Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tobacco Australia Physiological effect'
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1
Lee, Sherman. "The effect of acute cigarette smoke exposure on regional pulmonary blood flow, volume, red cell transit and polymorphonuclear leukocyte retention in the rabbit lung." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24840.
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Regional pulmonary blood flow and volume was measured in ten rabbits
anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg). Tracheostomy was performed and
catheters were placed into the jugular vein and carotid artery. The cardiac
⁹⁹mtc output was measured using the indicator-dilution technique using Tc labelled RBC followed by an injection of radiolabelled macroaggregates (MAA) to mark regional blood flow. Measurements were made both before and after either exposure to cigarette smoke (3 cigarettes for ten minutes at 4 puffs/minute) or sham exposure to air. The animals were sacrificed and the lungs were removed with the vessels tied. The lungs were then inflated and rapidly frozen over liquid nitrogen. The lungs were sampled into slices by vertical height, each slice was further sampled and then gamma counted for the injected isotopes. Regional pulmonary blood flow was calculated by setting the total lung MAA counts for each MAA equal to the cardiac output so that the sample flow was calculated as the fraction of sample counts to total counts times the cardiac output. The blood volume was marked by the labelled RBC and RBC transit was calculated as blood volume (ml) divided by blood flow (ml/sec).
In a second series of experiments (N=10) , ⁵¹Cr PMN were injected as a bolus along with ⁹⁹mtc RBC in an indicator-dilution run. Following the injection of the cells, the blood flow was marked with MAAs and then the same sham or smoke treatments were given as in the previous experiments. At the end of ten minutes, the animals were sacrificed and the lungs were processed the same as before. Regional PMN retention was calculated as the [formula omitted]. The data show that smoke exposure increased pulmonary blood volume (p<.01), pulmonary transit time (pPathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of
Graduate
2
馮建裕 and Kin Yue Clive Fung. "The effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment on gingival suppuration, bleeding on probing and pocket depths in male tobaccosmoking and non-smoking adults." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38628466.
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Alm, David Michael. "Comparison and interaction of heat and salt stress in cultured tobacco cells." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/445616.
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Cultured tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv Wisconsin-38) were subjected to temporary sub-lethal heat and salt shock treatments to determine the effects of these treatments on various physiological parameters after subsequent lethal heat or salt stresses. Tobacco cells developed a tolerance to a non-permissive temperature stress (54C for 14 min) when pretreated with heat shock of 38C for 2h but not when pretreated at 42C for 2h. Cells pretreated at 38 (2h) exhibited less than 30% normal growth when the 54C stress came immediately after the 38C treatment. Tolerance to the 54C stress developed with increased interval between shock and stress with cells exhibiting 95% normal regrowth when the 54C stress was administered 8h after the 38C shock. The developement of heat tolerance was inhibited if heat shock was done in the presence of a non-injuring level of EGTA (.0.5mM). Cells treated with EGTA during heat shock grew normally at 23C but not after a 54C heat stress. EDTA (0.5mM) had little effect on the acquisition of tolerance to heat stress.Wisconsin-38 cells developed a tolerance to a non-permissive salt stress (2% NaCl for 16h) when pretreated at a lower salt level (1.2% NaCl) for 3h. Cells heat shocked at 38C exhibited increased tolerance of the lethal salt stress up to 8h. Conversely, cells heat shocked at 42C exhibited immediate tolerance to lethal salt stress and this tolerance decayed over eight hours. The heat shock-induced acquisition of salt tolerance was inhibited by both EGTA and EDTA.Proteins synthesized during heat and salt stress treatments were labeled with [35S]-methionine and/or [3H]-leucine and separated using Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fluorographic analysis of the gels indicate that a number of proteins are produced in response to heat shock. Similar analysis of proteins from salt shocked cells indicates that no salt shock proteins are produced in response to a brief low-level sodium chloride shock.
4
Wang, Hongying, and 汪紅英. "Studies on the mechanisms of cigarette smoke-induced apoptosis and cell proliferation in gastric epithelial cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3124113X.
