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1
1937-, Fox Robert E., ed. Profitability with no boundaries: Optimizing TOC, lean, Six Sigma results : focus, reduce waste, contain variability. Milwaukee, Wis: ASQ Quality Press, 2011.
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I͡A, Kondratʹev K., and Johannessen Ola M, eds. Arctic environment variability in the context of global change. Berlin: Springer, 2003.
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Orlandini, Simone, and Pavol Nejedlik, eds. Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in Europe. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-207-9.
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COST Action 734 was launched thanks to the coordinated activity of 29 EU countries. The main objective of the Action was the evaluation of impacts from climate change and variability on agriculture for various European areas. Secondary objectives were: collection and review of existing agroclimatic indices and simulation models, to assess hazard impacts on European agricultural areas; to apply climate scenarios for the next few decades; the definition of harmonised criteria to evaluate the impacts of climate change and variability on agriculture; the definition of warning systems guidelines. Based on the result, possible actions (specific recommendations, suggestions, warning systems) were elaborated and proposed to the end-users, depending on their needs.
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Tonelli, Paolo, ed. Il giudizio nell'estrazione del terzo molare inferiore. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-576-9.
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The scientific literature and clinical dental practice have in the extraction of the lower third molar an area of wide interest. In fact, parallel to the presence of prejudices and false beliefs on the part of patients, there is also a great variability of scientific opinions among professionals in the field, both in relation to the indications for extraction, diagnostic aids, and intra- and post-operative management. Our text aims to merge the awareness given by clinical experience with the knowledge of an evidence-based dental culture, proposing itself as a stimulus for in-depth study for students, professionals and enthusiasts of the subject. The multimedia digital resources (photos and videos) of some dental procedures can be freely consulted via the QR code on the cover.
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Huang, Minyao. Referential variability of generic ‘one’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786658.003.0009.
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This chapter presents novel data regarding the semantic interpretation of generic ‘one’. First, it is argued that ‘one’ does not always refer to oneself while generalizing from the self’s experience. Moreover, based on the results of a reading comprehension survey, it is shown that ‘one’ can refer to (i) the speaker without generalization, (ii) anyone like the speaker, (iii) anyone in a certain class that does not necessarily include the speaker, or (iv) a non-speaker without generalization. The four types of reference are further analysed as two dimensions of contextual variation that interact with a merely generic meaning of ‘one’. They are variations in the domain of quantification and the at-issue content of a generic statement.
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Minbashian, Amirali. Within-Person Variability in Performance. Edited by David G. Collings, Kamel Mellahi, and Wayne F. Cascio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758273.013.27.
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Understanding individual performance at work is an important element in developing effective talent-management systems. Although research on individual performance has largely addressed between-person differences in performance, more recently, focus has been on within-person variability in performance. This chapter reviews the literature on within-person variability. A model of individual performance is presented that incorporates short-term and long-term within-person performance variability and individual differences. The benefits of the model as a framework for explaining individual performance are outlined, as are its implications for the conceptualization of talent and the development of talent-management systems. Specific talent-management practices with respect to employee assessment and employee motivation are discussed.
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Rosenzweig, Cynthia, and Daniel Hillel. Climate Variability and the Global Harvest. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195137637.001.0001.
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The Earth's climate is constantly changing. Some of the changes are progressive, while others fluctuate at various time scales. The El Niño-la Niña cycle is one such fluctuation that recurs every few years and has far-reaching impacts. It generally appears at least once per decade, but this may vary with our changing climate. The exact frequency, sequence, duration and intensity of El Niño's manifestations, as well as its effects and geographic distributions, are highly variable. The El Niño-la Niña cycle is particularly challenging to study due to its many interlinked phenomena that occur in various locations around the globe. These worldwide teleconnections are precisely what makes studying El Niño-la Niña so important. Cynthia Rosenzweig and Daniel Hillel describe the current efforts to develop and apply a global-to-regional approach to climate-risk management. They explain how atmospheric and social scientists are cooperating with agricultural practitioners in various regions around the world to determine how farmers may benefit most from new climate predictions. Specifically, the emerging ability to predict the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle offers the potential to transform agricultural planning worldwide. Biophysical scientists are only now beginning to recognize the large-scale, globally distributed impacts of ENSO on the probabilities of seasonal precipitation and temperature regimes. Meanwhile, social scientists have been researching how to disseminate forecasts more effectively within rural communities. Consequently, as the quality of climatic predictions have improved, the dissemination and presentation of forecasts have become more effective as well. This book explores the growing understanding of the interconnectedness of climate predictions and productive agriculture for sustainable development, as well as methods and models used to study this relationship.
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Poplack, Shana. Dealing with variability in loanword integration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0005.
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This chapter tests a strong loanword integration hypothesis: that donor-language material that has been borrowed will display variability in morphosyntactic integration paralleling that of the recipient language. This requires explicitly marshalling the recipient language as the benchmark for comparison, an innovation implemented here for the first time. Illustrating with the typologically different Tamil-English language pair, word order and case-marking of English-origin objects of Tamil verbs are analyzed. English indirect objects are overwhelmingly inflected with Tamil dative markers, but direct objects tend not to be marked for the accusative. Comparison reveals that this patterning reflects the case-marking variability inherent in the recipient-language benchmark, compelling us to recognize even these apparently bare forms as borrowed, and supporting the Nonce Borrowing Hypothesis. This demonstrates that the facts of variability must be taken into account to identify which forms have been borrowed and which have been code-switched.
