Academic literature on the topic 'Toleration History'

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Journal articles on the topic "Toleration History"

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McSpadden, James. "“A New Way of Governing”: Heinrich Brüning, Rudolf Hilferding, and Cross-Party Cooperation during the Waning Years of the Weimar Republic, 1930–1932." Central European History 53, no. 3 (September 2020): 584–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938919000943.

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AbstractThis article examines the unexpected behind-the-scenes relationship between the conservative Catholic chancellor Heinrich Brüning and Marxist theorist Rudolf Hilferding. This relationship is the starting point to understand both the politics of toleration and the political and cultural ecosystem in which this friendship came about. The German Social Democratic Party's policy of tolerating Brüning's conservative minority cabinet was hotly contested and has been viewed skeptically by political historians ever since. This article analyzes the mechanics of toleration through Brüning and Hilferding's relationship and demonstrates how Hilferding became the indispensable intermediary between the German cabinet and the socialist party. Toleration was a replacement political process in a polarized climate. A behind-the-scenes informal coalition that included the socialists, as well as the conservative cabinet, muddled through governing and policymaking with backroom negotiations instead of parliamentary debate. Although it failed, toleration was a last-ditch political strategy trying to preserve the Weimar Republic.
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KILDYASHOVA, TATIANA, EVGENIYA PARSHEVA, and YULIA SIBIRTSEVA. "HISTORY OF RELIGIOUS TOLERATION IN THE RUSSIAN NORTH: RESEARCH ASPECTS." Sociopolitical sciences 10, no. 6 (December 28, 2020): 128–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2020-10-6-128-146.

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The formation of religious toleration in the Russian context had a complex and long history. But history of religious toleration in different regions had its own features. The idea of the Russian North as a special example of a multicultural and multi-confessional space has always existed. However, this topic has not received complex studying in the framework of regional studies. The aim of this research is to systematize and analyze the scientific works devoted to the development of the religious situation in the Russian North for identifying traditions of religious toleration and tolerance in this territory. The systematization of the sources is based on the chronological principle up to the beginning of the XX century, and takes into account the three main models of religious life in the region. The analysis showed that the formation of religious toleration in the Russian North was related to the emergence of new religious cultures in the region, which led to their coexistence, and not to the displacement. The official policy of the Orthodox Church and the Russian state towards non-Orthodox and non-Christian people was not always supported by the local community. Moreover, there is evidence for the existence of not only a “passive” form of toleration in the Russian North, but also an “active” form of toleration that was manifested towards non-Orthodox and non-Christian people.
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Bohman, James. "Deliberative Toleration." Political Theory 31, no. 6 (December 2003): 757–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0090591703252379.

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DEES, RICHARD H. "Establishing Toleration." Political Theory 27, no. 5 (October 1999): 667–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0090591799027005004.

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White, G. Edward, and David A. J. Richards. "Toleration and the Constitution." Journal of American History 74, no. 1 (June 1987): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1908522.

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CREPPELL, INGRID. "Locke on Toleration." Political Theory 24, no. 2 (May 1996): 200–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0090591796024002003.

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Kaul, Volker. "Sources of toleration: Individuals, cultures, institutions." Philosophy & Social Criticism 45, no. 4 (May 2019): 360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453719843767.

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Nowadays the question of toleration is less related to an international clash of civilizations than to the clashes that take place within the states and polities themselves. The article addresses the sources of toleration in this new global scenario, starting from the following set of questions: Do the sources of toleration differ across time and space? Does toleration have different roots in different civilizational contexts, such as China, India or Islam? Or, is toleration the result of particular institutional frameworks and designs? In this case, does the concept of toleration vary from one institutional setting to the other? Do empires, republics and democracies give rise to different forms of toleration? And last but not least, isn’t toleration rather a matter of individual morality, as many liberal theories sustain? The article distinguishes between three different sources of toleration: individuals, cultures and institutions. Kant and contemporary liberals, as John Rawls who follows him, situate the source of toleration in the individual itself and the capacity for practical reason. More communitarian-oriented thinkers, as Michael Walzer, defend ‘a historical and contextual account of toleration and coexistence’, arguing that ‘the best political arrangement is relative to the history and culture of the people whose lives it will arrange’. The institutionalist account, which goes back to John Locke’s A Letter Concerning Toleration establishing the separation between state and church, holds that it is the right institutional design that grounds toleration. The article concludes that political strategies aiming to cultivate toleration must take into account the causes of intolerance.
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Belknap, Michael R., and David A. Richards. "Toleration and the Constitution." American Historical Review 93, no. 1 (February 1988): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1865821.

