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Cenko, Clinton, Dino Pisaniello, and Adrian Esterman. "A study of environmental tobacco smoke in South Australian pubs, clubs and cafes." International Journal of Environmental Health Research 14, no. 1 (February 2004): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603120310001633903.
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Williamson, Grant J., Owen F. Price, Sarah B. Henderson, and David M. J. S. Bowman. "Satellite-based comparison of fire intensity and smoke plumes from prescribed fires and wildfires in south-eastern Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 2 (2013): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11165.
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Smoke pollution from wildfires can adversely affect human health, and there is uncertainty about the amount of smoke pollution caused by prescribed v. wildfires, a problem demanding a landscape perspective given that air quality monitoring is sparse outside of urban airsheds. The primary objective was to assess differences in fire intensity and smoke plume area between prescribed fires and wildfires around Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. We matched thermal anomaly satellite data to databases of fires in forests surrounding both cities. For each matched fire we determined hotspot count and quantified their intensity using the fire radiative power (FRP) measurement. Smoke plumes were mapped using MODIS true colour images. Wildfires had more extreme fire intensity values than did prescribed burns and the mean size of wildfire plumes was six times greater than of prescribed fire plumes for both cities. Statistical modelling showed that the horizontal area covered by smoke plumes could be predicted by hotspot count and sum of FRP, with differences between cities and fire type. Smoke plumes from both fire types reached both urban areas, and particulate pollution was higher on days affected by smoke plumes. Our results suggested that prescribed fires produced smaller smoke plume areas than did wildfires in two different flammable landscapes. Smoke plume and FRP data, combined with air pollution data from static monitors, can be used to improve smoke management for human health.
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Price, Owen F., Phil J. Purdam, Grant J. Williamson, and David M. J. S. Bowman. "Comparing the height and area of wild and prescribed fire particle plumes in south-east Australia using weather radar." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 8 (2018): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17166.
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Smoke pollution from landscape fires is a major health issue. Prescribed burning aims to reduce the area and impact of wildfire, but itself produces smoke pollution. This raises the question as to whether the smoke production and transport from prescribed fires is substantially different compared to wildfires. We examined the maximum height, width and areal footprint of large-particle plumes from 97 wild and 126 prescribed fires in south-eastern Australia using the existing network of weather radars. Radar detects large particles in smoke (probably those >100 μm) and hence is an imperfect proxy for microfine (<2 μm) particles that are known to affect human health. Of the 223 landscape fires, ~45% of plumes were detected, with the probability being >0.8 for large fires (>100 000 ha) regardless of type, closer than 50 km from the radar. Plume height was strongly influenced by fire area, the height of the planetary boundary layer and fire type. Plume heights differed between wildfire (range 1016–12 206 m, median 3260 m) and prescribed fires (range 706–6397 m, median 1669 m), and prescribed fires were predicted to be 800–1200 m lower than wildfires, controlling for other factors. For both wildfires and prescribed fires, the maximum plume footprint was always near the ground.
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Ayo-Yusuf, Olalekan A. "Tobacco smoke pollution in the ‘non-smoking’ sections of selected popular restaurants in Pretoria, South Africa: Table 1." Tobacco Control 23, no. 3 (December 12, 2012): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050738.
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Wiggers, John, Robyn Considine, Trevor Hazell, Melanie Haile, Maria Rees, and Justine Daly. "Increasing the Practice of Health Promotion Initiatives by Licensed Premises." Health Education & Behavior 28, no. 3 (June 2001): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019810102800307.
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Licensees of all licensed premises in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia, were offered free services to encourage adoption of health promotion initiatives relating to responsible service of alcohol, environmental tobacco smoke, healthy food choices, breast and cervical cancer prevention, and the prevention of HIV/AIDS. A total of 239 premises participated in the follow-up survey. Increases in prevalence ranged between 11% and 59% for alcohol-related initiatives. The prevalence of smoke-free areas and healthy food choices increased from 32% to 65% and 42% to 96%, respectively, and the provision of cancer prevention information increased from 3% to 59%. Licensed premises represent a particularly challenging sector for health promotion practitioners to work in. The results of this study suggest that the adoption of health promotion initiatives by licensed premises can be increased. A considerable opportunity therefore exists for health promotion practitioners to become more actively involved in facilitating the adoption of such initiatives in this setting.
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Cosh, Suzanne, Lauren Maksimovic, Kerry Ettridge, David Copley, and Jacqueline A. Bowden. "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander utilisation of the Quitline service for smoking cessation in South Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 19, no. 2 (2013): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py11152.