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沈毅峰 and Ngai-fung Sham. "Study of the protective mechanisms of cigarette smoke and nicotine on experimental ulcerative colitis in rats." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31225081.
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周古筠 and Ku-kwan Clara Chau. "The association of smoking and erectile dysfunction in the men's health survey." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970412.
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Parr, Sharon M. "The effects of graduated exercise at the piano on the pianist's cardiac output, forearm blood flow, heart rate, and blood pressure." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/434086.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of graduated exercise at the piano on the pianist's cardiac output, forearm blood flow, heart rate, and blood pressure. Also considered were the effects of piano practice conditioning, general cardiovascular conditioning, and acute cigarette smoking on the aforementioned parameters during and after graduated piano exercise.Fifteen adult pianists participated in the study. The piano exercises consisted of bilateral scales played in eight three-minute stages. Tempo was constant within stages but increased with each new stage. Cardiac output and forearm blood flow were monitored by electrical impedance utilizing a tetrapolar electrode-placement system.FindingsCardiac output, forearm blood flow, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure generally increased proportionally to exercise intensity and returned to basal levels within a five-minute recovery period.ConclusionsStrenuous piano exercise stresses the body in general, not just the active forearm muscles.The stress load placed on the heart by piano playing can be at least as great as that produced by a brisk walk.Piano playing can generate an oxygen debt in the forearm muscles.Conditioning of forearm muscles through regular piano practice results in training effect for piano playing in those muscles.Pianists who participate regularly in quality aerobic exercise programs generally begin and end piano exercise with lower heart rates than those who do not exercise. Frequently, they increase heart rates to a lesser extent during exercise and settle into steady postexercise rates more quickly as well.Both regular piano practice and general cardiovascular conditioning gained through quality aerobic exercise contribute to increased piano-playing endurance.Acute smoking increases cardiac outputs and heart rates of pianists resulting in higher levels of cardiac work during piano exercise.During piano exercise, acutely smoking pianists require greatly increased forearm blood flows to meet muscle needs.
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Hamadeh, Randar R. "The impact of smoking in Bahrain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670386.
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Gamieldien, Kareemah. "The influence of maternal nicotine exposure on selected glycolytic and cytochrome P450 enzymes in developing neonatal rat lung." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The structural and functional integrity of a developing and maturing fetal and neonatal lung is critically dependent on carbohydrate metabolism. The energy derived from carbohydrate metabolism is utilized during the processed of cell growth and development. It is reported that maternal nicotine exposure during pregnancy and lactation results in the irreversible inhibition of glycolysis, for which no mechanism is currently proposed and a significant increase in glucose turnover. The principal objective of this thesis was to determine the influence of maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation on the isoenzyme patterns and transcript levels of the selected enzymes in developing neonatal rat lung, in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of inhibition of glycolysis observed.
10
Fu, Shing-yan Karen, and 符誠欣. "Cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory changes in rat heart in vivo." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48333864.
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Cigarette smoke (CS) is a well-established risk factor to cardiovascular health and the most preventable cause of death. Countless studies have demonstrated its harm to health and many more studies investigating its pathogenic mechanisms. While the CS-induced pathogenic mechanism of cardiovascular dysfunction has been mainly attributed to a combination of oxidative imbalance, vascular endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and modification of lipid profile, the focus of the current study was on the mediators of inflammation and the activation of signal pathways. In this study, we investigated the effects of CS on the pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory status in the heart and to elucidate the activation of specific signaling pathways in an in vivo rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups of CS exposure and sham air (SA) and exposed to 1 hour of respective CS and SA exposure daily for 56 days. The rats were then sacrificed and the ventricular homogenates were examined. Cardiac pro- inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC-1), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and IL-10 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the activation of specific signaling pathways was determined by Western blot analysis. CS caused suppression of cardiac CRP, IL-6, TGF-β1, and IL-10 and elevation of VEGF, revealing the imbalance of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory status. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was also activated along with the activation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) but not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) after 56 days of CS exposure. These data suggests the presence of a local adaptive mechanistic response to modulate cardiac pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory status via NF-κB/MAPK pathways after exposure to CS. These findings shed insight into the mechanistic pathways of CVD progression, allowing possible identification of selected mediators as biomarkers that could benefit early detection of CVD arisen from cigarette smoking.published_or_final_version
Pharmacology and Pharmacy
Master
Master of Medical Sciences
11
Bernard, Amy Lynn. "A descriptive analysis of selected smoking cessation programs." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/774763.
