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Moodie, Crawford, Janet Hoek, David Hammond, Karine Gallopel-Morvan, Diego Sendoya, Laura Rosen, Burcu Mucan Özcan, and Yvette van der Eijk. "Plain tobacco packaging: progress, challenges, learning and opportunities." Tobacco Control 31, no. 2 (March 2022): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056559.
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The aim of this paper is to overview progress made with respect to the adoption of plain (or standardised) packaging, key challenges faced, evaluative evidence and opportunities for extending this policy. It has been a decade since Australia became the first country to require tobacco products to be sold in plain packaging; after slow initial uptake, 16 countries have now fully implemented this policy. Since 2020, plain packaging laws have become more comprehensive in some countries, expanding coverage beyond traditional tobacco products to include heated tobacco, tobacco accessories (rolling papers) and other nicotine-containing products (e-cigarettes). Laws have also become more innovative: some now ban non-biodegradable filters, include provision for a periodic change of the pack colour or require both plain packaging and health-promoting pack inserts. The tobacco industry has and will continue to use multi-jurisdictional strategies to oppose this policy. Evaluations suggest that plain packaging has improved health outcomes and has not burdened retailers, although research is limited to early policy adopters and important gaps in the literature remain. While the power of packaging as a sales tool has diminished in markets with plain packaging, tobacco companies have exploited loopholes to continue to promote their products and have increasingly focused on filter innovations. Opportunities exist for governments to strengthen plain packaging laws.
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Kelsey, Jane. "Regulatory Chill: Learnings From New Zealand’s Plain Packaging Tobacco Law." QUT Law Review 17, no. 2 (September 15, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/qutlr.v17i2.701.
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Australia’s precedent-setting Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011 (Cth) took two and a half years from its public announcement to come into force. The fact that New Zealand’s almost identical legislation was still not in force six years after it was first mooted suggests it was subject to regulatory chill through both specific threats and systemic influences within the policy making process. This article examines the hypothesis that three elements associated with New Zealand’s free trade and investment treaties combined to chill a National government that was already luke-warm on a plain packaging law: perceived risks from litigation; associated arguments pressed by politically influential industry lobbyists; and the bias in the regulatory management regime that favours minimal intervention and empowers the tobacco industry, consistent with contemporary trade agreements. It concludes that these mutually reinforcing factors delayed the passage of New Zealand’s legislation, but did not see it abandoned. This suggests that health policies supported by public opinion, international health obligations, and precedents from other countries can withstand regulatory chill. But the difference from Australia also highlights the need to pay more attention to ways of neutralising those factors if a Smokefree Aotearoa New Zealand, and similarly ground-breaking public health policies, are to be achieved.
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Lee, Alvin, and Claire Lambert. "Corporate Social Responsibility in McDonald’s Australia." Asian Case Research Journal 21, no. 02 (December 2017): 393–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927517500146.
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This case focuses on marketing public policy and legislation issues in the business environment. The Commonwealth Government of Australia wants to impose mandatory warning labels for fast-food served by quick-service chainrestaurants like McDonald’s. These warnings are to appear on fast-food packaging to warn diners of the possible harms arising from consuming fast-food. This is similar to the warnings that are used in Australia on tobacco product packages. This highlights a turning point where legislators appear to be heeding calls of vocal pressure groups to curb and legislate the industry’s activities. The loudest calls have appeared in well-publicized legal cases and film documentaries like Super-Size Me. McDonald’s has been well-aware of these challenges. The company continues to respond and fight legal challenges on these points. As a result, the company has improved its supply chain, employees’ work-conditions, their treatment of animals, their stores, food and customer service to offer leaner, healthier and more upmarket products. The few vocal critics who have secured media coverage seem to rely on sensationalizing the issue — e.g., eating McDonald’s for 30 days makes you fat. They seem to ignore the results from other experiments where people who ate suitable portions of McDonald’s food for the same 30 day period actually lost weight. Other challenges that have been found to be lies in courts of law include allegations of animal cruelty, unsafe food and food that makes people obese. Yet the public continue to believe these allegations. Can the industry do more, or do something different, to change people’s minds?
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McCausland, Kahlia, Bruce Maycock, Tama Leaver, Katharina Wolf, Becky Freeman, and Jonine Jancey. "E-Cigarette Advocates on Twitter: Content Analysis of Vaping-Related Tweets." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 4 (October 14, 2020): e17543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17543.
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Background As the majority of Twitter content is publicly available, the platform has become a rich data source for public health surveillance, providing insights into emergent phenomena, such as vaping. Although there is a growing body of literature that has examined the content of vaping-related tweets, less is known about the people who generate and disseminate these messages and the role of e-cigarette advocates in the promotion of these devices. Objective This study aimed to identify key conversation trends and patterns over time, and discern the core voices, message frames, and sentiment surrounding e-cigarette discussions on Twitter. Methods A random sample of data were collected from Australian Twitter users who referenced at least one of 15 identified e-cigarette related keywords during 2012, 2014, 2016, or 2018. Data collection was facilitated by TrISMA (Tracking Infrastructure for Social Media Analysis) and analyzed by content analysis. Results A sample of 4432 vaping-related tweets posted and retweeted by Australian users was analyzed. Positive sentiment (3754/4432, 84.70%) dominated the discourse surrounding e-cigarettes, and vape retailers and manufacturers (1161/4432, 26.20%), the general public (1079/4432, 24.35%), and e-cigarette advocates (1038/4432, 23.42%) were the most prominent posters. Several tactics were used by e-cigarette advocates to communicate their beliefs, including attempts to frame e-cigarettes as safer than traditional cigarettes, imply that federal government agencies lack sufficient competence or evidence for the policies they endorse about vaping, and denounce as propaganda “gateway” claims of youth progressing from e-cigarettes to combustible tobacco. Some of the most common themes presented in tweets were advertising or promoting e-cigarette products (2040/4432, 46.03%), promoting e-cigarette use or intent to use (970/4432, 21.89%), and discussing the potential of e-cigarettes to be used as a smoking cessation aid or tobacco alternative (716/4432, 16.16%), as well as the perceived health and safety benefits and consequences of e-cigarette use (681/4432, 15.37%). Conclusions Australian Twitter content does not reflect the country’s current regulatory approach to e-cigarettes. Rather, the conversation on Twitter generally encourages e-cigarette use, promotes vaping as a socially acceptable practice, discredits scientific evidence of health risks, and rallies around the idea that e-cigarettes should largely be outside the bounds of health policy. The one-sided nature of the discussion is concerning, as is the lack of disclosure and transparency, especially among vaping enthusiasts who dominate the majority of e-cigarette discussions on Twitter, where it is unclear if comments are endorsed, sanctioned, or even supported by the industry.
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Hiscock, Rosemary, J. Robert Branston, Ann McNeill, Sara C. Hitchman, Timea R. Partos, and Anna B. Gilmore. "Tobacco industry strategies undermine government tax policy: evidence from commercial data." Tobacco Control 27, no. 5 (October 9, 2017): 488–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053891.
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ObjectiveTaxation equitably reduces smoking, the leading cause of health inequalities. The tobacco industry (TI) can, however, undermine the public health gains realised from tobacco taxation through its pricing strategies. This study aims to examine contemporary TI pricing strategies in the UK and implications for tobacco tax policy.DesignReview of commercial literature and longitudinal analysis of tobacco sales and price data.SettingA high-income country with comprehensive tobacco control policies and high tobacco taxes (UK).Participants2009 to 2015 Nielsen Scantrak electronic point of sale systems data.Main outcome measuresTobacco segmentation; monthly prices, sales volumes of and net revenue from roll-your-own (RYO) and factory-made (FM) cigarettes by segment; use of price-marking and pack sizes.ResultsThe literature review and sales data concurred that both RYO and FM cigarettes were segmented by price. Despite regular tax increases, average real prices for the cheapest FM and RYO segments remained steady from 2013 while volumes grew. Low prices were maintained through reductions in the size of packs and price-marking. Each year, at the point the budget is implemented, the TI drops its revenue by up to 18 pence per pack, absorbing the tax increases (undershifting). Undershifting is most marked for the cheapest segments.ConclusionsThe TI currently uses a variety of strategies to keep tobacco cheap. The implementation of standardised packaging will prevent small pack sizes and price-marking but further changes in tax policy are needed to minimise the TI’s attempts to prevent sudden price increases.
