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Journal articles on the topic 'Toddlers Mental health'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Zhang, Siqi, Ruirui Dang, Ning Yang, Yu Bai, Lei Wang, Cody Abbey, and Scott Rozelle. "Effect of Caregiver’s Mental Health on Early Childhood Development across Different Rural Communities in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 2341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112341.

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Previous research has found that there are high rates of developmental delays among infants and toddlers in rural areas of China. Caregiver mental health problems might be one significant predictor of developmental delays among infants and toddlers, as has been found in other areas of the world. One way that the mental health of caregivers could affect early childhood development is through its effect on parenting practices. In this study, we used data from four major subpopulations of rural China to measure the correlation of caregiver mental health problems with the developmental outcomes of infants and toddlers. To do so, the study used the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID III) to examine the rates of developmental delays among 2514 rural infants/toddlers aged 6–30 months old. The results of the testing demonstrate that 48% of the sample’s infants/toddlers have cognitive delays; 52% have language delays; 53% have social-emotional delays; and 30% have motor delays. The data collection team also assessed caregiver mental health by using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) questionnaire. According to the findings, 39% of caregivers in the sample have symptoms of at least one kind of mental health problem (depression, anxiety, or stress). We also found that most caregivers do not engage in positive parenting practices, while a significant share of caregivers engage in negative parenting practices. The statistical analysis found that showing signs of mental health problems is significantly and negatively associated with infant/toddler developmental outcomes. The study also found that caregivers who show signs of mental health problems are significantly less likely to engage in interactive parenting practices. The study confirms that society needs to pay more attention to caregiver mental health problems in order to improve infant/toddler developmental outcomes in rural China and increase human capital accumulation in China as a whole.
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Rizky Syahputri, Silvia, and Tyasning Yuni Astuti Anggraini. "GAMBARAN PERKEMBANGAN BALITA STUNTING DI DESA WUNUNG WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS WONOSARI I GUNUNG KIDUL YOGYAKARTA." MEDIA ILMU KESEHATAN 6, no. 3 (November 16, 2019): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30989/mik.v6i3.211.

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Background: Indonesia still experiences various health and nutrient problem. On susceptible group of mother and child, the high rate of short toddler prevalence which is 37.2% becomes one of national development priorities. It is included in the main objective of intermediate development year 2015-2019. They village of Wunung highest stunting prevalency in Yogyakarta. Amount of research show binding between stunting with motorist development and toddler's mental. Objective: To find out the development picture on stunting toddler In Wunung Village In The Work Region Of Wonosari I Primary Health Center Gunungkidul Yogyakarta. Research method: This research is in the form of descriptive-quantitative research. This research used non random sampling, purposive, method with 45 samples. Result: The result of the research is not in accordance with the theory which suggests that the stunting affects the toddler development. It is because development has many factors. One of them is psycho-social factor which includes stimulant, learning motivation and peer group. In Addition 60% of average 36 months toddler have been sent to pre school in which they get stimulant, learning motivation and peer group. Conclusion: The result of the research shows that most stunting toddlers; 32 toddlers (71.1%); have normal development. 12 toddlers (26.75%) have dubious development while 1 toddler (2.2%) has deviate development. Keyword: Stunting toddler, development.
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3

Niccols, Alison, Charles Cunningham, Peter Pettingill, Donna Bohaychuk, and Eric Duku. "Toddler mental health: The Brief Child and Family Intake and Outcomes System." International Journal of Behavioral Development 44, no. 6 (October 16, 2019): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025419880618.

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Despite the availability of effective early interventions, few toddlers with emotional and behavioral issues receive these services. This situation exists partly due to challenges in the identification of mental health issues in young children. We developed the Brief Child and Family Intake and Outcomes System for toddlers, which is a 36-item standardized online parent questionnaire including two externalizing scales (Cooperating; Regulating Attention, Impulsivity, and Activity), two internalizing scales (Expressing Emotion; Responding to Change), and two regulatory scales (Eating; Sleeping). We conducted a normative study of 500 Canadian children 18–36 months old, stratified by sex, age, geographic region, and parents’ marital status, income, and education. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated good model fit, and the relationship between items and scales did not vary significantly between boys and girls or between younger and older toddlers. Reliability estimates indicated high internal consistency. Providing preliminary evidence of validity, scale scores had positive relations with measures of family distress, caregiver mood, and demographic risk variables. Analyses of latent variables revealed good evidence of discriminant validity of the scales. We extend earlier work by including scales particularly relevant to toddler emotional and behavioral regulation while at the same time minimizing respondent burden and providing norms for Canadian toddlers. The questionnaire could be used in children’s mental health settings, primary care, child welfare, and daycare facilities, for intake, triage, and describing toddlers.
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4

Lieberman, Alicia F. "Infant-parent psychotherapy with toddlers." Development and Psychopathology 4, no. 4 (October 1992): 559–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400004879.

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AbstractInfant-parent psychotherapy in the second year of life presents specific challenges related to the child's developmental characteristics. The concept of projective identification is discussed as a mechanism for understanding the toddler's specific contribution to attachment disorders with the parent. A versatile clinical format is recommended including joint parent-child sessions, individual work with the toddler and the parents, and the use of therapeutic modes of communication specifically geared to the toddler's needs (“toddlerese”). Clinical examples and research applications are given to illustrate these points.
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Katini and Yenny Puspitasari. "Analysis of Instrinsic Factors Affecting Stunting Events of Tools Aged 24-59 Months in the Region of Pulung Village, Ponorogo Regency." Journal for Quality in Public Health 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30994/jqph.v5i2.365.

