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Journal articles on the topic 'Toe-clipping'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Wever, Kimberley E., Florentine J. Geessink, Michelle A. E. Brouwer, Alice Tillema, and Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga. "A systematic review of discomfort due to toe or ear clipping in laboratory rodents." Laboratory Animals 51, no. 6 (April 21, 2017): 583–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677217705912.

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Toe clipping and ear clipping (also ear notching or ear punching) are frequently used methods for individual identification of laboratory rodents. These procedures potentially cause severe discomfort, which can reduce animal welfare and distort experimental results. However, no systematic summary of the evidence on this topic currently exists. We conducted a systematic review of the evidence for discomfort due to toe or ear clipping in rodents. The review methodology was pre-specified in a registered review protocol. The population, intervention, control, outcome (PICO) question was: In rodents, what is the effect of toe clipping or ear clipping, compared with no clipping or sham clipping, on welfare-related outcomes? Through a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and grey literature, we identified seven studies on the effect of ear clipping on animal welfare, and five such studies on toe clipping. Studies were included in the review if they contained original data from an in vivo experiment in rodents, assessing the effect of toe clipping or ear clipping on a welfare-related outcome. Case studies and studies applying unsuitable co-interventions were excluded. Study quality was appraised using an extended version of SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE)’s risk of bias tool for animal studies. Study characteristics and outcome measures were highly heterogeneous, and there was an unclear or high risk of bias in all studies. We therefore present a narrative synthesis of the evidence identified. None of the studies reported a sample size calculation. Out of over 60 different outcomes, we found evidence of discomfort due to ear clipping in the form of increased respiratory volume, vocalization and blood pressure. For toe clipping, increased vocalization and decreased motor activity in pups were found, as well as long-term effects in the form of reduced grip strength and swimming ability in adults. In conclusion, there is too little evidence to reliably assess discomfort due to toe or ear clipping, and the quality of the available evidence is uncertain. Adequately powered, high-quality studies reporting reliable, relevant outcome measures are needed to accurately assess the impact of these identification techniques. Until more reliable evidence is available, any effect of toe clipping or ear clipping on animal welfare and study results cannot be confirmed or excluded.

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2

Corrêa, Décio T. "Toe-clipping vital to amphibian research." Nature 493, no. 7432 (January 2013): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/493305e.

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3

Funk, W. Chris, Maureen A. Donnelly, and Karen R. Lips. "Alternative views of amphibian toe-clipping." Nature 433, no. 7023 (January 2005): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/433193c.

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4

McCarthy, Michael, and Kirsten Parris. "Identifying effects of toe clipping on anuran return rates: the importance of statistical power." Amphibia-Reptilia 22, no. 3 (2001): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853801317050070.

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AbstractToe clipping is a common method of marking anurans for population studies. We re-analysed data from four published studies investigating the relationship between return rate and number of toes clipped for three anuran species: Bufo fowleri, Crinia signifera and Hyla labialis. Although these studies claimed contradictory results, a re-analysis of the data with proper attention to statistical power demonstrated a statistically significant decline of 6-18% in the probability of return for each toe removed after the first, in three of the four studies examined. The probability that the fourth study would detect a statistically significant effect of toe clipping was low unless the size of the effect was overwhelming. These results provide consistent evidence that toe clipping decreases the return rate of marked anurans, and demonstrates the importance of considering statistical power during data analysis. Use of toe clipping for mark-recapture studies may produce estimates of population parameters that are biased by the same magnitude as the return rates, unless researchers control for the effect of this marking method.

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5

Pavone, Leo V., and Rudy Boonstra. "The effects of toe clipping on the survival of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-072.