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Jarman, Holly. "Attack on Australia: Tobacco industry challenges to plain packaging." Journal of Public Health Policy 34, no. 3 (June 6, 2013): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2013.18.
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Lauchs, Mark, and Rebecca Keane. "An analysis of the Australian illicit tobacco market." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-10-2015-0056.
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Purpose This paper aims to provide an overview of the illicit tobacco market in Australia. It attempts to build a picture of the sources of demand, size of the market and methods of supply. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on collation of disparate government reports, industry research, media and court documents. It is a preliminary paper in the absence of better source data. Findings The market is driven by the extremely high tax on tobacco in Australia. Australia’s geography emphasises on large shipments from overseas rather than small-scale smuggling. The likely market is for migrant communities with much higher smoker rates than in the mainstream community. Research limitations/implications It is not yet possible to conduct a well-focused research because of limited official documentation. Practical implications Few government agencies focus on tobacco smuggling, and there are no publications providing a strategic picture of the illicit market. This paper fills this gap by collating multiple sources to produce a market profile. Social implications The Australian Government loses $1bn per year in tobacco tax because of smuggling. The illicit supply also means that the social goal of the tax, namely, dissuading tobacco consumption, is undermined. Originality/value There are no academic or government publications describing the Australian illicit tobacco market. The only publications are based on research funded by the tobacco industry, which has a vested interest in overstating the size of the illicit market.
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Hunter, Mary Ann. "Redefining ‘Industry’: Young People and Cultural Policy in Australia." Media International Australia 90, no. 1 (February 1999): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9909000113.
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This article considers the place of youth arts and cultures in the cultural industries approach to cultural policy. It argues that the ‘covert economic overlay’ (Brokensha, 1996: 101) of the Australian National Culture–Leisure Industry Statistical Framework privileges certain processes in a ‘government convenient’ model of industry inputs and outcomes, and that the assumptions of this model are challenged by youth-specific and community-based modes of production. Furthermore, it argues that the philosophies and practices of contemporary youth-specific arts organisations have the potential to redefine ‘culture industry’ and contribute to a ‘coherent new paradigm’ of cultural policy (UNESCO, 1995: 232). This paper makes these arguments by examining the place of youth arts and cultures in the existing environment of cultural industrialisation, by considering recent government policy responses to young people's cultural activity and by addressing long-term policy issues for the support of young people and cultural development.
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Baggott, Rob. "Government — Industry Relations in Britain: the regulation of the tobacco industry." Policy & Politics 15, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557387782455182.
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Caroine, Norma. "The Koreanization of the Australian Sex Industry: A Policy and Legislative Challenge." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 26, no. 3 (December 31, 2011): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps26302.
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South Korea enacted Legislation in 2004 that penalizes pimps, traffickers, and sex industry customers while decriminalizing people in prostitution and offering assistance to leave the sex industry. In contrast, Australia Legally recognizes most sex industry activities. This article argues that Australia`s Laissezfaire approach to the sex industry hampers South Korean government efforts to prevent the crime of sex trafficking. Since 2004, pimps and traffickers have moved their activities from South Korea to countries like Australia and the US that maintain relatively hospitable operating environments for the sex industry. The Australian government should reconsider its approach to prostitution on the basis of its diplomatic obligations to countries Like South Korea and the need to uphold the human rights of women in Asia who are being trafficked and murdered as a result of sexual demand emanating from Australia. Australia should coordinate its policy on prostitution with South Korea to strengthen the region`s transnational anti-trafficking response.
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Tangcharoensathien, Viroj, Orana Chandrasiri, Watinee Kunpeuk, Kamolphat Markchang, and Nattanicha Pangkariya. "Addressing NCDs: Challenges From Industry Market Promotion and Interferences." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 5 (January 20, 2019): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.02.
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Addressing the determinants of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is challenged by aggressive market promotion by tobacco, alcohol and unhealthy food industries in emerging countries with fast economic development; and interference by these industries in government policies aimed at containing consumption of unhealthy products. This editorial reviews market promotion and industry interference and classifies them into four groups of tactics: (a) interfering with the legislative process; (b) using front groups to act on their behalf; (c) questioning the evidence of tobacco harm and the effectiveness of harm-reduction interventions; and (d) appearing responsible in the eyes of the public, journalists and policy-makers. Despite active implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the tobacco, alcohol and unhealthy food industries use similar tactics to aggressively interfere in policies, with the tobacco industry being the most aggressive. Policy interference by industries are effective in the context of poor governance, rampant corruption, conflict of interest among political and government actors, and regulatory capture in all levels of countries from low- to high-income. In addressing these interferences, government requires the practice of good governance, effective mechanisms to counteract conflict of interests among political and policy actors, and prevention of regulatory capture. The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework of Engagement with non-State Actors can be applied to the country context when engaging private entities in the prevention and control of NCDs.
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Crosbie, Eric, Robert Eckford, and Stella Bialous. "Containing diffusion: the tobacco industry’s multipronged trade strategy to block tobacco standardised packaging." Tobacco Control 28, no. 2 (April 21, 2018): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054227.
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ObjectiveTo analyse the tobacco industry’s strategy of using trade and investment agreements to prevent the global diffusion of standardised packaging (SP) of tobacco products.MethodsReview of tobacco industry documents, relevant government documents and media items. The data were triangulated and thematically analysed.ResultsInternal tobacco industry documents reveal that during the early 1990s, tobacco companies developed a multipronged trade strategy to prevent the global diffusion of progressive tobacco packaging and labelling proposals, including SP. This strategy consisted of (1) framing the health issue in terms of trade and investment, (2) detailing alleged legal violations concerning trade barriers, intellectual property and investment rights, (3) threatening legal suits and reputational damage, and (4) garnering third-party support. These efforts helped delay SP until 2010 when Australia became the first country to reintroduce SP proposals, followed by governments in the UK and New Zealand in 2012, Ireland in 2013 and France in 2014. Review of government documents and media sources in each of the five countries indicate the industry continues to employ this multipronged strategy throughout the SP policy’s progression. Although this strategy is tailored towards each domestic context, the overall tobacco industry’s trade strategy remains consistently focused on shifting the attention away from public health and towards the realm of trade and investment with more corporate-friendly allies.ConclusionGovernments seeking to implement SP need to be prepared to resist and counter the industry’s multipronged trade strategy by avoiding trade diversions, exposing false industry legal and reputational claims, and monitoring third-party support.
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Elias, Jesse, and Pamela M. Ling. "Origins of tobacco harm reduction in the UK: the ‘Product Modification Programme' (1972–1991)." Tobacco Control 27, e1 (January 12, 2018): e12-e18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054021.
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ObjectiveTo better understand the current embrace of long-term nicotine maintenance by British governmental agencies and tobacco harm reduction by several leading British public health organisations, describe the context and deliberations of the UK’s first formal tobacco risk reduction programme: ‘Product Modification’.MethodsAnalysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents, news archives and Parliamentary debate records.ResultsFrom 1972 to 1991, the British government sought to investigate safer smoking through the ‘product modification programme'. The Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health (ISCSH) advised the British government on these efforts and collaborated with the tobacco industry, with which government then negotiated to determine policy. The ISCSH operated from four industry-backed premises, which contributed to the ISCSH’s support of safer smoking: (1) reduced toxicity indicates reduced risk; (2) collaboration with the tobacco industry will not undermine tobacco control; (3) nicotine addiction is unavoidable; (4) to curtail cigarette use, solutions must be consumer-approved (ie, profitable). These premises often undermined tobacco control efforts and placed the ISCSH at odds with broader currents in public health. The product modification programme was abandoned in 1991 as the European Community began requiring members to adopt upper tar limits, rendering the ISCSH redundant.Policy implicationsEndorsements of reduced harm tobacco products share the same four premises that supported the product modification programme. Current tobacco harm reduction premises and policies supported by the British government and leading British public health organisations may reflect the historical influence of the tobacco industry.
