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Anuradha, M., K. Sivaraju, and V. Krishnamurthy. "Effect of waterlogging on physiological characteristics, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco." Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 18, no. 1 (March 2013): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40502-013-0008-0.
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Zhang, Shuyi, Weichang Gao, Kai Cai, Taoze Liu, and Xingshi Wang. "Effects of Microplastics on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 2692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112692.
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The environmental effects caused by the proliferation of microplastics have received extensive attention. However, at this stage, there is a lack of research on the toxicology of microplastics and their impacts on plants. This study explored the effects of microplastics on the growth and physiological characteristics of tobacco. Using tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) variety Yunyan87 and low-density polyethylene (LDPE, 13 μm particle size), different concentrations, which were 0 mg/L (CK), 10 mg/L (T1), 100 mg/L (T2), and 1000 mg/L (T3), were subjected to hydroponic experiments to study the effects of microplastics on the growth and physiological characteristics of tobacco. The results showed that microplastics had a certain inhibitory effect on the growth of tobacco. Among them, high concentrations of microplastics significantly inhibited the root architecture and growth characteristics. According to the performance observed with different treatments, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased in the medium and high concentrations. In addition, the changes in catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity were not obvious. Experiments showed that microplastics could significantly inhibit the growth and development of tobacco and reduce the accumulation of aerial parts and root biomass.
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Liao, Xianyan, Nannan Chen, Peng Feng, Ping Li, Zhanmin Liu, and Junyi Huang. "Physiological effect of graphene oxide on tobacco BY-2 suspension cells and its immigration." Vibroengineering PROCEDIA 11 (May 30, 2017): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2017.18409.
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Kalashnikov, S. V., and M. V. Shkidyuk. "Identification characteristics of non-smoking tobacco products." New Technologies 17, no. 2 (June 6, 2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2072-0920-2021-17-2-25-32.
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Modern trends in the reduction of cigarette consumption have led to the spread of smokeless tobacco and non-tobacco nicotine-containing products [1]; their variety creates certain problems with the identification of products in this segment. Sucking tobacco (snus) has been banned in the Russian Federation for wholesale and retail trade since 2015, but it is a product similar to chew- ing tobacco in packaging, ingredient composition and physiological effects. Therefore, establishing the identification characteristics of chewing tobacco is an urgent task. The attitude towards chewing tobacco is controversial. The absence of the smoldering / burning process characteristic of cigarettes indicates a decrease in the harmful effect on the human body. At the same time, the physiological ef- fect on the consumer is based on the effect of nicotine extracted from tobacco through the oral mucosa. Consumer indicators of samples of smokeless tobacco / non-tobacco nicotine-containing products have been investigated: moisture content, fractional composition and nicotine content. The moisture content of samples of non-smoking products ranges from 19,0 % to 36,5 %. The nicotine content in the investigated tobacco / non-tobacco products is 0,3–2,4 % / 1,0–8,8 % respectively. To establish the identification signs of smokeless tobacco products the following methods have been used: product fractionation, optical microscopy, spectrophotometry, and liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS / MS). The main feature of the difference between smokeless tobacco products and non-tobacco nicotine-containing products has been determined – the presence of tobacco in the ingredient composition, confirmed by the structure of the product and the content of specific tobacco nitrosamines. As a result of the research, experimental data were obtained on the quantitative determination of the content of tobacco specific nitrosamines by the LCMS / MS method in smokeless tobacco products. The main identification feature of chewing tobacco has been established: the presence of raw tobacco in the ingredient composition with a coarse fraction content is at least 15 %.
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Lopes, Camila Aparecida, Maria Laene Moreira de Carvalho, Renato Mendes Guimarães, Ariadne Morbeck Santos de Oliveira, and Dayliane Bernardes de Andrade. "Sodium hypochlorite in the priming of tobacco seeds." Journal of Seed Science 41, no. 1 (January 2019): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n1211719.
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Abstract: Due to the non-uninform maturation of tobacco fruits and seeds, the priming technique has been used by the tobacco industry as a way of increasing the uniformity and germinations peed of seeds. Several factors can affect priming, including the time and environment in which the treatment is performed. In order to evaluate the effect of sodium hypochlorite as priming agent at different concentrations and the priming period on the physiological quality of the tobacco seeds, it was used a seed lot of commercial cultivar CSC 439 from the Virginia varietal group, widely used by the producing companies. The seeds were subjected to priming in aerated solution at different priming periods (180, 60, 30, 15, and 5 min) and concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (1%, 0.50%, 0.25%, and 0.10 %). The physiological quality was evaluated by the water contents, germination tests, first count, germination index, initial and final stands, emergence index and electrical conductivity. The priming with sodium hypochlorite did not affect germination, but allowed a higher percentage and speed of emergence when using the 1% concentration for 180, 30 and 15 min.
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Chandrasekaran, Rajamanickam, Kannan Revathi, Selvamathiazhagan Nisha, Suyambulingam Arunachalam Kirubakaran, Subbiah Sathish-Narayanan, and Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan. "Physiological effect of chitinase purified from Bacillus subtilis against the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura Fab." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 104, no. 1 (September 2012): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2012.07.002.
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Rimmer, Matthew. "The Chilling Effect: Investor-State Dispute Settlement, Graphic Health Warnings, the Plain Packaging of Tobacco Products, and the Trans-Pacific Partnership." Victoria University Law and Justice Journal 7, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15209/vulj.v7i1.1044.
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Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) poses significant challenges in respect of tobacco control, public health, human rights, and sustainable development. Two landmark ISDS rulings provide procedural and substantive guidance on the interaction between ISDS and tobacco control. The ISDS action by Philip Morris against Uruguay in respect to graphic health warnings raised important procedural and substantive issues. The ISDS matter between Philip Morris and Australia over the plain packaging of tobacco products highlighted matters in respect of abuse of process. In the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), there was a special exclusion for tobacco control measures in respect of ISDS. There was also a larger discussion about the role of general public health exceptions. In the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), there was a debate about the application of ISDS to intellectual property rights. In the European Union, there has been discussion of the creation of an international investment court. In the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), there has even been calls to abolish ISDS clauses altogether from both Republicans and Democrats. This article concludes there is a need to protect tobacco control measures implementing the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 2013 from further investor and trade challenges.
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Wu, Fan, Changquan Wang, Bing Li, Qiquan Li, Bin Li, Wei Du, Yong Wang, and Yulan Chen. "EFFECT OF ECO-PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE TOBACCO POTASSIUM CONTENT IN HUILI COUNTY, SICHUANG PROVINCE, CHINA." Environmental and Earth Sciences Research Journal 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/eesrj.010101.
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Beattie, Erin, Jeffery Edmiston, Patrudu Makena, Elizabeth Mason, Mike McEwan, and Krishna Prasad. "Review of recent lung biomarkers of potential harm/effect for tobacco research." F1000Research 10 (December 17, 2021): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55411.1.
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Biomarkers of potential harm (BoPH) are indicators of biological perturbations which may contribute to the pathophysiology of disease. In this review, we critically assessed the published data on lung-related BoPH in human lung disease for potential use in evaluating the effects of tobacco and nicotine products. A Scopus literature search was conducted on lung disease biomarkers used in a clinical setting over the last 10 years. We identified 1171 papers which were further screened using commercial software (Sciome SWIFT-Active Screener) giving 68 publications that met our inclusion criteria (data on the association of the biomarker with cigarette smoking, the impact of smoking cessation on the biomarker, and differences between smokers and non-smokers), the majority of which investigated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several physiological and biochemical measures were identified that are potentially relevant for evaluating the impact of tobacco products on lung health. Promising new candidates included blood biomarkers, such as surfactant protein D (SP-D), soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), skin autofluorescence (SAF), and imaging techniques. These biomarkers may provide insights into lung disease development and progression; however, all require further research and validation to confirm their role in the context of tobacco and nicotine exposure, their time course of development and ability to measure or predict disease progression.
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Raldugina, Galina N., Sergey V. Evsukov, Liliya R. Bogoutdinova, Alexander A. Gulevich, and Ekaterina N. Baranova. "Morpho-Physiological Testing of NaCl Sensitivity of Tobacco Plants Overexpressing Choline Oxidase Gene." Plants 10, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061102.