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Smoking prevalence among Indigenous Australians far exceeds that of non-Indigenous Australians and is considered the greatest contributor to burden of disease for Indigenous Australians. The Quitline is a primary intervention for facilitating smoking cessation and, given the health implications of tobacco use, maximising its effectiveness for Indigenous Australians is imperative. However, the utilisation and effectiveness of this service within the Indigenous Australian population has not been examined. This study explores the utilisation of the South Australian Quitline by smokers identifying as Indigenous Australian. Quitline counsellors collected data regarding demographic characteristics, and smoking and quitting behaviour from Quitline callers in 2010. Results indicated that the proportion of Indigenous and non-Indigenous smokers who registered for the service was comparable. Demographic variables and smoking addiction at time of registration with the Quitline were similar for Indigenous and non-Indigenous callers. However, results indicated that Indigenous callers received significantly fewer callbacks than non-Indigenous callers and were significantly less likely to set a quit date. Significantly fewer Indigenous callers reported that they were still successfully quit at 3 months. Thus, Indigenous Australian callers may be less engaged with the Quitline and further research is required exploring whether the service could be tailored to make it more engaging for Indigenous Australians who smoke.
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Robinson, Dorothy L. "Accurate, Low Cost PM2.5 Measurements Demonstrate the Large Spatial Variation in Wood Smoke Pollution in Regional Australia and Improve Modeling and Estimates of Health Costs." Atmosphere 11, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080856.
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The accuracy and utility of low-cost PM2.5 sensors was evaluated for measuring spatial variation and modeling population exposure to PM2.5 pollution from domestic wood-heating (DWH) in Armidale, a regional town in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, to obtain estimates of health costs and mortality. Eleven ‘PurpleAir’ (PA) monitors were deployed, including five located part of the time at the NSW government station (NSWGov) to derive calibration equations. Calibrated PA PM2.5 were almost identical to the NSWGov tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) and Armidale Regional Council’s 2017 DustTrak measurements. Spatial variation was substantial. National air quality standards were exceeded 32 times from May–August 2018 at NSWGov and 63 times in one residential area. Wood heater use by about 50% of households increased estimated annual PM2.5 exposure by over eight micrograms per cubic meter, suggesting increased mortality of about 10% and health costs of thousands of dollars per wood heater per year. Accurate real-time community-based monitoring can improve estimates of exposure and avoid bias in estimating dose-response relationships. Efforts over the past decade to reduce wood smoke pollution proved ineffective, perhaps partly because some residents do not understand the health impacts or costs of wood-heating. Real-time Internet displays can increase awareness of DWH and bushfire pollution and encourage governments to develop effective policies to protect public health, as recommended by several recent studies in which wood smoke was identified as a major source of health-hazardous air pollution.
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Phillips, Keith, Mark C. Bentley, Mohammed Abrar, David A. Howard, and Jeremy Cook. "Low level saliva cotinine determination and its application as a biomarker for environmental tobacco smoke exposure." Human & Experimental Toxicology 18, no. 4 (April 1999): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032799678840066.
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1 The determination of personal exposures to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and respirable suspended particles (RSP) for housewives, and fixed site monitoring of their homes, have been undertaken by these authors throughout Europe, South East Asia and Australia. Median 24 h time weighted average (TWA) concentrations for ETS particles and nicotine were found to be significantly higher for housewives living in smoking households compared with those living in nonsmoking households. For Europe, median TWA concentrations of 4.1 and <0.26 sg/m3 for ETS particles and 0.63 and < 0.08 ig/m3 for nicotine were found for housewives living in smoking and nonsmoking households respectively. 2 In addition to the measurement of RSP, ETS particles and nicotine, saliva cotinine concentrations were determined using a radioimmunoassay method with a limit of quantitation of 1 ng/ml. Median saliva cotinine concentrations of 1.4 and <1 ng/ml were determined for European housewives living in smoking and nonsmoking households respectively, which reflected the poor limit of quantitation of this methodology. A chromatographic method utilising tandem mass-spectrometric detection was developed and validated for the determination of both cotinine and 3-hydroxycotinine, two of the main metabolites of nicotine, with lower limits of quantitation of 0.05 and 0.10 ng/ml respectively. This method was applied to samples collected from subjects with a known ETS exposure history and median cotinine concentrations of <0.05 ng/ml for self-reported unexposed nonsmokers, 0.65 ng/ml for nonsmokers reporting some ETS exposure and 1.28 ng/ml for nonsmokers living with smokers were found. 3 In conclusion, the measurement of RSP and ETS concentrations derived from personal or fixed site monitors for housewives may provide some indication of potential exposures to dependent children. The recent development and application of a highly sensitive assay for the determination of cotinine in saliva has provided evidence to suggest that concentrations determined at sub-nanogram levels may be used as a biomarker for ETS exposure. This improved methodology, coupled with non-invasive sampling for saliva, may be of significance when considering the application of cotinine as a biomarker for ETS exposure in children.
