Journal articles on the topic 'Toll roads Economic aspects Indonesia'

This paper aims to investigate the government's intervention in an oligopoly market from an Islamic Economic point of view. The toll road industry in Indonesia is one of the best case studies of the impact of government intervention in pricing policy. Methodology/approach – Referring to some Islamic scholars concerning pricing policy, this paper using Tawhidi String Relations or TSR concept as a method to explain the variation tariff using the proposed variables. Findings – The result shows that Islamic economics does not prohibit government intervention in oligopoly markets as long as the pricing policy favors the public. In the case of the toll road industry in Indonesia, government intervention is needed to benefit the public and generate economic growth between cities. Practical implications – Pricing policy in the toll road industry in Indonesia should incorporate other variables such as development strategies of the cities in order to raise economic growth of the cities. Originality/value – The Tawhidi String Relations method could be applied to all aspects of life in the world. This TSR methodology can be the frame of mind of various scientific studies on how society achieves consensus to solve various problems by referring to Islamic teachings, in an effort to create benefits from the purpose of peace in the world. TSR becomes a frame of mind that explains how Divine Laws affect the scientific social order of the world, through a process of Interaction, Integration, and Evolution (IIE Process) (Choudhury, 2019)

ABSTRACTComparative Analysis of Traffic Accidents on Cikopo–Palimanan Toll Roads Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Economic conditions, education and all aspects of Indonesian people's lives have been affected by the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic so that the government implemented a Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy at the beginning of 2020. From 2019 to July 2020, through data from the West Java POLDA Satlantas police and Astra Infra Toll Cipali PT Lintas Marga Sedaya as toll road operators, there were 1,075 traffic accidents on toll roads. The purpose of this study was to compare the level and fatality of accidents before and during the Covid-19 pandemic and to find out the differences in traffic accident-prone locations on toll roads before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method used in this study is the variable rate of accidents, fatalities, traffic accident-prone locations using the HIRA (Hazard Identification Risk Assessment) analysis technique. The results of this study On Lane A of the Cikopo Palimanan Toll Road Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic, there were 2 (two) similar accident-prone locations while the other 11 (eleven) prone locations were different. On Lane B of the Cikopo Palimanan Toll Road Before and During the Covid-19Pandemic, there was 1 (one) same accident-prone location while the other 14 (fourteen) prone locations were different. Results of the study, it can be concluded that there are differences in the parameters of accident-prone locations and the level of traffic accidents, while the fatality rate of traffic accidents is no difference between before the Covid-19 pandemic and during the Covid-19pandemic. Based on the Analysis (Hazard Identification Risk Assessment) road infrastructure Toll roads, the highest risk value for traffic accidents on the Cikopo – Palimanan toll road is on lane A STA 75+700, 82+100, 90+900, 100+700, 111+500, 114+300, 123+800, 151+ 300,153+500, 164+700 on lane B STA 74+100, 185+000.Keywords: Traffic Prone Location, Comparison, Before and During Covid-19ABSTRAKKondisi perekonomian, pendidikan dan segala aspek kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia terdampak oleh munculnya pandemi Covid-19 sehingga pemerintah menerapkan kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) di awal tahun 2020. Pada tahun 2019 hingga Juli 2020 melalui data kepolisian Satlantas POLDA Jawa Barat dan Astra Infra Tol Cipali PT Lintas Marga Sedaya selaku operator jalan tol terdapat 1.075 Kejadian Kecelakaan lalu lintas di jalan tol. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membandingkan tingkat dan fatalitas kecelakaan sebelum dan pada saat pandemi Covid-19 serta Mengetahui perbedaan lokasi rawan kecelakaan lalu lintas di ruas jalan tol sebelum dan pada saat pandemi Covid-19. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah variabel tingkat kecelakaan, fatalitas, lokasi rawan kecelakaan lalu lintas menggunakan tekniki analisis HIRA (Hazard Identification Risk Assesment). Hasil penelitian ini Pada Jalur A Tol Cikopo Palimanan Sebelum dan Saat Pandemi Covid-19ada 2 (dua) lokasi rawan kecelakaan yang sama sedangkan 11 (sebelas) lokasi rawan yang lainnya berbeda. Pada Jalur B Tol Cikopo Palimanan Sebelum dan Saat Pandemi Covid-19ada 1 (satu) lokasi rawan kecelakaan yang sama sedangkan 14 (empat belas) lokasi rawan yang lainnya berbeda. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada perbedaan pada parameter lokasi rawan kecelakaan dan tingkat kecelakaan lalu lintas, sedangkan tingkat fatalitas kecelakaan lalu lintas tidak ada perbedaan antara sebelum pandemi Covid-19 dan pada saat pandemi covid 19. Berdasarkan Analisis (Hazard Identification Risk Assesment) infrastruktur jalan tol diperoleh Nilai Risiko terjadinya kecelakaan lalu lintas di jalan tol Cikopo – Palimanan tertinggi yaitu pada jalur A STA 75+700, 82+100, 90+900, 100+700, 111+500, 114+300, 123+800, 151+300,153+500, 164+700 pada jalur B STA 74+100, 185+000.Kata kunci: Lokasi Rawan, Komparasi, Sebelum dan Saat Covid-19

Times have led to changes in land functions and changes in environmental psychology's social, economic, and environmental aspects. Within Pandaan sub-district, there is a main road linking Surabaya and Malang to the road hierarchy as a national arterial road, and the Gempol-Pandaan toll road has changed the function of agricultural land, particularly in Durensewu and Plintah Village. This study aims to determine the land conversion that occurs in the Pandaan District by knowing the place dependence and the relationship between the place dependence and the residents' decision to change land use. The analytical method used is the analysis of land-use change, the analysis of place dependence, and the relationship between place dependence and land-use change. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that there is an indirect and positive relationship between place dependence and land-use change in the Pandaan District and that one of the dimensions of place dependence is environmental quality. The decision to change the land is connected to sustainable agriculture.JEL Classification: R11; R52; Q15