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HALSTEAD, MARK. "Liberalism, Multiculturalism and Toleration." Journal of Philosophy of Education 30, no. 2 (July 1996): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9752.1996.tb00400.x.

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Ross, Tamar. "Between Metaphysical and Liberal Pluralism: A Reappraisal of Rabbi A. I. Kook's Espousal of Toleration." AJS Review 21, no. 1 (April 1996): 61–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009400007625.

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Much has been said and written about the unique position regarding toleration that was adopted by Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook. Its uniqueness within Jewish tradition is not open to doubt. The question I would like to explore here is the extent to which his version of toleration is compatible with the toleration that has become part of the modern secular outlook. In order to accomplish this task, I begin by setting up a typology of two basic varieties of toleration, relating one to the skepticism of the relativist who espouses liberal pluralism, and the other to religious systems with absolutist claims for truth. In the second part of the article, a sketch of the history of toleration in Judaism, this typology is confirmed. The third part of the article is a review of R. Kook′s notion of toleration, which seems at first to conform to the type of toleration generally associated with liberalism, but, when translated into practical policy, displays some significant aberrations. The fourth part suggests that these aberrations are not evidence of inconsistencies or anomalies, but rather an indication of the fact that no attitude of toleration, even that of the most liberal pluralist, can completely evade the necessity for intolerance at some point; and that different views regarding the point where toleration should be limited reflect different epistemological positions, each of which is associated with a different societal ideal which serves as the criterion for limiting toleration.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Toleration History"

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Volpe, Stephen M. "Toleration and Reform: Virginia's Anglican Clergy, 1770-1776." W&M ScholarWorks, 2009. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626590.

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Stevens, Ralph. "Anglican responses to the Toleration Act, 1689-1714." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708765.

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Brown, Carys Lorna Mary. "Religious coexistence and sociability in England after the Toleration Act, c.1689-c.1750." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/288823.

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The eighteenth century in England has long been associated with increasing consumption, trade, luxury, and intellectual exchange. In contrast with the religiously-fueled tumult of the previous century, it is frequently portrayed as a polite, enlightened and even secularising age. This thesis questions this picture. Taking the ambiguous legacies of the so-called "Toleration Act" of 1689 as its starting point, it explores the impact of the complex and uncertain outcomes of the 1689 Act on social relations between Protestant Dissenters and members of the Established Church in England in the first half of the eighteenth century. In connecting broader legislative change with developing social discourses and the practicalities of everyday life, it demonstrates the extent to which the Toleration Act made religious questions integral to the social and cultural development of the period. As a result, it stresses not only that developing modes and norms of sociability were essential to determining the nature of religious coexistence, but also that the changing religious landscape was absolutely integral to the evolution of multiple different social registers in eighteenth-century England. It therefore demonstrates how previously disparate approaches to eighteenth-century England are mutually illuminating, creating an account of the period that is better able to attend to both religious and cultural change. With this in mind this thesis pays particular attention to the language through which contemporaries described their sociability, suggesting that they have great potential to illuminate the nature of religious coexistence in this period. Starting from the premise that the words an individual chooses are in some way both reflective and constitutive of their ways of thinking, several of the chapters that follow draw on and analyse the language contemporaries employed at the intersections between religion and sociability. The thesis as a whole suggests that doing so can give us insight into how their religious lives were socially organised, how groups were formed, bounded, and transgressed, and how that in itself fed back into the structures of sociability.
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Filous, Joseph. "The Challenge of Toleration: How a Minority Religion Adapted in the New Republic." John Carroll University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=jcu1243450682.

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Shaw, Gareth. "Tolerance and toleration : the experience of the Quakers in East Yorkshire c.1660-1699." Thesis, University of Hull, 2006. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:6698.

