Academic literature on the topic 'Tobacco control; social marketing; health warnings'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tobacco control; social marketing; health warnings"
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Weiger, Caitlin Victoria, Katherine Smith, Amy Y. Hong, and Joanna E. Cohen. "Cigarette Packs With URLs Leading to Tobacco Company Websites: Content Analysis." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): e15160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15160.
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Background Tobacco companies include on the packaging of their products URLs directing consumers to websites that contain protobacco messages. Online media tend to be underregulated and provide the industry with an opportunity to present users with protobacco communication. Objective The objective of our study was to document the content of websites that were advertised on tobacco packs in 14 low- and middle-income countries. Methods We purchased tobacco packs from 14 low- and middle-income countries in 2013 and examined them for the presence of URLs. We visited unique URLs on multiple occasions between October 1, 2016 and August 9, 2017. We developed a coding checklist and used it to conduct a content analysis of active corporate websites to identify types of protobacco communication. The coding checklist included the presence of regulatory controls and warnings, engagement strategies, marketing appeals (eg, description of product popularity, luxury/quality, taste), corporate social responsibility programs, and image management. We coded brand websites separately and also described social media and other website types. Results We identified 89 unique URLs, of which 54 were active during the search period. We assessed 26 corporate websites, 21 brand websites, 2 nontobacco websites, and 5 social media pages. We excluded 2 corporate websites and 14 brand websites due to limited accessible content or incomplete content. Corporate social responsibility was discussed on all corporate websites, and marketing appeals were also common. Corporate websites were also more likely to include more nonspecific (12/24, 50%) than specific (7/24, 29%) health warnings. Promotions (6/7, 86%) and sociability appeals (3/7, 43%) were common on brand websites. The small number of social media webpages in our sample used gendered marketing. Conclusions URLs appearing on tobacco packs direct consumers to websites where users are exposed to marketing that highlights the “positive” contributions of tobacco companies on corporate websites, and extensive promotions and marketing appeals on brand websites and social media pages. It is essential that marketing regulations become more comprehensive and ban all protobacco communication, a policy that is in line with articles 5.3 and 13 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. For countries that already ban internet tobacco advertising, enforcement efforts should be strengthened. Tobacco companies’ use of URLs on packs may also be compelling for plain packaging advocacy, where all branding is removed from the pack and large graphic health warning labels are the only communication on the tobacco packaging. Future research should consider including tobacco websites in marketing surveillance.
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Chung-Hall, Janet, Lorraine Craig, Shannon Gravely, Natalie Sansone, and Geoffrey T. Fong. "Impact of the WHO FCTC over the first decade: a global evidence review prepared for the Impact Assessment Expert Group." Tobacco Control 28, Suppl 2 (June 7, 2018): s119—s128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054389.
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ObjectiveTo present findings of a narrative review on the implementation and effectiveness of 17 Articles of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) during the Treaty’s first decade.Data sourcesPublished reports on global FCTC implementation; searches of four databases through June 2016; hand-search of publications/online resources; tobacco control experts.Study selectionWHO Convention Secretariat global progress reports (2010, 2012, 2014); 2015 WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic; studies of social, behavioural, health, economic and/or environmental impacts of FCTC policies.Data extractionProgress in the implementation of 17 FCTC Articles was categorised (higher/intermediate/lower) by consensus. 128 studies were independently selected by multiple authors in consultation with experts.Data synthesisImplementation was highest for smoke-free laws, health warnings and education campaigns, youth access laws, and reporting/information exchange, and lowest for measures to counter industry interference, regulate tobacco product contents, promote alternative livelihoods and protect health/environment. Price/tax increases, comprehensive smoking and marketing bans, health warnings, and cessation treatment are associated with decreased tobacco consumption/health risks and increased quitting. Mass media campaigns and youth access laws prevent smoking initiation, decrease prevalence and promote cessation. There were few studies on the effectiveness of policies in several domains, including measures to prevent industry interference and regulate tobacco product contents.ConclusionsThe FCTC has increased the implementation of measures across several policy domains, and these implementations have resulted in measurable impacts on tobacco consumption, prevalence and other outcomes. However, FCTC implementation must be accelerated, and Parties need to meet all their Treaty obligations and consider measures that exceed minimum requirements.
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Levy, David T., Zhe Yuan, Yuying Luo, and Darren Mays. "Seven years of progress in tobacco control: an evaluation of the effect of nations meeting the highest level MPOWER measures between 2007 and 2014." Tobacco Control 27, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053381.