Infrastructure is a part of accelerating economic growth. Theconstruction of toll roads can provide positive and negative impacts.The existence of toll roads can reduce transportation and productioncosts, which will increase domestic and international marketefficiency. However, the construction of toll roads is feared can killsmall businesses. Studies of the effect of operational exit tolls onwelfare are still limited in Indonesia. This study was conductedto identify the impact of toll roads on community welfare in thePandaan-Malang exit tolls area. Using paired t-test and the clusteranalysis method showed that the positive and negative impacts oftoll roads construction on the community in the exit tolls area arevaried for each cluster. This study can be used as the basis forformulating policies for communities affected by operational exit tolls,in particular. Creating new economic centers in the exit tolls based onlocal uniqueness can minimize the negative impacts on communities.How to Cite:Dwiputri, I.N., Allo, A.G., Yusida, E. & Seprillina, L. (2022). The Effect of the Operational Exit Tolls on the Welfare of the Local Community. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 11(1), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v11i1.22108.

The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing has the task of carrying out government affairs in the field of public works and public housing to assist the President in administering the state government. One of the mandated functions in carrying out this task is to formulate and implement policies in the field of road administration in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations, including the regulation of toll roads in Indonesia in accordance with Government Regulation No. 15 of 2005 concerning Toll Roads. The toll road is one of the vital means needed to increase efficiency in public services, logistics and industry which leads to economic efficiency. According to data released by the World Bank in 2019, losses due to traffic jams in Indonesia amounted to USD 4 billion, equivalent to an estimated IDR 56 trillion, more than that due to queuing at toll gates there is potential for losses for all business entities. To overcome this problem, Indonesia is preparing to implement a non-stop (touchless) toll payment system on the Multi Lane Free Flow (MLFF) system using RFID-based ETC (Electronic Toll Collection) Total Solution technology and the transaction process is carried out through a special application that can be accessed from the Internet. Integrate all departments with an IoT (Internet of thing) system. This payment system can eliminate the GTO function of toll entry and exit gates. In addition, the MLFF system using RFID-based ETC will recognize and identify vehicles and users. In addition to the RFID-based ETC system to increase the productivity and effectiveness of traffic management on toll roads, maintenance of toll roads and bridges is also very vital, therefore detecting road surface damage directly using sensors, CCTV cameras and UAV unmanned aerial vehicles. (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) which has the advantages of high.

The construction of sea toll roads is one of the manifestations of President Jokowi’s superior program for strengthening Indonesia’s identity as a maritime country and to develop Indonesia as a whole from west to east. The necessity for sea toll road construction aims to improve the distribution of goods and trade commodities, particularly for the purpose of balancing the economic gap between the western and eastern regions of Indonesia. On the other hand, the construction of sea toll roads could possibly have an impact on archaeological objects, especially the remains of historic shipwrecks that have sunk and spread in several Indonesian territorial waters. Moreover, some of these remains are located on or adjacent to sea lane paths which will indirectly be affected by the deepening of the program in the context of the sea toll road construction. This paper aims to disseminate information about the tangible proofs of Indonesian cultural richness and long maritime history that have not been fully revealed and are threatened by potential damage and destruction if no necessary action is taken. Most importantly, this paper attempts to propose a strategy for constructing sea toll roads by taking into account the use and preservation of potential historical shipwreck remains which are still scattered in several territorial waters of Indonesia.

In Central Java, one of supporting factors of regional economic growth viewed from regionalfacilities and infrastructures is toll road facilities. Transjawa toll road is a network that connectsseveral cities in Java. Particularly, this toll road connects two biggest cities in Indonesia, namelyJakarta and Surabaya in which Salatiga is also one of cities traversed by this toll. This ±1.000 kmtoll road continues the previous toll roads that have existed, including Merak – Cikampek, Jakarta– Bandung, Semarang – Bawen, and Surabaya – Pandaan. Despite the positive impacts, Transjawatoll road also gives negative impacts for local communities. Thus, this study aimed (1) to find outthe socioeconomic condition of farmers after Transjawa toll road construction in Salatiga and (2)to find out the socioeconomic condition of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) afterTransjawa toll road construction in Salatiga. This study used qualitative and quantitative datataken from from 30 main respondents. The construction of transjawa toll road in Salatiga regionbrings good effects. It was proved by the better condition of socioeconomic and income of farmersand MSME doers in Salatiga region after the construction of this toll road.

Abstract Indonesia strives for toll road connectivity to push the high logistics costs and lead to economic growth. However, the expansion of toll road construction on a large-scale has cost much money. So, an innovative funding scheme must be developed to attract the private to invest in those projects. Hybrid Annuity Model is a new public-private partnership developed by the Government of India in 2016 to reduce concessionaires’ risk on toll road project funding. This study aimed to examine the compatibility of the Hybrid Annuity Model implementation on Indonesia toll road. The analysis was carried out through financial feasibility and sensitivity analysis on Serang – Panimbang toll road as the object study. Moreover, a survey was conducted to know the stakeholders’ perception of this funding scheme implemented in Indonesia. The results showed that Hybrid Annuity Model could give financial feasibility on Serang – Panimbang toll road under any changes of traffic volumes, toll fares, discount rates, investment costs, investment return period, and the investment proportion between the Government and the concessionaires. From stakeholders’ perspective, Hybrid Annuity Model could be implemented on Indonesia toll roads, especially those which were not financially feasible and located in rural areas. Furthermore, it needed some improvements and supporting regulations to be more suitable applied on Indonesia toll road.