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Background: The research results of the 2019 Indonesian toddler nutritional status study (SSGBI) noted that the number of stunting toddlers in Indonesia currently reaches 27.67 percent. Toddlers who experience stunting increase the risk of declining intellectual abilities, inhibiting motor skills, productivity, and increasing the risk of degenerative diseases in the future. Objective: To analyze the intrinsic factors of stunting in toddlers aged 24-59 months in the Pulung Village area, Ponorogo. Methods: Quantitative research using a cross sectional approach. Samples were collected by means of purposive sampling technique, as many as 162 mothers of toddlers aged 24-59 months in the pulung area. Results: The most influential intrinsic factor on the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 24-59 months. Based on the beta value and p value, it was found that the KEK history variable had a value < i.e. 0.000 and a beta value of -.280, then the most dominant variable was the history of SEZ. Conclusion: The most influential factor is the mother's history of KEK. In this case, it is necessary to hold socialization about the importance of maternal nutrition in an effort to prevent the occurrence of SEZ pregnant women to the catin class.
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Mimouni-Bloch, A., A. Oren, and E. Dromi. "Maternal mediation strategies during interaction with toddlers- a comparison of dyads with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and dyads with typical development (TD)." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1687.

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IntroductionDuring interactions with toddlers, mothers use various mediation strategies to encourage mutual play. Such mediation skills play an important role in the development of toddlers’ communicative skills. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) introduces challenges to this interaction.ObjectivesTo study the use of maternal strategies during interaction with ASD and TD toddlers at early lexical levels.MethodsNine ASD and fifteen TD dyads participated. Toddlers were matched by lexical levels. The mean age in the ASD was 31.5 months and in TD - 17 months. Each dyad was video-recorded three times, during naturalistic interaction. Mothers’ verbal mediation strategies were divided into five main communicative categories.Results1. Exact repetition of toddler’s utterances was similarly used and increased in both groups across the three visits (f (2,44)=3.77, p< 0.05). 2. Significant differences were found between the two groups regarding strategies associated with control of the interaction eg mothers of toddlers with ASD (MASD) made more frequent attempts to redirect their child’s attention (F (1,22)= 74.56, p<0.01). 3. MASD had higher indices of overall talkativeness (F (1,22)= 5.43, p<0.05); use of nonverbal means (F(1,22)= 9,51, p<0.01); simultaneous use of different means of communication (F (1,22)=19.8, p<0.01).ConclusionsOur results highlight that in some respects, maternal mediation strategies reflect the child’s lexical level. However, our main finding is a distinct interaction style expressed in MASD’s elevated use of verbal and nonverbal mediation strategies. This, in hope of maintaining continuous interaction that could not be otherwise achieved due to their toddlers’ difficultiesDisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Jennings, Kay D., Oommen Mammen, Rita Scholle, and Sally Popper. "Diagnosing mental health disorders in toddlers: Relations to observed toddler behaviors and mothers' diagnoses." Infant Behavior and Development 19 (April 1996): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90580-9.

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8

Pinto, Tiago Miguel, and Bárbara Figueiredo. "Couple’s Relationship and Depressive Symptoms during the Transition to Parenthood and Toddler’s Emotional and Behavioral Problems." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 3610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063610.

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The couple’s relationship and mother and father’s depressive symptoms during the transition to parenthood were associated with the toddler’s emotional and behavioral problems. This study aimed to analyze how the couple’s positive and negative interactions and mother and father’s depressive symptoms during the transition to parenthood impact toddlers’ emotional and behavioral problems. A sample of 95 mothers and fathers (N = 190) were recruited and individually completed questionnaires to assess couples’ positive and negative interactions and depressive symptoms during the first trimester of pregnancy and at 3 and 30 months postpartum, and they completed the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 at 30 months postpartum. The path analyses revealed that the couple’s postnatal negative interaction partially mediates the impact of the mother’s prenatal depressive symptoms on the toddler’s internalizing problems at 30 months postpartum. The father’s postnatal depressive symptoms and the couple’s concurrent positive interaction mediated the impact of the couple’s prenatal positive interaction on the toddler’s externalizing problems at 30 months postpartum. The screening of the couple’s negative interaction and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and the postnatal period can help to identify mothers, fathers, and toddlers at risk for mental health problems.
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De Froy, Adrienne M., Megan E. Sims, Benjamin M. Sloan, Sebastian A. Gajardo, and Pamela Rosenthal Rollins. "Differential responses to child communicative behavior of parents of toddlers with ASD." Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 6 (January 2021): 239694152098489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396941520984892.

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Background and aims The quality of parent verbal input—diverse vocabulary that is well-matched to the child’s developmental level within interactions that are responsive to their interests—has been found to positively impact child language skills. For typically developing (TD) children, there is evidence that more advanced linguistic and social development differentially elicits higher quality parent input, suggesting a bidirectional relationship between parent and child. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if toddlers with ASD also differentially elicit parental verbal input by (1) analyzing the quality of parent input to the communicative behavior of their toddlers with ASD, (2) examining if parents respond differentially to more advanced toddler communicative behavior, as measured by the coordination of multiple communicative behaviors, and (3) exploring the relationship between parental responsiveness to child communicative behaviors and change in child communication and social skills. Methods Participants were 77 toddlers with ASD age 18-39 months and a parent who participated in a larger RCT. Ten-minute parent–toddler interactions were recorded prior to a 12-week intervention. Parent response to child communicative behaviors was coded following each child communicative behavior as no acknowledgment, responsive, directive, or nonverbal acknowledgment. Parent number of different words and difference between parent and child MLU in words were calculated separately for responsive and directive parent utterances. Child growth in language and social skills was measured using the Vineland II Communication and Socialization domain scores, respectively. Results (1) Parents were largely responsive to their toddler’s communication. When being responsive (as opposed to directive), parents used a greater number of different words within utterances that were well-matched to child language; (2) when toddlers coordinated communicative behaviors (versus producing an isolated communicative behavior), parents were more likely to respond and their replies were more likely to be responsive; and (3) parent responsiveness to child coordinated communication was significantly correlated with change in Vineland II Socialization but not Communication. A unique role of gaze coordinated child communication in eliciting responsive parental behaviors and improving growth in child social skills emerged. Conclusions Our results support a bidirectional process between responsive parent verbal input and the social development of toddlers with ASD, with less sophisticated child communicative behaviors eliciting lower quality parent input. Implications: Our findings highlight the critical role of early parent-mediated intervention for children with ASD generally, and to enhance eye gaze through parent responsivity more specifically.
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Astuti, Novita Indri, Listyaning Eko Martanti, and Ida Ariyanti. "The Maternal Nutrition and Knowledge Level in Stunting Children." Journal of Midwifery Science: Basic and Applied Research 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jomisbar.v2i2.6467.