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This thesis examines the practice of tolerance and intolerance that surrounded the development of Quakerism in the East Riding of Yorkshire in the mid seventeenth century. It is important to offer a distinction between the terms tolerance and toleration, which are used in the title of the work. Tolerance refers to the informal and unofficial actions of the local community in their daily relationships with their Quaker neighbours. In practical terms, these could be as insignificant as simply talking to them, trading with them, or not physically attacking them because of their religious beliefs. Toleration refers to the formal, and official, ideas and practice of religious toleration that was sanctioned by the local authorities and central government. Of course, the two are not as easily separable as these definitions suggest. Tolerance and toleration co-existed alongside each other, each impacting upon the other to various degrees throughout the second half of the seventeenth century. The study is an examination of the tolerance and toleration of the Quaker community in the East Riding. It investigates the extent to which despite, or perhaps because of, increasing uncertainty about official attitudes to religious toleration, Quakerism was able to take root and develop in the region within what was, effectively, a climate of religious tolerance.
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Laborie, Lionel Patrice Fabien. "The French prophets : a cultural history of religious enthusiasm in post-toleration England (1689-1730)." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/10593/.

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The story of the French Prophets has gone down as one of the greatest examples of religious enthusiasm in English religious history. It began in 1706 with the arrival in London of three inspired Camisards from Southern France and ended with the foundation of the Shakers in 1747. These Prophets claimed to be possessed by the Holy Spirit and announced the end of the world and Christ’s Second Coming to the local Huguenot community, but rapidly attracted a majority of English speaking followers. Their ecstatic trances and alleged supernatural powers caused a great controversy over the nature of enthusiasm in the ‘Age of Reason’. This thesis examines the significance of enthusiasm in the context of the Toleration Act of 1689 through the particular case of the French Prophets. It argues that enthusiasm meant much more than religious fanaticism in the eighteenth century and that it should be viewed in opposition to the Enlightenment. It takes an thematic approach to enthusiasm in order to reflect the multiple impacts the Prophets had on eighteenth-century England, with each chapter addressing the issue from a different perspective. Chapter one retraces their origins from Languedoc and covers the persecution and exodus of the Huguenots after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 and their arrival in England. The second chapter looks at the Camisards’ belief system and how they fitted in the English religious landscape. Chapter three analyses the social composition and organisation of the group, while the fourth chapter concentrates on their communication and the battle of pamphlets they created. The prosecution of radical dissenters in the post-Toleration era is then discussed in chapter five. Lastly, chapter six examines the medical debate on insanity and the growing perception of enthusiasm as an illness.
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Noriega, Christina R. "Rawlsian Foundations for Justification and Toleration of Civil Disobedience." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/232.

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Though ultimately seeking more just law, civil disobedience still entails the breaching of a law. For this reason, most theories hold that people who practice civil disobedience must be willing to accept the legal consequences of their actions. On the other hand, a nation that is truly committed to justice will recognize that its constitution and legal order may in some ways fall short of perfect justice. In this thesis, I defend Rawls’s theory of civil disobedience as unique in its capacity for justification and even government toleration. Appealing to a shared conception of justice, Rawlsian civil disobedients are able to ground their actions in the same principles to which the state is committed. I argue that Rawls’s shared conception of justice is further substantiated when read in the light of his later theory of the overlapping consensus of comprehensive doctrines. I ultimately conclude that civil disobedience construed in the Rawlsian sense ought to receive some degree of toleration by the state, and particularly by constitutional states which maintain a formal commitment to justice in the protection of rights and intentional design of government institutions.
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Åklundh, Jens. "The church courts in Restoration England, 1660-c. 1689." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/289125.

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After a two-decade hiatus, the English church courts were revived by an act of Parliament on 27 July 1661, to resume their traditional task of correcting spiritual and moral misdemeanours. Soon thereafter, parishioners across England's dioceses once more faced admonition, fines, excommunication, and even imprisonment if they failed to conform to the laws of the restored Church of England. Whether they were successful or not in maintaining orthodoxy has been the principal question guiding historians interested in these tribunals, and most have concluded that, at least compared to their antebellum predecessors, the restored church courts constituted little more than a paper tiger, whose censures did little to halt the spread of dissent, partial conformity and immoral behaviour. This thesis will, in part, question such conclusions. Its main purpose, however, is to make a methodological intervention in the study of ecclesiastical court records. Rejecting Geoffrey Elton's assertion that these records represent 'the most strikingly repulsive relics of the past', it argues that a closer, more creative study of the bureaucratic processes maintaining the church courts can considerably enhance not only our understanding of these rather enigmatic tribunals but also of the individuals and communities who interacted with them. Studying those in charge of the courts, the first half of this thesis will explore the considerable friction between the Church's ministry and the salaried bureaucrats and lawyers permanently staffing the courts. This, it argues, has important ramifications for our understanding of early modern office-holding, but it also sheds new light on the theological disposition of the Restoration Church. Using the same sources, coupled with substantial consultation of contemporary polemic, letters and diaries, the fourth and fifth chapters will argue that the sanctions of the restored church courts were often far from the 'empty threat' historians have tended to assume. Excommunication in particular could be profoundly distressing even for such radical dissenters as the Quakers, and this should cause us to reconsider how individuals and communities from various hues of the denominational spectrum related to the established Church.
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Wolwacz, Andrea Ferrás. "History as fiction in Reading in the Dark, by Seamus Deane." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17656.