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the current situation with toll roads, which are built on the basis of concession agreements in Ukraine, as well as prospects for increasing the number of quality roads with toll roads, which, in turn, attract investors. The paper examines the main conditions for the construction of new roads (reasonable establishment of time parameters of construction, financial support, in particular with the involvement of national and foreign investments, monitoring compliance with quality standards of construction, etc.); features of formation of payment for use of public roads on the terms of concession. It is also traced what are the problematic aspects of the construction of toll roads in Ukraine in modern economic realities. To find ways to solve the identified problems, an analysis of the construction of toll roads on the basis of concessions in some foreign countries. Two systems for payment of toll plots used by leading European countries are analyzed, thus providing themselves with the highest rating indicators on road quality. As a result, the advantages of using European methods of financing road construction were assessed and conclusions were made on the prospects for the implementation of toll plots in Ukraine. Special attention is also paid to the condition of roads and possible ways of financing. In the course of the research it was clear that one of the most effective methods of raising funds is to improve the legal framework for the construction of roads under concession conditions and to improve and enhance the financial attractiveness of toll road projects in Ukraine. Some of the legislation has been significantly improved since 2018, the paper refers to many regulations governing the construction of public roads. The paper shows some excerpts from the legislation on the maximum fee for the use of toll public roads on the basis of concession agreements. It is also indicated which areas on the territory of Ukraine may be paid and some list of vehicles that can move freely on the territory without paying for travel. Also, based on all the data of the paper, a general conclusion is made about the feasibility and effectiveness of the concession for financing.

Abstract Forecasting the volume of freight has a significant importance for future decisions for the entire economy, as well as its individual participants. The transportation of goods between Sumatra and Java using the highway mode that accumulate with local transportation will greatly burden roads in Lampung province. This research was conducted to predict the pattern and amount of movement of goods in the future. The modelling is conducted for the plan period up to 20 years based on growth predictions of geographical, social, economic and traffic flow. This study conducted a process of Sequential Demand Model (Planning Model 4 stages) by using software Transplan Version 8. Transportation patterns in 2040 is predicted will be dominated by continuous trips with domination of movement from Java to South Sumatra, or otherwise. Both the transportation between internal zones and external zone to internal zone have a significant increase. The most strategic main line freight in Lampung for today and in the future is along the Bakauheni-South Sumatra and Bengkulu-South Sumatra both through toll roads, national roads, and railways.

Abstract The increasing need of land for building roads, settlements, and other facilities leads to the changes of agricultural land to other uses. Uncontrolled changes in rice fields may negatively impact economic, social, and environmental aspects. This study aims (1) to analyze the dynamics of land-use change for lowland rice in the surrounding Cipali toll road of Subang Regency; (2) to delineate rice-fields being converted to other uses in the vicinity of the Cipali toll road; (3) to assess the impact of rice-fields conversion to rice production; and (4) to understand monitoring system for rice field conversion being implemented in Subang Regency. This research employed random forest classifier, post-classification change analysis, and analytic hierarchy process. Three Landsat imageries were used to identify change processes, span between 2000 and 2020. Random forest classifiers generated accuracy at 99%, 96%, and 96% in 2000, 2010, and 2020. The results showed a decrease of rice fields in the surrounding toll roads by 560.36 hectares from 2000 to 2010, followed by an increase in the next decade by 98.79 hectares. Revitalization of regional farm fields appears to effectively sustain production areas, albeit conversion occurred in the surrounding toll roads. Generally, rice field conversions were controlled following the regulation that was enacted to sustain land for crop production.

Natural resources in the mining sector are one of the natural resources in Indonesia. The sector produces various types of mining commodities that have different economic values. Ngawi Regency is one of the regions in East Java Province which has potential in the mining sector. One of the potential of the mine is group C excavation material. Since the construction of toll roads in the Ngawi Regency area, demand for mining products in the form of class C excavation materials as materials for toll road construction has increased rapidly. This has encouraged the growth of mining businesses in the region. Mining activities or businesses in addition to having a positive impact, such as the absorption of labor, also cause various negative impacts that affect the welfare of the community. Employment in the mining sector is indeed wide open which then causes people to switch from various sectors of employment to employment in the mining sector. The shift of employment to the mining sector has an impact on rising levels of income. However, this does not significantly affect the level of community welfare.

The Bener Dam in Purworejo Regency is an unpleasant portrayal of the government's and local government's abilities to develop for the public good in response to the public interest development challenge. If the environmental implications of development are not taken into account, the local ecosystem will be negatively affected. This study employed both a statutory and conceptual approach to normative jurisprudential law research. According to Article 33, paragraph 3 of the Indonesian Constitution of 1945, "Earth, water, and natural resources contained therein are controlled by the state and used for the greatest prosperity of the people," Earth, water, and natural resources contained therein are used for the greatest prosperity of the people. This is the essential principle underlying development that serves the public interest, including the construction of public highways, toll roads, railroads, drinking/clean water lines, sewers, sanitation, and reservoirs. This pertains to every one of these initiatives. Even while environmental sustainability is an essential component of public-interest development, it is equally essential to consider the political, economic, and sociocultural factors that influence the environmental sustainability of a project.