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Vanker, Aneesa, Polite M. Nduru, Whitney Barnett, Felix S. Dube, Peter D. Sly, Robert P. Gie, Mark P. Nicol, and Heather J. Zar. "Indoor air pollution and tobacco smoke exposure: impact on nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage in mothers and infants in an African birth cohort study." ERJ Open Research 5, no. 1 (February 2019): 00052–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00052-2018.
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Indoor air pollution (IAP) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure may influence nasopharyngeal carriage of bacterial species and development of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). The aim of this study was to longitudinally investigate the impact of antenatal or postnatal IAP/ETS exposure on nasopharyngeal bacteria in mothers and infants.A South African cohort study followed mother–infant pairs from birth through the first year. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken at birth, 6 and 12 months for bacterial culture. Multivariable and multivariate Poisson regression investigated associations between nasopharyngeal bacterial species and IAP/ETS. IAP exposures (particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds) were measured at home visits. ETS exposure was measured through maternal and infant urine cotinine. Infants received the 13-valent pneumococcal andHaemophilus influenzaeB conjugate vaccines.There were 881 maternal and 2605 infant nasopharyngeal swabs. Antenatal ETS exposure was associated withStreptococcus pneumoniaecarriage in mothers (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.73 (95% CI 1.03–2.92)) while postnatal ETS exposure was associated with carriage in infants (aRR 1.14 (95% CI 1.00–1.30)) Postnatal particulate matter exposure was associated with the nasopharyngeal carriage ofH. influenzae(aRR 1.68 (95% CI 1.10– 2.57)) orMoraxella catarrhalis(aRR 1.42 (95% CI 1.03–1.97)) in infants.Early-life environmental exposures are associated with an increased prevalence of specific nasopharyngeal bacteria during infancy, which may predispose to LRTI.
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Price, Owen F., Bronwyn Horsey, and Ningbo Jiang. "Local and regional smoke impacts from prescribed fires." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 10 (October 14, 2016): 2247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2247-2016.
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Abstract. Smoke from wildfires poses a significant threat to affected communities. Prescribed burning is conducted to reduce the extent and potential damage of wildfires, but produces its own smoke threat. Planners of prescribed fires model the likely dispersion of smoke to help manage the impacts on local communities. Significant uncertainty remains about the actual smoke impact from prescribed fires, especially near the fire, and the accuracy of smoke dispersal models. To address this uncertainty, a detailed study of smoke dispersal was conducted for one small (52 ha) and one large (700 ha) prescribed fire near Appin in New South Wales, Australia, through the use of stationary and handheld pollution monitors, visual observations and rain radar data, and by comparing observations to predictions from an atmospheric dispersion model. The 52 ha fire produced a smoke plume about 800 m high and 9 km long. Particle concentrations (PM2.5) reached very high peak values (> 400 µg m−3) and high 24 h average values (> 100 µg m−3) at several locations next to or within ∼ 500 m downwind from the fire, but low levels elsewhere. The 700 ha fire produced a much larger plume, peaking at ∼ 2000 m altitude and affecting downwind areas up to 14 km away. Both peak and 24 h average PM2.5 values near the fire were lower than for the 52 ha fire, but this may be because the monitoring locations were further away from the fire. Some lofted smoke spread north against the ground-level wind direction. Smoke from this fire collapsed to the ground during the night at different times in different locations. Although it is hard to attribute particle concentrations definitively to smoke, it seems that the collapsed plume affected a huge area including the towns of Wollongong, Bargo, Oakdale, Camden and Campbelltown (∼ 1200 km2). PM2.5 concentrations up to 169 µg m−3 were recorded on the morning following the fire. The atmospheric dispersion model accurately predicted the general behaviour of both plumes in the early phases of the fires, but was poor at predicting fine-scale variation in particulate concentrations (e.g. places 500 m from the fire). The correlation between predicted and observed varied between 0 and 0.87 depending on location. The model also completely failed to predict the night-time collapse of the plume from the 700 ha fire. This study provides a preliminary insight into the potential for large impacts from prescribed fire smoke to NSW communities and the need for increased accuracy in smoke dispersion modelling. More research is needed to better understand when and why such impacts might occur and provide better predictions of pollution risk.