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Ronen, Boaz, Joseph S. Pliskin, and Shimeon Pass. The Effects of Variability and Uncertainty (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190843458.003.0014.
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Uncertainty and variability are among the biggest enemies of healthcare systems. Variability that is not properly managed may turn noncritical resources into bottlenecks, leading to increased response times, decreased throughput, and deteriorating quality. The chapter presents tools and techniques to protect against variability (managing buffers, creating protective capacity, etc.) and to reduce variability (response times reduction, creating a group technology structure, working in small batches, etc.). The chapter also presents Litvak’s approach to managing variability.
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Fabris, Flavia. Waddington’s Processual Epigenetics and the Debate over Cryptic Variability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0012.
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This chapter reappraises Waddington’s processual theory of epigenetics and examines its implications for contemporary evolutionary biology. It focuses in particular on the ontological difference between two conflicting assumptions that have been conflated in the recent debate over the nature of cryptic variability: a substance view that is consistent with the modern synthesis and construes variability as a preexisting pool of random genetic variation; and a processual view, which derives from Waddington’s conception of developmental canalization and understands variability as an epigenetic process. The chapter also discusses how these opposing interpretations fare in their capacity to explain the genetic assimilation of acquired characters.
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Anderwald, Lieselotte. World Englishes and Dialectology. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.019.
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This chapter summarizes new approaches to the study of traditional dialects, in particular in Britain and the United States, and discusses how new methods, new results, and new topics of investigation may inform and enrich the study of World Englishes, too. Of particular importance may be the acknowledgement of widespread variability in the ‘homeland’ that is increasingly also historically attested and sociolinguistically described, the study of morphosyntactic variation as an area of language that seems to remain quite stable under settlement conditions, and the comparative study of present-day variability that indicates the breadth (and limits) of variability. In return, results from the comparative study of World Englishes also have the potential to enrich modern dialectology and sociolinguistics.
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Mills, Caitlin, Arianne Herrera-Bennett, Myrthe Faber, and Kalina Christoff. Why the Mind Wanders. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.42.
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This chapter offers a functional account of why the mind—when free from the demands of a task or the constraints of heightened emotions—tends to wander from one topic to another, in a ceaseless and seemingly random fashion. We propose the default variability hypothesis, which builds on William James’s phenomenological account of thought as a form of mental locomotion, as well as on recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and computational modeling. Specifically, the default variability hypothesis proposes that the default mode of mental content production yields the frequent arising of new mental states that have heightened variability of content over time. This heightened variability in the default mode of mental content production may be an adaptive mechanism that (1) enhances episodic memory efficiency through de-correlating individual episodic memories from one another via temporally spaced reactivations, and (2) facilitates semantic knowledge optimization by providing optimal conditions for interleaved learning.
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Whelan, Brett, and James Taylor. Precision Agriculture for Grain Production Systems. CSIRO Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643107489.
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Precision Agriculture (PA) is an approach to managing the variability in production agriculture in a more economic and environmentally efficient manner. It has been pioneered as a management tool in the grains industry, and while its development and uptake continues to grow amongst grain farmers worldwide, a broad range of other cropping industries have embraced the concept. This book explains general PA theory, identifies and describes essential tools and techniques, and includes practical examples from the grains industry.
Readers will gain an understanding of the magnitude, spatial scale and seasonality of measurable variability in soil attributes, plant growth and environmental conditions. They will be introduced to the role of sensing systems in measuring crop, soil and environment variability, and discover how this variability may have a significant impact on crop production systems. Precision Agriculture for Grain Production Systems will empower crop and soil science students, agronomy and agricultural engineering students, as well as agronomic advisors and farmers to critically analyse the impact of observed variation in resources on crop production and management decisions.
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Kucharski, Fred, and Muhammad Adnan Abid. Interannual Variability of the Indian Monsoon and Its Link to ENSO. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.615.
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The interannual variability of Indian summer monsoon is probably one of the most intensively studied phenomena in the research area of climate variability. This is because even relatively small variations of about 10% to 20% from the mean rainfall may have dramatic consequences for regional agricultural production. Forecasting such variations months in advance could help agricultural planning substantially. Unfortunately, a perfect forecast of Indian monsoon variations, like any other regional climate variations, is impossible in a long-term prediction (that is, more than 2 weeks or so in advance). The reason is that part of the atmospheric variations influencing the monsoon have an inherent predictability limit of about 2 weeks. Therefore, such predictions will always be probabilistic, and only likelihoods of droughts, excessive rains, or normal conditions may be provided. However, even such probabilistic information may still be useful for agricultural planning. In research regarding interannual Indian monsoon rainfall variations, the main focus is therefore to identify the remaining predictable component and to estimate what fraction of the total variation this component accounts for. It turns out that slowly varying (with respect to atmospheric intrinsic variability) sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) provide the dominant part of the predictable component of Indian monsoon variability. Of the predictable part arising from SSTs, it is the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that provides the main part. This is not to say that other forcings may be neglected. Other forcings that have been identified are, for example, SST patterns in the Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and parts of the Pacific Ocean different from the traditional ENSO region, and springtime snow depth in the Himalayas, as well as aerosols. These other forcings may interact constructively or destructively with the ENSO impact and thus enhance or reduce the ENSO-induced predictable signal. This may result in decade-long changes in the connection between ENSO and the Indian monsoon. The physical mechanism for the connection between ENSO and the Indian monsoon may be understood as large-scale adjustment of atmospheric heatings and circulations to the ENSO-induced SST variations. These adjustments modify the Walker circulation and connect the rising/sinking motion in the central-eastern Pacific during a warm/cold ENSO event with sinking/rising motion in the Indian region, leading to reduced/increased rainfall.