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In this study the transgenic lines (TLs) of tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.), which overexpress the heterologous gene encoding the bacterial enzyme choline oxidase were evaluated. The goal of our work is to study the effect of choline oxidase gene expression on the sensitivity of plant tissues to the action of NaCl. The regenerative capacity, rhizogenesis, the amount of photosynthetic pigments and osmotically active compounds (proline and glycine betaine) were assessed by in vitro cell culture methods using biochemical and morphological parameters. Transgenic lines with confirmed expression were characterized by high regeneration capacity from callus in the presence of 200 mmol NaCl, partial retention of viability at 400 mmol NaCl. These data correlated with the implicit response of regenerants and whole plants to the harmful effects of salinity. They turned out to be less sensitive to the presence of 200 mmol NaCl in the cultivation medium, in contrast to the WT plants.
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Houlong, Jiang, Tian Fengjin, Wang Daibin, Xu Chen, Li Najia, Wang Hongfeng, Yang Chao, and Chen Yiyin. "The effect of applying different amounts of nitrogen to tobacco seedlings on their growth and physiological characteristics." Australian Journal of Crop Science 11, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.2017.11.01.262.
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Kuzmicheva, N. A., I. V. Mikhailova, I. N. Chaynikova, L. A. Pushkareva, Yu V. Filippova, and A. I. Smolyagin. "Effect of second-hand smoke on the immunological parameters of wistar rats and their offspring." Russian Journal of Immunology 24, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1014-eos.
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The literature covers multiple negative effects of active and passive tobacco smoking upon the human body and experimental animals. Much lesser attention is given to the features of the immune system in offspring from the passively smoking experimental animals. In previous works, we studied physiological and immunological parameters in the infant rats born from passively smoking rats. The present work expands the scope of this direction and is devoted to assessment of immunological parameters in passively smoking pregnant rats and their offspring. Quantitative determination of immunological parameters was carried out in pregnant Wistar rats exposed to passive tobacco smoking and in 65 pup rats from smoke-exposed and nonexposed animals. The experimental rats were exposed to tobacco smoke for 8 hours from the 1st to the 20th day of pregnancy. In all animals, the body weight, thymus and spleen, the number of white blood cells, thymocytes, splenocytes, and myelocaryocytes were determined. On the 20th day of pregnancy, the smoking rats showed a significant decrease in the weight of animals, the number of thymocytes and myelocaryocytes. A decreased body mass of animals and their thymus glands, lower number of thymocytes were registered in pup rats born from smoking females as compared with control animals. These changes in immunological parameters may be based on a number of possible reasons. On the one hand, tobacco smoke promotes activation of free-radical processes with a simultaneously decreased efficiency of antioxidant mechanisms. This activation may result from exposure to the components of tobacco smoke, in particular, chromium, as a metal of variable valence, as well as benzene, which is transformed by the free-radical oxidation mechanisms. On the other hand, some tobacco smoke components may promote apoptosis which plays a significant role in the cellular exhaustion of immunogenesis system. Moreover, a decreased number of thymocytes may be caused by their migration from cortical areas to the medulla, followed by release into bloodstream. Thus, the results obtained indicate that the detected changes in these parameters are more pronounced in pregnant rats who were exposed to tobacco smoke and their offspring, and expand the knowledge of changes in the immune system in the offspring of passively smoking animals. The presented data may present a basis for development of drugs that reduce toxic effect of ecotoxicants, including passive tobacco smoking.
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Yu, Hui Ping, Ding Qi Luo, Yuan Feng Dai, and Xue Chen. "Screening and Control Effects of Antagonistic Bacteria against Tobacco Black Shank Disease." Applied Mechanics and Materials 737 (March 2015): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.737.374.
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We collected 17 soil samples from tobacco fields in Bijie City, Guizhou Province, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province. A total of 247 bacterial strains were isolated and 19 pairs of antagonism against Phytophthora nicotianae by tablet dual culture. Then six antagonistic and compatibility better bacterial strains were selected.. Further by antibacterial, pot and field experiments, come to the strain combination B41B57 and L7L47 have best inhibitory effect. At last, identified B41 as Bacillus subtilis, L7, L47 is B.amyloliquefaciens, B57 is Pseudomonas.putida by morphological observation, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16SrDNA sequence analysis.
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Song, Ruifang, Waqar Ahmed, Yujiao Tan, and Zhengxiong Zhao. "Diff erent Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer in Nursery Stage Positively Aff ect the Activity of Defense-related Enzymes and Resistance of Tobacco Plant to Phytophthora nicotianae." Chiang Mai Journal of Science 49, no. 3 (May 31, 2022): 551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/cmjs.2022.046.
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Black shank caused by Phytophthora nicotianae is a serious threat to the production of better-quality fl ue-cured tobacco. Protein’s are executors of plant functions and most disease resistance mechanisms in plants are related to differential expression of proteins. In our previous study, 17 different proteins induced by P. nicotianae were screened out through proteomics analysis. In this study, we evaluated the effect of three different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (High, medium, and low) at the seedling stage on the expression of these proteins, physiological response of fl ue-cured tobacco, and occurrence of black shank disease. Results of this study showed that before and after inoculation of P. nicotianae, the activity of defense-related enzymes except for MDA contents in tobacco plants grown under low- nitrogen level was higher than tobacco plants grown under the high-nitrogen level at seedling stage. Through analysis of 17 different proteins, we found the expression of 12 proteins (three proteins involved in photosynthesis, six proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, one protein involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle, one heat shock protein, and one 14-3-3 protein) were up-regulated in tobacco seedlings raised under low nitrogen level. However, the expression of fi ve pathogenesis-related proteins was not detected. This study highlights the effect of effi cient use of nitrogen fertilizer during the nursery growing stage for producing healthy tobacco seedlings. It is concluded that a proper supply of nitrogen fertilizer at the seedling stage ensures the quality production of tobacco seedlings and reduces the incidence of black shank disease.
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Blyton, Greg. "Smoking Kills." International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v3i2.48.
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This paper brings to the reader‟s attention a history of tobacco smoking that arguably had a negative effect on the health of Aboriginal communities in the Hunter region of central eastern New South Wales during the early colonial contact period from 1800 to 1850. Furthermore, it will also be shown that tobacco was used by colonists to engage the services of Aboriginal people, not only in Aboriginal communities in the Hunter region, but further afield across many other frontiers of colonial expansion in Australia in the 19th century. It will be demonstrated through primary archival and secondary sources that colonists utilised tobacco as a coercive agent to appease, befriend, pacify, coerce and remunerate Aboriginal People, resulting in widespread addiction. It is argued that tobacco smoking not only undermined the health of traditional communities, but also this unhealthy habit has been largely overlooked in measurements of the impact of colonization on the health of Indigenous people. While historians widely acknowledge that exotic diseases such as smallpox had a negative effect on the health of Aboriginal People, it is rarely considered in contemporary historical accounts that tobacco had an even more insidious effect on the well being of Aboriginal societies during the early colonial contact period. Furthermore, while diseases such as smallpox have hopefully disappeared forever, health destroyers like tobacco have endured and continue to impact on Aboriginal health. Finally, this paper recognises the enormity of challenges faced by health authorities, and indeed Indigenous Australians, in contemporary society in combating a chronic problem that has been embedded in Aboriginal post-colonial culture during the long course of European occupation.
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Bell, T. L., S. L. Stephens, and M. A. Moritz. "Short-term physiological effects of smoke on grapevine leaves." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 7 (2013): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12140.
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In recent years, bushfires and prescribed burns have caused substantial economic loss to the wine industry due to smoke taint, which makes wine unpalatable. Considerable research is being done to ameliorate smoke taint but the information available about the effect of smoke on grapevines is limited. We examined the physiological effects of short-term exposure to smoke on leaves of several varieties of grapevines. Gas exchange was measured before and after short-term exposure of leaves to smoke that was produced by combustion of two different fuels. For most varieties, short-term exposure to smoke had little effect on leaf physiology. For varieties that were affected by smoke, patterns of recovery of leaf physiology depended on fuel type. Short-term exposure to smoke had, at best, no significant effect and, at worst, only temporary effects on functioning of leaves. All varieties had recovered to pre-smoke functioning within 48h. This study will contribute to the growing body of information relevant to fire and land management agencies and the wine industry in fire-prone areas including Australia, North and South America and Europe.