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Liu, Lulu. "The “Surge Phenomenon” of Macro Economy in Developing Countries from the Perspective of Tobacco Economy." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 4 (July 31, 2021): 663–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.4.1.19.
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Objectives: Starting from the tobacco economy, this paper studies the “surge phenomenon” of macro-economy in developing countries. Methods: This paper studies the impact of tobacco industry on Anhui economy by using the relevant theories of industrial economics, econometrics and regulatory economics, combined with the actual situation of tobacco industry. Based on the analysis of the overall development of tobacco industry, this paper empirically analyzes the relationship between tobacco industry and Anhui economic growth. This paper combs the relevant literature of the existing research results of this theory. Combined with the special fact that government investment accounts for a large proportion in China’s current economic construction, this paper redefines the hypothesis of the investor in the theory of principles. On this basis, the expected equilibrium results of enterprise investment decision-making under government led and market led modes are compared and analyzed by using incomplete information static game model. Results: When the output value of tobacco industry increases by 1%, it will drive the GDP to increase by 0.373%. Secondly, by comparing the economic benefits of tobacco with the social costs of tobacco, it is found that with the economic development, the social costs caused by tobacco increase year by year, but the economic benefits are slightly greater than the social costs. The difference between the two is also increasing year by year. Conclusion: In the context of tobacco control, we should fully consider the advantages and disadvantages of developing the tobacco industry. Under the excessive intervention of the government, the manifestation of the surge phenomenon is more intense, and the final consequence of overcapacity is more serious than that under the market-oriented mode..
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Liping, Zhang, and Yang Huiya. "Research on Innovation Performance of VR and Tobacco Industrial Cluster Based on Structural Equation Model." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 6 (November 3, 2021): 5755–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.6.58.
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As a traditional industry, the tobacco industry is an important part of the national economy and has an important position in meeting social consumption demand and increasing national and local fiscal revenue. And VR industry, as an emerging industrial economy, can effectively empower the development of tobacco industry. To further promote the development of VR and tobacco industry clusters and optimize the industrial structure, this paper constructs a conceptual model of the factors influencing the innovation performance of VR and tobacco industry clusters from a social network perspective based on the triple helix theory. Structural equation method and data of relevant companies of VR and tobacco industry in Nanchang is used to study the influencing factors of their innovation performance, and further examines the influence mechanism of R&D investment, government behavior and cluster atmosphere on innovation performance of these two industrial clusters. The results show that R&D investment, government behavior and cluster atmosphere have positive effects on innovation performance of Nanchang VR and tobacco industry cluster. The conclusions of this paper enrich the influencing factors of cluster innovation performance and expand the scope of innovation performance theory in the context of VR and tobacco industrial cluster.
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Chugh, Aastha, Shalini Bassi, Gaurang P. Nazar, Upendra Bhojani, Cyril Alexander, Pranay Lal, Prakash C. Gupta, and Monika Arora. "Tobacco Industry Interference Index: Implementation of the World Health Organization’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Article 5.3 in India." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 32, no. 4 (May 2020): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539520917793.
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In India, there has been no attempt to measure the implementation of World Health Organization’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Article 5.3, which provides guidelines to address tobacco industry interference (TII). This study draws on a desk review conducted to assess the frequency and severity of TIIs and the government’s response, reported between January and December 2017. This study highlights that the government of India does not allow tobacco industry to participate in policy development. However, the industry interferes by collaborating with the government’s allied organizations. The tobacco industry has diversified as food industry in India, and directly or indirectly supports various government programs, by investing through their corporate social responsibility schemes. In addition, there are limited legislative measures to allow transparency in adoption of Article 5.3 guidelines across the country. Hence, the findings of this study underscore an exigent need to adopt and implement Article 5.3 at the national level in India.
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De Percy, Michael Alexander. "Policy Legacies from Early Australian Telecommunications." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 9, no. 3 (September 11, 2021): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v9n3.431.
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The purpose of this article on the policy legacies from Australia’s early telecommunications history is not to present a counterfactual to Australia’s choice of public monopoly provision of early telecommunications services, but rather to indicate the extent that politics limited the private sector’s role in deploying early telegraph and telephone infrastructure in Australia. The article begins by outlining a theoretical framework for analysing government’s role in deploying new telecommunications technologies, before investigating some of the less familiar literature on the historical impact of government intervention on the private sector in the early Australian telegraph and telephone industries. It then discusses some of the political issues relating to the subsequent liberalisation of the telecommunications industry in Australia and concludes with a discussion of the historical legacies of government intervention on the private sector in the Australian telecommunications industry.
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Mackay, Judith, and Ronald M. Davis. "Assessing Community Interventions to Reduce Smoking." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 7, no. 3 (1991): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300005717.
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AbstractFew major, community-based antismoking programs have undergone specific evaluation in developed countries; the number is even lower in developing countries. Yet not all evaluation need be elaborate, expensive, or overly time-consuming. Data on tobacco trade, import and export, taxation, mortality, and morbidity may already exist within government departments and can be used for evaluation. Published information from the tobacco industry may be obtained easily in trade journals and annual reports. Universities and international and overseas national health agencies may offer information, assistance, and expertise. Indirect evaluation of the importance of any particular antismoking intervention can be measured by how strongly the tobacco industry opposes that measure.
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Lencucha, Raphael, Takondwa Moyo, Ronald Labonte, Jeffrey Drope, Adriana Appau, and Donald Makoka. "Shifting from tobacco growing to alternatives in Malawi? A qualitative analysis of policy and perspectives." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 7 (June 11, 2020): 810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa057.
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Abstract Tobacco is the primary export commodity in Malawi and an important contributor to foreign earnings. The entrenchment of tobacco interests within government has partly explained why Malawi has lagged in its efforts to address the health consequences of tobacco and has been a vocal opponent of global tobacco control. Despite the extensive historical and entrenched relationship between the economy of Malawi and tobacco production, there have been important shifts at the highest policy levels towards the need to explore diversification in the agricultural sector. There is explicit recognition that alternatives to tobacco production must be pursued. This study provides an analysis of the policies and perspectives that characterize contemporary government approaches to tobacco and alternatives in Malawi by interviewing key government officials working on tobacco policy and reviewing recent policy documents. This research finds that there is openness and movement towards reducing tobacco growing in Malaw, including efforts to reduce tobacco dependency. Rather than a singular tobacco policy discourse in the country, there is a somewhat conflictual set of policies and perspectives on the future of tobacco in Malawi. Informing these policies and perspectives is the interplay between the economics of agricultural production (tobacco vs other crops), global markets (ranging from the ability to generate export earnings to the inability to compete with wealthier countries’ non-tobacco crop subsidies) and the lack of developed supply and value chains other than those created by the transnational tobacco industry. The implications for government policy supporting a move away from tobacco dependence are not straightforward: there is a need to fill the supply chain gap for alternative crops, which requires not only strong intersectoral support within the country (and some challenge to the residual pro-tobacco narratives) but also international support.
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Teixeira, A. P. "The Government Willingness to Legislate Tobacco Control and Government Income From Tobacco Taxes in Brazil." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 236s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.94700.