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Jin, Xingzhong, Stuart A. Kinner, Robyn Hopkins, Emily Stockings, Ryan J. Courtney, Anthony Shakeshaft, Dennis Petrie, Timothy Dobbins, and Kate Dolan. "Brief intervention on Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol and Physical (SNAP) inactivity for smoking relapse prevention after release from smoke-free prisons: a study protocol for a multicentre, investigator-blinded, randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 8, no. 10 (October 2018): e021326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021326.
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IntroductionSmoking remains the leading risk factor for disease burden and mortality worldwide. Heavy Smoking is often associated with poor Nutrition, Alcohol abuse and Physical inactivity (known as ‘SNAP’). Australia’s first prison smoking ban was introduced in the Northern Territory in July 2013. However, relapse to smoking after release from prison is normative. Holistic and cost-effective interventions are needed to maintain post-release abstinence to realise the potential public health impact of smoke-free prison policies. Rigorous, large-scale trials of innovative and scalable interventions are crucial to inform tobacco control policies in correctional settings.Methods and analysisThis multicentre, investigator-blinded, randomised parallel superiority trial will evaluate the effectiveness of a brief intervention on SNAP versus usual care in preventing smoking relapse among people released from smoke-free prisons in the Northern Territory, Australia. A maximum of 824 participants will be enrolled and randomly assigned to either SNAP intervention or usual care at a 1:1 ratio at baseline. The primary endpoint is self-reported continuous smoking abstinence three months after release from prison, verified by breath carbon monoxide test. Secondary endpoints include seven-day point prevalence abstinence, time to first cigarette, number of cigarettes smoked post release, Health Eating Index for Australian Adults, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption and International Physical Activity Questionnaire scores. The primary endpoint will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis using a simple log binomial regression model with multiple imputation for missing outcome data. A cost-effectiveness analysis of the brief intervention will be conducted subsequently.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the University of New South Wales Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC), Menzies HREC and Central Australia HREC. Primary results of the trial and each of the secondary endpoints will be submitted for publication in a peer-review journal.Trial registration numberACTRN12617000217303; Pre-results.
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Hüls, Anke, Aneesa Vanker, Diane Gray, Nastassja Koen, Julia L. MacIsaac, David T. S. Lin, Katia E. Ramadori, et al. "Genetic susceptibility to asthma increases the vulnerability to indoor air pollution." European Respiratory Journal 55, no. 3 (January 16, 2020): 1901831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01831-2019.
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IntroductionIndoor air pollution and maternal smoking during pregnancy are associated with respiratory symptoms in infants, but little is known about the direct association with lung function or interactions with genetic risk factors. We examined associations of exposure to indoor particulate matter with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm (PM10) and maternal smoking with infant lung function and the role of gene–environment interactions.MethodsData from the Drakenstein Child Health Study, a South African birth cohort, were analysed (n=270). Lung function was measured at 6 weeks and 1 year of age, and lower respiratory tract infection episodes were documented. We measured pre- and postnatal PM10 exposures using devices placed in homes, and prenatal tobacco smoke exposure using maternal urine cotinine levels. Genetic risk scores determined from associations with childhood-onset asthma in the UK Biobank were used to investigate effect modifications.ResultsPre- and postnatal exposure to PM10 as well as maternal smoking during pregnancy were associated with reduced lung function at 6 weeks and 1 year as well as with lower respiratory tract infection in the first year. Due to a significant interaction between the genetic risk score and prenatal exposure to PM10, infants carrying more asthma-related risk alleles were more susceptible to PM10-associated reduced lung function (pinteraction=0.007). This interaction was stronger in infants with Black African ancestry (pinteraction=0.001) and nonexistent in children with mixed ancestry (pinteraction=0.876).ConclusionsPM10 and maternal smoking exposures were associated with reduced lung function, with a higher susceptibility for infants with an adverse genetic predisposition for asthma that also depended on the infant's ancestry.
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Reisen, Fabienne, and Stephen K. Brown. "Implications for Community Health from Exposure to Bushfire Air Toxics." Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 4 (2006): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06008.