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A total of 68 pairs of female and 72 pairs of male voles were used to examine the effect of toe clipping on the survival of Microtus pennsylvanicus. Toe clipping did not significantly influence female life-span (average difference in life-span was 0.1 weeks) (p > 0.05), but did lower male life-span (p = 0.07). On average, toe-clipped male voles lived 2.1 weeks less than the controls. We suggest that the difference, although not statistically significant, may be biologically important. Shortening of life-span may have been a result of increased movement by toe-clipped males, brought upon by vole–vole interactions, into unfamiliar, possibly suboptimal habitats where increased mortality may have occurred.

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6

Iwaki, S., A. Matsuo, and A. Kast. "Identification of newborn rats by tattooing." Laboratory Animals 23, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367789780746024.

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Pups were identified by toe clipping or tattooing the plantar surface of the paws on day 4 after delivery. Their growth, maturation, and reproductive capability were not affected by either identification method. In the toe clipping group, however, the duration until fall in the suspension test was significantly shortened, indicating that this identification method may not be suitable for some behavioural tests. The clipping also disturbs the skeletal investigation of toes and is not recommended from the view point of animal welfare. Palm tattooing, on the other hand, satisfies the fundamental requirements for long-term identification of rats.

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7

Borremans, Benny, Vincent Sluydts, Rhodes H. Makundi, and Herwig Leirs. "Evaluation of short-, mid- and long-term effects of toe clipping on a wild rodent." Wildlife Research 42, no. 2 (2015): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14109.

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Context Toe clipping is a widely used method for permanent marking of small mammals, but its effects are not well known, despite the ethical and scientific implications. Most studies do not find any clear effects, but there is some indication that toe clipping can affect survival in specific cases. Although effects on survival are arguably the most important, more subtle effects are also plausible, yet very few studies have included body condition and none has investigated effects on mobility. Aims We analysed the effects of toe clipping on free-living Mastomys natalensis, a common, morphologically and behaviourally intermediate small rodent. Methods Using a 17-year capture–mark–recapture dataset, we compared movement, body weight and survival between newly and previously clipped animals, and tested whether any of these parameters correlated with the number of clipped toes. Key results No evidence for a correlation between total number of clips and any of the variables was found. Newly clipped animals had a slightly smaller weight change and larger travel distance than did those that were already clipped, and we show that this is most likely due to stress caused by being captured, clipped and handled for the first time rather than to the actual clipping. Conclusions The combination of trapping, handling and marking has a detectable effect on multimammate mice; however, there is no evidence for a clear effect of toe clipping. Implications Our study suggests a re-evaluation of ethical guidelines on small-mammal experiments, so as to reach a rational, fact-based decision on which marking method to use.

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8

Hudson, Simon. "Natural Toe Loss in Southeastern Australian Skinks: Implications for Marking Lizards by Toe-Clipping." Journal of Herpetology 30, no. 1 (March 1996): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564722.

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9

Narayan, Edward J., Frank C. Molinia, Christina Kindermann, John F. Cockrem, and Jean-Marc Hero. "Urinary corticosterone responses to capture and toe-clipping in the cane toad (Rhinella marina) indicate that toe-clipping is a stressor for amphibians." General and Comparative Endocrinology 174, no. 2 (November 2011): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.09.004.

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10

Zamora-Camacho, Francisco Javier. "Toe-Clipping Does Not Affect Toad's Short-Term Locomotor Performance." Annales Zoologici Fennici 55, no. 4-6 (November 2018): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5735/086.055.0606.

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11

Paulissen, Mark A., and Harry A. Meyer. "The Effect of Toe-Clipping on the Gecko Hemidactylus turcicus." Journal of Herpetology 34, no. 2 (June 2000): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565425.

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12

Fisher, Kaitlin J., Kevin J. Guilfoyle, and Kent A. Hatch. "Stress Induced by Toe-Clipping in Cane Toads (Rhinella marina)." Copeia 2013, no. 3 (September 27, 2013): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/cp-12-149.

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13

Durrer, Heinz, and Nils Golay. "Inflammation due to toe-clipping in natterjack toads (Bufo calamita)." Amphibia-Reptilia 15, no. 1 (1994): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853894x00560.