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Background and context: The government willingness to legislate tobacco control, as part of the complex tobacco landscape developed by the Initiative on the Study and Implementation of Systems (ISIS), is directly related to tobacco taxes and government income. According to the NCI,1 “The willingness of government to take actions against tobacco interests depends on the balance of forces created by the protobacco and antitobacco constituencies and the government's perceptions of health risks associated with tobacco use. Increased taxes on tobacco are an early result of this growing government willingness to act against tobacco interests”. Aim: Demonstrate that the implementation of Article 6 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is a cost-effective measure that results in reduced prevalence and increased tax revenues. Strategy/Tactics: In December 2011, the Brazilian government established a new taxation system and a minimum price policy for cigarettes, aligned to the Article 6 of the WHO FCTC to reduce the demand on tobacco products. Program/Policy process: The new federal taxation system on tobacco products started in 2012 and defined progressive and annual increases by 2016. The reduction in prevalence followed this trend, as did the increase in tax revenue. Some federal states also increased their taxes to tobacco products in the same period, but were not accounted for in this study. Outcomes: This new policy has raised the level of total taxes and, even contributing to the reduction of cigarette consumption, the government income has increased 19% since 2011, and 130% from 2007 to 2016. According to the Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance for Chronic Diseases Telephone Survey (VIGITEL), the total prevalence rate decreased from 15.6% in 2007 to 10.4% in 2015. The national cigarette production decreased from 5,701,586 million packs with 20 units to 2,660,457 in 2016, reflecting the reduction in consumption. [Figure: see text] What was learned: Brazil´s experience shows that there is no economic or revenue risk by raising the tobacco taxes, an argument used by the tobacco industry. In the long term, when consumption is brought to very low levels, there may be a reduction in the revenues, but also the spending on tobacco-related diseases shall decline. Reference 1. National Cancer Institute. Greater Than the Sum: Systems Thinking in Tobacco Control. Tobacco Control Monograph No. 18. Bethesda, MD, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007.
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Hirono, Katherine T., and Katherine E. Smith. "Australia’s $40 per pack cigarette tax plans: the need to consider equity." Tobacco Control 27, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053608.
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In May 2016, the Australian Government announced that it would implement annual increases in tobacco excise of 12.5% up to and including 2020, raising the cost of a pack of cigarettes to $A40. This increase will lead to Australia having one of the highest prices of cigarettes in the world. Increasing the cost of tobacco is considered by public health experts to be one of the most effective strategies to reduce tobacco use, and is generally well supported by the public. However, tobacco tax increases differentially impact various subgroups of the population. Based on a review of existing literature, this paper examines some of the potential (unintended) consequences of the tax to individual and family income; illicit trade; social stigma and opportunities for lobbying by the tobacco industry. In light of these considerations, we offer strategies that might be used by policymakers to mitigate potential harms. While this paper focuses on the impacts primarily on populations in Australia, the consequences and strategies offered may be useful to other countries implementing tobacco excise increases.
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Lencucha, Raphael, Jeffrey Drope, Peter Magati, and Gumilang Aryo Sahadewo. "Tobacco farming: overcoming an understated impediment to comprehensive tobacco control." Tobacco Control 31, no. 2 (March 2022): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056564.
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Tobacco farming has emerged as an important concern for tobacco control advocates. Tobacco-growing countries face unique and important challenges to comprehensive, intersectoral tobacco control. These challenges stem from narratives that position tobacco as an important driver of economic growth and development, perpetuated by tobacco interests with close ties to government decision-making. While the global tobacco control movement has enshrined a commitment to alternatives to tobacco growing, there remain numerous obstacles. Tobacco growing is often situated in contexts with limited markets for other agricultural products, limited knowledge and economic resources to pursue alternatives, and/or a structure that favours industry control over the supply chain, all constraining the decision space of farmers. An evidence-informed approach is necessary to address tobacco supply, including growing, processing, manufacturing and trade, in this complex context. This paper reviews the economic, environmental and policy context of tobacco growing with an emphasis on the past decade of empirical work on the political economy of tobacco supply and introduces strategies to pursue alternatives. This analysis debunks many of the arguments used to perpetuate the narrative of tobacco’s prosperity and provides critical insights into the institutional constraints faced by government sectors in pursuing a policy of alternatives.
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Miller, Caroline Louise, Aimee Lee Brownbill, Joanne Dono, and Kerry Ettridge. "Presenting a strong and united front to tobacco industry interference : a content analysis of Australian newspaper coverage of tobacco plain packaging 2008–2014." BMJ Open 8, no. 9 (September 2018): e023485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023485.
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ObjectivesIn 2012, Australia was the first country in the world to introduce plain or standardised tobacco packaging, coupled with larger graphic health warnings. This policy was fiercely opposed by industry. Media coverage can be an influential contributor to public debate, and both public health advocates and industry sought media coverage for their positions. The aim of this study was to measure the print media coverage of Australian’s plain packaging laws, from inception to roll-out, in major Australian newspapers.MethodsThis study monitored mainstream Australian print media (17 newspapers) coverage of the plain packaging policy debate and implementation, over a 7-year period from January 2008 to December 2014. Articles (n=701) were coded for article type, opinion slant and topic(s).DesignContent analysis.ResultsCoverage of plain packaging was low during preimplementation phase (2008–2009), increasing sharply in the lead into legislative processes and diminished substantially after implementation. Articles covered policy rationale, policy progress and industry arguments. Of the news articles, 96% were neutrally framed. Of the editorials, 55% were supportive, 28% were opposing, 12% were neutral and 5% were mixed.ConclusionsProtracted political debate, reflected in the media, led to an implementation delay of plain packaging. While Australian media provided comprehensive coverage of industry arguments, news coverage was largely neutral, whereas editorials were mostly supportive or neutral of the policy. Countries seeking to implement plain packaging of tobacco should not be deterred by the volume of news coverage, but should actively promote the evidence for plain packaging in the media to counteract the arguments of the tobacco industry.
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Lencucha, Raphael, and Anne Marie Thow. "Intersectoral policy on industries that produce unhealthy commodities: governing in a new era of the global economy?" BMJ Global Health 5, no. 8 (August 2020): e002246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002246.
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Tobacco, alcohol and unhealthy foods are key contributors to non-communicable diseases globally. Public health advocates have been proactive in recent years, developing systems to monitor and mitigate both health harms and influence by these industries. However, establishing and implementating strong government regulation of these unhealthy product-producing industries remains challenging. The relevant regulatory instruments lie not only with ministries of health but with agriculture, finance, industry and trade, largely driven by economic concerns. These policy sectors are often unreceptive to public health imperatives for restrictions on industry, including policies regarding labelling, marketing and excise taxes. Heavily influenced by traditional economic paradigms, they have been more receptive to industry calls for (unfettered) market competition, the rights of consumers to choose and the need for government to allow industry free rein; at most to establish voluntary standards of consumer protection, and certainly not to directly regulate industry products and practices. In recent years, the status quo of a narrow economic rationality that places economic growth above health, environment or other social goals is being re-evaluated by some governments and key international economic agencies, leading to windows of opportunity with the potential to transform how governments approach food, tobacco and alcohol as major, industry-driven risk factors. To take advantage of this window of opportunity, the public health community must work with different sectors of government to(1) reimagine policy mandates, drawing on whole-of-government imperatives for sustainable development, and (2) closely examine the institutional structures and governance processes, in order to create points of leverage for economic policies that also support improved health outcomes.
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Egbe, Catherine O., Peter Magati, Emma Wanyonyi, Leonce Sessou, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, and Olalekan A. Ayo-Yusuf. "Landscape of tobacco control in sub-Saharan Africa." Tobacco Control 31, no. 2 (March 2022): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056540.
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Yearly, tobacco use kills about 8 million people globally, 80% of whom live in low/middle-income countries. Given sub-Saharan Africa’s (SSA) rapidly increasing and youthful population, growing incomes and the increased presence of the tobacco industry, the number of tobacco users is growing. The region is predicted to face a heavier burden of tobacco-related diseases and deaths in the future. We examined the policy, advocacy, economic and media landscapes of tobacco control as well as tobacco industry interference in SSA. We also highlighted key challenges and priorities for intervention in the region. Their vast financial power has enabled transnational tobacco companies to interfere in tobacco control and slow down policy implementation efforts in SSA. Despite recent gains, inadequate investment in tobacco control has prevented effective tobacco control implementation in SSA. Other challenges include limited locally generated evidence and limited support from mainstream media to back policy and advocacy efforts. Finally, taxation, which is one of the most effective tools for tobacco control, is not yet adequately used in SSA partly due to non-harmonised taxation rates as well as exaggerated and false claims about the potential impacts of increasing taxes, especially that it will increase smuggling. Key priorities to address these challenges include continued strategic funding, capacity building of government and advocacy personnel to strengthen tobacco control governance, regional and institutional cooperation, harmonisation of subregional tax policies, cooperation among international funders, and increased industry monitoring and research in SSA.