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The purpose of this research was to compare and contrast the components and characteristics of selected widely available smoking cessation programs.To reach this goal, an evaluation form was developed after an extensive review of the literature which addressed the structure, duration, techniques, issues which were discussed, success rates and availability of the programs. This form was tested for content validity by a jury of experts and was used to review each of thirteen selected smoking cessation programs. The reviews were conducted by the author using program materials received from the sponsoring organizations. Any questions which could not be answered with these materials were answered through a telephone interview with a representative of the sponsoring organization.Once the reviews were completed, the information was transferred to table form and to a database so that collective data could be generated. The following conclusions were drawn from the table and the data generated: the existing smoking cessation programs appear to have been developed utilizing suggestions offered in to use similar program techniques, and a great deal of variance exists in terms of success rates and cost.Department of Physiology and Health Science
12
Chung, Siu-fung, and 鍾少鳳. "A case control study on smoking, alcohol drinking and other risk factors of coronary heart disease in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29775334.
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周詠珊 and Wing-shan Claudia Chow. "Maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and birth weight: a retrospective cohort study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970989.
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Shin, Vivian Yvonne, and 冼念慈. "A mechanistic study on the adverse effects of cigarette smoke extractson the delay of gastric ulcer healing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3122510X.
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Chan, Hiu-wai Hilary, and 陳曉蔚. "Iowa gambling task in schizophrenia : an examination of the effect of tobacco-smoking in risk/reward decision making." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/192949.
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Background: Cognitive deficit is prominent in schizophrenia patients. We investigated the decision-making ability among schizophrenia patients and healthy controls based on their performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a laboratory task developed for measuring individuals’ decision-making ability. We hypothesized that deficits in IGT performance in schizophrenia patients could be specifically ameliorated by smoking tobacco. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared smoking and non-smoking schizophrenia patients with healthy subjects, on their IGT performance.
Method: Ten smokers with schizophrenia, 9 non-smokers with schizophrenia, 16 non-psychiatric non-smokers and 7 non-psychiatric smokers were administered the computerized version of IGT. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to assess the degree of smoking dependence of subjects and to group the smokers and non-smokers.
Results: Subjects with schizophrenia performed significantly worse than non-psychiatric controls on IGT. Moreover, smokers with schizophrenia performed significantly better than non-smokers in the task. Furthermore, when comparing IGT performance of all the 4 groups, non-psychiatric non-smokers performed significantly better than psychiatric smokers in the IGT.
Conclusions: Similar to the results of previous research, schizophrenia patients performed worse than controls in the IGT, suggesting impairments in risk/ reward decision-making. Cigarette smoking may partially ameliorate schizophrenia patients’ performance deficits on neurological tasks, including the IGT. These findings on schizophrenia patients are clinically important since it is believed that the ability to make timely and correct decisions can result in good treatment compliance and coping strategies thus facilitates recovery. Last but not least, further research is needed to explain how smoking tobacco facilitates cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients.published_or_final_version
Psychological Medicine
Master
Master of Psychological Medicine
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Wakefield, Melanie, and University of Adelaide Dept of Community Medicine. "Evaluation of a smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women and their partners attending a public hospital antenatal clinic / Melanie Wakefield." Adelaide : University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21562.
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Includes examples of information booklets as appendicesIncludes bibliographical references: p. 232-251
xiv, 251 p. : photo. ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1994
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Zhu, Changqi, and 朱昌淇. "Smoking, occupational exposures and lymphocyte DNA damage in Chinese workers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31242790.
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Wakefield, Melanie. "Evaluation of a smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women and their partners attending a public hospital antenatal clinic." Adelaide : University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw147.pdf.
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Larson, Chandra S. "Perceptions of nicotine dependence and loss of autonomy among college student smokers." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1286764.