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Environmental Context. Significant bushfires have recently occurred in Indonesia (1997), Europe (2002), Australia (2000–2001) and the USA (2003), and burned large areas over extended periods of time. They cause widespread and serious air pollution through the release of respirable particles and other toxic air contaminants. These large fire events have shown clear impacts on community health and have caused increasing concern about the impact of bushfire smoke, whether from accidental or planned fires, on the health of surrounding communities. Abstract. Bushfires can cause widespread air pollution through the emission of high levels of toxic air contaminants that affect the health of surrounding communities. This review of studies that have evaluated the health impacts of bushfires in North America, Australia and South-East Asia shows that the primary pollutant consistently exceeding air quality guidelines is particulate matter. Elevated levels of respirable particles are likely to be the major cause of the higher number of hospital visits and admissions for respiratory and/or cardiovascular treatment, increased mortality, and elevated respiratory-related symptoms that were observed in communities after major bushfire events. Morbidity effects were found to be mostly short-lived and reversible after exposure ceased, and were more prevalent among susceptible groups such as asthmatics, children, the elderly, and people with pre-existing respiratory and/or cardiac illnesses. Implications of such exposures to the Australian population will be discussed in relation to existing (urban) air quality measures and options for community response to bushfire events.
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Shetty, Bellipady Shyam Prasad, George D’Souza, and Mahesh Padukudru Anand. "Effect of Indoor Air Pollution on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Deaths in Southern Asia—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Toxics 9, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9040085.
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Background: About half of the population in developing countries are exposed to indoor pollution such as combustion fuels at present. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of mortality globally and the primary cause of COPD in women is indoor air pollution exposure, while tobacco smoking is the leading cause in men. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the correlation between the indoor air pollution and deaths related to COPD and COPD prevalence in South Asia. Methods: A systematic search on studies with sufficient statistical power has been conducted from 1985 until 30 June 2020, in English electronic databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines in MEDLINE and PubMed databases with the terms Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease COPD or Chronic Bronchitis or Emphysema or COPD Deaths or Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease or Airflow Obstruction or Chronic Airflow Obstruction or Airflow Obstruction, Chronic or Bronchitis, Chronic and Mortality or Death or Deceased was conducted. Studies were eligible if they were Prospective controlled or non-controlled trials conducted in Southern Asia/ Asia and Retrospective studies conducted in Southern Asia/ Asia. Results: The results have concluded that long term exposure to indoor pollution had a significant effect on COPD deaths as well as its symptoms. Odd’s ratio was in a range of 1.05 (Randomized controlled trials) to 7.87 (Cross sectional studies) for all the studies mentioned. Meta-analysis observed a significantly higher Odds Ratio of 2.13 for COPD mortality and 2.08 for COPD prevalence on exposure to indoor air pollution. Conclusion: Exposure to solid fuel smoke is consistently and significantly correlated with COPD mortality and COPD prevalence in South Asian countries, in spite of heterogeneity observed in the studies included. For performing domestic tasks, initiatives are to be taken to reduce dependency on solid fuel by using cleaner alternatives or comparatively cleaner technology.
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Brown, Nick, Arjumand Rizvi, Salima Kerai, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Najeeb Rahman, Benazir Baloch, and Fyezah Jehan. "Recurrence of WHO-defined fast breathing pneumonia among infants, its occurrence and predictors in Pakistan: a nested case–control analysis." BMJ Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): e035277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035277.
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ObjectivesStudies in low-income and middle-income countries have shown an adverse association between environmental exposures including poverty. There is little literature from South Asia. We aimed to test the associations between housing, indoor air pollution and children’s respiratory health and recurrent fast breathing pneumonia in a poor urban setting in Pakistan.SettingPrimary health centres in a periurban slum in Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsNested matched case–control study within a non-inferiority randomised controlled trial of fast breathing pneumonia (Randomised Trial of Amoxicillin vs Placebo for Pneumonia (RETAPP)) in periurban slums of Karachi, Pakistan. Cases were children aged 2–60 months enrolled in RETAPP with fast breathing pneumonia who presented again with fast breathing between 8 weeks and 12 months after full recovery. Controls, selected in a 2:1 ratio, were age-matched participants who did not represent. Multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was undertaken to explore associations with potentially modifiable environmental predictors including housing type, indoor air quality, exposure to tobacco smoke, outdoor pollution, household crowding, water and sanitation quality, nutritional status, immunisation completeness, breast feeding and airways hyperactivity.ResultsFast breathing recurred in 151 (3.7%) of children out of the total (4003) enrolled in the trial. Poor-quality housing of either katcha or mixed type strongly predicted recurrence with adjusted matched ORs 2.43 (95% CI 1.02 to 5.80) and 2.44 (1.11 to 5.38), respectively. Poor air quality, cooking fuel, inadequate ventilation, nutritional status, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) index, wheeze at first presentation and group of initial trial assignment were not independently predictive of recurrence.ConclusionPoor-quality housing independently predicted recurrence of fast breathing pneumonia.Trial registration numberNCT02372461
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Byaruhanga, Judith, Flora Tzelepis, Christine Paul, John Wiggers, Emma Byrnes, and Christophe Lecathelinais. "Cost Per Participant Recruited From Rural and Remote Areas Into a Smoking Cessation Trial Via Online or Traditional Strategies: Observational Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 11 (November 12, 2019): e14911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14911.