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Allen, Melinda S. Spatial variability and human eco-dynamics in central East Polynesian fisheries. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.51.
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Marine resources were, and continue to be, dietary mainstays of Pacific Island communities. In this article, archaeological fish-bone assemblages from twelve central-east Polynesian (CEP) islands are used to examine spatial and temporal patterning in indigenous marine fisheries in the first millennium ad. Settled by biologically and culturally closely related peoples from western Polynesia, CEP colonists encountered a familiar but biologically impoverished fish fauna. Common cultural and faunistic origins, in combination with ecologically diverse seascapes, make CEP an ideal setting for investigating long-term social-natural interactions. Most spatial variability appears linked to natural fish abundances, but a distinctive and geographically circumscribed colonizer strategy targeting pelagic fishes is also identified. Over time, fishing declines, inshore fisheries intensify and angling is reduced while mass harvesting increases. Harvesting impacts are sometimes intimated but generally not well demonstrated. The causes underlying these processes are considered, along with methodological improvements that would enhance regional comparisons.
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Greenland, David, Douglas G. Goodin, and Raymond C. Smith, eds. Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.001.0001.
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This volume in the Long-Term Ecological Research Network Series would present the work that has been done and the understanding and database that have been developed by work on climate change done at all the LTER sites. Global climate change is a central issue facing the world, which is being worked on by a very large number of scientists across a wide range of fields. The LTER sites hold some of the best available data measuring long term impacts and changes in the environment, and the research done at these sites has not previously been made widely available to the broader climate change research community. This book should appeal reasonably widely outside the ecological community, and because it pulls together information from all 20 research sites, it should capture the interest of virtually the entire LTER research community.
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Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo, and Jordan B. Leitner. Stigma, Health, and Individual Differences. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.20.
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This chapter discusses how within-group variability is as important a component to understanding the relationship between stigma and health outcomes as between-group variability. The chapter offers a framework that proposes that people’s expectations, beliefs, attitudes, goals, and self-regulatory competencies interact with one another, as well as with people’s cultural environment, to yield individual differences in response to perceived discrimination. The chapter reviews a set of individual difference constructs that have been shown to affect physical and psychological health-related outcomes. Throughout the chapter, we emphasize that individual differences can arise not only through differences in how much a given construct characterizes a person but also through differences in the relationships among the constructs themselves as well as differences in the environment. The broad goal is to reconcile individual variability with group-level differences.
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Morell-Ducos, Fausto. COMT and morphine use in cancer pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0082.
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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Genetic variation in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and morphine requirements in cancer patients with pain’, published by Rakvåg et al. in 2008. Genetic variation contributes to differences in pain sensitivity and response to analgesics. Catecholamines are involved in the modulation of pain and are metabolized by catchol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Genetic variability in the COMT gene may therefore contribute to differences in pain sensitivity and response to analgesics. It has been shown that a polymorphism in the COMT gene, Rs4680 (val158met), influences pain sensitivity and efficacy for morphine in cancer pain treatment. This study investigated whether the variability in other regions in the COMT gene also contributes to the inter-individual variability of morphine efficacy by mapping 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms, constructing haplotypes from them, and then comparing genotypes and haplotypes against pharmacological, demographic, and patient symptom measurements in patients receiving morphine for cancer pain.
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Corey, John, and Kelly McQueen. Pain Relief in Areas of Deprivation and Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0028.
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This chapter addresses pain relief in areas of deprivation and conflict. There is variability in the causes of pain worldwide, including HIV/AIDS, torture-related pain and suffering, and war-related injuries. There is also great variability in the availability of adequate pain treatment worldwide due to limitations of education, training, knowledge of pain and its treatment, beliefs and communication about pain, and the inadequacy of access to drugs and palliative care in many countries. Research reflects the importance of extending pain care worldwide and addressing ethical and political issues surrounding pain care.
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Johannessen, Ola M., Leonid P. Bobylev, and Kiril Ya Kondratyev. Arctic Environment Variability in the Context of Global Change (Springer Praxis Books / Environmental Sciences). Springer, 2004.
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Alichi, Ali, Marshall Mills, Douglas Laxton, and Hans Weisfeld. Inflation Forecast Targeting in a Low-Income Country. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0019.
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A model in which monetary policy pursues fully fledged inflation targeting is adapted to Ghana. Model features include: endogenous policy credibility; non-linearities in the inflation process; and a policy loss function that aims to minimize the variability of output and the interest rate, as well as deviations of inflation from the long-term low-inflation target. The optimal approach from initial high inflation to the ultimate target is gradual; and transitional inflation-reduction objectives are flexible. Over time, as policy earns credibility, expectations of inflation converge towards the long-run target, the output-inflation variability trade-off improves, and optimal policy responses to shocks moderate.
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Goswami, B. N., and Soumi Chakravorty. Dynamics of the Indian Summer Monsoon Climate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.613.