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The purpose of the study was to determine the association of college student smokers' perceptions of nicotine dependence and measurements of loss of autonomy. The participants of the study were students enrolled in 7 randomly selected large (N > 170) core curriculum classes at Ball State University, during spring semester 2003. Using a cross-sectional data collection process, participants completed a 33 item survey consisting of questions from the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist and National College Health Risk Behavior Survey. The design of this study was to determine whether student smokers' perceive themselves as dependent on nicotine and how this was associated with a measurement on a loss of autonomy scale. Descriptive statistics, chi square, and univariate analyses were used to analyze the data. The majority, 64%, of participants had smoked sometime in their life, with 30% being classified as current smokers. Significant associations were found between the following variables: loss of autonomy and participants' perceptions of nicotine dependence, loss of autonomy and amount of cigarettes smoked, loss of autonomy and the number of years smoked, and perceptions of addiction and the number of years smoked. Gender and race were not found to be significantly associated with loss of autonomy or perception of nicotine dependence. Further analysis showed that as the consumption of cigarettes increases to an average of 2-5 cigarettes a day, chance of losing of autonomy also increases.Department of Physiology and Health Science
20
Richter, William Thompson. "Parameters of nicotine titration in addicted and non-addicted cigarette smokers." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91144.
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Nicotine titration was studied in cigarette smokers not interested in cutting down or quitting smoking. Forty smokers were classified as high nicotine dependent (n=20) and low nicotine dependent (n=20) using a validated tolerance questionnaire. Subjects were randomized into baseline (n=10) or nicotine fade conditions (n=10) within their dependency group. Subjects in the baseline conditions smoked their preferred brand of cigarette throughout the experiment. Smokers in the fade conditions switched to a reduced nicotine brand in the latter half of the procedure.
Multiple in vivo and in vitro measures of smoking rate and topography were collected over a four day period. Based on analyses of these data, it was concluded that no compensatory changes in smoking behavior occurred that were clearly attributable to nicotine titration. It was found that smokers classified as high nicotine dependent smoked more intensively that low dependent smokers.
The implications of these findings given the design and experimental controls employed in this experiment are discussed, and directions for future research explored.M.S.
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Coy, Kelly (Kelly Bishop). "A Comparison of Measures of Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Jitter, Shimmer, and Speaking Fundamental Frequency in Smoking and Nonsmoking Females." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500903/.
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Fifteen nonsmoking and fifteen smoking females 19 to 36 years of age were evaluated on measures of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), jitter, shimmer, and speaking fundamental frequency (F0). The results indicated that: 1) there is a significant difference between female smokers and nonsmokers on measures of SNR, mean, and maximum F0 and, 2) there is no significant difference between female smokers and nonsmokers on measures of jitter, shimmer and minimum F0 . The SNR was found to be a powerful tool which is capable of distinguishing subtle vocal characteristics between the subject groups. It would appear that cigarette smoking may have an impact on the voice before distinct laryngeal pathologies are present.
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Atkinson, Janelle. "A salt on the land: The osmolyte production and physiological responses of selected Myrtaceae species exposed to salt and water stress." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2005. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/135.
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Glasshouse trials were conducted on Calothamnus quadrifidus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Melaleuca uncinata
to test relative tolerance and uniformity of response in the Myrtaceae family to salt, waterlogging and salt x waterlogging. Seed sources from both saline (SA) and non-saline areas were used to compare differences in survival, growth and proline production to these stresses.
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Carcaise-Edinboro, Patricia. "The relationship of dietary beta-carotene intake and serum beta- carotene levels to the development of oral lesions in smokeless tobacco users." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42097.