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Stunting is nutrition based on height index according to age (TB / U) with a threshold (Z-core) -2 standard deviation (SD). Stunting in toddlers needs special attention because it can hamper children's physical and mental development. stunting is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and death as well as stunted growth in motor and mental abilities. This type of research is descriptive with sampling using a random sampling with a population of 79 respondents. Data were collected using a questionnaire and then explained and described the characteristics of each variable.The results showed that the mother's age at stunting toddlers was higher at healthy reproductive ages 20-35 yrs by 78.5% with more stunting mothers' education with 38.0% of elementary / middle school mothers' final educational status / parents' average toddler exposure income umr that is as much as 89.9% the level of knowledge of the mother is sufficient that is as much as 69.9% the mother's nutritional intake is still as much as 53.2%.Based on research shows that most of the knowledge level of mothers in stunting toddlers has sufficient knowledge and parenting mother nutrition in health centers bonang I is still lacking. From this research midwives are expected to be able to improve their competence by following training and the latest developments on antenatal care to improve service quality. Keywords : Stunting, Mother's Age, Education, Economic Status, Knowledge, Parenting Nutrition
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11

Markovic, Jasminka, and Teodora Romic. "Mental health problems and speech development in toddlers with physical illnesses." Medical review 68, no. 5-6 (2015): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1506162m.

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Introduction. Mental health problems develop more and more frequently in children and adolescents. Children with physical illnesses are at a particular risk of developing associated mental health problems and it is important to study this association in order to detect and treat these problems on time. This study was aimed at determining whether there were differences in the presence of mental health problems and delayed speech development in children with physical illnesses between 18 and 36 months of age compared to the presence of these problems in healthy children. Material and Methods. The study was carried out as an observational cross-sectional study. It included 100 children, of both sexes, aged up to 3 years. The first group consisted of 50 children with physical illnesses that were hospitalized at the Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, and the control group consisted of 50 healthy children of the same age who attended kindergarten ?Radosno detinjstvo? in Novi Sad. The instrument of the study was ?A checklist of child behavior for children aged 1.5 to 5 years?. The hypothesis was checked with t-test for independent samples. ?A survey of language development for children aged 18 to 35 months? was used for assessing the language development. The second part of the hypothesis was checked with chi-square test. Results. A statistically significant difference was detected in the following dimensions of the questionnaire: emotional reactivity, anxiety / depression, withdrawal, aggression, stress, internalization, externalization, and total problems. A statistically significant difference was also found in the area of language delay. Conclusion. It has been concluded that mental health problems, as well as the language delay, are more pronounced among the children with physical illnesses than in the control group of children.
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Aghnita, Kiki Angreancy. "ASUPAN ZAT GIZI, STATUS GIZI DAN STATUS KESEHATAN PADA BALITA YANG MENDAPATKAN PMT-P." JURNAL MEDIA KESEHATAN 10, no. 1 (November 15, 2018): 089–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33088/jmk.v10i1.329.

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Children who experience malnutrition disorder will experience less physicalgrowth and mental disorders. Restore additional feeding program is one of the efforts intackling the problem of poor nutrition and lack of nutrition. This study aims to evaluatethe intake of nutrients, nutritional status and health status in toddlers who get PMTRecoveryin the working area in Bengkulu City Clinics 2016. This research is descriptiveresearch with cross sectional approach. Sampling purposive sampling technique was donewith as many as 43 samples. Data were collected through a questionnaire that has beenfilled by the mother of a toddler through the interview process which was then in theanalysis are univariate and bivariat. The results showed that intake of nutrients (energy,protein, fat and carbohydrates) toddler respondents have earned PMT-P average includescategories less than a number of nutritional adequacy. Toddler health status ofrespondents have earned PMT-P was almost entirely never experienced pain during thelast month. Based on the results of the statistical tests are known that there is ameaningful difference between the nutritional status before and after nutrition status on atoddler who has been getting PMT-P in the city of Bengkulu. P-PMT program that hasbeen running should be more optimized so that nutritional problems in toddlers can behandled. The need for monitoring back on intake of nutrients, nutritional status and healthstatus of toddlers who have been getting PMT-P in an attempt to increase the success ofthe program.
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Fish, Betty, and Bette Chapman. "Mental Health Risks to Infants and Toddlers in Foster Care." Clinical Social Work Journal 32, no. 2 (2004): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:csow.0000024323.62429.5e.

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Pisula, Ewa, and Alicja Niedźwiecka. "Symptoms of Autism, Comorbid Mental Health Conditions and Challenging Behaviors among Toddlers with Down Syndrome at Low Risk for ASD—Characterization Using the BISCUIT—Parts 1–3." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 10684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010684.