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Lifeline for about one-sixth of the world’s population in the subcontinent, the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is an integral part of the annual cycle of the winds (reversal of winds with seasons), coupled with a strong annual cycle of precipitation (wet summer and dry winter). For over a century, high socioeconomic impacts of ISM rainfall (ISMR) in the region have driven scientists to attempt to predict the year-to-year variations of ISM rainfall. A remarkably stable phenomenon, making its appearance every year without fail, the ISM climate exhibits a rather small year-to-year variation (the standard deviation of the seasonal mean being 10% of the long-term mean), but it has proven to be an extremely challenging system to predict. Even the most skillful, sophisticated models are barely useful with skill significantly below the potential limit on predictability. Understanding what drives the mean ISM climate and its variability on different timescales is, therefore, critical to advancing skills in predicting the monsoon. A conceptual ISM model helps explain what maintains not only the mean ISM but also its variability on interannual and longer timescales.The annual ISM precipitation cycle can be described as a manifestation of the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) or the zonally oriented cloud (rain) band characterized by a sudden “onset.” The other important feature of ISM is the deep overturning meridional (regional Hadley circulation) that is associated with it, driven primarily by the latent heat release associated with the ISM (ITCZ) precipitation. The dynamics of the monsoon climate, therefore, is an extension of the dynamics of the ITCZ. The classical land–sea surface temperature gradient model of ISM may explain the seasonal reversal of the surface winds, but it fails to explain the onset and the deep vertical structure of the ISM circulation. While the surface temperature over land cools after the onset, reversing the north–south surface temperature gradient and making it inadequate to sustain the monsoon after onset, it is the tropospheric temperature gradient that becomes positive at the time of onset and remains strongly positive thereafter, maintaining the monsoon. The change in sign of the tropospheric temperature (TT) gradient is dynamically responsible for a symmetric instability, leading to the onset and subsequent northward progression of the ITCZ. The unified ISM model in terms of the TT gradient provides a platform to understand the drivers of ISM variability by identifying processes that affect TT in the north and the south and influence the gradient.The predictability of the seasonal mean ISM is limited by interactions of the annual cycle and higher frequency monsoon variability within the season. The monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) has a seminal role in influencing the seasonal mean and its interannual variability. While ISM climate on long timescales (e.g., multimillennium) largely follows the solar forcing, on shorter timescales the ISM variability is governed by the internal dynamics arising from ocean–atmosphere–land interactions, regional as well as remote, together with teleconnections with other climate modes. Also important is the role of anthropogenic forcing, such as the greenhouse gases and aerosols versus the natural multidecadal variability in the context of the recent six-decade long decreasing trend of ISM rainfall.
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Lovejoy, Shaun. Weather, Macroweather, and the Climate. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864217.001.0001.
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Weather, Macroweather, and the Climate is an insider's attempt to explain as simply as possible how to understand the atmospheric variability that occurs over an astonishing range of scales: from millimeters to the size of the planet, from milliseconds to billions of years. The variability is so large that standard ways of dealing with it are utterly inadequate: in 2015, it was found that classical approaches had underestimated the variability by the astronomical factor of a quadrillion (a million billion). Author Shaun Lovejoy asks - and answers - many fundamental questions such as: Is the atmosphere random or deterministic? What is turbulence? How big is a cloud (what is the appropriate notion of size itself)? What is its dimension? How can we conceptualize the structures within structures within structures spanning millimeters to thousands of kilometers and milliseconds to the age of the planet? What is weather? What is climate? Lovejoy shows in simple terms why the industrial epoch warming can't be natural - much simpler than trying to show that it's anthropogenic. We will discuss in simple terms how to make the best seasonal and annual forecasts - without giant numerical models. Above all, the book offers readers a new understanding of the atmosphere.
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van Hooijdonk, Roosmarijn T. M., and Marcus J. Schultz. Insulin and oral anti-hyperglycaemic agents in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0050.
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Dysglycaemia is frequently seen in the intensive care unit (ICU). Hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia and glycaemic variability are all independently associated with mortality and morbidity in critically-ill patients. It is common practice to treat hypergycaemia in these patients, while at the same time preventing hypoglycaemia and glycaemic variability. Insulin infusion is preferred over oral anti–hyperglycaemic agents for glucose control in the ICU because of the highly unpredictable biological availability of oral anti-hyperglycaemic agents during critical illness. Many oral anti–hyperglycaemic agents are relatively contraindicated in critically-ill patients. Intravenously-administered insulin has a predictable effect on blood glucose levels, in particular because of its short half-life. Notably, effective and safe insulin titration requires frequent blood glucose measurements, a dedicated lumen of a central venous catheter for infusion of insulin, an accurate syringe pump, and trained nurses for delicate adoptions of the infusion rate. Insulin infusion increases the risk of hypoglycaemia, which should be prevented at all times. In addition, precautions should be taken against overcorrection of hypoglycaemia, using only small amounts of glucose. Whether glycaemic variability can be kept minimal is uncertain. Use of continuous glucose measuring devices has the potential to improve glycaemic control in critically-ill patients.
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Allen, Jennifer D., Rachel C. Shelton, Karen M. Emmons, and Laura A. Linnan. Fidelity and Its Relationship to Implementation Effectiveness, Adaptation, and Dissemination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0016.