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Notaro, Michael, Steve Vavrus, and Zhengyu Liu. "Global Vegetation and Climate Change due to Future Increases in CO2 as Projected by a Fully Coupled Model with Dynamic Vegetation*." Journal of Climate 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3989.1.
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Abstract Transient simulations are presented of future climate and vegetation associated with continued rising levels of CO2. The model is a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–land–ice model with dynamic vegetation. The impacts of the radiative and physiological forcing of CO2 are diagnosed, along with the role of vegetation feedbacks. While the radiative effect of rising CO2 produces most of the warming, the physiological effect contributes additional warming by weakening the hydrologic cycle through reduced evapotranspiration. Both effects cause drying over tropical rain forests, while the radiative effect enhances Arctic and Indonesian precipitation. A global greening trend is simulated primarily due to the physiological effect, with an increase in photosynthesis and total tree cover associated with enhanced water-use efficiency. In particular, tree cover is enhanced by the physiological effect over moisture-limited regions. Over Amazonia, South Africa, and Australia, the radiative forcing produces soil drying and reduced forest cover. A poleward shift of the boreal forest is simulated as both the radiative and physiological effects enhance vegetation growth in the northern tundra and the radiative effect induces drying and summertime heat stress on the central and southern boreal forest. Vegetation feedbacks substantially impact local temperature trends through changes in albedo and evapotranspiration. The physiological effect increases net biomass across most land areas, while the radiative effect results in an increase over the tundra and decrease over tropical forests and portions of the boreal forest.
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Khan, Rayyan, Peilu Zhou, Xinghua Ma, Lei Zhou, Yuanhua Wu, Zia Ullah, and Shusheng Wang. "Transcriptome Profiling, Biochemical and Physiological Analyses Provide New Insights towards Drought Tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum L." Genes 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10121041.
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Drought stress is one of the main factors limiting crop production, which provokes a number of changes in plants at physiological, anatomical, biochemical and molecular level. To unravel the various mechanisms underpinning tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) drought stress tolerance, we conducted a comprehensive physiological, anatomical, biochemical and transcriptome analyses of three tobacco cultivars (i.e., HongHuaDaJinYuan (H), NC55 (N) and Yun Yan-100 (Y)) seedlings that had been exposed to drought stress. As a result, H maintained higher growth in term of less reduction in plant fresh weight, dry weight and chlorophyll content as compared with N and Y. Anatomical studies unveiled that drought stress had little effect on H by maintaining proper leaf anatomy while there were significant changes in the leaf anatomy of N and Y. Similarly, H among the three varieties was the least affected variety under drought stress, with more proline content accumulation and a powerful antioxidant defense system, which mitigates the negative impacts of reactive oxygen species. The transcriptomic analysis showed that the differential genes expression between HongHuaDaJinYuan, NC55 and Yun Yan-100 were enriched in the functions of plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. Compared to N and Y, the differentially expressed genes of H displayed enhanced expression in the corresponding pathways under drought stress. Together, our findings offer insights that H was more tolerant than the other two varieties, as evidenced at physiological, biochemical, anatomical and molecular level. These findings can help us to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms through the networks of various metabolic pathways mediating drought stress adaptation in tobacco.
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Luis de Menezes, Edson, and Risely Ferraz-Almeida. "𝘚𝘰𝘳𝘨𝘩𝘶𝘮 𝘴𝘶𝘥𝘢𝘯𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘦 AS COVER CROP AND BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS ON INCIDENCE OF 𝘚𝘤𝘭𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘪𝘢 𝘴𝘤𝘭𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘳𝘶𝘮 AND YIELD OF TOBACCO." BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE - Revista de Agricultura 96, no. 3 (December 29, 2021): 538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v96i3.4286.
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Brazil is the world's second largest producer of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) with part of its production concentrated in Santa Catarina. The incidence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in tobacco areas has promoted a decrease in productivity, and control alternatives are needed due to the limited use of agrochemicals for the crop. With the hypothesis that the sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense) and Trichoderma harzianum reduce the attack of S. sclerotiorum in tobacco crops on the coast of Santa Catarina; the objective here was to test the incidence of S. sclerotiorum and the use of sudan grass associated with biological products on tobacco yield. A study with application of straw from sudan grass (SG); SG + Trichoderma harzianum (TH); SG + TH + Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil; SG + TH + Bacillus subtilis Bacillus licheniforimis; and SG + TH + Bacillus subtilis in a conventional system of tobacco were carried out in São João do Sul and Santa Rosa do Sul, Santa Catarina. Results showed that in São João do Sul, there was no difference between the treatments in yield and incidence of S. sclerotiorum. However, in Santa Rosa do Sul, the association of SG + TH, SG + TH + B. subtilis B. licheniforimis, and SG + TH + B. subtilis presented greater yields than others. In both sites, sudan grass and associations promoted a higher financial return compared to control. More studies are requested to elucidate the physiological effect of biological products and sudan grass as a cover crop on tobacco.
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Cruz, Faye T., Andrew J. Pitman, John L. McGregor, and Jason P. Evans. "Contrasting Regional Responses to Increasing Leaf-Level Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide over Australia." Journal of Hydrometeorology 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 296–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1175.1.
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Abstract Using a coupled atmosphere–land surface model, simulations were conducted to characterize the regional climate changes that result from the response of stomates to increases in leaf-level carbon dioxide (CO2) under differing conditions of moisture availability over Australia. Multiple realizations for multiple Januarys corresponding to dry and wet years were run, where only the leaf-level CO2 was varied at 280, 375, 500, 650, 840, and 1000 ppmv and the atmospheric CO2 was fixed at 375 ppmv. The results show the clear effect of increasing leaf-level CO2 on the transpiration via the stomatal response, particularly when sufficient moisture is available. Statistically significant reductions in transpiration generally lead to a significantly warmer land surface with decreases in rainfall. Increases in CO2 lead to increases in the magnitude and areal extent of the statistically significant mean changes in the surface climate. However, the results also show that the availability of moisture substantially affects the effect of increases in the leaf-level CO2, particularly for a moisture-limited region. The physiological feedback can indirectly lead to more rainfall via changes in the low-level moisture convergence and vertical velocity, which result in a cooling simulated over Western Australia. The significant changes in the surface climate presented in the results suggest that it is still important to incorporate these feedbacks in future climate assessments and projections for Australia. The influence of moisture availability also indicates that the capacity of the physiological feedback to affect the future climate may be affected by uncertainties in rainfall projections, particularly for water-stressed regions such as Australia.
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Shkidyuk, M. V., T. A. Don, and O. K. Bedritskaya. "Complex estimation system for smokeless nicotine containing products." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 83, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2021-1-179-186.
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Smokeless nicotine containing products are very diverse and offered in flavored tobacco/non tobacco forms, packed in portioned sachets of different mass, dimensions, and colors, with different nicotine content. In RF of chewing tobacco is regulated by Federal law № 268, sucking tobacco (snus) is prohibited for wholesale and retail trade according to FL № 456. Federal law № 303 equates consuming of non tobacco nicotine containing products for chewing and sucking to tobacco consumption. Absence of regulations for nicotine containing products with similar package, but different in composition and physiological effect requires elaboration methods for complex estimation of smokeless products with methods verification in order to their control. Monitoring of studies conducted in various scientific centers on the issue of toxicological assessment of smokeless tobacco / non-tobacco nicotine-containing products has been carried Analysis of consumer’s indicators of smokeless products includes organoleptic testing and measuring nicotine content as toxicity indicator. It is discovered that nicotine content in studied samples varies from 0.3 to 7.6 %. Quantity of absorbed nicotine during cigarette smoking is criterion of sufficient nicotine concentration in smokeless products, extracted through oral mucosa. Base (carrier) for non tobacco products is usually powdered microcrystal cellulose or grinded plant matter (peppermint) of different flavor and color. Structure of smokeless products is defined and their identification features are offered, including extra feature – tobacco presence in product, defined by presence of tobacco specific nitrosamines. As the result of the researches adoption of nicotine content limit of 20 – 30 mg per portion is offered. Complex estimation system for smokeless products is elaborated. It includes: organoleptic testing of consumer’s properties, spectrophotometric method for nicotine content measuring, thermogravimetric determination of the mass fraction of moisture, optical microscopy and luminiscence analysis for defining product structure in order to its identification, gas chromatography for defining humectants and LC-MS for measuring content of tobacco specific nitrosaminescontent.