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14

Grafe, T. Ulmar, Margaret M. Stewart, Kathrin P. Lampert, and Mark-Oliver Rödel. "Putting Toe Clipping into Perspective: A Viable Method for Marking Anurans." Journal of Herpetology 45, no. 1 (March 2011): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/10-016.1.

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15

Perry, Gad, Mark C. Wallace, Dan Perry, Howard Curzer, and Peter Muhlberger. "Toe Clipping of Amphibians and Reptiles: Science, Ethics, and the Law1." Journal of Herpetology 45, no. 4 (December 2011): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/11-037.1.

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16

van Gelder, Jan J., and Henk Strijbosch. "Marking amphibians: effects of toe clipping on Bufo bufo (Anura: Bufonidae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 17, no. 2 (1996): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853896x00207.

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17

MCCARTHY, MICHAEL A., and KIRSTEN M. PARRIS. "Clarifying the effect of toe clipping on frogs with Bayesian statistics." Journal of Applied Ecology 41, no. 4 (July 19, 2004): 780–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00919.x.

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18

NEWBERRY, RUTH C. "Influence of Increasing Photoperiod and Toe Clipping on Breast Buttons of Turkeys." Poultry Science 71, no. 9 (September 1992): 1471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0711471.

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19

Ginnan, Nichole A., J. Robin Lawrence, Megan E. T. Russell, Dennis L. Eggett, and Kent A. Hatch. "Toe Clipping Does Not Affect the Survival of Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens)." Copeia 2014, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ch-14-064.

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20

Wood, M. D., and N. A. Slade. "Comparison of Ear-Tagging and Toe-Clipping in Prairie Voles, Microtus ochrogaster." Journal of Mammalogy 71, no. 2 (May 21, 1990): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1382178.

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21

Braude, S., and D. Ciszek. "Survival of Naked Mole-Rats Marked by Implantable Transponders and Toe-Clipping." Journal of Mammalogy 79, no. 1 (February 20, 1998): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1382873.

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22

Waddle, J. Hardin, Kenneth G. Rice, Frank J. Mazzotti, and H. Franklin Percival. "Modeling the Effect of Toe Clipping on Treefrog Survival: Beyond the Return Rate." Journal of Herpetology 42, no. 3 (September 2008): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/07-265.1.

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23

Bloch, Natasha, and Duncan J. Irschick. "Toe-Clipping Dramatically Reduces Clinging Performance in a Pad-Bearing Lizard (Anolis carolinensis)." Journal of Herpetology 39, no. 2 (June 2005): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/97-04n.

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24

Lindner, Elke, and Olaf Fuelling. "Marking methods in small mammals: ear-tattoo as an alternative to toe-clipping." Journal of Zoology 256, no. 2 (February 28, 2006): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952836902000195.

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25

Schaefer, Dagmar C., Igor N. Asner, Burkhardt Seifert, Kurt BÜRki, and Paolo Cinelli. "Analysis of physiological and behavioural parameters in mice after toe clipping as newborns." Laboratory Animals 44, no. 1 (January 2010): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/la.2009.009020.

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26

Frezel, Noémie, Gilles Kratzer, Philipp Verzar, Jérôme Bürki, Fabienne A. Weber, and Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer. "Does toe clipping for genotyping interfere with later-in-life nociception in mice?" PAIN Reports 4, no. 3 (2019): e740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pr9.0000000000000740.

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27

Borges-Landáez, P. A., and R. Shine. "Influence of Toe-Clipping on Running Speed in Eulamprus quoyii, an Australian Scincid Lizard." Journal of Herpetology 37, no. 3 (September 2003): 592–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/26-02n.

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28

Bindhani, Uddalak Tathagato, and Abhijit Das. "Individual identification of Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) based on dorsal wart patterns." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 13 (November 26, 2018): 12755–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2823.10.13.12755-12768.