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There is substantial variability in the implementation of evidence-based interventions across the United States, which leads to inconsistent access to evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies at a population level. Increased dissemination and implementation of evidence-based interventions could result in significant public health gains. While the availability of evidence-based interventions is increasing, study of implementation, adaptation, and dissemination has only recently gained attention in public health. To date, insufficient attention has been given to the issue of fidelity. Consideration of fidelity is necessary to balance the need for internal and external validity across the research continuum. There is also a need for a more robust literature to increase knowledge about factors that influence fidelity, strategies for maximizing fidelity, methods for measuring and analyzing fidelity, and examining sources of variability in implementation fidelity.
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Swartz, Johnna R., Lisa M. Shin, Brenda Lee, and Ahmad R. Hariri. Using Facial Expressions to Probe Brain Circuitry Associated With Anxiety and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0014.
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Emotional facial expressions are processed by a distributed corticolimbic brain circuit including the amygdala, which plays a central role in detecting and responding to emotional expressions, and the prefrontal cortex, which evaluates, integrates, and regulates responses to emotional expressions. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to probe circuit function can reveal insights into the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. In this chapter, we review fMRI research into corticolimbic circuit processing of emotional facial expressions in social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, and major depressive disorder. We conclude by reviewing recent research examining how variability in circuit function may help predict the future experience of symptoms in young adults and at-risk adolescents, as well as how such variability relates to personality traits associated with psychopathology risk.
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Brdarević-Čeljo, Amna, and Vildana Dubravac. English in B&H: posh or casual? MAP - Multidisciplinary Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53880/978.9926.8645.0.7.
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The book English in B&H: posh or casual? by Amna Brdarević-Čeljo and Vildana Dubravac makes a significant contribution to the sociolinguistic perspective on the status of English in the world and particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Introducing readers to a wide array of sociolinguistic topics, the authors focus on the variability of English among its users and the prevalent impact of two most prominent world Englishes, namely Standardised British and Standardised American English. The theoretical discussion is further strengthened by research into Bosnian EFL users’ and EL teachers’ preference for one or the other variety in different domains of language use. Taking into consideration both perspectives, the authors ultimately put forward practical suggestions as to how to approach variability and consistency in language education in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Smedley, Julia, Finlay Dick, and Steven Sadhra. Monitoring exposure. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651627.003.0030.
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Sample types for workplace pollutants 604Selection of sampling and analysis methods 606Workplace exposure survey types 608Exposure variability 610Designing exposure monitoring programmes 612Data interpretation 1: calculating TWA concentrations 614Data interpretation 2: exposure to chemical mixtures 616Dermal exposure 617Conceptual model of dermal exposure ...
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Clarke, Andrew. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0001.
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This introduces the subject, laying out the organisation of the book and emphasising the importance of both simple underlying physical mechanisms and evolutionary variability to thermal ecology. It distinguishes physical mechanism from statistical description, and the importance of evolutionary processes in comparisons across species.
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Pineda, Jesús, and Nathalie Reyns, eds. Larval Transport in the Coastal Zone: Biological and Physical Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0011.
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Larval transport is fundamental to several ecological processes, yet it remains unresolved for the majority of systems. We define larval transport, and describe its components, namely, larval behavior and the physical transport mechanisms accounting for advection, diffusion, and their variability. We then discuss other relevant processes in larval transport, including swimming proficiency, larval duration, accumulation in propagating features, episodic larval transport, and patchiness and spatial variability in larval abundance. We address challenges and recent approaches associated with understanding larval transport, including autonomous sampling, imaging, -omics, and the exponential growth in the use of poorly tested numerical simulation models to examine larval transport and population connectivity. Thus, we discuss the promises and pitfalls of numerical modeling, concluding with recommendations on moving forward, including a need for more process-oriented understanding of the mechanisms of larval transport and the use of emergent technologies.
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Finkelstein, Sarah. Reconstructing Middle and Late Holocene Paleoclimates of the Eastern Arctic and Greenland. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.6.
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The eastern Arctic and Greenland are characterized by diverse paleoclimatic histories. A range of biological, geochemical, and geophysical indicators preserved in ice cores, lake, and ocean sediments, landscape features, or boreholes can be applied to reconstructing Holocene climates over the period of human occupation. Soon after humans arrived in the eastern Arctic around 4800 cal B.P., regional temperatures began to decline. While the proxy records show a strong regional signal, this period of Neoglacial cooling has considerable local variability related to degree of continentality, sea ice conditions and elevation. Much later, the effect of the Medieval Warm Period (AD 850-1360) on the Thule migration appears to have been overstated. Because of the considerable spatiotemporal variability in available paleoclimate reconstructions from the eastern Arctic, data from multiple sites must be integrated, and for archaeological applications, regional syntheses need to be considered alongside highly local reconstructions.
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Stephens, Keri K. Mobile Communication Comparisons Between Diverse Workers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625504.003.0011.
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This chapter combines the data from all the workers (150 different people across 35 diverse occupations) whose stories have been shared in this book. From the examination of the characteristics of specific jobs that influence mobile communication at work, four categories emerge: autonomy, mobility, task variability, and communication focus. People who have low autonomy in doing their work typically have predictable times when they have mobile access—breaks—but spend the bulk of their days without that access. Workers with a high degree of autonomy are reachable more often, but their access isn’t necessarily predictable: they might be in a closed-door meeting. It’s acceptable to use mobile devices when employees enjoy higher autonomy, more mobility, and task variability. But people who do repetitive jobs, work in a single location, and have little autonomy are more subject to managerial control and have fewer times where their mobile use is considered acceptable.