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Champness, Matthew, Carlos Ballester, and John Hornbuckle. "Effect of Soil Moisture Deficit on Aerobic Rice in Temperate Australia." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010168.
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Declining water availability is pressing rice growers to adopt water-saving irrigation practices such as aerobic rice to maintain profitability per megalitre (ML) of water input. Irrigators require well-defined irrigation thresholds to initiate irrigation to maximise water productivity. Such thresholds do not exist for temperate rice regions. Adopting a strategy that has been reported to succeed in non-temperate environments may fail in temperate climates, and therefore, needs investigation. This study aimed to investigate, in a temperate Australian environment, the effect of increasing soil moisture deficit during the rice vegetative period on crop physiological development, grain yield and water productivity. The study was conducted in a commercial farm using a randomised complete block design in the 2020/21 and 2021/22 growing seasons. Automated gravity surface irrigation technologies were adopted to enable high-frequency irrigation. Extending soil moisture deficit beyond 15 kPa was found to significantly delay panicle initiation by at least 13–14 days, exposing rice to cold temperatures in Year 1 during the cold-sensitive early pollen microspore period. This reduced yield by up to 55% (4.5 t/ha) compared to the 15 kPa treatment that was not impacted by cold sterility. In the absence of cold sterility, irrigated water productivity and total water productivity ranged between 1.02 and 1.61 t/ML, and 0.84 and 0.93 t/ML, respectively. The highest yields (8.1 and 7.5 t/ha) were achieved irrigating at a soil tension of 15 kPa in growing seasons 2020/21 and 2021/22. This research demonstrates that sound water productivity can be achieved with aerobic rice cultivation in temperate climates, providing cold temperatures during early pollen microspore are avoided. The quantification of the delay in crop development caused by increasing soil moisture deficit provides rice farmers greater confidence in determining the irrigation strategy and timing of pre-emergent irrigation in regions at risk of cold sterility. However, due to the high labour demand associated with aerobic rice, the adoption of aerobic rice at a commercial scale in this Australian environment is unlikely without adopting automated irrigation technology.
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Yang, Yongfeng, Zhixiao Yang, Shizhou Yu, and Hongli Chen. "Organic Acids Exuded From Roots Increase the Available Potassium Content in the Rhizosphere Soil: A Rhizobag Experiment in Nicotiana tabacum." HortScience 54, no. 1 (January 2019): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13569-18.
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Organic acid secretion from higher plant roots into the rhizosphere soil plays an important role in nutrient acquisition and metal detoxification; however, their precise functions and the related mechanisms in abiotic stress tolerance remain poorly understood. Tobacco is an important crop plant, so thoroughly elucidating these factors in tobacco is of high priority. In the present study, the activation effect on soil potassium (K), contents of exuded organic acids, and physiological changes in the roots of various tobacco varieties under both normal K supply and K-deficiency stress were investigated. Our results showed that one high-K variety (ND202) exhibited a significantly higher total content of organic acids in the root exudates and the highest available K content in the rhizosphere soil, compared with two common ones (K326 and NC89). Moreover, the high-K tobacco variety was less affected in terms of root vigor under K-deficiency stress, and displayed greater increases in the activities of the stress-resistant enzymes consisting of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). Taken together, these results provide evidence that tobacco roots exude large amounts of organic acids to increase the available K content in the rhizosphere soil and improve the utilization rate of soil K.
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Koryagina, N. A., A. N. Zhigulev, A. N. Zabotina, R. O. Dreval, and K. Y. Muravyeva. "Socio-economic modeling of the effect of smokers’ transition to smokeless technologies." Clinician 16, no. 3 (January 15, 2023): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1818-8338-2022-16-3-k672.
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Research objective: Quantitative estimation of social-demographic and social-economic impact of the switch of traditional cigarettes smoking to modified risk tobacco products consumption, based on effect upon smoking-related mortality and diseases rates.Methods. Target group – consumers of smoking tobacco: conventional cigarettes (CC) and modified risk tobacco products (MRTP). Base of calculations – analysis of available time series for: CC and MRTP consumption, life expectancy and healthy life expectancy coefficients, statistics on smoking-related mortality and diseases rates, including data on key nosologies (malignant neoplasms of respiratory system, digestive organs, urinary tract; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; circulatory diseases; cerebrovascular diseases.Results. We implemented prognoses for all the above mentioned parameters to year 2035, calculated direct medical and indirect costs for demographic and economic loss with attention to budget impact analysis, developed five scenarios based on different CC and MRTP consumption.The model of switching from CC to MRTP consumption proves a significant decline of demographic and economic burden even with rather modest MRTP replacement for CC. With current practices of switching from CC to MRTP remaining, during 2021–2035 summary impact would result in 3.6 mln of years saved, 7.7 mln of healthy years saved, 120 thous. of mortal cases and 345 thous. diseases cases prevented. The economic burden would be 3.3 trillion rubles lower.Conclusion. Smoking cessation is the optimal method to reduce health risks, and state policy for stimulation of smoking quitting is necessary. Along with that, transition from CC to MRTP may be an alternative way to reduce health risks for those smokers with long smoking history and either psychological or physiological causes who cannot quit smoking.Even small in the terms of percent transition from CC to MRTP may result in significant decrease of demographic and economic burden on the national scale.
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Lima, Yasmin Chagas, Ana Raquel Lopes Soares de Almeida, Adelia Vitória Domingos Pontes, Oriel Herrera Bonilla, and Eliseu Marlônio Pereira de Lucena. "Germination performance and vigor of tobacco seeds coated with a chitosan-based bioproduct." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 15 (November 13, 2022): e158111537064. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i15.37064.
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The biopolymer coating use on seeds has aroused the interest of the agricultural sector due to its low cost, reduction of impacts on the environment and improvements in productivity and yield of major crops, being chitosan an important polymer for application in seeds. Considering this knowledge, the present study aimed to evaluate the application effect of a bioproduct based on chitosan, from the parameters of physiological quality, vigor, and biochemistry in tobacco seeds. Seeds of the Virginia variety were submitted to treatments: 0.0 (witness); 0.5; 1; 2.5; 5; and 10% were used to obtain first count values, germination test, seedling length and fresh mass, and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. The bioproduct had a positive effect on chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids at 10% FTSeed concentration and seedling length under 5.25% FTSeed. The study pointed out that the bioproduct has a favorable action on the development and leaf pigments, being an alternative biostimulant with less impact on the environment for the agricultural sector.
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Karkanis, A., D. Bilalis, and A. Efthimiado. "The Effect of Green Manure and Irrigation on Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Virginia (Flue-Cured) Organic Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum)." International Journal of Agricultural Research 2, no. 11 (October 15, 2007): 910–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijar.2007.910.919.
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Havard, Alys, Duong T. Tran, Anna Kemp-Casey, Kristjana Einarsdóttir, David B. Preen, and Louisa R. Jorm. "Tobacco policy reform and population-wide antismoking activities in Australia: the impact on smoking during pregnancy." Tobacco Control 27, no. 5 (August 4, 2017): 552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053715.