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Esta dissertação de mestrado propõe-se a apresentar um estudo sobre a obra ficcional de Seamus Deane Reading in the Dark à luz das recentes idéias sobre a redefinição do conceito de identidade norte-irlandesa. No pano de fundo deste romance autobiográfico, identificamos a presença de episódios históricos envolvendo o choque entre unionistas pró-britânicos e Nacionalistas irlandeses, que levou ao conflito conhecido como "The Troubles". Esses episódios, e suas conseqüências, são apresentados através da perspectiva de um protagonista autodiegético, que relata três décadas, de 1940 a 1960. Enquanto o personagem cresce, sua percepção obviamente vai-se alterando. O efeito final da minha leitura do romance - que foi escrito na década de 1990 - é a abertura de uma nova perspectiva, relacionada com a necessidade de redefinir questões da nacionalidade irlandesa. Reading in the Dark é um romance sobre contradições entre duas culturas que não conseguem - mas necessitam - co-existir, vistas através da perspectiva de um adolescente inteligente e bem intencionado. Este texto literário oferece uma formulação sobre os novos avanços a em relação às questões de identidade e tolerância, as quais podem ser abordadas de três formas: o conflito pode ser analisado internamente, através da oposição entre as comunidades Católicas e Protestantes, ou externamente, considerando os interesses da ilha da Irlanda, em oposição aos oitocentos anos de dominação inglesa. A terceira solução propõe uma redefinição de todos os conceitos implicados. Como conseqüência dessa crise, o romance denuncia e redefine os sistemas políticos usados como instrumentos de dominação e de manutenção e validação do choque entre as duas ideologias existentes que levaram ao sectarismo no território da Irlanda do Norte. A discussão levada a cabo nesta dissertação está baseada nos presentes debates sobre estudos culturais, especialmente como propostos por Terry Eagleton e por outros membros do "Field Day Theatre Company", que analisam as questões relativas à identidade. Esses intelectuais escolheram reavaliar as narrativas dominantes sobre a Irlanda, incluindo a formação dos mitos que motivou o acirramento dessa hostilidade contra a parte oposta. Esta dissertação está estruturada em três capítulos principais. Dois deles contextualizam o plano de fundo da narrativa e da agenda política crítica do "Field Day Theatre Company". O capítulo de análise é centrado em treze cenas fortes selecionadas do romance, as quais são comentadas a partir de considerações tecidas nos limites dos capítulos anteriores. No final do trabalho, eu espero validar a importância do romance autobiográfico de Seamus Deane Reading in the Dark no processo de reexame dos discursos que levaram à falta de comunicação entre duas comunidades que vivem em um mesmo território.
This thesis consists of a study of Seamus Deane's Reading in the Dark in the light of recent ideas regarding the redefinition of the concept of Northern Irish identity. In the background of this auto-biographical novel we identify the presence of historical episodes involving the clash between British Unionists and Irish Nationalists, which led to the conflicts known as "The Troubles." These episodes, and their consequences, are presented through the filter of an autodiegetic protagonist/narrator, through a time-span of three decades, from the 1940s to the 1960s. As the character grows, perception is obviously altered. The final effect of my reading of this novel - which was written in the 1990's - is the opening a new perspective, related to the need of redefining issues of national identity. Reading in the Dark is a novel about the contradictions between two cultures which cannot - but must - co-exist, as seen through the eyes of one growing perceptive, well-meaning intelligent young man. This literary text offers a statement about a new advance towards the issues of identity and toleration, which can be approached in three ways: the conflict can be analyzed internally, through the opposition between the Catholic and the Protestant parts of the community; or externally, considering the interests of the island of Ireland, as opposed to eight-hundred years of English domination. The third solution proposes a redefinition of all concepts implied. As a consequence of this crisis, the novel simultaneously denounces and redefines the political systems used as instruments of domination, and the maintenance and validation of the clash between the two existing ideologies that led to sectarianism within the northern territory. The discussion held in this thesis is based on the present state of the debate regarding Cultural Studies, especially as proposed by Terry Eagleton and by other members of the Field Day Theatre Company, who analyze the questions concerning identity. These intellectuals choose to revaluate the dominant narratives about Ireland, including the formation and the use made of myths that have heightened the sense of hostility against the opposite part. This thesis is structured in three main chapters. Two of them contextualize the background of the narrative and present the critical-political agenda of the Field Day Theatre Company. The chapter of analysis centers on thirteen strong scenes selected from the novel, which are woven within the framing previous chapters. At the end of the work, I hope to validate my belief in the social function of literature, by stressing the importance of Seamus Deane's Reading in the Dark in this process of re-examination of old discourses that led to the failure of communication between the two communities living in the same territory.
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Barr, Kara Elizabeth. "“In Search of Truth Alone”: John Locke’s Exile in Holland." Walsh University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=walshhonors1240525958.