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Young, D., R. Brockett, and J. Smart. "AUSTRALIA—SOVEREIGN RISK AND THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 45, no. 1 (2005): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj04017.
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Australia has rejoiced in its reputation for having low sovereign risk and corresponding rating, for decades. This reputation was bruised in the first decade after the High Court introduced Native Title into Australian law by the legislative response of the then Government, but has since recovered, and enjoys the world’s lowest country risk rating, and shares the worlds best sovereign risk rating with the USA. A number of government precipitated occurrences in recent times, however, raise the question: for how long can this continue?This paper tracks the long history of occasional broken resource commitments—for both petroleum and mining interests—by governments at both State and Federal level, and the policies which have driven these breaches. It also discusses the notorious recent cancellation of a resource lease by the Queensland Government, first by purporting to cancel the bauxite lease and, after legal action had commenced, by a special Act of Parliament to repeal a State Agreement Act. This has raised concerns in boardrooms around the world of the security of assets held in Australia on a retention, or care and maintenance basis.The paper also looks at the cancellation of the offshore prospecting rights held by WMC, with no compensation. This was a result of the concept that rights extinguished by the Commonwealth, with no gain to the Commonwealth or any other party do not constitute an acquisition of property, thereby denying access to the constitutional guarantee of ’just terms’ supposedly enshrined in the Australian Constitution where an acquisition has occurred.Some other examples are the prohibition on exploration in Queensland national parks last November. This cost some companies with existing tenures a lot of money as exploration permits were granted, but then permission to do seismic exploration refused (Victoria). Several losses of rights occurred as a result of the new Queensland Petroleum and Other Acts Amendment Act after investments have been made.Changes in fiscal policy can also impact on project viability, and some instances of this are considered.This paper also explores ways these risks can be minimised, and how and when compensation might be recovered.
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Stoelwinder, Johannes U. "The price of choice: private health insurance in Australia." Australian Health Review 25, no. 6 (2002): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020042.
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Private Health Insurance (PHI) is an integral part of the financing of the Australian health care system. PHI is popular and has strong political support because it is perceived to give choice of access and responsiveness. However, in the past increasing premiums have led to a progressive decline in membership. A package of reforms by the Commonwealth Government in support of the private health insurance has reinvigorated the industry over the last three years. Some strategies for achieving a sustainable PHI industry are described. The key challenge is to control claims cost to maintain affordable premiums. Many techniques to do this compromise choice and challenge the very rationale for purchasing the product. Funds and providers will have to establish a new level of relationship to meet this challenge.
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Iida, Kaori, and Robert N. Proctor. "‘The industry must be inconspicuous’: Japan Tobacco’s corruption of science and health policy via the Smoking Research Foundation." Tobacco Control 27, e1 (February 4, 2018): e3-e11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053971.
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ObjectiveTo investigate how and why Japan Tobacco, Inc. (JT) in 1986 established the Smoking Research Foundation (SRF), a research-funding institution, and to explore the extent to which SRF has influenced science and health policy in Japan.MethodsWe analysed documents in the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents archive, along with recent Japanese litigation documents and published documents.ResultsJT’s effort to combat effective tobacco control was strengthened in the mid-1980s, following privatisation of the company. While remaining under the protection of Japan’s Ministry of Finance, the semiprivatised company lost its ‘access to politicos’, opening up a perceived need for collaboration with global cigarette makers. One solution, arrived at through clandestine planning with American companies, was to establish a third-party organisation, SRF, with the hope of capturing scientific and medical authority for the industry. Guarded by powerful people in government and academia, SRF was launched with the covert goal of influencing tobacco policy both inside and outside Japan. Scholars funded by SRF have participated in international conferences, national advisory committees and tobacco litigation, in most instances helping the industry to maintain a favourable climate for the continued sale of cigarettes.ConclusionsContrary to industry claims, SRF was never meant to be independent or neutral. With active support from foreign cigarette manufacturers, SRF represents the expansion into Asia of the denialist campaign that began in the USA in 1953.
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Laughren, Pat. "Debating Australian Documentary Production Policy: Some Practitioner Perspectives." Media International Australia 129, no. 1 (November 2008): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0812900112.
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On 1 July 2008, Screen Australia commenced operation as the main Australian government agency supporting the screen production industry. This article considers some of the policy issues and challenges identified by the ‘community of practitioners’ as facing Australian documentary production at the time of the formation of that ‘super-agency’ from the merger of its three predecessor organisations — the Australian Film Commission, the Film Finance Corporation and Film Australia. The article proceeds by sketching the history of documentary production in Australia and identifying the bases of its financial and regulatory supports. It also surveys recent debate in the documentary sector and attempts to contextualise the themes of those discussions within the history of the Australian documentary.
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Tambunan, Maria R. U. D., and M. Nova Nurvrianto. "Government Challenges in Simplifying Tobacco Excise Rate Structure to Minimize Excise Avoidance of Cigarette Manufacturer in Indonesia." JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) 24, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jkap.47731.
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The aim of this research is to analyses the government challenge to simplify tobacco excise rate structure to minimize excise avoidance potentially performed by Cigarette Manufacture in Indonesia. Indonesia government manages to simplify the structure of tobacco excise rate from previously 12 layers into 5 layers as planned in 4 years roadmap (2018 - 2021). The aim of this initiative is to minimize excise avoidance practices, that is expected to optimize tobacco excise revenues. This policy involves various actors and gets the pros and cons of stakeholders. Basically, simplifying tobacco rate structure objective should be to discourage cigarettes consumption. This research is descriptive qualitative research, data was collected through desk study and field study through in-depth interview with key informants. The results showed that consumption control before and after the initiatives (regulated by 146 /PMK.10 /2017) did not show a positive trend. Meanwhile, there was an intervention from the tobacco industry on the process of policy formulation and the difficulty of getting agreement in the policy formulation process from related stakeholders. Finally, the initiative to further simplifying the layers has been decided to postpone in 2019.This research clearly shows that competition among stakeholders exists. The government even on the difficulty and dilemma situation to make policy decision on what priority it should undertake firstly.
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Erku, Daniel A., Kylie Morphett, Kathryn J. Steadman, and Coral E. Gartner. "Policy Debates Regarding Nicotine Vaping Products in Australia: A Qualitative Analysis of Submissions to a Government Inquiry from Health and Medical Organisations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 18, 2019): 4555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224555.
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Australia has maintained a highly restrictive regulatory framework for nicotine vaping products (NVPs) and the regulatory approach differs from most other high income countries. This paper employed a thematic analysis to assess policy consultation submissions made to a government inquiry regarding use and marketing of NVPs. We included in the analysis submissions (n = 40) made by Australian institutions that influence or contribute to health policy-making including government agencies, health bodies and charities (n = 23), and public health academics and healthcare professionals (n = 18). Submissions from commercial entities and consumers were excluded. The majority of submissions from representatives of government agencies, health bodies and charities recommended maintaining current restrictions on NVPs. Arguments against widening access to NVPs included the demand for long-term evidence on safety and efficacy of an unusually high standard. There was widespread support for restrictions on sales, advertising and promotion, with most submissions supporting similar controls as for tobacco products. In contrast, the majority of individual submissions from healthcare professionals and public health academics advocated for widening access to NVPs for smokers and emphasized the potential benefits of smokers switching to vaping and the policy incoherence of regulating less harmful nicotine products more strictly than tobacco cigarettes. Progress in resolving the policy debate concerning NVP regulation in Australia will require policy makers, clinicians and the public health community to engage in a meaningful dialogue which gives due consideration to both intended and unintended consequences of proposed policies.
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Shooshtarian, S., T. (TJ) Le, Y. Feng, and L. Bettini. "Analysis of sustainable procurement in supplying recycled content: A case study in Western Australia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 042004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/4/042004.