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The dorsal surface of Duttaphrynus melanostictus is covered with keratinized warts of various sizes and shapes. Using combinations and patterns of cranial and mid dorsal warts, we attempted to identify individual toads from a natural population as a non-invasive alternative to existing marking techniques based on toe clipping, pit tagging, and subcutaneous elastomer injections to facilitate population estimates. An accuracy of 100% identification was achieved via this method, making it a potent tool for population studies in this species that is faster, cheaper and less disruptive than standard marking techniques.

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29

Ott, Jeannine A., and David E. Scott. "Effects of Toe-Clipping and PIT-Tagging on Growth and Survival in Metamorphic Ambystoma opacum." Journal of Herpetology 33, no. 2 (June 1999): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565740.

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30

Hudson, Cameron M., Gregory P. Brown, and Richard Shine. "Effects of Toe-Clipping on Growth, Body Condition, and Locomotion of Cane Toads (Rhinella marina)." Copeia 105, no. 2 (July 2017): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ce-16-564.

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31

Lemckert, Francis. "Effects of toe-clipping on the survival and behaviour of the Australian frog Crinia signifera." Amphibia-Reptilia 17, no. 3 (1996): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853896x00450.

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32

Heard, Geoffrey W., Michael P. Scroggie, and Brian Malone. "Visible Implant Alphanumeric tags as an alternative to toe-clipping for marking amphibians - a case study." Wildlife Research 35, no. 8 (2008): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08060.

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The removal of toes in unique combinations (‘toe-clipping’) has historically been the most popular technique for individually marking amphibians. However, recent studies have questioned the utility and ethics of this technique, and provided impetus for research on the efficacy of alternative methods. In this study, the efficacy of Visible Implant Alphanumeric (VIA) tags for marking juvenile growling grass frogs (Litoria raniformis) was assessed with reference to the fundamental assumptions of the mark–recapture approach. Three questions were investigated: (1) What is the probability of tag loss? (2) What is the probability of tag misidentification, and does it vary between frogs or observers, or with observer experience? and (3) To what extent does tagging influence survival or growth? Laboratory and field trials demonstrated that the probability of tag loss for juvenile L. raniformis was ~0.07 (95% CI: 0.03–0.13) when tags where implanted on the dorsolateral region of the thorax, eight times lower than that estimated for tags implanted on the thigh (mean 0.59; 95% CI: 0.29–0.86). Tags were rarely misidentified by naïve observers (mean probability of tag misidentification <0.01), but tag read accuracy varied amongst observers. In the laboratory, tagging did not adversely influence survival or growth of L. raniformis during the 12-week study period. Given that modification of the techniques used here may eliminate tag loss, and that variation in tag read accuracy between observers may be easily avoided, it is concluded that VIA tags represent a promising alternative to toe-clipping for marking L. raniformis and other amphibians.

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33

Davis, Theodore M., and Kristiina Ovaska. "Individual Recognition of Amphibians: Effects of Toe Clipping and Fluorescent Tagging on the Salamander Plethodon vehiculum." Journal of Herpetology 35, no. 2 (June 2001): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1566111.

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34

Berger, Leszek. "The effect of toe-clipping on survival in metamorphs of western Palearctic water frogs (Anura, Ranidae)." Zoosystematics and Evolution 77, no. 1 (April 22, 2008): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.20010770114.

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35

Berger, Leszek. "The effect of toe-clipping on survival in metamorphs of western Palearctic water frogs (Anura, Ranidae)." Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Zoologische Reihe 77, no. 1 (2001): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.4850770114.

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36

Korn, H. "Effects of live-trapping and toe-clipping on body weight of European and African rodent species." Oecologia 71, no. 4 (March 1987): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00379304.

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37

Jung, Thomas S., Rudy Boonstra, and Charles J. Krebs. "Mark my words: experts’ choice of marking methods used in capture-mark-recapture studies of small mammals." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 1 (December 5, 2019): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz188.