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Background Rural and remote residents are more likely to smoke than those who live in major cities; however, recruitment of research participants from rural and remote areas can be challenging. The cost per participant recruited from rural and remote areas via online (eg, social media) and traditional strategies (eg, print) has implications for researchers on how to allocate resources to maximize the number of participants recruited. Participant characteristics such as demographics, financial stress, mental health, and smoking-related factors may be associated with recruitment method (ie, online vs traditional), and so it is important to understand whether certain subgroups are more likely to be recruited via a particular strategy. Objective This study aimed to determine the cost per participant recruited and examine whether characteristics such as demographics, financial stress, mental health, and smoking-related factors may be associated with the recruitment method (ie, online vs traditional). Methods Participants were recruited into a randomized trial that provided smoking cessation support. Eligible participants were aged 18 years or older; used tobacco daily; had access to video communication software, internet, and telephone; had an email address; and lived in a rural or remote area of New South Wales, Australia. This study describes the natural (observed) experience of recruiting participants via online and traditional methods into a smoking cessation trial. Results Over 17 months, 655 participants were recruited into the smoking cessation trial. A total of 88.7% (581/655) of the participants were recruited via online methods. Moreover, 1.8% (12/655) of the participants were recruited from remote locations and none from very remote areas. The cost per participant recruited by the various online strategies ranged from Aus $7.29 (US $4.96, £4.09, and €4.43) for Gumtree, a local online classified website, to Aus $128.67 (US $87.63, £72.20, and €78.28) for email. The cost per participant recruited using traditional strategies ranged from Aus $0 (US $0, £0, and €0) for word of mouth to Aus $3990.84 (US $2757.67, £2227.85, and €2477.11) for telephone. Women had greater odds of being recruited via online methods than men (odds ratio 2.50, 95% CI 1.42-4.40). No other characteristics were associated with the recruitment method. Conclusions The cost per participant recruited via online and traditional strategies varied, with the range being smaller for online than traditional recruitment strategies. Women have greater odds of being recruited via online strategies into rural smoking cessation trials. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12617000514303; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372584&isReview=true
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Atorkey, Prince, Christine Paul, Billie Bonevski, John Wiggers, Aimee Mitchell, Emma Byrnes, Christophe Lecathelinais, and Flora Tzelepis. "Uptake of Proactively Offered Online and Telephone Support Services Targeting Multiple Health Risk Behaviors Among Vocational Education Students: Process Evaluation of a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): e19737. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19737.
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Background A high proportion of vocational education students smoke tobacco, have inadequate nutrition (ie, low fruit and vegetable intake), drink alcohol at risky levels, or are physically inactive. The extent to which vocational education students will sign up for proactively offered online and telephone support services for multiple health risk behaviors is unknown. Objective The aim of this study is to examine the uptake of proactively offered online and telephone support services for smoking, nutrition, alcohol consumption, and physical activity risk behaviors, individually and in combination, among vocational education students in the Technical and Further Education (TAFE) setting. The characteristics associated with the uptake of online or telephone services for smoking, nutrition, alcohol consumption, and physical activity risk behaviors were also examined. Methods Vocational education students enrolled in a TAFE class in New South Wales, Australia, which ran for 6 months or more, were recruited to participate in a cluster randomized controlled trial from May 2018 to May 2019. In the intervention arm, participants who did not meet the Australian health guidelines for each of the smoking, nutrition, alcohol consumption, and physical activity risk behaviors were provided electronic feedback and proactively offered online and telephone support services. Uptake of support was measured by whether participants signed up for the online and telephone services they were offered. Results Vocational education students (N=551; mean age 25.7 years, SD 11.1; 310/551, 56.3% male) were recruited into the intervention arm. Uptake of the proactive offer of either online or telephone services was 14.5% (59/406) for fruit and vegetables, 12.7% (29/228) for physical activity, 6.8% (13/191) for smoking, and 5.5% (18/327) for alcohol use. Uptake of any online or telephone service for at least two health behaviors was 5.8% (22/377). Participants who were employed (odds ratio [OR] 0.10, 95% CI 0.01-0.72) and reported not being anxious (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02-0.71) had smaller odds of signing up for online or telephone services for smoking, whereas participants who reported not being depressed had greater odds (OR 10.25, 95% CI 1.30-80.67). Participants who intended to change their physical activity in the next 30 days had greater odds (OR 4.01, 95% CI 1.33-12.07) of signing up for online or telephone services for physical activity. Employed participants had smaller odds (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.06-0.56) of signing up for support services for at least two behaviors. Conclusions Although the uptake of proactively offered online and telephone support services is low, these rates appear to be higher than the self-initiated use of some of these services in the general population. Scaling up the proactive offer of online and telephone services may produce beneficial health outcomes. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12618000723280; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=375001.