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Abstract Extensive construction activities across Australia have resulted in an unpreceded rate of construction and demolition (C&D) waste generation. A fraction of this waste is currently being recycled and supplied to the market. However, the reports indicate that the Australian market is not prepared to uptake such a quantity of recycled content (RC). A successful policy approach in increasing RC uptake in the construction industry is sustainable government procurement. However, the benefits of this policy instrument have not been fully realised in Australia. Therefore, this study aims to understand the dynamics of sustainable procurement using the Roads to Reuse (RtR) Program managed by Western Australia Main Roads as a case study. This public organisation is responsible for managing road networks across Western Australia. The study employs an interview with a senior sustainability advisor of this organisation. The interview is guided by a framework for enabling sustainable procurement seeking transformation in behaviour, culture, context and processes in the government and industry sectors. The results of the study shed light on sustainable procurement opportunities and challenges in the Australian context. Furthermore, a series of recommendations proposed to improve the status quo towards a more sustainable future. The findings can be used by policymakers, government procurement experts, and industry practitioners to drive sustainable procurement planning and practices changes.
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Xiang, Qiulan, and Chengmo Zhang. "Coordination Between Tobacco Resource Development and Regional Economy." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 4 (July 31, 2021): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.4.18.
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Objectives: This paper studies the relationship between the development of tobacco resources and the coordination of regional economy under the background of tobacco monopoly. Methods: This paper takes the institutional change theory as the theoretical fulcrum and the cost-benefit analysis as the main line, the correlation between regional economy and the development of tobacco industry is compared. This paper expounds the evolution history and institutional characteristics of China's tobacco monopoly system, and analyzes the changes of production, supply and marketing relationship, institutional characteristics and benefit distribution of the tobacco industry in each period. After the theoretical and empirical analysis of the costs and benefits of China's tobacco monopoly system, this paper studies the role of tobacco resource development in promoting regional economy by comparing the costs and benefits of radical and gradual reform. Results: On the premise of retaining tobacco monopoly, we should take the separation of government and enterprises and the reform of tobacco fiscal and tax system as the breakthrough. This can change the tobacco industry from administrative monopoly to economic monopoly and form tobacco trust. The linkage mechanism of "tax, profit and price" should be established to protect the interests of tobacco farmers. A tobacco auction center shall be established and a third-party tobacco rating agency shall be guided. Conclusion: The net income of the new system is higher than that of the old system. The healthy development of tobacco industry can promote regional economy.
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Dean, Mark, Al Rainnie, Jim Stanford, and Dan Nahum. "Industrial policy-making after COVID-19: Manufacturing, innovation and sustainability." Economic and Labour Relations Review 32, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10353046211014755.
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This article critically analyses the opportunities for Australia to revitalise its strategically important manufacturing sector in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. It considers Australia’s industry policy options on the basis of both advances in the theory of industrial policy and recent policy proposals in the Australian context. It draws on recent work from The Australia Institute’s Centre for Future Work examining the prospects for Australian manufacturing renewal in a post-COVID-19 economy, together with other recent work in political economy, economic geography and labour process theory critically evaluating the Fourth Industrial Revolution (i4.0) and its implications for the Australian economy. The aim of the article is to contribute to and further develop the debate about the future of government intervention in manufacturing and industry policy in Australia. Crucially, the argument links the future development of Australian manufacturing with a focus on renewable energy. JEL Codes: L50; L52; L78; O10; O13: O25; O44; P18; Q42
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Zhang, Yi, Shuwang Yang, and Hang Zhang. "Relationship Between the Scale, Structure, Efficiency and Economic Growth of Tobacco Financial Development in China." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 4 (July 31, 2021): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.4.21.
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Objectives: This paper analyzes and studies the relationship between the scale, structure, efficiency and economic growth of tobacco financial development in China. Methods: Through the research on the theory of supply chain finance, this paper studies the products and application of the financial chain in the tobacco industry by using the methods of case analysis, literature research and case analysis. At the same time, taking the products of a bank as an example, this paper describes the product handling and operation process in detail, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the products. Results: Commercial banks at home and abroad have gradually realized the power of the vigorous development of tobacco financial supply chain and actively developed tobacco supply chain financial products. The promotion of China's bank supply chain financial products at this stage will help banks to improve and adjust the traditional credit business structure. At the same time, it helps to improve and optimize the structure of tobacco customers and enhance the business cooperation between tobacco companies and banks. This can reduce the business risk of the tobacco industry and improve the overall profitability of the tobacco industry. Conclusion: The tobacco industry should steadily take advantage of the organization and coordination advantages of the government and make use of development financial funds to overcome difficulties. Only by improving the design and enlarging the leverage of financial support policies can the tobacco industry further develop.
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Liu, Yang. "Tobacco Control Policy Based on Environmental Protection Law." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 4 (July 31, 2021): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.4.15.
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Objectives: Based on the environmental protection law, this paper analyzes our current tobacco control policy and studies the effectiveness of the follow-up policy. Methods: This paper studies the impact of environmental law on tobacco industry and tobacco control from the legislative principles and regulatory subjects of environmental protection law. Grasping the basic connotation of tobacco control policy is the premise of understanding and implementing tobacco control. This paper analyzes tobacco control policy from the perspective of policy network and policy tools. Through the description of Smith policy model, find out the deficiencies in the implementation of tobacco control policy. Results: The smoking population in China tends to be younger, and the control of teenagers' smoking behavior should be more strict. Conduct investigation and management around the school, put forward certain requirements for students' parents, and carry out health education for students. Based on the legislative intention of environmental protection law, we should use policy tools, policy network and policy implementation process theory to supervise and manage the whole process of tobacco control implementation in China from the aspects of tobacco system, policy formulation, policy implementation and policy evaluation.. Conclusion: The government should strengthen the scientificity of tobacco control policy-making and improve its operability and unity. It should improve the implementation system of tobacco control policies and improve the construction of law enforcement subjects. An effective administrative punishment mechanism should be established and the information disclosure system of tobacco control policy should be strengthened. The social members should be guided to participate in and supervise. We should evaluate tobacco control policies and strive to improve the formulation, implementation and evaluation of tobacco control policies.
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Kumalasari, Galuh Wahyu. "LOCAL GOVERNMENT POLICY MODEL OF INDONESIA RATTAN HANDICRAFT CREATIVE INDUSTRY IN TRANGSAN VILLAGE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 3 (April 4, 2019): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7313.
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Purpose of Study: Creative industry is one of the economic sectors that important to get attention from the government. Absorption workers in the creative industry are very large considering the main capital in this industry is idea and creativity. An employee who works on large industry, often replaced by mechanical power by efficiency reason. This is different from the creative industry which had to take creativity owned by a human being to maintain its existence. The rattan industry in this area has been able to penetrate the export market in the Netherlands, Germany, The United States, and Australia. Although has penetrated the export market, a number of problems experienced by actors of the creative industry, such as difficulty in competition with other countries related to the design of products and the difficulties to participate in the event of the international exhibition.
Methodology: The methodology used in this research is nondoctrinal, its describe clearly on local government policy in the development of the rattan creative industry in Trangsan Village, Gatak, Sukoharjo, Central Java.
Results: This study found that one of an industry that relatively has been shown to be able to survive in the center of turbulence and national and global economic crisis is the rattan industry in Trangsan Village.
Implications/Applications: Looking at these problems, the local government should take an active role to provide support for rattan industries of Trangsan Village by facilitating ease licensing and integrated technical assistance in connection to promoting both through social media and facilitation to be fit for as well as in international events.
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Yañez, Elva, Gary Cox, Mike Cooney, and Robert Eadie. "Preemption in Public Health: The Dynamics of Clean Indoor Air Laws." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, S4 (2003): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00763.x.
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Preemption is a powerful strategy used by special interest groups to undermine strong, local public health standards. Currently, 20 states in the U.S. have preemption ordinances in place related to clean indoor air initiatives. These preemption laws are the direct result of an ongoing and aggressive campaign of tobacco companies to thwart clean indoor air initiatives, which ultimately, according to tobacco industry internal documents, cause significant reductions in their annual revenues. Clean indoor air policies have arisen from a greater understanding of the documented health risks associated with exposure to secondhand smoke and action by local government (city councils, county commissions, and boards of health) to protect the public from these hazards. The efforts of the tobacco industry undermine local authority and seek to shift policy action to the state and federal levels, where the industry has greater political influence.