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IntroductionThis study examined the impact of antismoking activities targeting the general population and an advertising campaign targeting smoking during pregnancy on the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.MethodsMonthly prevalence of smoking during pregnancy was calculated using linked health records for all pregnancies resulting in a birth (800 619) in NSW from 2003 to 2011. Segmented regression of interrupted time series data assessed the effects of the extension of the ban on smoking in enclosed public places to include licensed premises (evaluated in combination with the mandating of graphic warnings on cigarette packs), television advertisements targeting smoking in the general population, print and online magazine advertisements targeting smoking during pregnancy and increased tobacco tax. Analyses were conducted for all pregnancies, and for the population stratified by maternal age, parity and socioeconomic status. Further analyses adjusted for the effect of the Baby Bonus maternity payment.ResultsPrevalence of smoking during pregnancy decreased from 2003 to 2011 overall (0.39% per month), and for all strata examined. For pregnancies overall, none of the evaluated initiatives was associated with a change in the trend of smoking during pregnancy. Significant changes associated with increased tobacco tax and the extension of the smoking ban (in combination with graphic warnings) were found in some strata.ConclusionsThe declining prevalence of smoking during pregnancy between 2003 and 2011, while encouraging, does not appear to be directly related to general population antismoking activities or a pregnancy-specific campaign undertaken in this period.
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Bi, Peng, and Arthur Saniotis. "Global warming and Australian public health: reasons to be concerned." Australian Health Review 33, no. 4 (2009): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah090611.
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Studies in global warming and climate change indicate that human populations will be deleteriously affected in the future. Studies forecast that Australia will experience increasing heat waves and droughts. Heat stress caused by frequent heat waves will have a marked effect on older Australians due to physiological and pharmacological factors. In this paper we present an overview of some of the foreseeable issues which older Australians will face from a public health perspective.
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Qin, Li-Jun, Dan Zhao, Yi Zhang, and De-Gang Zhao. "Selectable marker-free co-expression of Nicotiana rustica CN and Nicotiana tabacum HAK1 genes improves resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 8 (2015): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14356.
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The viral disease caused by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is the most prevalent viral disease in many tobacco production areas. A breeding strategy based on resistance genes is an effective method for improving TMV resistance in tobacco. Also, the physiological status of plants is also critical to disease resistance improvement. Potassium ion is one of the most abundant inorganic nutrients in plant cells, and mediates plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Improving K+ content in soil by fertilising can enhance diseases resistance of crops. However, the K+ absorption in plants depends mostly on K+ transporters located in cytoplasmic membrane. Therefore, the encoding genes for K+ transporters are putative candidates to target for improving tobacco mosaic virus resistance. In this work, the synergistic effect of a N-like resistance gene CN and a tobacco putative potassium transporter gene HAK1 was studied. The results showed that TMV-resistance in CN-HAK1-containing tobaccos was significantly enhanced though a of strengthening leaf thickness and reduction in the size of necrotic spots compared with only CN-containing plants, indicating the improvement of potassium nutrition in plant cells could increase the tobacco resistance to TMV by reducing the spread of the virus. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) analysis for TMV-CP expression in the inoculated leaf of the transgenic and wild-type plants also supported the conclusion. Further, the results of defence-related determination including antioxidative enzymes (AOEs) activity, salicylic acid (SA) content and the expression of resistance-related genes demonstrated CN with HAK1 synergistically enhanced TMV-resistance in transgenic tobaccos. Additionally, the HAK1- overexpression significantly improved the photosynthesis and K+-enriching ability in trans-CN-HAK1 tobaccos, compared with other counterparts. Finally, this work provides a method for screening new varieties of marker-free and safe transgenic antiviral tobacco.
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Zhang, Y., and D. M. Roberts. "Expression of soybean nodulin 26 in transgenic tobacco. Targeting to the vacuolar membrane and effects on floral and seed development." Molecular Biology of the Cell 6, no. 1 (January 1995): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.6.1.109.
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Nodulin 26 is an integral membrane protein of the symbiosome membrane of nitrogen-fixing soybean nodules. We expressed a nodulin 26 cDNA in transgenic tobacco (TN26 tobacco) under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter to study subcellular targeting and the physiological effect(s) of its expression. Based on Northern and Western blots, the expression of nodulin 26 mRNA and protein in transgenic plants is high in apical shoot sections, flowers, and stems, low in mature leaves, and absent in roots. Western blot analysis revealed high levels of transgenic nodulin 26 protein in tonoplast membranes. In contrast, nodulin 26 protein was not found in isolated plasma membranes, the soluble fraction, nor in chloroplast and mitochondria-enriched membrane fractions. About 50-60% of the flowers and pods from TN26 tobacco plants abscised prematurely. Seed capsule size and seed fill per capsule from the remainder of surviving flowers were about 50% of that of control plants. Pollen viability was found to be normal, but flowers from TN26 tobacco plants showed shorter anther filaments compared with control plants. Normal seed production and capsule size was restored by manually crossing the stigmas from TN26 plants with isolated pollen from either transgenic or control plants. Thus, the aberrant filament growth could have resulted in the reproductive defects associated with the plants.
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Shtereva, Lydia, Elisaveta Stoimenova, Marina Drumeva-Yoncheva, Bistra Michailova, Tanja Kartzeva, and Vassilevska-Roumiana Ivanova. "Response of Virginia (flue-cured) tobacco genotypes to water-deficit stress." Archives of Biological Sciences 69, no. 1 (2017): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs160202085s.
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The effect of prolonged water deficit on four Virginia (flue-cured) tobacco genotypes, Line 842, Oxford 207, RG11 and Virgin D, was analyzed in whole plants. Drought stress was induced by withholding irrigation and subjecting plants to low, moderate and severe regimes. Some growth indices such as fresh weight, plant growth rate, number, color and area of new developed leaves, as well as proline, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content as a measure of oxidative stress were investigated to examine the role of genotype in water-deficit tolerance. Under stress, the weight of the aboveground parts of plants, plant growth height, number of new developed leaves and leaf area index decreased with the severity of treatment. The stressed plants accumulated more proline, malonildialdehide and hydrogen peroxide than control non-stressed plants under water-deficit conditions. The results showed that among the genotypes, Virgin D (VD) was the most sensitive to drought, while L 842 and Oxford 207 were moderately tolerant; RG11 was drought-tolerant. This suggests that the correlation between the physiological traits and level of antioxidative response exists and therefore it could be used as a rapid screening test to evaluate the drought tolerance of tobacco.
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Kumar, Praveen, Manish Rajak, and Jai Kumar Singh. "A REVIEW ON TOBACCO ADDICTION AND ITS MANAGEMENT: AN AYURVEDIC APPROACH." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 12, no. 5 (October 15, 2021): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.1205148.
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Addiction is a very common habitual psychological or physiological disorder in this modern era. It is a condition of dependence on any substances or drugs. It harms human beings along with its social consequence. Sudden withdrawal of addicted drugs produces different types of psychosomatic disorders. Addiction is not only about drug addiction or alcohol addiction or substance addiction. In the Ayurvedic view, overuse of any aspect and every aspect is considered an addiction. Addictions influence the physical, emotional and psychological behaviour of an individual with a wrong effect. Tobacco and alcohol are the most widely consumed psychotropic drugs which are used worldwide. The common use of both increases the risk of noncommunicable diseases to many folds. Ayurvedic texts have described different types of De-addiction treatment which can be applied in this context along with replacement therapy with medicines described in the Madatyaya chapter of Charaka Samhita Chikitsa sthana. The main aim of this review article is to compile and evaluate the concept of tobacco addiction and its management. All the descriptions of addiction mentioned in different Ayurvedic texts were critically analyzed and discussed to check their relation.
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Pan, Xue, Yanfang Pei, Cuici Zhang, Yaling Huang, Ling Chen, Liqiong Wei, Chuanren Li, Xiang Chen, and Xiaolin Dong. "Effect of Insulin Receptor on Juvenile Hormone Signal and Fecundity in Spodoptera litura (F.)." Insects 13, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13080701.