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Abstract Crucial to the success of studies based on capture-mark-recapture (CMR) designs is the retention (permanency) and recognition (readability) of marks to identify individuals. Several marking methods for small mammals (< 60 g) are available, but their efficacy and use is not well known. We implemented a targeted survey of experts to gather their experiences and opinions regarding marking small mammals. Respondents (n = 114) stated their beliefs, perceptions, and current and future use, of marking methods, as well as factors influencing their choices, based on Likert and rank order scale questions. We compared responses based on where researchers’ studies occurred, their level of experience, and their subfield of mammalogy. Most respondents (73%) had > 5 years experience marking small mammals, with 60% each marking > 1,000 individuals. Respondents believed that ear-tagging was most preferable in terms of efficiency, impact to affected animals (survival, pain), and personal ethics, whereas passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tagging was the most preferable with regard to retention and recognition, and toe-clipping with respect to cost. Most respondents plan to use ear-tagging (78%) or PIT-tagging (70%) in the future. PIT- and genetic-tagging are expected to increase, and toe-clipping to decline, in the future. The factors influencing which marking method respondents used were ranked—in order of decreasing preference—as impact, retention, recognition, cost, efficiency, and ethics. There were few differences in the mean response or consensus among respondents, regardless of their experience, location, or subfield. Most respondents (66%) agreed that additional studies on the performance and impact of various marking methods are needed to assess their costs and benefits for CMR-based studies. Ultimately, choice of marking method will depend on the species, research question, available resources, and local legislation and permitting. Our study, however, illustrates that collective insights by experienced mammalogists may aid individual researchers in deciding on study designs and protocols, particularly early career scientists.

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38

McCarthy, Michael A., Wayne F. Weller, and Kirsten M. Parris. "Effects of Toe Clipping on Survival, Recapture, and Return Rates of Jefferson Salamanders (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) in Ontario, Canada." Journal of Herpetology 43, no. 3 (September 2009): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/08-096r2.1.

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39

FISHER, D. O., and S. P. BLOMBERG. "Toe-bud clipping of juvenile small marsupials for ecological field research: No detectable negative effects on growth or survival." Austral Ecology 34, no. 8 (December 2009): 858–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01991.x.

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40

Tuttle, Nathania C., Karen H. Beard, and Robert Al-Chokhachy. "Aerially applied citric acid reduces the density of an invasive frog in Hawaii, USA." Wildlife Research 35, no. 7 (2008): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07135.

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The Puerto Rican frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is an invasive pest in Hawaii. Citric acid is approved for controlling these frogs, but has been limited to terrain accessible by foot or vehicle. We determined the effectiveness of helicopter applications of 16% citric acid and repeated 11% citric acid treatments for eradicating and/or reducing densities of E. coqui by monitoring populations before and after treatment using mark–recapture. We also evaluated the effects of the marking technique, toe-clipping, and weather changes on population parameter estimates. We found that a 16% citric acid treatment appears to have reduced adult E. coqui density 3-fold in a plot, T1, completely covered with citric acid, but did not reduce adult density in a plot, T2, where 6% of the plot was unintentionally not treated. Preadults were reduced 3- to 5-fold in treated plots. The apparent reduction in adults in T1 lasted at least 5 months. Repeated treatments of 11% citric acid were studied in T2 and likely reduced adults 440-fold while preadults were reduced 9-fold. E. coqui that had fewer toe-clips had greater recapture probability and survival estimates, while weather had no effect on parameter estimates. In summary, we found that 16% and 11% citric acid treatments can reduce E. coqui density, treatment effects can last 5 months for adults, and repeated treatments appear more effective for reducing density than single applications.

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41

Caorsi, Valentina Zaffaroni, Raquel Rocha Santos, and Taran Grant. "Clip or Snap? An Evaluation of Toe-Clipping and Photo-Identification Methods for Identifying Individual Southern Red-Bellied Toads,Melanophryniscus cambaraensis." South American Journal of Herpetology 7, no. 2 (August 2012): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2994/057.007.0210.