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Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may coexist with Down syndrome (DS). Most studies on this topic involve school-age children, adolescents, or adults with DS. This study looked at ASD symptoms, other mental health problems, and challenging behaviors in toddlers with DS at low risk of ASD. Methods: We used screening tools for autism in toddlers; BISCUIT–Parts 1–3 and Q-CHAT. We compared four groups of children aged 17–37 months: DS, ASD, Atypical Development (AD), and Typically Developing (TD). Results: Children with DS showed lower symptoms of ASD than children with ASD (without DS) and higher than TD children, except for repetitive behaviors/restricted interests. For comorbid mental health problems and difficult behaviors, children with DS scored lower than children with ASD. There were no differences between children with DS and TD children in this regard. Conclusions: The study results indicate that BISCUIT–Parts 1–3 are valid instruments to differentiate toddlers with DS from toddlers with ASD. However, they also show that toddlers with DS at low ASD risk are a very heterogeneous group when the ASD symptoms are considered. Autistic characteristics should be taken into account in supporting young children with this genetic condition.
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Fitri, Yulia, and Putri Santy. "Effect of Providing Moringa Snacks on Underweight Toddler." Science Midwifery 10, no. 5 (December 15, 2022): 4178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/midwifery.v10i5.965.

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Malnutrition could resulted disturbance physique and mental illness and risk death . Moringa oleifera is rich in phytonutrients so that Becomes source promising nutrition _ however use in fortification food still limited . The research objective was to determine the effect of giving cake snacks dry moringa against enhancement heavy body toddler underweight . Design used _ is Quasi Experimental with nonrandomized pretest-posttest design. The research sample is 30 toddlers (15 case groups and 15 control groups). Measurement heavy body conducted with digital scales and be measured 2 times ie before intervention and after intervention . Moringa snacks given for 3 weeks Data analysis using the T test. The results of the study showed the provision of cake snacks dry with additions powder Moringa leaves 100 mg per day for 3 week significantly improve heavy body toddler (P=0.00). Moringa can increase the weight of underweight toddlers. Further research is needed regarding the effectiveness of Moringa in overcoming health problems in children in more coverage large including stunting.
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Holdø, I., S. Skurtveit, M. Handal, and J. G. Bramness. "Mother-reported and prescription registry data on use of hypnotics for children 0–18 months as a risk factor later development of ADHD." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S440—S441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.444.

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IntroductionSleep problems are common in infancy. Some infants are prescribed sleep-inducing drugs even if not approved for the age group. Poor sleep as toddler is a risk factor for development of behavioral problems in childhood. It is unknown if this is true also for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).ObjectivesTo evaluate two sources of information on toddler drug use (mother-reported questionnaire-data and prescription database for hypnotic drugs for children aged 0–18 months) and see if these predict receiving a later diagnosis of ADHD.AimsAre sleeping problems as measured by the use of hypnotics in toddlers a risk factor for ADHD?MethodsPrescription database information data was collected for 47,413 children participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort, where mothers report on toddler drug use. These two datasets were used as predictors of diagnoses of ADHD as seen in the Norwegian Patients Registry in a 7-year follow up period.ResultsAgreement between mother-reported drug use and hypnotics use as measured was less than 50% for all hypnotics (min 19% and max 48%). The two datasets will be further used to investigate the relationship between toddler drug use and a later childhood diagnosis of ADHD.ConclusionsConsidering the low to moderate agreement between mother-reported survey data and data from prescription databases it is of value to use both data sources in a study looking at the predictive value of sleeping problems and hypnotics use in toddlers on later development of ADHD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Mohamed, F. E., E. A. Zaky, A. Youssef, R. Elhossiny, S. Zahra, R. Khalaf, W. Youssef, et al. "Screening of Egyptian toddlers for autism spectrum disorder using an Arabic validated version of M-CHAT; report of a community-based study (Stage I)." European Psychiatry 34 (2016): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2421.

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AbstractBackgroundAlthough there is a recommendation that toddlers be screened for Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during their 18- and 24-month well-care child visits, diagnosis often occurs well after the child turns 4 years old. Such delayed diagnosis hinders the implementation of early intervention thus worsens the long-term prognosis of ASD.ObjectivesThe current community-based study in its stage I aimed at early screening of Egyptian toddlers for ASD using an Arabic validated version of Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT).MethodologyA cross-sectional community-based descriptive study was carried out enrolling 5546 Egyptian toddlers. They were randomly recruited from those attending Primary Health Care Units in six Egyptian governorates with a fair representation of the urban, semi-urban, and rural Egyptian populations. An Arabic validated version of M-CHAT was used as a screening tool for ASD.ResultsThe current study revealed failure of M-CHAT (suspected to have ASD and needs further evaluation) in 1320 out of the enrolled 5546 Egyptian toddlers (23.8%).ConclusionsM-CHAT as a screening tool for ASD has flagged a considerable percent of the enrolled toddlers that necessitates referral for further evaluation (stage II) to settle the diagnosis of ASD in the true positive cases. Perfecting the delicate balance between sensitivity and specificity for ASD screening tools is crucial in order not to miss early detection of ASD cases and at the same time, to avoid over-diagnosis with subsequent abuse of the limited healthcare resources in developing countries.
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Fox, Robert A., Kathryn M. Keller, Patricia L. Grede, and Ann M. Bartosz. "A mental health clinic for toddlers with developmental delays and behavior problems." Research in Developmental Disabilities 28, no. 2 (March 2007): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.001.

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Pratiwi, Erinda Nur, Siti Nurjanah, and Atiek Murharyati. "PENYULUHAN KESEHATAN TENTANG GIZI SEIMBANG DI POSYANDU BALITA KINASIH RW 29 WILAYAH KELURAHAN KADIPIRO SURAKARTA." Jurnal Salam Sehat Masyarakat (JSSM) 2, no. 1 (November 29, 2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jssm.v2i1.11163.