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Vogt, Katja Maria. The Metaphysics of the Sphere of Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190692476.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 examines a principle Aristotle formulates in Nicomachean Ethics I.3: ethics must be adequate for its domain. The ethicist must ask herself what her inquiry is about, study the nature of her theory’s subject matter, and observe norms of theorizing that are adequate for it. The subject matter of ethics is value as it figures in human life. Aristotle ascribes two features to this value: difference and variability. Other theorists, he notes, are misled by difference and variability and become relativists. They observe a lack of strict regularity and falsely conclude that the domain of value is messy, unsuitable for any general insights. In Aristotle’s view, the sphere of agency displays for the most part regularities. The chapter defends this proposal as an important metaphysical insight and discusses how it adds to the much-debated claim that situations in which agents act are particulars.
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Nash, David. Changes in Precipitation Over Southern Africa During Recent Centuries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.539.
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Precipitation levels in southern Africa exhibit a marked east–west gradient and are characterized by strong seasonality and high interannual variability. Much of the mainland south of 15°S exhibits a semiarid to dry subhumid climate. More than 66 percent of rainfall in the extreme southwest of the subcontinent occurs between April and September. Rainfall in this region—termed the winter rainfall zone (WRZ)—is most commonly associated with the passage of midlatitude frontal systems embedded in the austral westerlies. In contrast, more than 66 percent of mean annual precipitation over much of the remainder of the subcontinent falls between October and March. Climates in this summer rainfall zone (SRZ) are dictated by the seasonal interplay between subtropical high-pressure systems and the migration of easterly flows associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Fluctuations in both SRZ and WRZ rainfall are linked to the variability of sea-surface temperatures in the oceans surrounding southern Africa and are modulated by the interplay of large-scale modes of climate variability, including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Indian Ocean Dipole, and Southern Annular Mode.Ideas about long-term rainfall variability in southern Africa have shifted over time. During the early to mid-19th century, the prevailing narrative was that the climate was progressively desiccating. By the late 19th to early 20th century, when gauged precipitation data became more readily available, debate shifted toward the identification of cyclical rainfall variation. The integration of gauge data, evidence from historical documents, and information from natural proxies such as tree rings during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, has allowed the nature of precipitation variability since ~1800 to be more fully explored.Drought episodes affecting large areas of the SRZ occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, in the early and late 1820s, late 1850s–mid-1860s, mid-late 1870s, earlymid-1880s, and mid-late 1890s. Of these episodes, the drought during the early 1860s was the most severe of the 19th century, with those of the 1820s and 1890s the most protracted. Many of these droughts correspond with more extreme ENSO warm phases.Widespread wetter conditions are less easily identified. The year 1816 appears to have been relatively wet across the Kalahari and other areas of south central Africa. Other wetter episodes were centered on the late 1830s–early 1840s, 1855, 1870, and 1890. In the WRZ, drier conditions occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, for much of the mid-late 1830s through to the mid-1840s, during the late 1850s and early 1860s, and in the early-mid-1880s and mid-late 1890s. As for the SRZ, markedly wetter years are less easily identified, although the periods around 1815, the early 1830s, mid-1840s, mid-late 1870s, and early 1890s saw enhanced rainfall. Reconstructed rainfall anomalies for the SRZ suggest that, on average, the region was significantly wetter during the 19th century than the 20th and that there appears to have been a drying trend during the 20th century that has continued into the early 21st. In the WRZ, average annual rainfall levels appear to have been relatively consistent between the 19th and 20th centuries, although rainfall variability increased during the 20th century compared to the 19th.
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Bender, Andrea, Sieghard Beller, and Douglas L. Medin. Causal Cognition and Culture. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.34.
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Causality is a core concept of human cognition, but the extent to which cultural factors constrain, trigger, or shape the way in which humans think about causal relationships has barely been explored. This chapter summarizes empirical findings on the potential for cultural variability in the content of causal cognition, in the way this content is processed, and in the context in which all this occurs. This review reveals cultural variability in causal cognition along each of these dimensions and across physical, biological, and psychological explanations. Specifically, culture helps defining the settings in which causal cognition emerges, the manner in which potential factors are pondered, and the choices for highlighting some causes over others or for expressing them in distinct ways. Future tasks include the need to re-conceptualize ‘culture’ and to overcome blind spots in research strategies such as those linked to disciplinary boundaries and the ‘home-field disadvantages’ in cross-cultural comparisons.
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Marschark, Marc, and Harry Knoors. Sleuthing the 93% Solution in Deaf Education. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190880545.003.0001.
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When it comes to educating deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) learners, everything works for somebody, but nothing works for everybody. They frequently enter and leave school with less content knowledge than their hearing peers. The resulting academic underachievement—and explanations for it—have persisted for decades. Even large-scale studies have accounted for only a fraction of the total variability in DHH learners’ academic achievement. It has been argued that teachers and instructional issues likely explain most of this variability, yet we have failed to capture ways of documenting or measuring that impact. Language abilities are central to DHH learners’ academic progress, but several language-related factors associated with it in earlier grades do not predict later achievement. Convergence of these achievement and language issues is not coincidental, but indicates possible sources of such findings and offers new directions toward understanding challenges to both DHH learners’ academic progress and research addressing it.
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Forster, Michael N. Moral Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199588367.003.0008.