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Knox, Angela. "Better the Devil you Know? An Analysis of Employers' Bargaining Preferences in the Australian Hotel Industry." Journal of Industrial Relations 51, no. 1 (February 2009): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185608099663.
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The pursuit of regulatory reform is ongoing in Australia. To date, research has examined the purposes and outcomes associated with these regulatory reforms, while the actual preferences of employers seem to have been overlooked. This is particularly remiss given that the Government has founded much of its reform agenda, including Work Choices, on the supposed `needs of employers'. Given this oversight, this article examines employers' bargaining preferences and experiences in a sample of Australian luxury hotels. The findings deepen our understanding of employers' regulatory preferences and subsequently challenge the rationale and direction of Government policy in Australia.
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Jin, Tang, Zhang Yufang, Li Qiusheng, Chen Jie, Weng Zhenlin, Wu Xingtong, and Liu Xiaochun. "Behavior of Smallholder to Improve Individual Breeding Environment and Tobacco Growing Environment-A Case Study of 184 Waterfowl Farmers and Tobacco Farmers in Jiangxi Province." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 824–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.5.2.
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Under the background of the structural reform on the agricultural supply side and the tightening of environmental protection policies, China’s agricultural industry is facing prominent problems such as low scale, poor mechanization level and serious ecological environment pollution, especially the scattered breeding behavior of small farmers in waterfowl breeding industry and in tobacco growing industry, which has a serious impact on the surrounding ecological environment. In this paper, based on the survey data of 184 waterfowl farmers and tobacco farmers in Jiangxi province and from the perspective of small farmers of waterfowl breeding and tobacco growing, the factors influencing small farmers’ behavior of improving their individual breeding environment and carrying out green ecological behavior are analyzed by using binary logistic regression model. It is concluded that the gender and age of farmers have a negative impact, while farmers’ education level, farmers’ concurrent employment, breeding technology training and government support have a significant positive impact on small farmers’ behavior of improving their individual breeding and planting environment. Finally, some suggestions are put forward, such as optimizing the production layout of waterfowl industry, improve green tobacco cultivation, constructing green ecological development system of waterfowl industry, popularizing green ecological breeding mode and strengthening policy support and supervision, with a view to improve the present situation of poor breeding environment and serious pollution of small farmers in China, promote the development and transformation of waterfowl industry and tobacco industry in China, and promote the sustainable development of ecological environment and ecological economy of waterfowl industry and tobacco industry in China.
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Mulyadi, Martin Surya, Maya Safira Dewi, Yunita Anwar, and Hanggoro Pamungkas. "Indonesian And Australian Tax Policy Implementation In Food And Agriculture Industry." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 3, no. 1 (January 21, 2014): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v3i2.170.
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Tax policy is one of the most important policy in consideration of investment development in certain industry. Research by Newlon (1987), Swenson (1994) and Hines (1996) concluded that tax rate is one of the most important thing considered by investors in a foreign direct investment. One of tax policy could be used to attract foreign direct investment is income tax incentives. The attractiveness of income tax incentives to a foreign direct investment is as much as the attractiveness to a domestic investment (Anwar and Mulyadi, 2012).
In this paper, we have conducted a study of income tax incentives in food and agriculture industry; where we conduct a thorough study of income tax incentives and corporate performance in Indonesian and Australian food and agriculture industry. Our research show that there is a significant influence of income tax incentives to corporate performance. Based on our study, we conclude that the significant influence of income tax incentives to Indonesian corporate performance somewhat in a higher degree than the Australian peers. We have also concluded that Indonesian government provide a relatively more interesting income tax incentives compare to Australian government. However, an average method of net income –a method applied in Australia– could be considered by Indonesian government to avoid a market price fluctuation in this industry.
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BERRIDGE, VIRGINIA. "THE POLICY RESPONSE TO THE SMOKING AND LUNG CANCER CONNECTION IN THE 1950s AND 1960s." Historical Journal 49, no. 4 (November 24, 2006): 1185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005784.
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A key current concern is how scientific knowledge may inform policy in relation to major environmental and health concerns. There are distinct schools of analysis about this relationship between science and policy. They stress rational relationships; denial and delay; or the role of networks. History is important in modifying such perspectives: smoking policy in the 1950s and 1960s is the case study here. The initial response in the 1950s to the link between smoking and lung cancer was in part conditioned by the role of the tobacco industry and the financial importance of tobacco: the British tobacco industry had closer relationships with government than the American one, and did not rely on public relations. Public health interests worked with the industry. But politicians were concerned also about the fluidity of the epidemiological evidence; the dangers of stirring up further pressure over air pollution; the financial and ideological implications of health education and its location; and the electoral dangers of intervening in a popular mass habit. In the 1960s the British and American medical reports stimulated the growth of a public health ‘policy community’. The initial political considerations began to weaken and these years marked the beginning of a new style of public health.
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Matthes, Britta Katharina, Lindsay Robertson, and Anna B. Gilmore. "Needs of LMIC-based tobacco control advocates to counter tobacco industry policy interference: insights from semi-structured interviews." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e044710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044710.
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IntroductionAdvocacy is vital for advancing tobacco control and there has been considerable investment in this area. While much is known about tobacco industry interference (TII), there is little research on advocates’ efforts in countering TII and what they need to succeed. We sought to examine this and focused on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where adoption and implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) tend to remain slower and weaker.MethodWe interviewed 22 advocates from eight LMICs with recent progress in a tobacco control policy. We explored participants’ experiences in countering TII, including the activities they undertake, challenges they encounter and how their efforts could be enhanced. We used Qualitative Description to analyse transcripts and validated findings through participant feedback.ResultsWe identified four main areas of countering activities: (1) generating and compiling data and evidence, (2) accessing policymakers and restricting industry access, (3) working with media and (4) engaging in a national coalition. Each area was linked to challenges, including (1) lack of data, (2) no/weak implementation of FCTC Article 5.3, (3) industry ties with media professionals and (4) advocates’ limited capacity. To address these challenges, participants suggested initiatives, including access to country-specific data, building advocates’ skills in compiling and using such data in research and monitoring, and in coalition development; others aiming at training journalists to question and investigate TII; and finally, diverse interventions intended to advance a whole-of-government approach to tobacco control. Structural changes to tobacco control funding and coordination were suggested to facilitate the proposed measures.ConclusionThis research highlights that following years of investment in tobacco control in LMICs, there is growing confidence in addressing TII. We identify straightforward initiatives that could strengthen such efforts. This research also underscores that more structural changes to enhance tobacco control capacity building should be considered.
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Sanni, Saliyou, Jennifer P. Wisdom, Olalekan A. Ayo-Yusuf, and Charles Hongoro. "Multi-Sectoral Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Prevention Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Conceptual Framework for Analysis." International Journal of Health Services 49, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731418774203.
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Conceptual frameworks for health policy analysis guide investigations into interactions between institutions, interests, and ideas to identify how to improve policy decisions and outcomes. This review assessed constructs from current frameworks and theories of health policy analysis to (1) develop a preliminary synthesis of findings from selected frameworks and theories; (2) analyze relationships between elements of those frameworks and theories to construct an overarching framework for health policy analysis; and then, (3) apply that overarching framework to analyze tobacco control policies in Togo and in South Africa. This Comprehensive Framework for Multi-Sectoral Approach to Health Policy Analysis has 4 main constructs: context, content, stakeholders, and strategies. When applied to analyze tobacco control policy processes in Togo and in South Africa, it identified a shared goal in both countries to have a policy content that is compliant with the provisions of international tobacco treaties and differences in strategic interactions between institutions (e.g., tobacco industry, government structures) and in the political context of tobacco control policy process. These findings highlight the need for context-specific political mapping identifying the interests of all stakeholders and strategies for interaction between health and other sectors when planning policy formulation or implementation.
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Holden, Chris, Kelley Lee, Anna Gilmore, Gary Fooks, and Nathaniel Wander. "Trade Policy, Health, and Corporate Influence: British American Tobacco and China's Accession to the World Trade Organization." International Journal of Health Services 40, no. 3 (July 2010): 421–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.40.3.c.