Abstract The Mamminasata Metropolitan Area, which includes Makassar City, Takalar Regency, part of Gowa Regency, and part of Maros Regency, is the largest metropolitan area in Eastern Indonesia. Traffic congestion is a major challenge faced by Makassar City, due to the mixing of urban traffic flows with regional traffic flows. Modernization of the road network is carried out by building toll roads, which connect airports, ports, industrial areas, and access to the city center, one of which is the Pettarani Flyover. This flyover has several innovative advantages, namely the use of urban flyover construction with segmental box girders, the use of the flying pier head construction method using the Flying Pier Head Formwork System, the use of lead rubber bearings, the use of the Structural Health Monitoring System, the use of a traffic information system. which is integrated with other sections, and 3D modeling with the Terrestrial Laser Scanner Method that supports operation and maintenance. The Pettarani Flyover supports economic growth and regional development, whose construction and operation uses the latest technology and supports the environment and community in a susta-inable manner. Keywords: traffic jam; toll roads; metropolitan; road network; innovative advantage Abstrak Kawasan Metropolitan Mamminasata, yang mencakup Kota Makassar, Kabupaten Takalar, sebagian Kabupaten Gowa, dan sebagian wilayah Kabupaten Maros, merupakan metropolitan terbesar di Wilayah Timur Indonesia. Kemacetan lalu lintas merupakan suatu tantangan utama yang dihadapi oleh Kota Makassar, karena berbaurnya arus lalu lintas perkotaan dengan arus lalu lintas regional. Modernisasi jaringan jalan dilakukan dengan membangun jalan tol, yang menghubungkan bandara, pelabuhan, kawasan industri, dan akses ke pusat kota, yang salah satunya adalah Jalan Layang Pettarani. Jalan layang ini memiliki beberapa keunggulan inovatif, yaitu penggunaan konstruksi struktur layang perkotaan dengan segmental box girder, penggunaan metode konstruksi kepala tiang jalan layang dengan Metode Flying Pier Head Formwork System, penggunaan lead rubber bearing, penggunaan Structural Health Monitoring System, penggunaan sistem informasi lalu lintas yang terintegrasi dengan seksi-seksi lainnya, dan permodelan 3D dengan Metode Terrestrial Laser Scanner yang mendukung operasi dan pemeliharaan. Jalan Layang Pettarani mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pengembangan wilayah, yang pembangunan dan pengoperasiannya menggunakan teknologi terkini serta men-dukung lingkungan dan komunitas secara berkelanjutan. Kata-kata kunci: kemacetan lalu lintas; jalan tol; metropolitan; jaringan jalan; keunggulan inovatif

<em>The development of infrastructure in Indonesia was increasing. The government focuses on boosting infrastructure development to create long-term economic growth. Therefore, a qualified infrastructure was a standard of an advanced rapidly economy. One of them is under construction was road and toll road infrastructure. As a result of the development was the occurrence of the increasing volume of vehicles on the road. Due to this resulting in an increased load reposition and also increased vehicle load on the road, it was then combined with a wet tropical climate or humid warm areas in Indonesia that have high rainfall and temperatures that can reach 38^oC, resulting in structural damage such as cracks, rutting, stripping, and pothole. Performance from pavement also declined faster than the estimated plan. Roads in Indonesia mostly use the type of concrete asphalt mixture. Characteristics for concrete asphalt prioritize stability. In fact, the most important thing was the stability and durability of the road. Various ways can be done to overcome the road damage and acquire the ideal characteristics such as the use of added materials to Hot Mix Asphalt. To improve the performance of pavement characteristics, the use of added materials was expected to overcome problems that are affected by temperature, weather, increased vehicle volume, and increased traffic load. The added materials are to enhance Reacted and Activated Rubber (RAR) which was a developed crumb rubber to increase durability and keep the level of road pavement stability.</em>

Jakarta is a province in Indonesia with a rapid population growth. Data obtained from the Jakarta Central Bureau of Statistics shows that Jakarta had a population of 102.776 in 2016, increasing to 103.742 in 2017. This rise in population and the role of Jakarta as the center of the economy have led to an uncontrolled increase for the need of different transportation modes. Based on the Jakarta transportation statistics (2017), the number of motorized vehicles in Jakarta reached 20.972.175 units, while the toll road built was only 7.094.000 meters. So it can be concluded that each vehicle only got 0.3382 meters of space. According to data obtained from Numbeo in 2019, Jakarta ranked 5th as the biggest contributor to congestion in Indonesia with a congestion index of 274.39. In order to overcome these problems, various efforts need to be taken, one of which is by implementing Electronic road pricing in several roads in Jakarta which is considered to be one of the solutions to reduce congestion. The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential and problems that arise in the application of Electronic road pricing on Jenderal Sudirman road, Jakarta. The research method used is a combination of literature study and survey using a questionnaire. To achieve effectiveness and efficiency of the electronic road pricing system, studies are carried out in various aspects, so that Electronic road pricing can be one of the solutions to traffic congestion in Indonesia. Based on the result of study, it can be concluded that electronic road pricing implementation can be a solution for traffic congestion especially on Jenderal Sudirman Road, Jakarta if the implementation is integrated with public transportation.

The model of the development of an integrated city tourism urgently to be done for the short- term and long-term. Develop urban area is an attempt to increase revenue through taxes hotels, restaurants, and simultaneously increase the economic activity in urban areas. The good management of the city tourism will realize the satisfaction of all parties. Some of the cities in Indonesia deserves to be developed as a city tourism when viewed from multiple components as tourism attractions. These components are like: the town hall, roads that meaningful myth, historical monuments, culinary, college or university, shopping malls, traditional markets, squares, parks, museums, fairs, and other attractions. To be able to make it as a tourist product, the necessary integration related aspects comprising aspects of the attraction of the city, the transportation aspect, the aspect of main and supporting facilities, and institutional aspects such as the attributes of human resources, systems, and other related institutions. The city of Denpasar as as a business center of the activity in case the tourists both domestic and foreign tourists, require restructuring. Structuring urgent to do is structuring the local community business centers, the arrangement of lodges or hotels, and the area attractions management.