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Books on the topic "Toleration History"

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1945-, Vernon Richard, ed. Locke on toleration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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1960-, Williams Melissa S., and Waldron Jeremy, eds. Toleration and its limits. New York: New York University Press, 2008.

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Sher, Syed Osman. The culture of tolerance: A study of Indian history. Delhi: Originals, 2001.

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Toleration in conflict: Past and present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Justifying toleration: Conceptual and historical perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Remer, Gary. Humanism and the rhetoric of toleration. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996.

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Remer, Gary. Humanism and the rhetoric of toleration. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996.

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Żuk-Łapińska, Ludmiła. Problem tolerancji. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 1991.

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Fetscher, Iring. Toleranz: Von der Unentbehrlichkeit einer kleinen Tugend für die Demokratie : historische Rückblicke und aktuelle Probleme. Stuttgart: Radius, 1990.

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Moses Mendelssohn und die Toleranz zu seiner Zeit. Dessau: Moses-Mendelssohn-Gesellschaft, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Toleration History"

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Edwards, David. "The History of Blasphemy and the Rushdie Affair." In Liberalism, Multiculturalism and Toleration, 157–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22887-4_10.

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McGraw, Barbara A., and James T. Richardson. "Tolerance and Intolerance in the History of Religious Liberty Jurisprudence in the United States and the Implementation of RFRA and RLUIPA." In Secularization, Desecularization, and Toleration, 233–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54046-3_12.

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Vichniac, Judith Eisenberg. "8. Religious Toleration and Jewish Emancipation in France and in Germany." In Democracy, Revolution, and History, edited by Theda Skocpol, 167–88. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501718113-009.

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Rowley, Matthew. "Authority, Toleration and Miracles in the Writings of Roger Williams, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke." In Miracles, Political Authority and Violence in Medieval and Early Modern History, 190–212. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003168294-11.

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Selwood, Jacob. "Present at the Creation: Diaspora, Hybridity and the Place of Jews in the History of English Toleration." In Religious Tolerance in the Atlantic World, 193–213. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137028044_9.

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Simonutti, Luisa. "Limborch’s Historia Inquisitionis and the Pursuit of Toleration." In Judaeo-Christian Intellectual Culture in the Seventeenth Century, 237–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4633-3_14.

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Christin, Olivier. "Religious colloquies and toleration." In The Cambridge History of Christianity, 302–20. Cambridge University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521811620.018.

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Mayes, David. "Toleration Transformed, 1648–1817." In Christian History in Rural Germany, 278–307. BRILL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004526495_013.

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"CHAPTER V. RELIGIOUS TOLERATION." In A History of Freedom of Thought, 92–127. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463208998-005.

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"MODERNITY, STATE, AND TOLERATION IN INDIAN HISTORY: Exploring Accommodations and Partitions." In Boundaries of Toleration, 233–66. Columbia University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/step16566-008.