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A health problem in Indonesia is the death of children under five years of age (toddlers). Based on the results of Basic Health Research, the prevalence of malnutrition under 5 years of age in Indonesia is 17.9% (3.7 million children under five), as many as 6800 children under five in East Java experience malnutrition, 25% of which is caused by malnutrition intake. Malnutrition status in toddlers can have an effect that greatly inhibits physical, mental and thinking skills which in turn will reduce work productivity. Balanced food at this age needs to be implemented because it will affect the quality at adulthood to advanced age so that community service is expected to improve the health status of toddlers. The goal of community service in the form of counseling on balanced nutrition is that after receiving the counseling, it is hoped that mothers with toddlers are able to instill good and correct eating habits in their children regarding balanced nutrition according to the needs for optimal child development, maintaining and increasing endurance. child against disease. The benefits of community service to increase knowledge, especially about balanced nutrition for toddlers according to the needs for optimal child growth and development so as to maintain and increase the child's resistance to disease. This community service method includes lectures, questions and answers and leaflet media. The results of the implementation of community service regarding balanced nutrition for toddlers show that toddlers' mothers understand better about balanced nutrition in toddlers with an average value of knowledge about balanced nutrition in toddlers with a percentage of 75%. The conclusion from this community service is that it is important for mothers under five to understand balanced nutrition in toddlers because it can improve the healthstatus of toddlers.
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Fitzgerald, Michael. "LATE-TALKING TODDLERS." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 42, no. 10 (October 2003): 1141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200310000-00004.

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Irwin, Julia R., Alice S. Carter, and Margaret J. Briggs-Gowan. "Late-Talking Toddlers." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 42, no. 10 (October 2003): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200310000-00005.

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Crea, Katherine, Cheryl Dissanayake, and Kristelle Hudry. "Proband Mental Health Difficulties and Parental Stress Predict Mental Health in Toddlers at High-Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 46, no. 10 (July 21, 2016): 3242–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2861-y.

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Wright, Harry, George Holmes, Sandra Stader, Rosetta Penny, and Kristen Wieduwilt. "Psychiatric Diagnoses of Infants and Toddlers Referred to a Community Mental Health System." Psychological Reports 95, no. 2 (October 2004): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.2.495-503.

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There has been increased interest in improving mental health assessment and treatment of young children. However, there are limited data regarding the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among infants and toddlers. The recent development of measures and classification systems that are specific to this age group has enabled researchers to begin to investigate the social, emotional, and behavioral problems of young children. The present study reviews the major research that has been conducted in this area and examines the prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses of infants and toddlers referred to a public community mental health system. The current investigation also compares the frequency of diagnoses of children who have been evaluated based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (4th edition) with another group of children who were diagnosed based on the Diagnostic Classification: 0–3 system. Although there were some differences between the two samples and classification systems, analysis indicated that parent-child relational problems, adjustment difficulties, regulatory problems, and developmental disorders are some of the more common diagnoses prevalent among young children referred for outpatient treatment. As diagnostic measures and classification systems continue to improve, clinicians will have a better understanding of the mental health problems and treatment needs of young children.
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Watson, Linda R., Grace T. Baranek, and Pamela C. DiLavore. "Toddlers With Autism." Infants & Young Children 16, no. 3 (July 2003): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001163-200307000-00003.

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Sugar, Max. "Toddlers' traumatic memories." Infant Mental Health Journal 13, no. 3 (1992): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(199223)13:3<245::aid-imhj2280130310>3.0.co;2-4.

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Sharon, D. "Toddler-parent psychotherapy increases secure attachment between toddlers and mothers who have experienced major depressive disorder." Evidence-Based Mental Health 10, no. 4 (November 1, 2007): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebmh.10.4.123.

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Schertz, Hannah H., Meagan Call-Cummings, Kathryn Horn, Kelsey Quest, and Rhiannon Steffen Law. "Social and Instrumental Interaction Between Parents and Their Toddlers With Autism: A Qualitative Analysis." Journal of Early Intervention 40, no. 1 (October 24, 2017): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053815117737353.

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A qualitative study of three parents and their toddlers with autism was conducted to investigate the communicative functions underlying parent–toddler interactions and how the instrumental or social nature of one partner’s actions influenced the other’s engagement. Parent–child interaction videos collected from a separate intervention study were transcribed with thick description, coded for literal and inferential meaning by independent coders, and analyzed for emergent themes following an iterative process of code categorization. Themes converged around the partner as instrument, attempted but missed social connections, and congruent social engagement. A complementary interactional sequential analysis revealed that communicative functions of initiating partners were largely mirrored in their partners’ responding actions, suggesting that actively supporting parents to interact with their toddlers socially, rather than prescriptively or instrumentally, may be a potent intervention strategy to address the core social communication challenge in autism during the formative early developmental period.
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WRIGHT, HARRY. "PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSES OF INFANTS AND TODDLERS REFERRED TO A COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEM." Psychological Reports 95, no. 6 (2004): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.6.495-503.

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Williams, Marian E., Susan Park, Adriana Anaya, Sharon M. Perugini, Sheela Rao, Cameron L. Neece, and Jennifer Rafeedie. "Linking infants and toddlers in foster care to early childhood mental health services." Children and Youth Services Review 34, no. 4 (April 2012): 838–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.01.014.

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Herguner, S., I. Ozyildirim, and G. Gokcay. "Behavioral Approach to Infantile Anorexia and its Outcome on Maternal Psychopathology." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70980-0.

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Background:This study aims to examine the effectiveness of a behavioral approach for the treatment of toddlers with infantile anorexia; and the psychopathology and psychological functioning of their mothers before, during and after a structured treatment program.Method:Three groups of 30 toddlers of either sex, aged 12 - 36 months (inclusive) were included to the study. The groups consisted of toddlers with 1- Infantile Anorexia 2- Picky Eating and 3- Healthy Eating who were referred for a psychiatric evaluation by pediatricians and gastroenterologists at the Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul School of Medicine. Groups were matched by age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Symptom Check List - 90 (SCL-90), and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) are used for assessing the maternal psychopathology of cases.Discussion:In our sample, mothers of toddlers with IA and PE had more psychiatric symptoms than healthy group. The difference between IA and PE shows that the nutritional status of the child contributes to the psychopathological well-being of the mothers. There was a resolution of depression and anxiety during and after the treatment protocol. Then the psychological status seems to be not the reason but may be the result of the feeding problems. Also interventions that focus primarily on maternal psychopathology may not be effective as a behavioral treatment that focuses on both child and mother.
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Leiferman, J. A., T. H. Ollendick, D. Kunkel, and I. C. Christie. "Mothers’ mental distress and parenting practices with infants and toddlers." Archives of Women's Mental Health 8, no. 4 (August 29, 2005): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-005-0098-4.