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Li, Mengyu, Fang Shen, and Xuerong Sun. "2019‒2020 Australian bushfire air particulate pollution and impact on the South Pacific Ocean." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (June 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91547-y.
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AbstractDuring late 2019 and early 2020, Australia experienced one of the most active bushfire seasons that advected large emissions over the adjacent ocean. Herein, we present a comprehensive research on mixed atmospheric aerosol particulate pollution emitted by wildfires in the atmosphere and the ocean. Based on a wide range of physical and biochemical data, including the Aerosol Robotic Network, multi-satellite observations, and Argo floats, we investigated the spatio-temporal variations and mixed compositions of aerosol particles, deposition in the coastal waters of eastern Australia and the South Pacific Ocean, and biogeochemical responses in the water column. Four types of wildfire-derived mixed particles were classified by using the optical properties of aerosols into four types, including the background aerosols, mineral dust, wildfire smoke particles, and residual smoke. The coarse particles accounted for more than 60% of the mineral dust on 22 November 2019 in the Tasman Sea; afterwards, during the wildfire smoke episode from December 2019 to January 2020, the particles affected large areas of the atmosphere such as eastern Australia, the South Pacific Ocean, and South America. The maximum value of the aerosol optical depth reached 2.74, and the proportion of fine particles accounted for 98.9% in the smoke episode. Mineral dust and smoke particles from the fire emissions changed the particle composition in the surface ocean. Particle deposition accounted for increases in chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla) standardized anomaly up to maximum of 23.3 with a lag time of less than 8 days. In the vertical direction, float observations showed the impact of exogenous particles on the water column could up to 64.7 m deep, resulting in Chla of 1.85 mg/m3. The high Chla lasted for a minimum period of two months until it returned to normal level.
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Elf, Jessica L., Onyinyechi Eke, Modiehi Rakgokong, Ebrahim Variava, Yudesh Baliram, Katlego Motlhaoleng, Limakatso Lebina, et al. "Indoor air pollution from secondhand tobacco smoke, solid fuels, and kerosene in homes with active tuberculosis disease in South Africa." BMC Research Notes 10, no. 1 (November 13, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2892-2.
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Rowcliffe, Claire, Junyu Chen, Aneesa Vanker, Nastassja Koen, Dan J. Stein, Meaghan Jones, Nicole Gladish, et al. "In-utero exposure to indoor air pollution or tobacco smoke and cognitive development in a South African birth cohort study." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2021, no. 1 (August 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2021.o-to-066.
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Weber, Marianne, Peter Sarich, Pavla Vaneckova, Stephen Wade, Emily Banks, Sam Egger, Preston Ngo, et al. "778Risk of 27 cancer types in relation to tobacco smoking: cohort study involving 229,028 Australians." International Journal of Epidemiology 50, Supplement_1 (September 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab168.704.
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Abstract Background Tobacco smoke is a known carcinogen and the magnitude of smoking-related cancer risk varies according to time and population. Local, contemporary evidence can drive appropriate tobacco control. We provide comprehensive cancer risk estimates related to smoking in the population-based, New South Wales (NSW) 45 and Up Study. Methods We estimated smoking-related hazard ratios (HR) for cancer using Cox proportional hazards regression using linked questionnaire (2006-2009) and incident cancer data (n ≥ 50 cases per cancer type), from the NSW Cancer Registry (to December 2013) (via CHeReL). Results Of 18,475 cancers among 229,028 participants aged ≥45 years, current smokers had significantly increased risks of cancers of the lung, larynx, head and neck, oesophagus, liver, bladder, pancreas, stomach, colorectum, and cancers with unknown primary site, compared to never-smokers; lung cancer risk was markedly elevated, including for current-smokers of 1-5 cigarettes/day (HR = 9.25, 95%CI=5.2-16.6), increasing to 38.39 (26.2-56.2) for current-smokers of > 30 cigarettes/day. Quitting substantively decreased cancer risk compared to continued smoking, with lung cancer risk decreasing with decreasing age at quitting (p(trend)<0.05), however risks remained elevated for those quitting aged >25 compared to never-smokers (1.73, 1.1-2.6 for age 26-30 years). An estimated 20% of current-smokers in Australia will get lung cancer during their lifetime versus 1.6% of never-smokers. Conclusions Smoking-attributable cancer risks in Australia are significant, comparable to contemporary risks from other developed nations. Key messages Smokers – including “light” smokers – are at high cancer risk, with ∼one-fifth of Australian lifetime smokers developing lung cancer. Quitting is beneficial. Continued investment in tobacco control is essential.