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ObjectiveSince WHO released the package of six MPOWER measures to assist nations with implementing the WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC), 88 countries adopted at least one highest level MPOWER measure. We estimated the subsequent reduction in smoking-related deaths from all new highest level measures adopted between 2007 and 2014.MethodsPolicy effect sizes based on previously validated SimSmoke models were applied to the number of smokers in each nation to determine the reduction in the number of smokers from policy adoption. On the basis of research that half of all smokers die from smoking, we derived the smoking-attributable deaths (SADs) averted of those smokers alive today.FindingsIn total, 88 countries adopted at least one highest level MPOWER policy between 2007 and 2014, resulting in almost 22 million fewer projected SADs. The largest number of future SADs averted was due to increased cigarette taxes (7.0 million), followed by comprehensive smoke-free laws (5.4 million), large graphic health warnings (4.1 million), comprehensive marketing bans (3.8 million) and comprehensive cessation interventions (1.5 million).ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate the immense public health impact of tobacco control policies adopted globally since the WHO-FCTC and highlight the importance of more countries adopting highest level MPOWER measures to reduce the global burden of tobacco use. Substantial additional progress could be made, especially if heavily populated nations with high smoking prevalence were to reach highest level MPOWER measures.
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Vijayaraghavan, Maya, Pamela Olsen, John Weeks, Karma McKelvey, Claudia Ponath, and Margot Kushel. "Older African American Homeless-Experienced Smokers’ Attitudes Toward Tobacco Control Policies—Results from the HOPE HOME Study." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 2 (September 12, 2017): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117117729928.
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Purpose: To examine attitudes toward tobacco control policies among older African American homeless-experienced smokers. Approach: A qualitative study. Setting: Oakland, California. Participants: Twenty-two African American older homeless-experienced smokers who were part of a longitudinal study on health and health-related outcomes (Health Outcomes of People Experiencing Homelessness in Older Middle Age Study). Method: We conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews with each participant to explore beliefs and attitudes toward tobacco use and cessation, barriers to smoking cessation, and attitudes toward current tobacco control strategies including raising cigarette prices, smoke-free policies, and graphic warning labels. We used a grounded theory approach to analyze the transcripts. Results: Community social norms supportive of cigarette smoking and co-use of tobacco with other illicit substances were strong motivators of initiation and maintenance of tobacco use. Self-reported barriers to cessation included nicotine dependence, the experience of being homeless, fatalistic attitudes toward smoking cessation, substance use, and exposure to tobacco industry marketing. While participants were cognizant of current tobacco control policies and interventions for cessation, they felt that they were not specific enough for African Americans experiencing homelessness. Participants expressed strong support for strategies that de-normalized tobacco use and advertised the harmful effects of tobacco. Conclusion: Older African American homeless-experienced smokers face significant barriers to smoking cessation. Interventions that advertise the harmful effects of tobacco may be effective in stimulating smoking cessation among this population.
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Lee, Cheol Min. "Current status of tobacco use, cessation and control policy in Korea." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 65, no. 12 (December 10, 2022): 789–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2022.65.12.789.
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Background: Tobacco use is a leading cause of countless deaths and disabilities worldwide. An estimated 11 million Korean adults were still using tobacco in 2020, according to the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. This review aims to explain the current trends in tobacco use, sales, cessation, and control policies in South Korea.Current Concepts: Heated tobacco products (HTPs), a hybrid between conventional and electronic cigarettes, were first launched in South Korea in June 2017. Advertisements stating that HTPs are odorless, tar-free, and less harmful to health have caused sales of HTPs to grow quickly over the past 5 years, such that they account for about 15% of the total tobacco market. According to national smoking rate statistics and tobacco sales trends, declines in current smoking rates have slowed and even risen in some groups, and declines in total tobacco sales have slowed but also risen again during the coronavirus 19 pandemic. In addition, the number of visitors to smoking cessation clinics decreased just after the advent of HTPs and social distancing policies triggered by the coronavirus. Nicotine replacement therapy can serve as a drug therapy for smoking cessation, or bupropion and varenicline can be prescribed. Korea’s representative tobacco control policies include the tax increase policy, non-smoking area policy, cigarette pack warning picture policy, and support policy for visiting smoking cessation clinics.Discussion and Conclusion: There is a pressing need to reflect tobacco control policies in line with changes in tobacco user behaviors and tobacco company marketing strategies.