A toll road is one of the economic growth facilities of a country, Indonesia in the last seven years has succeeded in building 1900 km and one of them is Trans-Java. The Gempol-Pasuruan section-2 toll road project is a densely populated route and there are many intersections in the form of roads and rivers so there are many overpass or underpass structures in the project. Although the bridge structure is a sub-project of the main road, if the productivity does not perform well, it will have a significant impact on the overall progress. Therefore, this study wants to analyze the multiple impacts of one of the critical works of the bridge project, such as the pilling work on the total toll road progress through the earn value management (EVM) method. EVM is a technique that is quite popular both among practitioners and academics; however, analysis of complex projects (main projects-sub projects) has never been carried out in-depth and it will be a unique challenge in this study. There are four steps in this research, the first step is project scheduling in which the engineer can use the previous database to prepare the work breakdown structure (WBS), work sequences, and project duration. The second step is the critical path process, at this stage, a slack analysis is carried out for each activity, and setting a network diagram to generate critical paths for the toll-bridge project. Resource management is the third step that involves a lot of documents from the market and internal databases, starting with assigning resources, inputting quantity and unit prices, and doing the leveling process so that the supply chain runs well. The last step is the earn value process, at this stage, the engineer only needs to input the project progress, set the baseline, and finally get the earn value project and project performance index consisting of SPI (schedule) and CPI (cost). Finally, after going through several stages of research, it has been proven that the pilling work is on a critical path and several scenarios must be carried out to maintain its productivity. Then, the average SPI value is 0.94 < 1, while the SPI value is 1 which means that the Gempol-Pasuruan section-2 toll road project is experiencing delays and is within the project budget. In conclusion, the application of the EVM method on MS. Project 2013 is able to evaluate complex projects well and several potential technologies can also be considered in further study to improve the performance.

Infrastructure planning ideally not only considers the geotechnical aspects and physical conditions of the infrastructure development location but also must be able to support regional development. One kind of spatial analysis technique which has capabilities to integrate various regional characteristics associated with its suitability for a particular use is spatial multi-criteria analysis. By using Bawen-Yogyakarta Toll Road Plan as a case study, this research is intended to apply route planning that takes into account regional characteristics, through the involvement of Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis, Analytic Hierarchy Process, and Least Cost Path analysis. The analysis results then compared with the government preferred route to see its advantages and disadvantages. The results show that the generated route from the analysis has several advantages over the government preferred route, while also having some shortcomings. The advantages of route analysis results compared to government preference routes include: better able to avoid earthquake and landslide-prone areas, better support to the preservation of protected areas, has more areas with flat to gentle topography, and have smaller additional construction cost as the consequences of intersection with existing roads, rivers and railways, In terms of affected land-use, generated route also has minimum negative impacts on the sustainability of agricultural land in the study area. The shortcomings of the analysis result are: not yet able to avoid flood and volcanic eruptions-prone areas as well as government’s preferences route, higher land acquisition cost estimation, and less support for industrial and tourism activities in the research area. Improvement of analysis methods, data, and cost assessment strategy is needed to obtain better results and more appropriate modeling and analysis, in order to support regional infrastructure planning and development.

“Green road” is a concept introduced to meet the requirements of economic, societal, and environmental aspects in road construction and its operation. Towards the responsive efforts of sustainable development, many countries had established their environmentally friendly green road assessment tools including for highways and roads. However, the application of the tools is somehow limited to specific project life cycle such for design and planning assessment and/or only for the higher cluster of the road such as toll road or federal highway, but rarely focus on road in rural area. This paper therefore aims to identify the appropriate environmental criteria and elements as proposal for Malaysia State Road Index for the rural area. The weightage of environmental elements for the Malaysia State Road Index for the rural area was established in the discussion of this paper. The environmental criteria and elements were reviewed via critical literature review of content analysis were of ‘green tools’. The confirmation of weightage was conducted via questionnaires development and responded by the focus group discussion (FGD) and validation survey. The FGD were the experts involved in road infrastructure development. The data is analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. This study discovered ten sub-criteria and thirty-three elements under ‘green road’ of significant environmental sustainability elements. The result showcases a fair distribution of weightage for each element within their sub-criteria.

The goal of this study was to examine the influence of trading volume, market value added, dividend payment ratio and systematic risk on stock return of businesses listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the construction and building sub-sector. Purposive sampling was used, with 35 samples drawn from financial reports covering the years 2011-2017. The analytical approach used was panel data regression analysis. trading volume and market value added have a substantial impact on stock returns. Meanwhile, dividend payment ratio and systematic risk have no effect on stock returns. Construction and building industry sub-sector businesses were chosen as a sample in this study. Furthermore, there are few comparable studies that employ samples from industrial construction and building sub-sector businesses. The sample was chosen because it is seen as a constant contributor to the country's economic success. This is evident in the long-term development of government infrastructure, such as toll roads, airports, public housing, and other public amenities. According to Central Statistics Agency (BPS) study, the construction sector is one of the three key contributors to Indonesia's economic development. This is what makes this study interesting. Researchers should find the research useful in broadening their knowledge and skills on the subject issue, debating the research item, and applying principles learnt in lectures. Companies are required to provide information that would assist them in developing strategic plans and making decisions that will improve their performance. a limited number of samples and a short time period (just 2011 to 2017), which is most likely leading the data computation findings to be less than optimal Furthermore, not all firms provide dividends on a yearly basis.

Highway is part of the Science of Civil Engineering and always develops over time. In increasing the provision of land transportation, roads are important infrastructure that must be considered in development. The availability of adequate road infrastructure will have a positive impact on the development of community activities from the economic, political, social, cultural, defense and security aspects of the country.This research was intended to utilize Masuppu River Stones in Masanda Subdistrict as a mixture of AC-WC. The methodoIogy in this research is to conduct a series of tests for the characteristics of coarse, fine, and fiIIer aggregates, then design the composition of the Laston AC-WC mixture and the Marshall test to obtain the characteristics of the mixture and the MarshaII immersion test to obtain the immersion index (IP) / residuaI strength index (IKS) / durabiIity of the mixture with optimum asphaIt content. The results of research carried out at the Laboratory of Engineering and AspaI Functions of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering, Christian University of Indonesia, PauIus Makassar, show that the characteristics of the pavement material in the form of Masuppu River rock, Masanda District, meet the specifications as a road pavement coating material.