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Hidayah, Nur. "The Effectiveness of Red Beans Modisco Ice Cream and Moringa Oleifera Modisco Ice Cream to Increase Body Weight of Toddlers Under The Red Line in Karanganyar Public Health Center Pekalongan Regency." Journal of Applied Health Management and Technology 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jahmt.v2i2.5694.

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Every year more than one-third of child deaths in the world are related to malnutrition. Children with malnutrition tend to have slow physical and mental growth. Pekalongan is one of the regencies in Central Java which is included in the top 10 categories of malnutrition cases (ranked 5) with 49 cases. Karanganyar Public Health Center is one of the health centers which has toddlers under the red line and the highest malnutrition cases in Pekalongan Regency.The purpose of this research was to know the difference of the effectiveness of red beans modisco ice cream and Moringa Oleifera modisco ice cream in regard of increasing body weight of toddlers under the red line in Karanganyar Public Health Center, Pekalongan.This research used pre experimental design with one group pretest posttest design. The writer used purposive sampling technique that resulted in 28 toddlers under the red line; 14 toddlers were given red bean modisco ice cream and 14 others were given Moringa Oleifera modisco ice cream. Red beans modisco ice cream and Moringa Oleifera modisco ice cream were given for 14 days as much as 100 gr. A daily monitoring checklist of modisco ice cream given to toddlers was used as the instrument of this research.The results of this research showed that the difference body weight pre- post given red bean modisco ice cream (0,21%), while in moringa oleifera modisco ice cream (0,56%). Based on Mann Whitney test showed that moringa oleifera modisco ice cream more effective to increased the body weight of toddlers with p value 0,000 (p value 0.05). According to the results, parents and community were able to modify additional foods which made from modisco and moringa oleifera to increased the body weight of toddlers.
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Zhang, Siqi, Lei Wang, Yue Xian, and Yu Bai. "Mental Health Issues among Caregivers of Young Children in Rural China: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Links to Child Developmental Outcomes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010197.

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Previous research has found that there are high rates of mental health problems among caregivers in rural China and that caregiver mental health may be a significant predictor of developmental delays among infants and toddlers in these rural areas. In this paper, we use data from a survey of 986 caregiver-child pairs in rural China to examine the risk factors of caregiver mental health and measure the association between caregiver mental health and child development outcomes. To conduct the empirical analysis, we assess caregiver mental health using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) questionnaire and measure child developmental outcomes using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Developmental Third Edition (Bayley-III). The results show that 32% of caregivers have depressive symptoms, 42% have anxiety symptoms, and 30% have symptoms of stress. The data also demonstrate that caregiver identity and age as well as different measures of socioeconomic status (SES) (characterized by caregiver education, father’s education, and household wealth) are all significantly linked to symptoms of caregiver mental health problems. The analysis shows that caregiver depression, anxiety, and/or stress are significantly associated with lower early childhood development (ECD) outcomes in all areas measured (cognition, language, social-emotion, and motor skills). The heterogeneous analysis demonstrates that there are differences in the effects of caregiver mental health problems on ECD among households are from families that are endowed with different levels of SES. On the basis of the findings the study concludes that policymakers should pay more attention to caregiver mental health problems in order to improve child developmental outcomes in rural China. The study cannot, however, draw casual conclusions and cannot rule out the possibility of recall bias when measuring caregiver mental health, which may limit the external validity of the findings.
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Setiawati, Setiawati, Erna Rahma Yani, and Megah Rachmawati. "Hubungan status gizi dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan balita 1-3 tahun." Holistik Jurnal Kesehatan 14, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v14i1.1903.

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Relationships between physical growth, mental development and nutritional status in children 1–3 years of ageBackground: Based on health surveys under the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2018, the prevalence of delayed gross motor development, social personal, soft motor and language development in children aged 0.5 - 5.9 years is still high reaching 11.5%, up to 21, 6%, and the prevalence of malnutrition reaches 3.9%. The percentage of malnutrition in Lampung Province is 1.6% to 12.4%.Purpose: Knowing relationships between physical growth, mental development and nutritional status in children 1–3 years of age.Method: A quantitative research, using a cross-sectional approach with a population was mothers of children aged 1-3 years at the Palapa Health Center in Bandar Lampung City with a sample of 203 toddlers, using random sampling with proportional random sampling technique. Data collection techniques were used by observing toddlers and filling in the Pre-Screening Questionnaire of Development (KPSP) by their mothers. The statistical test used was the Chi Square test.Results: The frequency distribution of toddlers with adequate nutrition status of 104 toddlers (51.2%), appropriate in physical growth as many as 134 toddlers (66.0%), and appropriate in mental development was 142 toddlers (70.0%). There is a relationship of nutritional status with the physical growth (p value 0.001, OR 2.8).There is a relationship of nutritional status with the mental development (p value 0.007, OR 2.4)Conclusion: There is a relationships between physical growth, mental development and nutritional status in children 1–3 years of age. Suggestions for health workers are expected to further improve the monitoring of the nutritional status of children and conduct routine early detection of deviations of child developmentKeywords: Physical growth; Mental development; Nutritional status; Children 1–3 years of agePendahuluan: Berdasarkan survey kesehatan dibawah Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia tahun 2018, prevalensi keterlambatan perkembangan motorik kasar, sosial personal, motorik halus dan perkembangan bahasa pada anak usia 0,5 – 5,9 tahun masih tinggi mencapai 11,5 %, sampai dengan 21,6%, dan prevalensi gizi buruk hingga mencapai 3,9%. Provinsi Lampung persentase gizi buruk sebesar 1,6%, dan gizi kurang 12,4%.Tujuan: Diketahui hubungan status gizi dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan balita 1-3 tahun di Puskesmas Palapa Kota Bandar Lampung tahun 2019.Metode: Penelitian kuantitatif, menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional dengan populasi dalam para ibu yang mempunyai balita 1-3 tahun di Puskesmas Palapa Kota Bandar Lampung dengan sampel 203 balita, menggunakan random sampling dengan teknik Proportional random sampling. Tehnik pengumpulan data menggunakan dengan cara mengobservasi balita dan pengisian data kuesioner KPSP oleh ibu yang mempunyai balita yang dijadikan sebagai responden . Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji Chi Square.Hasil: Distribusi frekuensi balita dengan asupan gizi cukup yaitu sebanyak 104 balita (51,2%), pertumbuhan kotegori sesuai sebanyak 134 balita (66,0%), perkembangan yang kategori tidak menyimpang sebanyak 142 balita (70,0%). Ada hubungan status gizi dengan pertumbuhan balita 1-3 tahun (p value 0,001, OR 2,8) Ada hubungan status gizi dengan perkembangan balita 1-3 tahun (p value 0,007, OR 2,4)Simpulan: Adanya hubungan status gizi dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan balita 1-3 tahun di Puskesmas Palapa Kota Bandar Lampung tahun 2019. Saran bagi tenaga kesehatan diharapkan lebih meningkatkan lagi pemantauan terhadap status gizi anak dan melakukan deteksi dini secara rutin terhadap penyimpangan perkembangan anak.
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Thompson, Travis. "Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Toddlers." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 70, no. 9 (September 15, 2009): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.09bk05251.