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Brewer, Noel T., Michelle Jeong, Marissa G. Hall, Sabeeh A. Baig, Jennifer R. Mendel, Allison J. Lazard, Seth M. Noar, Madeline R. Kameny, and Kurt M. Ribisl. "Impact of e-cigarette health warnings on motivation to vape and smoke." Tobacco Control 28, e1 (July 10, 2019): e64-e70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054878.
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BackgroundA prevailing hypothesis is that health warnings for electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) could drive people away from vaping and towards smoking cigarettes. We consider an alternative hypothesis that e-cigarette warnings discourage both vaping and smoking.MethodsParticipants were a national convenience sample of 2218 US adults who used e-cigarettes, cigarettes or both. In August 2018, we randomised participants to one of three warning types (control text about littering, text-only e-cigarette warning or pictorial e-cigarette warning). We further randomised participants viewing e-cigarette warnings to one of three topics (nicotine addiction, health hazards of use, or both health hazards and harms of use). The preregistered primary outcome was intentions to quit vaping among e-cigarette users. Secondary outcomes included interest in smoking and Tobacco Warnings Model constructs: attention, negative affect, anticipated social interactions and cognitive elaboration.ResultsText warnings elicited higher intentions to quit vaping than control among e-cigarette users (d=0.44, p<0.001), and pictorial warnings elicited still higher intentions to quit vaping than text (d=0.12, p<0.05). Text warnings elicited lower interest in smoking compared with control among smokers (p<0.05); warnings had no other effects on interest in smoking among smokers or non-smokers. Text warnings about health hazards elicited higher intentions to quit vaping than nicotine addiction warnings. E-cigarette warnings also increased Tobacco Warnings Model constructs.DiscussionE-cigarette health warnings may motivate users to quit vaping and discourage smoking. The most promising warnings include health hazards (other than nicotine addiction) and imagery. We found no support for the hypothesis that e-cigarette warnings could encourage smoking cigarettes.
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Nakkash, R., and K. Lee. "The tobacco industry's thwarting of marketing restrictions and health warnings in Lebanon." Tobacco Control 18, no. 4 (July 24, 2009): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.2008.029405.
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O’Brien, Erin Keely, Mario Antonio Navarro, and Leah Hoffman. "Mobile website characteristics of leading tobacco product brands: cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, e-cigarettes, hookah and cigars." Tobacco Control 28, no. 5 (August 30, 2018): 532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054549.
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SignificanceMost US adults use smartphones for internet access. Understanding what they see when they view smartphone-optimised (mobile) tobacco websites is important, as it can inform tobacco education and cessation strategies. This study describes mobile tobacco websites for leading brands of cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco (smokeless), e-cigarettes and hookah.MethodsWe identified 130 leading tobacco brands based on sales, advertising spending and self-report data. Of these, 62 brands had mobile websites. We conducted an inductive content analysis (ie, where we derived the coding scheme from what we observed) of website characteristics by dual-coding: age requirements, warning display, brand engagement methods (eg, social features) and sales strategies (eg, coupons).ResultsAll cigarette and most smokeless websites required age-verified accounts for entry, while 76% of e-cigarette websites required accounts only for making purchases. All cigarette and smokeless websites showed warnings, but a minority of e-cigarette and cigar websites did, and no hookah websites did. Many websites required users to scroll up to view warnings. Most e-cigarette websites, most hookah websites, and half of cigar websites linked to multiple social media platforms; however, most cigarette and smokeless websites facilitated socialisation internally. All cigarette, most smokeless and no hookah websites offered coupons. Many cigarette and smokeless coupons were time-sensitive and location-based.ConclusionsWe highlight issues in how tobacco brand websites address youth access, display warnings, engage consumers and facilitate purchase. Results can help public health educators and practitioners better understand tobacco marketing as a context for designing tobacco interventions.
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Guillory, Jamie, Annice E. Kim, Leah Fiacco, Margaret Cress, Jessica Pepper, and James Nonnemaker. "An Experimental Study of Nicotine Warning Statements in E-cigarette Tweets." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 5 (March 1, 2019): 814–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz029.