Abstract In order to support the acceleration of Indonesia's economic growth, massive infrastructure development must be carried out. The movement of goods and people must be able to run smoothly to accelerate economic growth. One type of infrastructure that can provide direct support is road infrastructure. Roads have an important role in regional development both from economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects. With its flexible nature, it can reach various regions and its development methods are relatively easy, the road being a favorite infrastructure to be developed. To achieve good quality road construction, a general specification must be met. In 2014, the Directorate General of Highways issued the 2010 General Specification (Revision 3) which was completed with the Road Supervision Manual document that referred to the specification. But with the increasing need for quality road construction and increasing awareness of the importance of maintenance activities, in 2018 the Directorate General of Highways issued a General Specification 2018. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the changes of the General Specifications and changes in the Road Supervision Manual. Keywords: infrastructure development, road construction, general spesification, supervision manual Abstrak Untuk mendukung percepatan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia, pembangunan infrastruktur secara masif harus dilakukan. Pergerakan barang dan orang harus dapat berjalan secara lancar untuk mempercepat pertumbuhan ekonomi. Sampai saat ini, salah satu jenis infrastruktur yang dapat memberikan dukungan secara langsung adalah infrastruktur jalan. Jalan memiliki peranan penting dalam pengembangan wilayah, dari aspek-aspek ekonomi, sosial, budaya, dan lingkungan. Dengan sifatnya yang fleksibel, karena dapat menjangkau berbagai daerah dan metode pembangunannya yang relatif mudah, jalan menjadi infrastruktur favorit untuk dikembangkan. Untuk menghasilkan kualitas pembangunan jalan yang baik diperlukan suatu spesifikasi umum yang harus dipenuhi. Pada tahun 2014, Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga mengeluarkan Spesifikasi Umum 2010 Revisi 3 yang dilengkapi dengan dokumen Manual Supervisi Jalan yang mengacu pada spesifikasi tersebut. Namun, dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan akan kualitas pembangunan jalan serta meningkatnya kesadaran akan pen-tingnya kegiatan pemeliharaan, pada tahun 2018 Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga mengeluarkan Spesifikasi Umum 2018. Untuk itu, diperlukan pemahaman terhadap perubahan Spesifikasi Umum tersebut dan perubahan Manual Supervisi Jalan. Kata-kata kunci: pembangunan infrastruktur, pembangunan jalan, spesifikasi umum, manual supervisi

Toll roads are one of the infrastructural elements that drive an economy, and their existence can facilitate the equitable development of a country. These roads can serve as measures of the economic progress in a nation and show its readiness for a civilization characterized by simple but fast-paced activities. In the Indonesian context, toll road construction during the administration of President Joko Widodo was carried out on a massive scale. From 2014 to 2019, 1,235 km of toll roads were built throughout Indonesia. This extensive construction project exerts various positive and negative socio-cultural and economic effects on non-natural aspects of public administration ecology, but adverse effects on the natural environment are more prevalent. The government’s policies on the construction of toll roads have focused only on the consideration of benefits related to the distribution of goods and people (economic aspects). No deliberation has been directed specifically to preserving environmental functions that serve as capital for the construction of toll roads. Ignoring these aspects is expected to diminish long-term environmental quality and quality of life.

Permanent Outdoor Advertising (POA) is one of the media for providing public space information to impact the viewer with words, with or without photographs. That details to the public on programs, goods, lifestyles, dreams, and values. Advertising is an important and very important tool in economic and business terms because it is direct communication with the audience. POA also generates the image and visual quality of public spaces as an urban physical feature in terms of urban planning. A important location for information dissemination is the high speed of motion in arterial and collector roads. The POA is something that draws attention and can enhance the region's picture. Advertisers, however, frequently disregard the detrimental impact of RRLs on the physical condition of urban space for the sole purpose of offering economic benefits. In Denpasar, POA is divided into 1) electronic billboards and 2) billboards, and POA typology can be divided into a) independent structure (free-standing POA) centered on technological installation; b) related to another structure (attached POA). The main issues of POA implementation in Denpasar City are: 1) security, 2) beauty/aesthetic, and 3) legibility are the key issues of the POA implementation in Denpasar City. These questions emerged from several aspects, namely: 1) land use; 2) structure and construction; 3) placement; 4) form, scale, and quantity; 5) orientation; 6) lighting; 7) material. The planning principles of the POA in Denpasar should be evaluated on the basis of contextual problems and the arterial and collector roads surrounding them. The POA identification is carried out in Denpasar City on twenty-nine main roads, including all three arterial roads, and on twenty-six collector roads. Two functions representing both arterial and collector roads in Denpasar were chosen for the study position on the main road with primary arterial function, collector-one, and collector. Post-occupancy evaluation (POE) was the research approach used in this study with a qualitative analysis methodology that observes and analyzes the POA conditions that occurred on selected roads in Denpasar Area, which are used as a basis for structuring the principles and aspects of POA planning.

Silangit Airport is an air transportation infrastructure located in Silangit, North Tapanuli, North Sumatra Province. The government has set Lake Toba as a tourism destination the main attraction for local and foreign tourists. With the continued development of regional tourism, the number of passengers and the number of tourists to SIlangit Airport will continue to increase and affect the regional economic growth which will have an impact on the figure of the North Sumatra Province GRDP. Therefore, the government has begun a big plan to advance Indonesian tourism starting from the construction of facilities and infrastructure in each tourist area. Lake Toba, located in Toba Samosir Regency, North Sumatra, is the largest lake in Indonesia, which is expected to bring more visits from various regions, both domestic and foreign. The aim of the study was to identify and analyze the problems of developing Silangit airport to support the acceleration of development in tourism. The results are recommendations for developing the Silangit airport area, including increasing accessibility and transportation connectivity from / to tourist locations throughout the region of Lake Toba tourism object by building Kualanamu-Parapat toll roads, Silangit-Parapat and feeder roads as well as adequate and then traffic smooth, safe, safe.