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42

Paquet, Matthieu, Jean-François Le Galliard, Samuel Perret, and Zorica Pantelic. "Effects of miniature transponders on physiological stress, locomotor activity, growth and survival in small lizards." Amphibia-Reptilia 32, no. 2 (2011): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/017353710x552371.

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AbstractThe marking of small animals for long-term ecological studies requires unambiguous and permanent techniques that cause minimal harm. Toe-clipping is frequently used to identify small lizards in the field, but it has been suggested that passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) should be preferred. Here, we evaluate the costs and benefits of new miniature PIT tags to mark the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara). Our protocol enables permanent marking of lizards as small as 1.3 grams with maximal implantation success in the abdominal cavity. Tag injection caused no observable increase in plasma corticosterone levels over five days and no negative effects on long-term growth and survival. However, tag injection had negative effects on locomotor activity during at least 7 days, possibly implying pain. Continuous research to improve tag implantation is needed because negative effects may be caused by anaesthesia and injection rather the tag retention itself. This study demonstrates the utility of combining physiological, behavioural and life history measurements to assess marking stress and pain in animals.

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43

Borah, Nilakshi, Ajanta Sharma, and Debeeka Hazarika. "Clinico-mycological profile of onychomycosis in Assam, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20183246.

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Background: Onychomycosis (OM) is a common nail disorder caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte moulds and yeasts. The increased prevalence of OM along with the wide range of associated fungi necessitates the accurate laboratory isolation and identification of the causative fungus for optimal management strategies. The aim of the study was to evaluate clinical, epidemiological and mycological characteristics of OM in a tertiary care hospital in Assam.Methods: It was a prospective hospital-based study. Hundred consecutive patients clinically diagnosed as OM were subjected to detailed history, clinical examination and investigations. Nail clipping and subungual debris of OM patients were subjected to KOH preparation and culture. Isolates were identified by colony characters, pigment production, microscopic morphology and biochemical tests.Results: The maximum number of OM cases belonged to the age group 21-30 years with a male preponderance (M:F=1.7:1). The commonest clinical type of OM was distal lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO) (51%). Toe nails OM was the most common presentation (54%). Trauma (35%) was the most common predisposing factor. Farmers (agro industry labourers) (23%) were found to be the most commonly affected group. Non-dermatophyte moulds (NDM) accounted for 38(47.5%) of OM cases followed by yeast 27(33.8%) and dermatophytes 15(18.8%).Conclusions: Early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent distortion of the nails which can prevent loss of working efficiency of the commonly affected population of this region.

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44

Shanbhag, Bhagyashri, Srinivas Saidapur, and Rajkumar Radder. "Big boys on top: effects of body size, sex and reproductive state on perching behaviour in the tropical rock dragon, Psammophilus dorsalis." Animal Biology 56, no. 3 (2006): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075606778441903.

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AbstractPerching behaviour, in relation to sex, body size and reproductive phases, was studied in the field in a population of the tropical rock lizard, Psammophilus dorsalis. Adult lizards (n = 14 males and 16 females) were marked by toe clipping in November 2001. They were observed at intervals (n = 10 times) over the next 18 months encompassing post-breeding (December-early March), recrudescence (late March-April) and breeding (May-August) phases. In the post-breeding phase, males perched at lower heights. They began perching higher during the recrudescence phase with the highest perches in the breeding phase. In comparison to females, the males perched higher than females all year round and showed greater among-individual variations in perch height. The bigger males perched at greater heights compared to smaller ones during recrudescence and breeding phases. No such trend was evident during the post-breeding phase and perch height was not related to body size. Females moved within a narrow range of heights from the substrata and showed no size-specific relationship in perch selection throughout the reproductive cycle. Selection of higher perches by the males, despite high predation risk, possibly helps in territory defence, courtship displays and in advertising their presence to conspecifics. Further, size-specific perch selection prior to and during the breeding period, suggests that size vis-à-vis age and reproductive cycle also influences selection of perch height in males. In females perching close to the substrata, refuge sites and food sources, seems to be associated with escape from predators, foraging benefits and, in turn, reproductive fitness. Thus, in the seasonally breeding P. dorsalis, sex and reproductive status determine the complex pattern of perching behaviour and, possibly, circulating levels of androgens drive the bigger boys on top in accordance with their size or age.