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Insulin signaling can regulate various physiological functions, such as energy metabolism and reproduction and so on, in many insects, including mosquito and locust. However, the molecular mechanism of this physiological process remains elusive. The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura, is one of the most important pests of agricultural crops around the world. In this study, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (SlPI3K), protein kinase B (SlAKT), target of rapamycin (SlTOR), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (SlS6K) and transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein (SlCREB) genes, except transcription factor forkhead box class O (SlFoxO), can be activated by bovine insulin injection. Then, we studied the influence of the insulin receptor gene (SlInR) on the reproduction of S. litura using RNA interference technology. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that SlInR was most abundant in the head. The SlPI3K, SlAKT, SlTOR, SlS6K and SlCREB genes were decreased, except SlFoxO, after the SlInR gene knockdown. Further studies revealed that the expression of vitellogenin mRNA and protein, Methoprene-tolerant gene (SlMet), could be down-regulated by the injection of dsRNA of SlInR significantly. Furthermore, a depletion in the insulin receptor by RNAi significantly decreased the content of juvenile hormone III (JH-III), total proteins and triacylgycerol. These changes indicated that a lack of SlInR could impair ovarian development and decrease fecundity in S. litura. Our studies contribute to a comprehensive insight into reproduction, regulated by insulin and the juvenile hormone signaling pathway through nutrition, and a provide theoretical basis for the reproduction process in pest insects.
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Wall, Catherine S., Rose S. Bono, Rebecca C. Lester, Cosima Hoetger, Thokozeni Lipato, Mignonne C. Guy, Thomas E. Eissenberg, Warren K. Bickel, Andrew J. Barnes, and Caroline O. Cobb. "Triangulating abuse liability assessment for flavoured cigar products using physiological, behavioural economic and subjective assessments: a within-subjects clinical laboratory protocol." BMJ Open 8, no. 10 (October 2018): e023850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023850.
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IntroductionIn the USA, Food and Drug Administration regulations prohibit the sale of flavoured cigarettes, with menthol being the exception. However, the manufacture, advertisement and sale of flavoured cigar products are permitted. Such flavourings influence positive perceptions of tobacco products and are linked to increased use. Flavourings may mask the taste of tobacco and enhance smoke inhalation, influencing toxicant exposure and abuse liability among novice tobacco users. Using clinical laboratory methods, this study investigates how flavour availability affects measures of abuse liability in young adult cigarette smokers. The specific aims are to evaluate the effect of cigar flavours on nicotine exposure, and behavioural and subjective measures of abuse liability.Methods and analysesParticipants (projected n=25) are healthy smokers of five or more cigarettes per day over the past 3 months, 18–25 years old, naive to cigar use (lifetime use of 50 or fewer cigar products and no more than 10 cigars smoked in the past 30 days) and without a desire to quit cigarette smoking in the next 30 days. Participants complete five laboratory sessions in a Latin square design with either their own brand cigarette or a session-specific Black & Mild cigar differing in flavour (apple, cream, original and wine). Participants are single-blinded to cigar flavours. Each session consists of two 10-puff smoking bouts (30 s interpuff interval) separated by 1 hour. Primary outcomes include saliva nicotine concentration, behavioural economic task performance and response to various questionnaire items assessing subjective effects predictive of abuse liability. Differences in outcomes across own brand cigarette and flavoured cigar conditions will be tested using linear mixed models.Ethics and disseminationThe Virginia Commonwealth University Institutional Review Board approved the study (VCU IRB: HM20007848). Dissemination channels for study findings include scientific journals, scientific meetings, and policy briefs.Trial registration numberNCT02937051.
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CHAMBERLIN, M. E. "Ion Transport Across the Midgut of the Tobacco Hornworm (Manduca Sexta)." Journal of Experimental Biology 150, no. 1 (May 1, 1990): 425–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.150.1.425.
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1. The transport of K+, Na+ and Cl− across the three morphologically distinct regions of the tobacco hornworm midgut was measured under open-circuit and short-circuit conditions. Using a saline which contained physiological levels of haemolymph ions, amino acids and sugars, it was shown that all three sections actively secrete K+ and Cl− and absorb Na+. 2. The anterior section maintained the highest short-circuit current (Isc), transepithelial potential difference (PD) and net K+ secretion. The middle section had the lowest Isc, PD and K+ secretion, but absorbed Na+ at the greatest rate. The posterior section had the greatest rate of Cl− secretion. 3. Omission of K+ depressed the Isc. Subsequent addition of K+ stimulated the Isc to control levels in the middle and posterior sections, but not in the anterior section. Omission of Cl− or Na+ also inhibited the Isc. Reintroduction of Cl− had no stimulatory effect and, although reintroduction of Na+ stimulated the Isc, control levels were not attained. 4. Unlike the results reported in previous studies, the net K+ transport exceeded the Isc in all three midgut sections. The deficit in Isc was not made up by the transport of Na+ and Cl−. The results are discussed with respect to proposed models of ion transport across this epithelium.
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Petkova, Mariana, Slaveya Petrova, Velichka Spasova-Apostolova, and Mladen Naydenov. "Tobacco Plant Growth-Promoting and Antifungal Activities of Three Endophytic Yeast Strains." Plants 11, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11060751.
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In this research, the biosynthetic and biocontrol potential of endophytic yeast to improve the growth and development of tobacco has been elucidated. Three yeast strains were enriched and isolated from different plant tissues. Partial sequence analysis of ITS5-5.8-ITS4 region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA with universal primers identified YD5, YE1, and YSW1 as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), Zygosaccharomyces bailii (Z. bailii), and Saccharomyces kudriavzevii (S. kudriavzevii), respectively. When cultivated in a medium supplemented with 0.1% L-tryptophan, isolated yeast strains produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The capacities of those strains to improve the mobility of phosphorus and synthesize siderophores has been proven. Their antimicrobial activities against several Solanaceae plant pathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani pathovar. tobacco, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium solani pathovar. phaseoli) were determined. S. cerevisiae YD5, Z. bailii YE1, and S. kudriavzevii YSW1 inhibited the growth of all tested pathogens. Yeast strains were tested for endophytic colonization of tobacco by two different inoculation methods: soil drench (SD) and leaf spraying (LS). To establish colonization in the various tissues of tested tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.) plants, samples were taken on the seventh, fourteenth, and twenty-first days after treatment (DAT), and explants were inoculated on yeast malt agar (YMA). Both techniques of inoculation showed a high frequency of colonization from 83.33% to 100%. To determine the effectiveness of the microbial endophytes, their effect on some physiological processes in the plant were analyzed, such as photosynthesis, stomatal conductivity, and transpiration intensity. The effect of single and double treatment with yeast inoculum on the development and biochemical parameters of tobacco was reported. Plants have the ability of structural and functional adaptation to stress effects of different natures. All treated plants had a higher content of photosynthetic pigments compared to the control. Photosynthesis is probably more intense, and growth stimulation has been observed. The chlorophyll a/b ratio remained similar, and the total chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio slightly increased as a result of elevated chlorophyll levels. The most significant stimulating effect was recorded in tobacco plants treated by foliar spraying with Z. bailii YE1 and S. cerevisiae YD5. In contrast, S. kudriavzevii YSW1 had a better effect when applied as a soil drench. Thus, S. cerevisiae YD5, Z. bailii YE1, and S. kudriavzevii YSW1 have a high potential to be used as a biocontrol agents in organic agriculture.
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Freitas, Cleverson D. T. de, Beatriz C. Nishi, Camila T. M. do Nascimento, Maria Z. R. Silva, Eduardo H. S. Bezerra, Bruno A. M. Rocha, Thalles B. Grangeiro, João P. B. de Oliveira, Pedro F. Noronha Souza, and Márcio V. Ramos. "Characterization of Three Osmotin-Like Proteins from Plumeria rubra and Prospection for Adiponectin Peptidomimetics." Protein & Peptide Letters 27, no. 7 (August 13, 2020): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866527666200129154357.