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Abstract Introduction It is unclear whether warnings on electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) advertisements required by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will apply to social media. Given the key role of social media in marketing e-cigarettes, we seek to inform FDA decision making by exploring how warnings on various tweet content influence perceived healthiness, nicotine harm, likelihood to try e-cigarettes, and warning recall. Methods In this 2 × 4 between-subjects experiment participants viewed a tweet from a fictitious e-cigarette brand. Four tweet content versions (e-cigarette product, e-cigarette use, e-cigarette in social context, unrelated content) were crossed with two warning versions (absent, present). Adult e-cigarette users (N = 994) were recruited via social media ads to complete a survey and randomized to view one of eight tweets. Multivariable regressions explored effects of tweet content and warning on perceived healthiness, perceived harm, and likelihood to try e-cigarettes, and tweet content on warning recall. Covariates were tobacco and social media use and demographics. Results Tweets with warnings elicited more negative health perceptions of the e-cigarette brand than tweets without warnings (p < .05). Tweets featuring e-cigarette products (p < .05) or use (p < .001) elicited higher warning recall than tweets featuring unrelated content. Conclusions This is the first study to examine warning effects on perceptions of e-cigarette social media marketing. Warnings led to more negative e-cigarette health perceptions, but no effect on perceived nicotine harm or likelihood to try e-cigarettes. There were differences in warning recall by tweet content. Research should explore how varying warning content (text, size, placement) on tweets from e-cigarette brands influences health risk perceptions. Implications FDA’s 2016 ruling requires warnings on advertisements for nicotine-containing e-cigarettes, but does not specify whether this applies to social media. This study is the first to examine how e-cigarette warnings in tweets influence perceived healthiness and harm of e-cigarettes, which is important because e-cigarette brands are voluntarily including warnings on Twitter and Instagram. Warnings influenced perceived healthiness of the e-cigarette brand, but not perceived nicotine harm or likelihood to try e-cigarettes. We also saw higher recall of warning statements for tweets featuring e-cigarettes. Findings suggest that expanding warning requirements to e-cigarette social media marketing warrants further exploration and FDA consideration.
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van Mourik, Dirk-Jan A., Math J. J. M. Candel, Gera E. Nagelhout, Marc C. Willemsen, Hua-Hie Yong, Bas van den Putte, Geoffrey T. Fong, and Hein de Vries. "How the New European Union’s (Pictorial) Tobacco Health Warnings Influence Quit Attempts and Smoking Cessation: Findings from the 2016–2017 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Surveys." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (November 2, 2019): 4260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214260.
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In 2016, the Netherlands was required to introduce new European Union (EU)’s (pictorial) tobacco health warnings. Our objective was to describe the pathways through which the new EU tobacco health warnings may influence quit attempts and smoking cessation among Dutch smokers. Longitudinal data from 2016 and 2017 from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey were used. Smokers who participated in both surveys were included (N = 1017). Structural equation modeling was applied to examine the hypothesized pathways. Health warning salience was positively associated with more health worries (β = 0.301, p < 0.001) and a more positive attitude towards quitting (β = 0.180, p < 0.001), which, in turn, were associated with a stronger quit intention (health worries: β = 0.304, p < 0.001; attitude: β = 0.340, p < 0.001). Quit intention was a strong predictor of quit attempts (β = 0.336, p = 0.001). Health warning salience was also associated with stronger perceived social norms towards quitting (β = 0.166, p < 0.001), which directly predicted quit attempts (β = 0.141, p = 0.048). Quit attempts were positively associated with smoking cessation (β = 0.453, p = 0.043). Based on these findings, we posit that the effect of the EU’s tobacco health warnings on quit attempts and smoking cessation is mediated by increased health worries and a more positive attitude and perceived social norms towards quitting. Making tobacco health warnings more salient (e.g., by using plain packaging) may increase their potential to stimulate quitting among smokers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tobacco control; social marketing; health warnings"
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Miller, Caroline. "Graphic health warnings on Australian cigarette packets: evaluation of a social marketing intervention." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/71968.