Humans construct various strategic actions and produce cultural products to overcome life problems during certain situations. In the context of the modern nation-state, regulations which are issued by the government in a country and are aimed to help members of their society to overcome life's problems can be called a cultural product. In response to the Belt and Road Initiatives/BRI initiated by the PRC government, the government under President Joko Widodo in the first period issued a Maritime Axis program aimed at building a number of infrastructures, ranging from ports, toll roads, airports, and industrial zones spread throughout Indonesia. This program is implemented under several regulations issued to facilitate the implementation of foreign investment absorption and development of various infrastructures with the aim of improving the economy, alleviating poverty, and reducing the number of unemployment. This article aims to analyse Indonesian government's response to Chinese investment in the BRI scheme which is related to cultural resilience factors. This article argues that in responding to BRI to develop infrastructure and industry, Indonesian government has not yet considered the factors of community cultural resilience. This article analyses six regulations issued by the government to regulate Sei Mangkei Special Economic Zone. Moreover, it uses a case study approach by observing the Sei Mangkei Special Economic Zone, to reveal the cultural resilience of the local community while facing investment inflows along with the impacts.

Slums are a problem faced by almost all major cities in Indonesia and even large cities in other developing countries. The study of slum settlements (slum) generally covers three aspects, first the physical condition, the other socio-economic conditions of the community living in the agreement, and the three impacts by the two states. These physical conditions, among others, can be seen from the very stable state of the building with low-quality construction, non-patterned, and non-hardened road network, public sanitation, and non-functioning drainage, and waste that has not been adequately managed. (1) (2) The study aimed to form a collaboration model for Healthy Cities through a Program of No Slum Cities in the Coastal Area of Makassar City. Method This study uses a quantitative descriptive research method as an approach to Secondary Data Analysis (ADS). ADS is a method using secondary data as the primary data source. Utilizing the secondary data in question is to use a statistical test technique that is appropriate for obtaining the desired information from a mature body of material derived from certain agencies or institutions (such as PUPR, departments, or educational institutions) to be systematically and objectively processed. Observations found that the tendency towards collaboration with various sectors to reduce the number of slums in settlements. As for the indicators used, there are 7 + 1 from the City program without slums. The conclusions of the study were to reduce the number of slums in Makassar, especially in the coastal areas of Makassar City with an approach, namely by improving housing, environmental roads, drainage, garbage, fire fighting, and green open space by involving various sectors.

