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.30.

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9

Anderson, Barry. The morphology, physiology, and fine structure of a toluene-oxidizing strain of Pseudomonas putida. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6131.

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10

Dockery, Keith. Investigations on Glycolipid Production by Pseudomonas Putida grown on Toluene in Batch and Continuous Culture Conditions. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6845.

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