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Tobacco-related illness remains the single greatest preventable burden of morbidity and mortality in Australia. Reducing tobacco use is a major public health imperative. This thesis investigates the impact of a public policy intervention designed to inform smokers of the harms associated with smoking and to reduce tobacco use; namely graphic consumer warnings labels on cigarette packets, introduced in Australia in March 2006. The specific aim of this thesis is to examine the impact of these warnings. Social psychology provided a theoretical framework, with models predicting that behaviour can be influenced by new information. This thesis poses questions focussed on the relationship between such information, smokers’ beliefs and attitudes, their behavioural intentions and their actual behaviour. The first question examined is practical: What occurred during the introduction and implementation of graphic consumer warnings labels on Australian cigarette packets? This was asked with a view to (i) offering lessons for interested policy-makers in other countries; and (ii) documenting the intervention under study. The second question is: Did the warnings attract the attention of smokers and communicate information about smoking to change smokers’ beliefs? Thirdly: Were there attitude changes or other changes predictive of quitting? and fourthly Did behaviour change occur? Firstly, studies monitored press coverage about the new warnings and the pace of the rollout into shops. Results (presented in Chapter 2) document tobacco industry lobbying and its apparent influence in delaying the introduction of the warnings in Australia. The nature
of the Australian legislation created further opportunities for delay. The second question is addressed in Chapters 2 and 3. Chapter 2 reports on a smoker intercept study; conducted once new warnings were prevalent. Chapter 3 presents smokers’ awareness of new warnings and their beliefs about a range of smoking-related health
effects, from a series of cross-sectional population surveys spanning 4 years. Chapters 4 and 5 look in detail at the third and fourth research questions i.e. the impact of on smokers’ attitudes, intentions to quit and quitting behaviour. Chapter 4 presents the short-term marker of success - calls to the Quitline. Chapter 5 applies Fishbein & Ajzen’s[1] Reasoned Action Approach with a cohort of smokers; using the model to investigate the influence of graphic warnings on smokers’ quitting behaviour and its
precursors. Taken as a whole, this thesis provides a case study of the roll-out of Australian graphic cigarette packet warning labels and evidence of their impact on smokers. Australia was the 8th country to introduce such warnings. A further 31 countries have since adopted them with many more planning to. Very little is published about the process of implementation and this information from the Australian roll-out offers insight for other policy-makers. This thesis also contributes very strong evidence that Australia’s graphic warnings labels were successful in attracting smokers’ attention and in communicating information that influenced their beliefs about the consequences of smoking. There is also good evidence of translation into interest in quitting and some evidence of quitting behaviour, the ultimate aim of the public policy intervention.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2011
Book chapters on the topic "Tobacco control; social marketing; health warnings"
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Stockwell, Tim, and Erin Hobin. "Hidden from View." In The Commercial Determinants of Health, 89—C10.P49. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197578742.003.0010.
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Abstract It has been argued that the alcohol industry resembles the tobacco industry closely in its global scale, consolidation, and strategy, yet a framework akin to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control does not currently exist. Alcohol is no ordinary commodity, accounting for a significant proportion of disease burden globally, including among younger adults. Yet the alcohol industry also remains active in corporate social responsibility initiatives, funding research, dissemination of health information, litigation and lobbying efforts, as the tobacco industry has done. There is a substantial body of evidence on the role of alcohol marketing in sports and on social media. Crucially, the harmful consumption of alcohol often accounts for a significant proportion of overall revenue. Although much of the research on alcohol industry practices has focused on high-income settings, it is low- and middle-income countries that represent the “growth markets” of the future for this globally consolidated industry.
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Callard, Cynthia. "Canada’s Long March against Tobacco." In Policy Success in Canada, 36–55. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897046.003.0003.
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Abstract After toying with the idea of restrictions in the early 20th century, Canadian governments only began developing policies to reduce smoking in the 1960s after the link between smoking and cancer was firmly established. Half a century later, they are still at it. The comprehensive set of tobacco control policies implemented in Canada, and now embraced by a global tobacco treaty, has focused on reducing the demand for tobacco products. Early approaches in the 1960s and 1970s relied on public education about the health risks and encouraging smokers to quit. By the mid 1980s, the insufficiency of this programmatic approach was recognized, and governments moved to impose and progressively tighten regulatory controls on marketing. Once ubiquitous promotions, like billboards, retail displays, sponsored events, and colourful packages were removed from the Canadian social environment. Measures to protect citizens from the harms of second-hand smoke began in the mid 1970s and, by 2010, to clean the air of workplaces and public venues, decreasing the social acceptability of smoking. Tobacco taxes, once used purely to generate revenues for the government, became recognized as a powerful public health tool to deter use with higher prices. The success of this set of demand-reduction policies can be measured in the reduction in the percentage of Canadians who smoke—from one-half of adults in the mid-1960s to about one-sixth today. The limits are seen in the industry’s continued ability to recruit new smokers to replace those who quit and die.