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Herder develops a number of very important principles both in meta-ethics and in first-order morality. In meta-ethics he argues for a form of sentimentalism, but a form of it that acknowledges a role for cognition in the sentiments involved and which emphasizes their radical variability between periods and cultures. He also invents a “genetic” or “genealogical” method predicated on such variability and applies it to moral values in particular in order to make them better understood. And finally, he develops an ambitious theory and practice of moral pedagogy that rests on his sentimentalism and which accordingly focuses on causal influences on moral character formation, such as role models and literature. In first-order morality he invents an important pluralistic form of cosmopolitanism to replace the more usual but problematic homogenizing cosmopolitanism of the Enlightenment; an influential ideal of individual Bildung, or self-formation; and a distinctive ideal of humanity.
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Geri, Guillaume, and Jean-Paul Mira. Host–pathogen interactions in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0306.
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Infection by a pathogenic micro-organism triggers a coordinated activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response quickly triggers an antimicrobial response that will initiate development of a pathogen-specific, long-lasting adaptive immune response. Accurate recognition of microbial-associated molecular patterns by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) is the cornerstone of this immediate response. Most studied PRRs are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their kinase signalling cascades that activate nuclear transcription factors, and induce gene expression and cytokine production. Deficiencies or genetic variability in these different signalling pathways may lead to recurrent pyogenic infections and severe invasive diseases. After initial contact between the host and pathogen, numerous factors mediate the inflammatory response, as pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Apart from host genetic variability, pathogen diversity also influences the phenotypic features of various infectious diseases. Genomic analysis may assist in the development of targeted therapies or new therapeutic strategies based on both patient and microorganism genotype.
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Cerezo-Román, Jessica, Anna Wessman, and Howard Williams, eds. Cremation and the Archaeology of Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798118.001.0001.
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The fiery transformation of the dead is replete in our popular culture and Western modernity's death ways, and yet it is increasingly evident how little this disposal method is understood by archaeologists and students of cognate disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. In this regard, the archaeological study of cremation has much to offer. Cremation is a fascinating and widespread theme and entry-point in the exploration of the variability of mortuary practices among past societies. Seeking to challenge simplistic narratives of cremation in the past and present, the studies in this volume seek to confront and explore the challenges of interpreting the variability of cremation by contending with complex networks of modern allusions and imaginings of cremations past and present and ongoing debates regarding how we identify and interpret cremation in the archaeological record. Using a series of original case studies, the book investigates the archaeological traces of cremation in a varied selection of prehistoric and historic contexts from the Mesolithic to the present in order to explore cremation from a practice-oriented and historically situated perspective.
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Proust, Joëlle, and Martin Fortier, eds. Metacognitive Diversity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.001.0001.
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This book focuses on the variability of metacognitive skills across cultures. Metacognition refers to the processes that enable agents to contextually control their first-order cognitive activity (e.g. perceiving, remembering, learning, or problem-solving) by monitoring them, i.e. assessing their likely success. It is involved in our daily observations, such as “I don’t remember where my keys are,” or “I understand your point.” These assessments may rely either on specialized feelings (e.g. the felt fluency involved in distinguishing familiar from new environments, informative from repetitive messages, difficult from easy cognitive tasks) or on folk theories about one’s own mental abilities. Variable and universal features associated with these dimensions are documented, using anthropological, linguistic, neuroscientific, and psychological evidence. Among the universal cross-cultural aspects of metacognition, children are found to be more sensitive to their own ignorance than to that of others, adults have an intuitive understanding of what counts as knowledge, and speakers are sensitive to the reliability of informational sources (independently of the way the information is linguistically expressed). On the other hand, an agent’s decisions to allocate effort, motivation to learn, and sense of being right or wrong in perceptions and memories (and other cognitive tasks) are shown to depend on specific transmitted goals, norms, and values. Metacognitive variability is seen to be modulated (among other factors) by variation in attention patterns (analytic or holistic), self-concepts (independent or interdependent), agentive properties (autonomous or heteronomous), childrearing style (individual or collective), and modes of learning (observational or pedagogical). New domains of metacognitive variability are studied, such as those generated by metacognition-oriented embodied practices (present in rituals and religious worship) and by culture-specific lay theories about subjective uncertainty and knowledge regarding natural or supernatural entities.
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Östman, Jan-ola, and Graeme Trousdale. Dialects, Discourse, and Construction Grammar. Edited by Thomas Hoffmann and Graeme Trousdale. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0026.
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This chapter examines constructional approaches to language variation and aspects of discourse, including idiolectal and community variation. It provides three case studies to illustrate the modeling of inherent variability in cognitive linguistics in general and in Construction Grammar in particular. The chapter shows how the usage-based nature of much research in Construction Grammar may be applied to emergent variation in discourse structures, particularly in dialogic contexts.
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Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Haematological drugs. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0014.
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Anticoagulants and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 220Thrombolysis 224Antifibrinolytics 226For >50 years, the options for therapeutic anticoagulation were limited to unfractionated heparin (UFH) and oral vitamin K antagonists. While highly effective, both drugs have major safety problems. Both have narrow therapeutic ranges, substantial interindividual dose variability, major side effects and require regular therapeutic drug monitoring, with a narrow therapeutic window and high incidence of bleeding complications....
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Broglio, Steven P. Acute Evaluation and Management of Sport-Related Concussion. Edited by Ruben Echemendia and Grant L. Iverson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199896585.013.7.
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The acute evaluation and management of concussion are among the most complex and challenging injuries medical practitioners face. The variability in clinical presentation necessitates a systematic approach to the injury evaluation. The evaluation should include a thorough injury history and clinical examination that is supported by objective measures of mental status and motor control. The integration of all information should be used in making the clinical diagnosis.