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Gaines, Robin, Yolanda Korneluk, Danielle Quigley, Véronique Chiasson, Abigail Delehanty, and Suzanne Jacobson. "Quickstart for toddlers with autism spectrum disorder: A preliminary report of an adapted community-based early intervention program." Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 7 (January 2022): 239694152211386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23969415221138699.

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Background and Aims Early intervention (EI) for young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) must be resource-efficient while remaining effective; thus, clinicians are challenged to create and implement useful methods. Clinical evidence from community-based interventions that include reliable diagnoses, individual EI programs, along with comprehensive descriptions of participants, procedures, and participant outcomes can inform practice, translational research, and local policy. Parent-mediated EI for toddlers with ASD can promote positive developmental outcomes and lifelong well-being, but evidence of successful community uptake of research-based EIs is somewhat limited. The community-based, parent-mediated, evidence-informed QuickStart EI program aims to encourage toddlers’ early social communication, social interactions, and relationship-building, in a community clinic setting. We aim to (1) describe our adaptations to the evidence-based Parent-Delivered Early Start Denver Model and (2) present promising findings for toddlers with or at risk for ASD and their families who received QuickStart. We also intend to motivate a similar study of EI in real-world situations to advance evidence-based practice and create relevant dialogue and questions for research. Methods Complete data were identified and analyzed for up to 89 toddlers diagnosed with, or at risk of, ASD. Pre- and post-intervention parent- or self-report data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired-sample t-tests, as appropriate. Pre-intervention measures included demographic information ( n = 89) and the Early Screening of Autism and Communication (ESAC; n = 89). Measures taken pre- and post-intervention included the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-II ( n = 60), MacArthur-Bates Communication Development Inventories ( n = 58), and the parental sense of competence scale ( n = 62). The Measure of Processes of Care ( n = 60) was taken post-intervention. On enrollment, parents signed standard clinical agreements that included statements allowing their anonymous data to be analyzed for research. Results Using standardized parent/self-report measures, toddler gains were noted for social interaction, language, communication skills, and ASD symptoms, but not for parents’ feelings of competence. Parents identified QuickStart procedures as family centered (Measure of Processes of Care). Conclusions The QuickStart EI program, provided to toddlers and their families over 20 weeks in a community clinic, resulted in promising positive behavior and communication changes, as indicated on the parent-response measures, for a moderately large sample of toddlers. Implications This study adds to the literature by describing a new EI program with clear procedures by which clinicians can create, provide, and evaluate a readily accessible, community-based EI for toddlers with or at risk of ASD. Methodological limitations inherent to our study design that precluded a control group and necessitated a reliance on available parent-report data are carefully critiqued and discussed.
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Lorenzo, Jennifer, Belinda Barton, Maria T. Acosta, and Kathryn North. "Mental, Motor, and Language Development of Toddlers with Neurofibromatosis Type 1." Journal of Pediatrics 158, no. 4 (April 2011): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.10.001.

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Langkamp, Diane L. "Infants, Toddlers, and Families." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 21, no. 5 (October 2000): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200010000-00012.

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Btisch-Rossnagel, Nancy A. "Mastery Motivation in Toddlers." Infants & Young Children 9, no. 4 (April 1997): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001163-199704000-00003.

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DesRosiers, Fabiana S., and Nancy A. Busch-Rossnagel. "Self-concept in Toddlers." Infants & Young Children 10, no. 1 (July 1997): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001163-199707000-00004.

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Baron-Cohen, Simon, Jane Allen, and Christopher Gillberg. "Can Autism be Detected at 18 Months?" British Journal of Psychiatry 161, no. 6 (December 1992): 839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.161.6.839.