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This study was designed to assess the relationship of dietary and serum beta-carotene to the development of oral lesions in smokeless tobacco users. Eighty eight smokeless tobacco users without oral lesions and 18 with lesions participated in the study. Dietary intake of beta-carotene,
personal health habits and selected dietary intake were analyzed by questionnaire. Serum levels were assessed by high pressure liquid chromotography. No correlation between dietary beta-carotene intake and serum beta-carotene levels was observed. Results of t-test analysis indicated no significant difference in the mean serum or dietary intake of
beta-carotene between the groups. Mean serum beta-carotene for group-I, users without oral lesions and group-2, users with oral lesions were 12.3 ug/dl(I.02 SE), and 10.6 ug/dl(1.59 SE), respectively. Stepwise regression techniques were employed to assess the influence of selected variables on
serum beta-carotene. The effects of smoking, smokeless tobacco exposure, alcohol consumption, and age as well as other dietary indices were evaluated. Age (O.015,p
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廖兆霖 and Shiu-lam Edgar Liu. "Pathogenic mechanisms of cigarette smoking on ulcerative colitis-associated neoplasia in mice." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3124452X.
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Riach, Douglas A. "Emergency vehicle siren noise: A potential for hearing loss." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2003. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1294.
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The purpose of this thesis was to critically investigate the noise produced by the sirens fitted to South Australian Police general patrol vehicles and calculate if this noise was of an intensity to cause noise induced hearing loss. Previous studies in Western Australia and in South Australia examined noise emissions from emergency vehicle sirens for the purpose of selecting the most suitable siren for emergency vehicles, this being the siren emitting the greatest intensity of sound. This study has researched emergency vehicle sirens from the perspective of employee exposure to siren noise. Noise levels were recorded from inside the police vehicles using a hand held digital sound level meter while the vehicle was driven under driving conditions of stationary, 60 km/h, 80 km/h and 100 km/h. Noise level readings were taken with the front windows closed and open . South Australian police sirens have three distinct settings with differing noise outputs. The change in vehicle speed was found to affect the noise intensity within the vehicle for all 3 siren types. The peak noise level recorded was with the windows open and the vehicle travelling at 100 km/h ( 95, 94 and 97 dB(A) for the three sirens respectively). Closing of the front windows when stationary and when driving at was found to reduce the noise intensity within the vehicle. The greatest reduction from closing the windows was recorded at 100 km/h. This reduction was 11, 9 and 7 dB(A) respectively for the three siren types. Siren type one was the siren normally used by the South Australian police, consequently the majority of exposure by South Australian police employees is to siren type one. These sirens produced a peak internal vehicle noise Intensity of 95 dB(A) at 100 km/h with the windows open and 84 dB(A) at 100 Km/h with the windows closed . The reading of 95 dB(A) is greater that the 90 dB(A) eight hour continuous exposure limit set by the South Australian Occupational Health Safety and Welfare Act of 1986. The maximum exposure time for unprotected ears using the 90 dB(A) eight hour equivalent continuous A weighted sound pressure level (Laeq,8h) would be 2 hours and 30 minutes (150 minutes) . The assumption of this study was that noise intensity levels in excess of 90 dB(A) Laeq,8h will cause noise induced hearing loss. Therefore the noise intensity recorded from the vehicle siren tests at 100 km/h with the windows open have the potential to cause hearing loss if the duration exceeds 150 minutes. The review of existing records of vehicle pursuits showed that between January 1 1998 and December 31 2001, there were three instances where the exposure to siren noise exceeded the 150 minute exposure period. This study found the closing of the windows to reduce the noise intensity at all speeds and all sirens types to below the 90 dB(A) Laeq,8h. It is therefore recommended that all police vehicles whilst using the sirens close all windows to reduce the noise intensity within the vehicle.
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Mudge, Jane. "Lead exposure and the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems experienced by children in the Port Pirie cohort study /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm944.pdf.
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Wallace, Ashley J. "The effect of environment, soil type and farm system management on nitrogen use efficiency and nitrous oxide emissions from cereal crops in south eastern Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232432/1/Ashley_Wallace_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis outlines findings from a series of field experiments measuring the efficiency with which wheat and barley crops grown in south eastern Australia utilise nitrogen (N) fertiliser, with particular focus on loss of N as emissions of the greenhouse gas: nitrous oxide. N use efficiency varied significantly across regions, seasons and management strategies, while nitrous oxide emissions were highest in high rainfall environments or under irrigation compared with lower rainfall environments. Strategies which match the rate and timing of fertiliser application to crop demand resulted in greater efficiency, offering opportunities to reduce the greenhouse footprint of crop production.