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Leaper, Campbell. Gender Development During Childhood. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0014.
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This chapter reviews contemporary research on children’s gender development. Theories addressing cultural and social-structural, cognitive and motivational, and biological influences are summarized. These theoretical frameworks are used to interpret gender-related variations in the following areas: temperament, gender schemas, self-concepts, sexist attitudes, gender segregation and peer group relations, play, sports, academic achievement, communication style, direct and indirect aggression, sexual harassment, and friendship intimacy. Gender similarities and within-gender variability are emphasized.
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Wilson-MacDonald, James, and Colin Nnadi. Fractures of the spine in children. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.014003.
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♦ Spinal injuries in children are rare♦ Pseudosubluxation above C4 is common in healthy children so the sign needs careful interpretation♦ Epiphyseal plates and a high incidence of skeletal variability make the interpretation of spinal x-rays in children difficult. Anterior wedging is also normal as is interpedicular widening♦ Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) may occur for up to one-third of spinal injuries in children♦ Deformity secondary to trauma tends to deteriorate with growth.
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Zubizarreta, Maria Luisa. Nuclear Stress and Information Structure. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.008.
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This chapter discusses and evaluates different approaches to the nuclear stress (NS) algorithm in light of the variability in stress pattern observed for certain constructions in German and English in wide focus contexts (‘unmarked’ stress patterns), in opposition to the rigid (right-most) nature of NS in Spanish/Italian. The chapter also briefly discusses the case of nuclear stress in narrow focus contexts (‘marked’ stress patterns), and points to recent research that suggests that ‘unmarked’ and ‘marked’ stress patterns originate through distinct mechanisms.
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Robin, Libby, Robert Heinsohn, and Leo Joseph, eds. Boom and Bust. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097094.
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In Boom and Bust, the authors draw on the natural history of Australia's charismatic birds to explore the relations between fauna, people and environment in a continent where variability is 'normal' and rainfall patterns not always seasonal. They consider changing ideas about deserts and how these have helped us understand birds and their behaviour in this driest of continents.
The book describes the responses of animals and plants to environmental variability and stress. It is also a cultural concept, when it is used to capture the patterns of change wrought by humans in Australia, where landscapes began to become cultural about 55,000 years ago as ecosystems responded to Aboriginal management. In 1788, the British settlement brought, almost simultaneously, both agricultural and industrial revolutions to a land previously managed by fire for hunting. How have birds responded to this second dramatic invasion?
Boom and Bust is also a tool for understanding global change. How can Australians in the 21st century better understand how to continue to live in this land as its conditions are still dynamically unfolding in response to the major anthropogenic changes to the whole Earth system?
This interdisciplinary collection is written in a straightforward and accessible style. Many of the writers are practising field specialists, and have woven their personal field work into the stories they tell about the birds.
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Robinson, Elizabeth C. Urban Transformation in Ancient Molise. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190641436.001.0001.
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This book uses all the available evidence to create a site biography of Larinum from 400 bce to 100 ce, with a focus on the urban transformation that occurs there during the Roman conquest. Larinum, a pre-Roman town in the modern region of Molise, undergoes a unique transition from independence to municipal status when it receives Roman citizenship in the 80s bce shortly after the Social War. Its trajectory illuminates complex processes of cultural, social, and political change associated with the Roman conquest throughout the Italian peninsula in the first millennium bce. This work highlights the importance of local isolated variability in studies of the Roman conquest and provides a narrative that supplements larger works on this theme. Through a focus on local-level agency, it demonstrates strong local continuity in Larinum and its surrounding territory. This continuity is the key to Larinum’s transition into the Roman state, which is spearheaded by the local elites. They participate in the broader cultural choices of the Hellenistic koiné and strive to be part of a Mediterranean-wide dialog that, over time, will come to be dominated by Rome. The case is made for advancing the field of Roman conquest studies under a new paradigm of social transformation that focuses on a history of gradual change, continuity, connectivity, and local isolated variability that is contingent on highly specific issues rather than global movements.
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Polyak, Ilya. Computational Statistics in Climatology. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195099997.001.0001.
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Scientific descriptions of the climate have traditionally been based on the study of average meteorological values taken from different positions around the world. In recent years however it has become apparent that these averages should be considered with other statistics that ultimately characterize spatial and temporal variability. This book is designed to meet that need. It is based on a course in computational statistics taught by the author that arose from a variety of projects on the design and development of software for the study of climate change, using statistics and methods of random functions.
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SERGEEV, E. A., N. N. ANDREEVA, N. V. VAVKINA, and T. G. ALEKSANDROVA. BITTER VETCH, OR ERVIL (VICIA ERVILIA (L.) WILLD.): EVALUATION OF ACCESSIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENTS OF TAMBOV PROVINCE, RUSSIAN FEDERATION. N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/978-5-907145-74-0.
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The catalogue contains the evaluation data for 267 bitter vetch accessions from the collection held by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), grown in 2010–2016 and 2021 at Yekaterinino Experiment Station of VIR. The study covered bitter vetch accessions of diverse geographic origin from 23 countries. The testing of Vicia ervilia accessions in years with different weather conditions showed the variability of the main agrobiological characteristics in the studied accessions: duration of the growing season, and seed yield per 1 m². The catalogue is addressed to plant breeding experts.