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Background: Osmotin-Like Proteins (OLPs) have been purified and characterized from different plant tissues, including latex fluids. Besides its defensive role, tobacco osmotin seems to induce adiponectin-like physiological effects, acting as an agonist. However, molecular information about this agonistic effect on adiponectin receptors has been poorly exploited and other osmotins have not been investigated yet. Objective and Methods: The present study involved the characterization of three OLPs from Plumeria rubra latex and molecular docking studies to evaluate the interaction between them and adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2). Results: P. rubra Osmotin-Like Proteins (PrOLPs) exhibited molecular masses from 21 to 25 kDa and isoelectric points ranging from 4.4 to 7.7. The proteins have 16 cysteine residues, which are involved in eight disulfide bonds, conserved in the same positions as other plant OLPs. The threedimensional (3D) models exhibited the three typical domains of OLPs, and molecular docking analysis showed that two PrOLP peptides interacted with two adiponectin receptors similarly to tobacco osmotin peptide. Conclusion: As observed for tobacco osmotin, the latex osmotins of P. rubra exhibited compatible interactions with adiponectin receptors. Therefore, these plant defense proteins (without known counterparts in humans) are potential tools to study modulation of glucose metabolism in type II diabetes, where adiponectin plays a pivotal role in homeostasis.
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Crafts‐Brandner, S. J., J. E. Leggett, T. G. Sutton, and J. L. Sims. "Effect of Root System Genotype and Nitrogen Fertility on Physiological Differences between Burley and Flue‐Cured Tobacco. I. Single Leaf Measurements 1." Crop Science 27, no. 3 (May 1987): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1987.0011183x002700030023x.
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Wright, Thomas E., Sabine Kasel, Michael Tausz, and Lauren T. Bennett. "Leaf traits of Eucalyptus arenacea (Myrtaceae) as indicators of edge effects in temperate woodlands of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 61, no. 5 (2013): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13061.
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Despite recent trends in using plant functional traits to describe ecosystem responses to environmental change, few studies have examined the capacity of traits to represent environmental variation for individual species at small spatial scales, such as across forest edges. We examined the utility of 12 easy-to-measure leaf traits (fresh weight to dry weight ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), osmolality, δ13C, δ15N, and concentrations of key nutrients) to detect edge effects on the function of a dominant woodland tree, Eucalyptus arenacea Marginson & Ladiges. The study included replicate E. arenacea trees at the woodland edge (0 m) and interior (75 m from edge) of three woodlands adjoined by pasture and three woodlands adjoined by plantation established on pasture. Leaf traits proved useful in identifying potentially degrading processes at woodland edges. Notably, greater leaf P concentrations and δ15N in edge than interior trees irrespective of edge type (pasture versus plantation) indicated persistent effects of nutrient enrichment from agricultural practices; and leaf osmolality and Na concentrations indicated greatest exposure of woodland trees to salinity at pasture edges. Nonetheless, leaf traits proved less useful in detecting edge effects on tree physiology, with most traits being non-responsive to a pronounced interactive effect of edge type and distance from edge on physiological measures. In addition, negative correlations between SLA and physiological measures of tree productivity were contrary to global relationships. Overall, we found that although particular leaf traits indicated potentially degrading processes of nutrient enrichment and salinisation, they were not reliable indicators of small-scale edge effects on the physiological function of E. arenacea.
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Gentz, Margaret C., and J. Kenneth Grace. "Native Boron Levels and the Effect of Boron Treatment on Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), and Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt (Isoptera: Mastotermitidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 43, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-43.2.217.
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Although boron is a ubiquitous element found in rocks, soil and water, little has been determined about its physiological role in plants and animals. Comparing the effect of sublethal boron exposure on 3 species yields a broader view of the toxicity of boron compounds in termites. Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) were collected from colonies maintained in at the University of Hawaii at Manoa campus in Honolulu, HI (United States); C. acinaciformis (Froggart) from Darwin, North Territory (Australia); and Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggart (Isoptera: Mastotermitidae) from Darwin, North Territory (Australia). Termites were exposed to untreated composite board or board containing zinc borate and anhydrous boric acid (ZB/B2O3 in a 60/40 ratio, 0.75% BAE) in a no-choice test for 5 d, either in Honolulu (C. formosanus) or Australia (C. acinaciformis and M. darwiniensis); survival rates, wet weight, and boron content of the termites were determined. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used to determine boron content in field-caught and experimental termites. There was a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in survival of the boron-treated Coptotermes in comparison with the untreated termites, although no mortality was observed in M. darwiniensis. All 3 species showed a significant (P < 0.01) increase in boron content in boron-treated individuals, and there were no significant differences observed between the field-caught and untreated termites.
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Omar, Salmin, Abdalla I. Mohamed, Fatima Omar, and Soad Alwerfali. "The Effect of Nicotiana glauca Leaf Extract on the Liver and Lung of Female Albino Mice: Physiological and Histopathological Studies." Al-Mukhtar Journal of Sciences 35, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54172/mjsc.v35i2.302.
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Tobacco Nicotiana glauca is a member of the Solanaceae family, found in tropical and subtropical countries especially South America, Cuba, and Brazil, as well as in North Africa, Egypt, and Libya. N. glauca is known to be a highly toxic plant. The major alkaloids are anabasine and nicotine. This study was aimed to determine the proper effects of a sublethal dose of the plant on female albino mice, as well as certain histological and physiological parameters. The three sublethal concentrations, 0.25, 0.50, and 2.8 mg/kg of the water extract were tested through oral route on female mice for determination of effects such as body weight, liver and lung weight and histology, blood parameters, and blood chemistry. The results showed that reduced body weight was slightly evident in treated females. Percent decrease of liver weight/body weight and increase lung weight/body weight have reported in 2.8 mg/kg treated female mice compared to control mice. Histology of liver and lung revealed an early sign of cell damage and accumulation of cell necrosis in both the liver and lungs. The blood parameters and blood chemistry did not reveal a significant difference between control and N. glauca treated female mice.
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Souza, Marise Ramos de, and Marcelo Genestra. "Tongue-coating and mixed saliva obtained from smokers and/or drinkers: nitric oxide/nitrite contents." Cadernos UniFOA 1, no. 1 (March 27, 2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.47385/cadunifoa.v1i1.1075.
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The aim of this study was to investigate comparatively the concentration of a nitrogen radical, particularly nitric oxide (NO)/nitrite (NO2 -), in the tongue-coating and mixed saliva obtained from smokers/non-smokers and drinkers/non-drinkers, proving the cytotoxic and cytoprotective effect of these free radicals in oral metabolism and physiophatolology of oral diseases. Masticatory (stimulated) methods were used in order to determine the salivary flow rates of 100 patients. The tongue-coating was obtained through of tongue cleaning named Kolbe’s cleaner. Nitrite contents was measured spectophotometricaly by Griess method. Despite the NO been admittedly an important mediator of some physiological functions, when it is generated in excess it acts as the molecule-key of the cellular damage and tissue injury. The results point out that the association tobacco/alcohol points positive correlation between the increasing concentration of nitrogen radicals in the mixed saliva in order to favour tobacco/alcohol users, in comparison with the control group (not smokers/not drinkers). However, the NO/NO2 - concentration in tongue-coating is worthless, comparing to mixed saliva.
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Souza, Marise Ramos de, and Marcelo Genestra. "Tongue-coating and mixed saliva obtained from smokers and/or drinkers: nitric oxide/nitrite contents." Cadernos UniFOA 1, no. 1 (March 27, 2017): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47385/cadunifoa.v1.n1.1075.
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The aim of this study was to investigate comparatively the concentration of a nitrogen radical, particularly nitric oxide (NO)/nitrite (NO2 -), in the tongue-coating and mixed saliva obtained from smokers/non-smokers and drinkers/non-drinkers, proving the cytotoxic and cytoprotective effect of these free radicals in oral metabolism and physiophatolology of oral diseases. Masticatory (stimulated) methods were used in order to determine the salivary flow rates of 100 patients. The tongue-coating was obtained through of tongue cleaning named Kolbe’s cleaner. Nitrite contents was measured spectophotometricaly by Griess method. Despite the NO been admittedly an important mediator of some physiological functions, when it is generated in excess it acts as the molecule-key of the cellular damage and tissue injury. The results point out that the association tobacco/alcohol points positive correlation between the increasing concentration of nitrogen radicals in the mixed saliva in order to favour tobacco/alcohol users, in comparison with the control group (not smokers/not drinkers). However, the NO/NO2 - concentration in tongue-coating is worthless, comparing to mixed saliva.