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Tobacco market liberalization can have a profound impact on health. This article analyzes internal documents of British American Tobacco (BAT), released as a result of litigation in the United States, in order to examine the company's attempts to influence negotiations over China's accession to the World Trade Organization. The documents demonstrate that BAT attempted to influence these negotiations through a range of mechanisms, including personal access of BAT employees and lobbyists to policymakers; employment of former civil servants from key U.K. government departments; use of organized business groups such as the Multinational Chairmen's Group and the European Round Table; and participation and leadership in forums organized by Chatham House. These processes contributed to significant concessions on the liberalization of the tobacco market in China, although the failure to break the Chinese state monopoly over the manufacture and distribution of cigarettes has ensured that foreign tobacco companies' share of the Chinese market has remained small. World Trade Organization accession has nevertheless led to a profound restructuring of the Chinese tobacco industry in anticipation of foreign competition, which may result in more market-based and internationally oriented Chinese tobacco firms.
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Doore, Kathryn E. van. "Regulating Australia’s Participation in the Orphanage Industry." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 7, no. 1 (March 2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2349300319894498.
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Orphanages harness the goodwill of volunteers, visitors and donors to generate funding. However, in recent years, evidence has emerged that in some cases children are being recruited or trafficked into orphanages in order to generate profit from this goodwill. This is known as the ‘orphanage industry’, and the recruitment of children into orphanages for the purpose of profit and exploitation is ‘orphanage trafficking’. Australia is reported to be the largest funder of residential care for children in South East Asia. In 2017, Australia became the first government in the world to consider orphanage trafficking as a form of modern slavery. This article traces the evolution of the recognition of orphanage trafficking broadly, and then focusses on recommendations made by the Australian government following the release of its 2017 Hidden in Plain Sight Report. This article analyses the emerging policy and legislative reforms that are being undertaken by the Australian government and recommends further development to ensure that funding and finances are appropriately directed to divest from orphanages and instead support burgeoning care reform in the South Asian region. Finally, the article responds to critiques of the Australian government’s standpoint on orphanage trafficking as it relates to the over-reliance on institutional care and provides clarification on why a criminal justice response to orphanage trafficking is appropriate.
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Mulyadi, Martin Surya, Maya Safira Dewi, Yunita Anwar, and Hanggoro Pamungkas. "Indonesian And Australian Tax Policy Implementation In Food And Agriculture Industry." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 3, no. 1 (January 19, 2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v3i1.170.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Tax policy is one of the most important policy in consideration of investment development in certain industry. Research by Newlon (1987), Swenson (1994) and Hines (1996) concluded that tax rate is one of the most important thing considered by investors in a foreign direct investment. One of tax policy could be used to attract foreign direct investment is income tax incentives. The attractiveness of income tax incentives to a foreign direct investment is as much as the attractiveness to a domestic investment (Anwar and Mulyadi, 2012). In this paper, we have conducted a study of income tax incentives in food and agriculture industry; where we conduct a thorough study of income tax incentives and corporate performance in Indonesian and Australian food and agriculture industry. Our research show that there is a significant influence of income tax incentives to corporate performance. Based on our study, we conclude that the significant influence of income tax incentives to Indonesian corporate performance somewhat in a higher degree than the Australian peers. We have also concluded that Indonesian government provide a relatively more interesting income tax incentives compare to Australian government. However, an average method of net income –a method applied in Australia– could be considered by Indonesian government to avoid a market price fluctuation in this industry.</p>
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Engel, A. "Cancer Council New South Wales: Policy and Advocacy Report Community Insights to Inform the Policy Positioning of Tobacco Retailing Reform in NSW, Australia." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 139s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.59100.
Full textAbstract:
Background and context: In the lead-up to the next state election, Cancer Council New South Wales (CCNSW) will run the “Saving Life 2019” advocacy campaign focused on changing NSW Government policy in cancer control. In developing a policy agenda, three priority areas were identified that required further research to better understand public perceptions, inform messaging and engagement strategies. Reform of current tobacco retailing was identified as one of these priorities. Aim: Understand how key audiences view current tobacco retailing laws and widespread tobacco availability in NSW; Find new opportunities to progress our policy objectives by identifying additional key audiences in the general population; Build the evidence base for a salient and convincing messaging guide for the advocacy campaign strategy and CCNSW's broader policy engagement and influencing work. Strategy/Tactics: The campaign will seek to demonstrate community support for reform of current tobacco retailing laws in NSW to the community, the media and political candidates to achieve policy commitments. CCNSW existing campaign strategy includes tactics across grassroots mobilization, targeted political engagement and securing earned media. The development of strategic research to underpin this campaign, including development of an evidence-based communications strategy, was critical in optimizing communications and public engagement. Program/Policy process: CCNSW commissioned an independent external agency to conduct the research. The research used a mixed methodology that included a facilitated online focus group of up to 20 people, followed by polling of the general public. Focus groups were conducted over two days, with participants recruited from a wide geographical spread and constituted a mixture of general population, parents, hospitality workers and small business owners. Outcomes: A research and communications report containing an overview of the research, key findings, as well as communications considerations based on the research was used to inform our overall campaign strategy, including policy messaging and communications planning. What was learned: Findings noted that while cancer of all types is seen as a serious public health issue, cancer specifically resulting from smoking and tobacco use is not top-of-mind. It revealed the link between ease of access to tobacco products and increased usage is clearly understood, and there was support for further restricting where tobacco can be sold. The concept of a “retailer fee” to pay for the cost of antismoking initiatives received limited support, mostly driven by concern for smaller retailers. The most popular arguments were those which reinforced existing community beliefs, rather than challenging them.
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Pollard, Christina, Janette Lewis, and Margaret Miller. "Start Right–Eat Right Award Scheme: Implementing Food and Nutrition Policy in Child Care Centers." Health Education & Behavior 28, no. 3 (June 2001): 320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019810102800306.
Full textAbstract:
The Start Right–Eat Right award scheme implemented in Western Australia has been used to provide the incentive to bring about improvement in food service in line with government policy and regulations in the child care industry. Theories of organizational change were used to identify processes and strategies to support the industry in translating policy into practice. A baseline survey of food service management practices, as well as process evaluation, informed action and identified barriers. Impact evaluation demonstrated that the award scheme could bring about improvements in the quality of food service; 80% of centers made changes to their menus as a result of participating. Two years postlaunch, 40% of centers have registered in the scheme. The diffusion of innovation theory is used to explain uptake and discuss results. The success of the scheme was based on four factors: an understanding of the industry, collaboration between the child care industry and government, supporting resources, and incentives.
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Yadav, Amit, Gaurang P. Nazar, Tina Rawal, Monika Arora, Premila Webster, and Nathan Grills. "Plain packaging of tobacco products: the logical next step for tobacco control policy in India." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 5 (September 2018): e000873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000873.
Full textAbstract:
India implemented larger 85% pictorial health warnings on all tobacco products from 1 April 2016. However, to remove the last bit of glamour and attraction from the tobacco packs, it must now embrace plain packaging. Plain packaging prevents tobacco packs from carrying the tobacco industry brand imagery as mobile billboards. Postimplementation of larger 85% pictorial health warnings on all tobacco products, this analysis was undertaken to assess the feasibility of plain packaging as the next logical tobacco control policy measure in India. As part of this analysis, the research team reviewed the available literature on legal and policy challenges to plain packaging as a tobacco control policy initiative for India. Literature from 2010 to 2016 in English language was reviewed, which reveals that, India has taken several preparatory steps implemented by other countries like Australia and the UK that have introduced plain packaging, for example, stronger smoke-free laws, ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, increase in taxes and a report from civil society task force on plain packaging. The trade and investment agreements signed by India are also within the international trade norms relating to public health. A Private Member’s Bill on plain packaging is also pending in the Parliament of India. Other potential challenges against such policy decision, for example, freedom of trade, right to property, violation of competition law and other laws including consumer protection laws, were found unsubstantiated by the research team. Plain packaging is the next logical step for tobacco control policy in India.