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Bhat, Shambhu Shankar. "Physiological and agronomic evaluation of responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes to water and high temperature stresses : developing screening techniques /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb5754.pdf.
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Scobie, David Roger. "Short term effects of stress hormones on cell division rate in wool follicles : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs421.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-207) A local intradermal technique using colchicine to estimate cell division rate in wool follicles is refined and used throughout the thesis. Statistical methods used to analyse data obtained with this method are described and discussed. The implications of the findings are of great significance to research into the influence of physiological changes on wool production, and suggest experiments should be conducted under controlled environmental conditions, with a minimum of stress imposed on the animals.
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Hutton, Peter. "Antimicrobial plants of Australia have the potential to prevent lactic acidosis in ruminants." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0159.
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[Truncated abstract] Antimicrobial growth promoters are added to feed to prevent lactic acidosis in ruminant animals by selectively inhibiting rumen bacteria that produce lactic acid. However, recently imposed or impending bans on the use of antimicrobial growth promoters in animal production have lead to a critical need to find practical alternatives that are safe for the animal and consumer and that obtain similar production benefits. I investigated bioactive plants of Australia for their potential to prevent lactic acidosis in ruminants. The unifying hypothesis tested was that plants would be identified that selectively inhibit lactic acid-producing bacteria and consequently protect against lactic acidosis. This hypothesis was tested in a three phase process: phase 1, plant selection and collection; phase 2, a three stage protocol for screening plants and essential oils; phase 3, in vivo experiments and chemical fractionation of the most promising plant. I developed an in vitro bioassay that simulated acidosis by adding glucose to rumen fluid in Bellco tubes and incubating for 5 h (Chapter 4). The pH and gas production were used as indicators of acidosis and fermentation activity. I used this bioassay to screen ninety-five plants (dried and ground material from 79 species) and ten essential oils and included a negative control (oaten chaff) and a positive control (virginiamycin). One plant, Eremophila glabra, produced a similar pH (5.63) to the positive control (5.43) although it inhibited gas production to a moderate extent (P < 0.05). ... Seven serrulatane diterpenes were identified to be the major secondary metabolites in E. glabra. The metabolites were screened using a broth dilution and microtitre spectrophotometry method and were selective against S. bovis at between 320 and 1077 [mu]g/ mL. The serrulatanes from E. glabra were probably responsible for the activity against acidosis that I observed in vitro, because they selectively inhibited lactateproducing bacteria. It is also possible that a synergy between serrulatanes and possibly other metabolites are responsible for the activity observed in vitro. The results from my experiments support the role that bioactive plants may have to replace the antibiotics that are added to livestock feed. Australian plants were identified containing compounds that were active against the bacterial processes responsible for ruminant acidosis. To my knowledge this is the first work undertaken to identify bioactive plants of Australia for their potential to prevent acidosis. I developed in vitro screening bioassays that targeted key indicators of acidosis. These bioassays enabled me to identify 5 plants from the 104 screened that could potentially control acidosis. One of these plants in particular, E. glabra, showed a level of activity in vitro that was comparable to antibiotic protection against acidosis. The exciting in vitro results were not demonstrated in vivo but only one dose level of E. glabra was used, which was based on the in vitro work. In contrast to the in vitro system the rumen is a continuous flow system with greater complexity and it is possible that the concentration of E. glabra that I used in vivo was not optimum. This places importance on future dose response experiments to confirm the efficacy of E. glabra in vivo.
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Austin, Nicole. "Vitamin D, neuromuscular control and falling episodes in Australian postmenopausal women." University of Western Australia. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0009.