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Pellitteri-Rosa, Daniele, Veronica Maiocchi, Stefano Scali, Luca Racina, Luca Cavigioli, Roberto Sacchi, Mauro Fasola, et al. "Photographic identification in reptiles: a matter of scales." Amphibia-Reptilia 31, no. 4 (2010): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/017353710x521546.

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AbstractPhotographic identification is a promising marking technique alternative to the toe-clipping, since it is completely harmless, cheap, and it allows long time identification of individuals. Its application to ecological studies is mainly limited by the time consuming to compare pictures within large datasets and the huge variation of ornamentation patterns among different species, which prevent the possibility that a single algorithm can effectively work for more than few species. Scales of Reptiles offer an effective alternative to ornamentations for computer aided identification procedures, since both shape and size of scales are unique to each individual, thus acting as a fingerprint like ornamentation patterns do. We used the Interactive Individual Identification System (I3S) software to assess whether different individuals of two species of European lizards (Podarcis muralis and Lacerta bilineata) can be reliably photographically identified using the pattern of the intersections among pectoral scales as fingerprints. We found that I3S was able to identify different individuals among two samples of 21 individuals for each species independently from the error associated to the ability of the operators in collecting pictures and in digitizing the pattern of intersections among pectoral scales. In a database of 1043 images of P. muralis collected between 2007 and 2008, the software recognized 98% of recaptures within each year, and 99% of the recaptures between years. In addition, 99% and 96% of matches were ranked among the top five, and no more than 5 minutes were needed for digitizing and processing each image. The lepidosis of reptiles is a reliable alternative to ornamentation patterns in photographic identification of reptiles, which can be effectively analysed using the I3S software. This result represents a significant improvement in photographic identification of reptiles since (i) this procedure can be easily extended to most other species of reptiles, (ii) all kind of individuals within a species can be marked (i.e., young, subadults and adults) despite the differences in ornamentation patterns, and (iii) it is the only technique for species, like the western green lizard, which lack a clear ornamentation pattern.

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Caruccio, Rodrigo, Renata Cardoso Vieira, Laura Verrastro, and Denise Mello Machado. "Thermal biology, activity, and population parameters of Cnemidophorus vacariensis (Squamata, Teiidae), a lizard endemic to southern Brazil." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 101, no. 4 (December 2011): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212011000300002.

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We investigated the following aspects of the biology of a population of Cnemidophorus vacariensis Feltrim & Lema, 2000 during the four seasons: thermal biology, relationship with the thermal environment, daily and seasonal activity, population structure and growth rate. Cnemidophorus vacariensis is restricted to rocky outcrops of the "campos de cima da serra" grasslands on the Araucaria Plateau, southern Brazil, and is currently listed as regionally and nationally threatened with extinction. Data were collected from October 2004 through September 2007 in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Sampling was conducted randomly from 08:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. The capture-mark-recapture method was employed. The lizards were captured by hand, and their cloacal temperature, sex, snout-ventral length (SVL), mass, and the temperature of their microhabitat (substrate temperature and air temperature) were recorded. Individuals were then marked by toe-clipping and released at the site of capture. Body temperatures were obtained for 175 individuals, activity data for 96 individuals, and data on population structure and growth for 59 individuals. All data were obtained monthly, at different times of the day. Cnemidophorus vacariensis average body temperature was 23.84ºC, ranging between 9.6 and 38.2ºC. Temperatures ranged between 21 and 29ºC. The correlation between external heat sources, substrate and air were positive and significant and there was a greater correlation between lizard's temperature and the temperature of the substrate (tigmothermic species). The relatively low body temperatures of individuals are associated with the climate of their environment (altitude up to 1,400 m), with large variations in temperature throughout the day and the year, and low temperatures in winter. The average body temperature observed for C. vacariensis was low when compared with that of phylogenetically related species, suggesting that the thermal biology of this species reflects adaptations to the temperate region where it lives. The monthly rates of activity of lizards were related to monthly variations in the ambient temperatures. Our data suggest that the daily and seasonal activity of C. vacariensis result from the interaction between two factors: changes in the environment temperature and the relationship between individuals and their thermal environment. The population structure of C. vacariensis varied throughout the study period, with maximum biomass in January and maximum density in February (recruitment period). The sex ratio diverged from the expected 1:1. The growth analysis showed a negative relationship between the growth rate of individuals and the SVL, revealing that young individuals grow faster than adults, a typical pattern for short-lived species. The population studied showed a seasonal and cyclical variation associated with the reproductive cycle. The life strategy of C. vacariensis seems to include adaptations to the seasonal variations in temperature, typical of its environment.