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Mazaheri Tirani, Maryam, Maryam Madadkar Haghjou, and Ahmad Ismaili. "Hydroponic grown tobacco plants respond to zinc oxide nanoparticles and bulk exposures by morphological, physiological and anatomical adjustments." Functional Plant Biology 46, no. 4 (2019): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp18076.
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are the third highest in terms of global production among the various inorganic nanoparticles, and there are concerns because of their worldwide availability and accumulation in the environment. In contrast, zinc is an essential element in plant growth and metabolism, and ZnO NPs (nano-ZnO) may have unknown interactions with plants due to their small sizes as well as their particular chemical and physical characteristics. The present study examined the effect of nano-ZnO (25nm) and bulk or natural form (<1000nm, bulk-ZnO), compared with zinc in the ionic form (ZnSO4) on Nicotiana tabacum seedlings in a nutrient solution supplemented with either nano-ZnO, bulk-ZnO (0.2, 1, 5 and 25µM) or ZnSO4 (control) for 21 days. Results showed that nano-ZnO at most of the levels and 1µM bulk-ZnO positively affected growth (root and shoot length/dry weight), leaf surface area and its metabolites (auxin, phenolic compounds, flavonoids), leaf enzymatic activities (CAT, APX, SOD, POX, GPX, PPO and PAL) and anatomical properties (root, stem, cortex and central cylinder diameters), while bulk-ZnO caused decreases at other levels. The activities of enzymes were induced to a greater extent by intermediate nano-ZnO levels than by extreme concentrations, and were higher in nano-ZnO treated than in bulk treated tobacco. As the ZnO level increased, the vascular expansion and cell wall thickening of the collenchyma/parenchyma cells occurred, which was more pronounced when treated by NPs than by its counterpart. The Zn content of root and leaf increased in most of ZnO treatments, whereas the Fe content of leaves decreased. Our findings indicate that tobacco responded positively to 1µM bulk-ZnO and to nearly all nano-ZnO levels (with the best levels being at 0.2µM and 1µM) by morphological, physiological and anatomical adjustments.
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Stockman, C. A., A. L. Barnes, S. K. Maloney, E. Taylor, M. McCarthy, and D. Pethick. "Effect of prolonged exposure to continuous heat and humidity similar to long haul live export voyages in Merino wethers." Animal Production Science 51, no. 2 (2011): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10120.
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This experiment investigated the physiological responses of Merino wethers (n = 12) to prolonged high heat and humidity similar to that experienced during long haul, live export voyages from Australia to the Middle East. Merino wethers were randomly assigned to individual pens in rooms with a controlled environment, and exposed to gradually increasing temperatures, and two exposures of 3–4 days of sustained high heat and humidity, up to a maximum of 31°C wet bulb temperature (37°C dry bulb and 67% relative humidity). There was 1 day at thermoneutral temperatures separating the heat exposures. The core temperatures and respiratory rates of Merino wethers increased during both heat exposures, with open-mouthed panting observed during both exposures. Plasma partial pressure carbon dioxide (pCO2) and bicarbonate concentration (HCO3–) decreased, and plasma pH increased during the second heat exposure. Both pCO2 and HCO3– returned to normal immediately following the heat exposures. Feed intake was maintained during the heat exposures. There were no large alterations in blood electrolyte concentrations attributable to the effects of the heat. The results show that Merino wethers experienced significant physiological changes during exposure to prolonged and continuous high heat and humidity, but maintained most aspects of homeostasis despite being hyperthermic and recovered quickly when conditions returned to thermoneutral.
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Chełchowska, Magdalena, Joanna Gajewska, Jadwiga Ambroszkiewicz, Joanna Mazur, Mariusz Ołtarzewski, and Tomasz M. Maciejewski. "Influence of Oxidative Stress Generated by Smoking during Pregnancy on Glutathione Status in Mother-Newborn Pairs." Antioxidants 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 1866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121866.
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Glutathione plays a key role in maintaining a physiological balance between prooxidants and antioxidants in the human body. Therefore, we examined the influence of maternal smoking as a source of oxidative stress measured by total oxidant capacity (TOC) on reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione peroxidase (GPx-3), and reductase (GR) amount in maternal and umbilical cord blood in 110 (45 smoking and 65 non-smoking) mother-newborn pairs. Concentrations of glutathione status markers and TOC were evaluated by competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay technique. Plasma TOC levels were significantly higher and the GSH/GSSG ratio, which is considered an index of the cell’s redox status, were significantly lower in smoking women and their offspring than in non-smoking pairs. Decreased GR levels were found in smoking mothers and their newborns compared with similar non-smoking groups. Although plasma GPx-3 concentrations were similar in both maternal groups, in the cord blood of newborns exposed to tobacco smoke in utero they were reduced compared with the levels observed in children of tobacco abstinent mothers. Oxidative stress generated by tobacco smoke impairs glutathione homeostasis in both the mother and the newborn. The severity of oxidative processes in the mother co-existing with the reduced potential of antioxidant systems may have a negative effect on the oxidative-antioxidant balance in the newborn.
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Kuluev, B. R., Kh G. Musin, and E. A. Baimuhametova. "Contribution of the TROLC gene to the regulation of tobacco growth in response to stress factors." Biomics 13, no. 3 (2021): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2021-25.
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The trolC gene refers to plast genes that have entered the genome of Nicotiana tabacum as a probable result of horizontal transfer from Agrobacterium rhizogenes. It was shown that the trolC gene is expressed in young tissues of wild type tobacco; however, the physiological functions of the product of this gene remain largely unknown. The aim of our work was to obtain transgenic tobacco plants expressing a fragment of the trolC gene under the control of the 35SCaMV promoter in an antisense orientation and to assess the growth parameters of their roots under the action of abiotic stress factors. For morphometric analysis, 8 lines of transgenic plants were used. The analysis of root growth under the action of sodium chloride (100 mM), cadmium acetate (100 μM) and hypothermia (12°C) was conducted. Transgenic plants were characterized by improved shoot growth parameters under normal conditions. The roots of transgenic plants grew more slowly under normal conditions and under the action of cadmium and hypothermia than in wild type plants. The product of trolC gene has a negative effect on shoot growth, a positive effect on root growth, and also participates in the regulation and maintenance of root growth under the action of cadmium and hypothermia.
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Zhu, Changfu, Friedrich Kauder, Susanne Römer, and Gerhard Sandmann. "Cloning of two individual cDNAS encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase from Gentiana lutea, their tissue-specific expression and physiological effect in transgenic tobacco." Journal of Plant Physiology 164, no. 2 (February 2007): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2006.02.010.
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Fernando, D. R., A. J. M. Baker, and I. E. Woodrow. "Physiological responses in Macadamia integrifolia on exposure to manganese treatment." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 5 (2009): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09077.
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Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Proteaceae) from eastern Australia is farmed for its edible nuts and is capable of accumulating high foliar concentrations of manganese (Mn). It was investigated here in a pot trial, where a range of physiological responses to Mn treatment were measured. Although Mn uptake was initially slow, final foliar concentrations increased linearly with treatment levels. The highest observed mean foliar concentration of Mn was 7900 μg g–1 dry weight (dwt). No negative effect of Mn accumulation on plant growth was apparent, even at the highest treatment concentration. Two groups of plants, each exposed to either full sunlight or part shade were identically treated with Mn. At the highest treatment concentration of Mn, the mean foliar concentrations of Mn of the former group were found to be significantly higher than those of the latter. Because M. integrifolia is cyanogenic, leaf cyanogenic glycosides were quantified to test for a relationship between the known chemical defence strategy of cyanogenesis and a proposed one of Mn accumulation. However, further studies are required to clarify this. Quantitative organic acid analyses showed that oxalate ion may bind excess Mn in M. integrifolia leaves. That Mn is not accumulated in M. integrifolia fruit could render the species potentially useful for remediating Mn-affected soils long-term, while serving as a food crop.
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Joshi, Suresh, Santosh Jatrana, and Yin Paradies. "Tobacco smoking between immigrants and non-immigrants in Australia: A longitudinal investigation of the effect of nativity, duration of residence and age at arrival." Health Promotion Journal of Australia 29, no. 3 (December 28, 2017): 282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpja.19.
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