The Virtual and the Physical The structure of virtual space is a product of the Internet’s geography and technology. Debates around the nature of the virtual — culture, society, economy — often leave out this connection to “fibre”, to where and how we are physically linked to each other. Rather than signaling the “end of geography” (Mitchell 1999), the Internet reinforces its importance with “real world” physical and logical constraints shaping the geography of cyberspace. To contest the nature of the virtual world requires understanding and contesting the nature of the Internet’s architecture in the physical world. The Internet is built on a physical entity – the telecommunications networks that connect computers around the world. In order to participate on the Internet, one needs to connect to these networks. In an information society access to bandwidth determines the haves from the have-nots (Mitchell 1999), and bandwidth depends upon your location and economics. Increasingly, the new generation Internet distributes bandwidth unevenly amongst regions, cities, organizations, and individuals. The speed, type, size and quality of these networks determine the level and nature of participation available to communities. Yet these types of choices, the physical and technical aspects of the network, are the ones least understood, contested and linked to “real world” realities. The Technical is the Political Recently, the US government proposed a Total Information Awareness surveillance system for all digital communications nationally. While technically unworkable on multiple fronts, many believed that the architecture of the Internet simply prevented such data collection, because no physical access points exist through which all data flows. In reality, North America does have central access points – six to be exact – through which all data moves because it is physically impossible to create redundant systems. This simple factor of geography potentially shapes policies on speech, privacy, terrorism, and government-business relations to name just a few. These are not new issues or challenges, but merely new technologies. The geography of infrastructure – from electricity, train and telephone networks to the architectures of freeways, cities and buildings – has always been as much social and political as technical. The technology and the social norms embedded in the network geography (Eischen, 2002) are central to the nature of cyberspace. We may wish for a utopian vision, but the hidden social assumptions in mundane ‘engineering’ questions like the location of fibre or bandwidth quality will shape virtual world. The Changing Landscape of the Internet The original Internet infrastructure is being redesigned and rebuilt. The massive fibre-optic networks of the Internet backbones have been upgraded, and broadband access technologies – cable modem, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and now wireless Wi-Fi – are being installed closer to homes and businesses. New network technologies and protocols enable the network to serve up data even faster than before. However, the next generation Internet architecture is quite different from the popular utopian vision described above. The Internet is being restructured as an entertainment and commerce medium, driven by the convergence of telecommunications technologies and commercialization. It is moving towards a broadcast model where individual consumers have access to less upstream bandwidth than downstream, with the symmetry of vendor and customer redesigned and built to favor content depending on who provides, requests and receives content. This Internet infrastructure has both physical and logical components – the telecommunications networks that comprise the physical infrastructure and the protocols that comprise the logical infrastructure of the software that runs the Internet. We are in the process of partitioning this infrastructure, both physical and logical, into information conduits of different speeds and sizes. Access to these conduits depends on who and where you are. These emerging Internet infrastructure technologies – Broadband Access Networks, Caching and Content Delivery Networks, Quality of Service and Policy Protocols – are shaped by geographical, economic and social factors in their development, deployment and use. The Geography of Broadband These new broadband networks are being deployed initially in more privileged, densely populated communities in primary cities and their wealthy suburbs (Graham, 2000). Even though many have touted the potential of Wi-Fi networks to bring broadband to underserved areas, initial mappings of wireless deployment show correlation between income and location of hotspots (NYCWireless, 2003). Equally important, the most commonly deployed broadband technologies, cable modem and ADSL, follow a broadcast model by offering more downstream bandwidth than upstream bandwidth. Some cable companies limit upstream bandwidth even further to 256 Kbps in order to discourage subscribers from setting up home servers. The asymmetry of bandwidth leads to asymmetry of information flows where corporations produce information and users content. Internet Infrastructure: Toll Roads and the Priority of Packets The Internet originally was designed around ‘best effort’ service: data flows through the networks as packets, and all packets are treated equally. The TCP/IP protocols that comprise the Internet’s logical infrastructure (Lessig, 101) govern how data is transferred across the physical networks. In the Internet’s original design, each packet is routed to the best path known, with the transport quality level dependent on network conditions. However, network congestion and differing content locations lead to inconsistent levels of quality. In order to overcome Internet “bottlenecks”, technologies such as content caching and Quality of Service (QoS) protocols have been developed that allow large corporate customers to bypass the public infrastructure, partitioning the Internet into publicly and privately accessible data conduits or throughways. Since access is based on payment, these private throughways can be thought of as the new toll roads of the Internet. Companies such as Akamai are deploying private ‘content delivery’ networks. These networks replicate and store content in geographically dispersed servers close to the end users, reducing the distance content data needs to traverse. Large content providers pay these companies to store and serve their content on these networks. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) offer similar services for internal or hosted content. The Internet’s physical infrastructure consists of a system of interconnected networks. The major ISPs’ networks interconnect at Network Access Point (NAPs) the major intersections of the Internet backbone. Congestion at these public intersection points has resulted in InterNAP building and deploying private network access points (P-NAPs). Akamai content delivery network (Akamai, 2000) and InterNAP’s P-NAPs (InterNAP, 2000) deployment maps reveal a deployment of private infrastructure to a select group of highly-connected U.S. cities (Moss & Townsend, 2000), furthering the advantage these ‘global cities’ (Graham, 1999) have over other cities and regions. QoS protocols allow ISPs to define differing levels of service by providing preferential treatment to some amount of the network traffic. Smart routers, or policy routers, enable network providers to define policies for data packet treatment. The routers can discriminate between and prioritize the handling of packets based on destination, source, the ISP, data content type, etc. Such protocols and policies represent a departure from the original peer-to-peer architecture of data equality with ‘best-effort’. The ability to discriminate and prioritize data traffic is being built into the system, with economic and even political factors able to shape the way packets and content flow through the network. For example, during the war on Iraq, Akamai Technologies canceled its service contract with the Arabic news service Al Jazeera (CNET, 2003). Technology, Choices and Values To address the social choices underpinning seemingly benign technical choices of the next generation Internet, we need to understand the economic, geographic and social factors guiding choices about its design and deployment. Just as the current architecture of the Internet reflects the values of its original creators, this next generation Internet will reflect our choices and our values. The reality is that decisions with very long-term impacts will be made with or without debate. If any utopian vision of the Internet is to survive, it is crucial to embed the new architectures with specific values by asking difficult questions with no pre-defined or easy answers. These are questions that require social debate and consensus. Is the Internet fundamentally a public or private space? Who will have access? What information and whose information will be accessible? Which values and whose values should form the basis of the new infrastructure? Should the construction be subject to market forces alone or should ideas of social equity and fairness be embedded in the technology? Technologists, policy makers (at both national and local levels), researchers and the general public all have a part in determining the answers to these questions. Policymakers need to link future competition and innovation with equitable access for all citizens. Urban planners and local governments need to link infrastructure, economic sustainability and equity through public and public-private investments – especially in traditionally marginalized areas. Researchers need to continue mapping the complex interactions of investment in and deployment of infrastructure across the disciplines of economics, technology and urban planning. Technologists need to consider the societal implications and inform the policy debates of the technologies they build. Communities need to link technical issues with local ramifications, contesting and advocating with policymakers and corporations. The ultimate geography of cyberspace will reflect the geography of fibre. Understanding and contesting the present and future reality requires linking mundane technical questions with the questions of values in exactly these wider social and political debates. Works Cited Akamai. See <http://www.akamai.com/service/network.php> Eischen, Kyle. ‘The Social Impact of Informational Production: Software Development as an Informational Practice’. Center for Global, International and Regional Studies Working Paper #2002-1. 2002. UC Santa Cruz. <http://cgirs.ucsc.edu/publications/workingpapers/> Graham, Stephen. “Global Grids of Glass: On Global Cities, Telecommunications and Planetary Urban Networks.” Urban Studies. 1999. 36 (5-6). Graham, Stephen. “Constructing Premium Network Spaces: Reflections on Infrastructure Networks and Contemporary Urban Development.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 2000. 24(1) March. InterNAP. See <http://www.internap.com/html/news_05022000.htm> Junnarkar, Sandeep. “Akamai ends Al-Jazeera server support”, CNET News.com, April 4, 2003. See <http://news.com.com/1200-1035-995546.php> Lessig, Lawrence. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books, 1999. Mitchell, William. City of Bits. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. Mosss, Mitchell L. and Anthony M. Townsend. “The Internet Backbone and the American Metropolis.” The Information Society Journal. 16(1): 35-47. Online at: <http://www.informationcity.org/research/internet-backbone-am... ...erican-metropolis/index.htm> Public Internet Project. “802.11b Survey of NYC.” <http://www.publicinternetproject.org/> Links http://cgirs.ucsc.edu/publications/workingpapers/ http://news.com.com/1200-1035-995546.html http://www.akamai.com/service/network.html http://www.informationcity.org/research/internet-backbone-american-metropolis/index.htm http://www.internap.com/html/news_05022000.htm http://www.publicinternetproject.org/ Citation reference for this article Substitute your date of access for Dn Month Year etc... MLA Style Eischen, Emy Tseng & Kyle. "The Geography of Cyberspace" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture< http://www.media-culture.org.au/0308/03-geography.php>. APA Style Eischen, E. T. &. K. (2003, Aug 26). The Geography of Cyberspace. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 6,< http://www.media-culture.org.au/0308/03-geography.php>