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"Position Statement: Toe-Clipping in Amphibian." Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 2 (January 2009): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651.19.2.38.

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Elbendary, Amira, Amira El Tawdy, Naglaa Zaki, Mostafa Alfishawy, and Amr Rateb. "Subclinical onychomycosis in patients with type II diabetes." Dermatology Reports 7, no. 3 (December 17, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/dr.2015.6099.

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Fungal organisms could be present in the nail without any clinical manifestations. As onychomycosis in diabetics has more serious complications, early detection of such infection could be helpful to prevent them. We aim in this study to assess the possibility of detecting subclinical onychomycosis in type II diabetic patients and addressing possible associated neuropathy. A cross sectional, observational study included patients with type II diabetes with normal big toe nail. All were subjected to nail clipping of the big toe nail, followed by staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin and Periodic-Acid-Schiff (PAS) stains and examined microscopically. A total of 106 patients were included, fungal infection was identified in eight specimens, all were uncontrolled diabetes, and six had neuropathy. Using the nail clipping and microscopic examination with PAS stain to detect such subclinical infection could be an applicable screening test for diabetic patients, for early detection and management of onychomycosis.

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McNeil, John S., Amanda M. Kleiman, Edward C. Nemergut, and Julie L. Huffmyer. "Thromboatheromatous coarctation of the aorta diagnosed with intraoperative TOE during emergent open aneurysm clipping." BMJ Case Reports, May 26, 2018, bcr—2017–224081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2017-224081.

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Chang, Min Ho, Jae Young Song, and Kyo Soung Koo. "Effect of coastal dune restoration on the population of endangered Mongolian racerunner (Eremias argus) in the Republic of Korea." Journal of Coastal Conservation 25, no. 2 (March 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11852-021-00820-9.

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AbstractThe endangered species Mongolian racerunner (Eremias Argus), with a limited distribution in South Korea, is found only in sand dunes near waterside and forests. Therefore, species trends in this particular habitat are directly affected by habitat contamination and destruction. In this study, we examined the effects of coastal sand dune restoration on the distribution and population of E. argus. We conducted a field survey in Baramarye special protection zone, called Baramarye Coast, a part of the Taeanhaean National Park, during April and June 2016. We searched and recorded the location of E. argus and tagged them using the toe clipping method. The size of the E. argus population was estimated using the Peterson method. After the restoration of coastal sand dunes in Baramarye Coast, the population size of E. argus increased by 126–137 (21.1–55.7%) compared with that in 2008. The home range of E. argus in coastal sand dunes was significantly expanded by 4.8-fold for 95% Kernel density (KD) and 3.6-fold for 50% KD compared with that in 2008. Moreover, we confirmed that the distribution of E. argus was expanded to the restored area. Our study showed that in situ conservation is effective for endangered E. argus, distributed in particular environments such as coastal region. This study provides one more reason why coastal region must be conserved.

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