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Autism is currently detected only at about three years of age. This study aimed to establish if detection of autism was possible at 18 months of age. We screened 41 18–month-old toddlers who were at high genetic risk for developing autism, and 50 randomly selected 18–month-olds, using a new instrument, the CHAT, administered by GPs or health visitors. More than 80% of the randomly selected 18–month-old toddlers passed on all items, and none failed on more than one of pretend play, protodeclarative pointing, joint-attention, social interest, and social play. Four children in the high-risk group failed on two or more of these five key types of behaviour. At follow-up at 30 months of age, the 87 children who had passed four or more of these key types of behaviour at 18 months of age had continued to develop normally. The four toddlers who had failed on two or more of these key types of behaviour at 18 months received a diagnosis of autism by 30 months.
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Buzhardt, Jay, Charles R. Greenwood, Dale Walker, Fan Jia, Alana G. Schnitz, Susan Higgins, Debra Montagna, and Christine Muehe. "Web-Based Support for Data-Based Decision Making: Effect of Intervention Implementation on Infant–Toddler Communication." Journal of Early Intervention 40, no. 3 (July 22, 2018): 246–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053815118788059.

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Programs serving infants and toddlers are expected to use child data to inform decisions about intervention services; however, few tools exist to support these efforts. The Making Online Decisions (MOD) system is an adaptive intervention that guides early educators’ data-based intervention decision making for infants and toddlers at risk for language delay. Using a cluster randomized design to test the effect of the MOD, home visitors (HVs) were assigned to either use the MOD or not across 13 Early Head Start programs. Both groups used the Early Communication Indicator (ECI) for progress monitoring and a parent-mediated language promotion intervention. Children from both groups demonstrated significant growth in expressive communication. However, children whose HVs fully implemented the MOD grew significantly more than the group that did not use the MOD, even after statistically controlling for parent and HV variables. Implications for designing effective and usable systems to promote the use of data-based decision-making practices by infant–toddler service providers are discussed, as well as limitations of the current study.
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Fitzgerald, H. E. "Infant Mental Health: An Interdisciplinary And International Perspective For Families With Infants And Toddlers." Southern African Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health 9, no. 2 (January 1997): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16826108.1997.9632506.

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Slimmer, L. "Review: group based parenting programmes improve short term mental health in infants and toddlers." Evidence-Based Nursing 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebn.5.4.106.

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Valliere, Jean M. "Infant mental health: A consultation and treatment team for at-risk infants and toddlers." Infants & Young Children 6, no. 3 (January 1994): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001163-199401000-00007.

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KHOKHAR, FATIMA. "FROM TODDLERS TO TEENAGERS – THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON YOUNG PEOPLE’S MENTAL HEALTH." Psych-Talk 1, no. 100 (October 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpstalk.2021.1.100.15.

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IT HAS BEEN A DIFFICULT YEAR FOR CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS, AND FAMILIES. THEY HAVE BEEN FLOODED WITH A ROLLERCOASTER OF ABRUPT CHANGES. SPORADIC LOCKDOWNS, PROLONGED SCHOOL CLOSURES AND DRASTIC RULES WERE IMPOSED UPON CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS.
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Mardhika, Amellia, Joko Susanto, Eny Qurniyawati, and Anestasia Pangestu Mei Tyas. "Empowerment of healthcare cadres on Stimulation of Early Detection and Intervention of Growth and Development." Abdimas: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Merdeka Malang 7, no. 2 (May 19, 2022): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/abdimas.v7i2.6909.

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Children’s physical, mental, social, and emotional growth and development are influenced by nutrition, health, and education. This factor can be identified by conducting early screening to see growth and development deviations in children. So interventions can be carried out as early as possible as an initial corrective action or deviations do not become more severe, and referrals are made as early as possible according to indications. Data on the coverage of health services for children under five in Lamongan Regency was 1,738 (92.3%) of 1,882 toddlers in 2019, while data in Pucuk Subdistrict contained 36 under-fives with less nutrition than 2,591 under-fives who were weighed aged 0-59 months (1.4%), 29 short toddlers out of 2,588. toddlers 0-59 months height measured (1.1%), and 68 underweight toddlers (2.6%). The target of the activity is to increase the knowledge and skills of cadres in carrying out the Stimulation of Early Detection and Intervention of Growth and Development (SDIDTK). The method is carried out in three stages, the socialization stage in the form of health education and training of cadres, the work stage in the form of mentoring during Integrated Healthcare Center (Posyandu), and the evaluation and recommendation stage. Cadres are very enthusiastic in following the material and are active during mentoring. The increase in knowledge was seen in the pre-test and post-test scores.
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Mitchell, David. "Quality of life for infants and toddlers." Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities 18, no. 4 (January 1993): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07263869300035001.

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Rodning, Carol, Leila Beckwith, and Judy Howard. "Characteristics of attachment organization and play organization in prenatally drug-exposed toddlers." Development and Psychopathology 1, no. 4 (October 1989): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457940000047x.

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AbstractPrenatally drug-exposed toddlers were compared to preterm toddlers of similar low socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and single-parent households on intellectual functioning, quality of play, and security of attachment to the primary caregiver. The drug-exposed toddlers had significantly lower developmental scores, less representational play, and the majority had insecure, disorganized, avoidant attachments. In all areas investigated, the prenatally drug-exposed toddlers showed more subtle behavioral deficits within each domain. Although developmental quotients were within the average range, they were significantly lower than the preterm comparison group and did not adequately represent the more evident deficits seen through play in an unstructured situation. Unstructured assessments that required the child's initiation, goal setting, and follow-through were more revealing of developmental disorganization within and among domains than were adult structured assessments such as developmental tests. While modest differences were seen in structured tasks, the marked differences between the drug-exposed and preterm groups were most evident in the unstructured tasks. The lack of coherence across developmental domains was illustrated by the large difference between developmental quotient scores and the poor performance in the cognitive representional competencies demonstrated in play. Insecurity and disorganization in attachment were found to compromise further the development of the drug-exposed toddlers.
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Enkelaar, Lotte, Marjolijn Ketelaar, and Jan Willem Gorter. "Association between motor and mental functioning in toddlers with cerebral palsy." Developmental Neurorehabilitation 11, no. 4 (January 2008): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17518420802581164.

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