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Conference papers on the topic "Toleration History"

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Capes, David B. "TOLERANCE IN THE THEOLOGY AND THOUGHT OF A. J. CONYERS AND FETHULLAH GÜLEN (EXTENDED ABSTRACT)." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/fbvr3629.

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In his book The Long Truce (Spence Publishing, 2001) the late A. J. Conyers argues that tolerance, as practiced in western democracies, is not a public virtue; it is a political strat- egy employed to establish power and guarantee profits. Tolerance, of course, seemed to be a reasonable response to the religious wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, but tolerance based upon indifference to all values except political power and materialism relegated ultimate questions of meaning to private life. Conyers offers another model for tolerance based upon values and resources already resident in pre-Reformation Christianity. In this paper, we consider Conyer’s case against the modern, secular form of tolerance and its current practice. We examine his attempt to reclaim the practice of Christian tolerance based upon humility, hospitality and the “powerful fact” of the incarnation. Furthermore, we bring the late Conyers into dialog with Fethullah Gülen, a Muslim scholar, prolific writer and the source of inspiration for a transnational civil society movement. We explore how both Conyers and Gülen interpret their scriptures in order to fashion a theology and politi- cal ideology conducive to peaceful co-existence. Finally, because Gülen’s identity has been formed within the Sufi tradition, we reflect on the spiritual resources within Sufi spirituality that make dialog and toleration key values for him. Conyers locates various values, practices and convictions in the Christian message that pave the way for authentic toleration. These include humility, trust, reconciliation, the interrelat- edness of all things, the paradox of power--that is, that strength is found in weakness and greatness in service—hope, the inherent goodness of creation, and interfaith dialog. Conyers refers to this latter practice as developing “the listening heart” and “the open soul.” In his writings and oral addresses, Gülen prefers the term hoshgoru (literally, “good view”) to “tolerance.” Conceptually, the former term indicates actions of the heart and the mind that include empathy, inquisitiveness, reflection, consideration of the dialog partner’s context, and respect for their positions. The term “tolerance” does not capture the notion of hoshgoru. Elsewhere, Gülen finds even the concept of hoshgoru insufficient, and employs terms with more depth in interfaith relations, such as respect and an appreciation of the positions of your dialog partner. The resources Gülen references in the context of dialog and empathic acceptance include the Qur’an, the prophetic tradition, especially lives of the companions of the Prophet, the works of great Muslim scholars and Sufi masters, and finally, the history of Islamic civilization. Among his Qur’anic references, Gülen alludes to verses that tell the believers to represent hu- mility, peace and security, trustworthiness, compassion and forgiveness (The Qur’an, 25:63, 25:72, 28:55, 45:14, 17:84), to avoid armed conflicts and prefer peace (4:128), to maintain cordial relationships with the “people of the book,” and to avoid argumentation (29:46). But perhaps the most important references of Gülen with respect to interfaith relations are his readings of those verses that allow Muslims to fight others. Gülen positions these verses in historical context to point out one by one that their applicability is conditioned upon active hostility. In other words, in Gülen’s view, nowhere in the Qur’an does God allow fighting based on differences of faith. An important factor for Gülen’s embracing views of empathic acceptance and respect is his view of the inherent value of the human. Gülen’s message is essentially that every human person exists as a piece of art created by the Compassionate God, reflecting aspects of His compassion. He highlights love as the raison d’etre of the universe. “Love is the very reason of existence, and the most important bond among beings,” Gülen comments. A failure to approach fellow humans with love, therefore, implies a deficiency in our love of God and of those who are beloved to God. The lack of love for fellow human beings implies a lack of respect for this monumental work of art by God. Ultimately, to remain indifferent to the conditions and suffering of fellow human beings implies indifference to God himself. While advocating love of human beings as a pillar of human relations, Gülen maintains a balance. He distinguishes between the love of fellow human beings and our attitude toward some of their qualities or actions. Our love for a human being who inflicts suffering upon others does not mean that we remain silent toward his violent actions. On the contrary, our very love for that human being as a human being, as well as our love of those who suffer, necessitate that we participate actively in the elimination of suffering. In the end we argue that strong resonances are found in the notion of authentic toleration based on humility advocated by Conyers and the notion of hoshgoru in the writings of Gülen.
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