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McCrabb, Sam, Laura Twyman, Kerrin Palazzi, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Christine Paul, and Billie Bonevski. "A cross sectional survey of internet use among a highly socially disadvantaged population of tobacco smokers." Addiction Science & Clinical Practice 14, no. 1 (October 15, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13722-019-0168-y.
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Abstract Background Tobacco smoking is highest among population groups which are the most socially disadvantaged. Internet-based smoking cessation programs have been found to be effective, though rates of internet access are not well known in these groups. This study describes the rates of internet use and types of technology used to access the internet by a population of socially disadvantaged smokers. The study also examined relationships between sociodemographic and smoking behaviours with amount of internet use and type of device used. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 369 clients (response rate 77%) from two non-government community service organisations in metropolitan New South Wales, Australia was conducted using touchscreen computers. Descriptive statistics and logistic regressions were used to examine results. Results Eligible participants ranged from 19 to 88 years old current tobacco users. Over half (58%) of the participants reported weekly or more frequent use of the internet with less than a third (28%) not having any access. The odds of using the internet at least weekly decreased with age and as heaviness of smoking increased (OR = 0.94, p < 0.001; OR = 0.81, p = 0.022, respectively). Odds of internet use were higher as income increased (OR = 2.74, p < 0.001 for individuals earning $201–$400 per week; OR = 2.83, p = 0.006 for individuals earning > $400 per week). Device use differed for age and income. Conclusions Internet-based interventions appear to reach the majority of socially disadvantaged populations. It is expected that this reach will continue to grow, making internet-based interventions a potential platform for providing care to low socioeconomic individuals who smoke, however inequalities may be exacerbated for those individual without internet access. Implications Internet use among socially disadvantaged tobacco users is moderate (58%). An internet-based smoking cessation intervention for socially disadvantaged tobacco users may be an effective intervention however, older, heavier tobacco users may not benefit as easily due to limited internet access and therefore acknowledging these limitations when developing an intervention can help to acknowledge limitation of intervention reach.
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Kloss, Corinna, Pasquale Sellitto, Marc von Hobe, Gwenaël Berthet, Dan Smale, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Chaoyang Xue, et al. "Australian Fires 2019–2020: Tropospheric and Stratospheric Pollution Throughout the Whole Fire Season." Frontiers in Environmental Science 9 (July 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.652024.
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The historically large and severe wildfires in Australia from September 2019 to March 2020 are known to have injected a smoke plume into the stratosphere around New Year, due to pyro-cumulonimbus (pyro-Cb) activity, that was subsequently distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere (SH). We show with satellite, ground based remote sensing, and in situ observations that the fires before New Year, had already a substantial impact on the SH atmosphere, starting as early as September 2019, with subsequent long-range transport of trace gas plumes in the upper-troposphere. Airborne in situ measurements above Southern Argentina in November 2019 show elevated CO mixing ratios at an altitude of 11 km and can be traced back using FLEXPART trajectories to the Australian fires in mid-November 2019. Ground based solar-FTS (Fourier Transform Spectroscopy) observations of biomass burning tracers CO, HCN and C2H6 at Lauder, South Island, New Zealand show enhanced tropospheric columns already starting in September 2019. In MLS observations averaged over 30°–60°S, enhanced CO mixing ratios compared to previous years become visible in late October 2019 only at and below the 147 hPa pressure level. Peak differences are found with satellite and ground-based observations for all altitude levels in the Southern Hemisphere in January. With still increased aerosol values following the Ulawun eruption in 2019, averaged satellite observations show no clear stratospheric and upper-tropospheric aerosol enhancements from the Australian fires, before the pyro-Cb events at the end of December 2019. However, with the clear enhancement of fire tracers, we suggest the period September to December 2019 (prior to the major pyro-Cb events) should be taken into account in terms of fire pollutant emissions when studying the impact of the Australian fires on the SH atmosphere.