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Falls in the older population have devastating consequences on the psychological and physiological health of the individual. Due to the complexity of interacting factors associated with ageing, pathology and falling episodes, determination of a primary cause or set of causes has been difficult to establish. Deficits in components of neuromuscular control have been widely studied with the coordinated interaction of sensory and motor system components being presented as a fundamental factor in the reduction of falling episodes. A causal relationship between deficits in vitamin D status and falling episodes has also been suggested. Furthermore, a relationship between poor vitamin D status, falling episodes and poor neuromuscular performance has been reported. The aims of the current study were designed to advance understanding in three aspects of the problem of falls prevention. Firstly an examination of the reliability of testing procedures commonly used in assessment of falls risk was undertaken. The Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA) testing procedure was selected as a commonly used tool and the reliability of its various components (sensory, motor and balance) was undertaken as an independent assessment of this approach to assessing falls propensity. Secondly, a case control study of fallers and non fallers was undertaken in which the neuromuscular tests evaluated in the reliability study were used to assess differences in neuromuscular control. The influence of vitamin D status on these measures was also considered. Thirdly, a 12-month randomised controlled trial of vitamin D/calcium supplementation or placebo/calcium was undertaken to identify the effect on falls outcome and individual measures of neuromuscular control.
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De, Vos Johanna B. M. "Respiratory health effects of occupational exposure to bushfire smoke in Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0001.
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Bushfires are an integral part of the Australian environment, and consequently Australian fire fighters are regularly confronted with the challenge of bushfire fighting activities. Bushfires can be extensive and long-lasting, and as a result fire fighters can be exposed to bushfire smoke for long periods without respite. Anecdotal evidence suggests that bushfire smoke exposure can lead to respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. In an optimal environment, fire fighters are equipped with respirators and protective filters to prevent the inhalation of the air toxics in bushfire smoke. Yet, reports from the fire ground indicate that the protective filters are not effective in preventing the inhalation of bushfire smoke. As a result, fire fighters have increasingly expressed concern about the ineffective equipment and the resultant respiratory symptoms during and after bushfire fighting. This research aims to establish a scientific data base to support the anecdotal evidence. The objectives of the research were: (1) to identify and quantify the air toxics in Western Australian bushfire smoke; (2) to profile the acute respiratory health effects associated with bushfire smoke exposure; (3) to assess the effectiveness of three different types of filters under controlled conditions in a smoke chamber, and in the field during fuel reduction burn-off; (4) to formulate recommendations for reducing fire fighters' exposure to bushfire smoke; and (5) to inform policy decision makers about the most effective form of respiratory protective equipment for bushfire fighting. Exposure trials were conducted in an experimental setting utilising bushfire smoke conditions in a smoke chamber and during prescribed burn-offs. Repeated measurements of respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function and oximetry were undertaken before and after bushfire smoke exposure. In addition, personal air sampling inside the respirators was undertaken to quantify and compare the levels of filtered air toxics. The analysis of the collected data demonstrated that, of those compared, the particulate/organic vapour formaldehyde filter was most effective in protecting fire fighters' respiratory health during the smoke exposure period of maximally 120 minutes. Further research would be useful to determine the v effectiveness of the filters under more realistic conditions during bushfire fighting activities. The findings of this research have resulted in a policy review in Western Australia. In 2006, the Fire and Emergency Services Authority of Western Australia (FESA) reviewed its Bush Fire Smoke Exposure Standard Operational Procedures 51, and now issues the recommended particulate/organic vapour/formaldehyde filters to the 1,000 FESA career fire fighters. The use of protective equipment for bushfire fighters is inadequately regulated worldwide and the recommendation implemented by FESA can be seen as proactive and in advance of national and international best practice. In conclusion, this project was instrumental in the translation of public health research into best practice that protects occupational health, without the need for the lengthy process of legislative reform. Fire fighter organisations in other countries with high frequencies of bushfires could learn from this example, and move to review their policies and introduce adequate personal protection for fire fighters.
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Tong, Shilu. "Environmental lead and children's intelligence at ages 11-13 years : the Port Pirie cohort study /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht6647.pdf.
Full text
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Earl, Colin R. "The regulation of the timing of melatonin secretion in the sheep." Title page, summary and table of contents only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phe12.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-195) Addresses the nature of the central mechanisms involved in the regulation of the circadian pattern of secretion of the pineal hormone melatonin in the highly seasonal Suffolk breed of sheep. Provides new information on the behaviour of the onset and offset of melatonin secretion under different photoperiodic conditions.
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Oberholster, Leon Eduard. "The patterns of cigarette smoking and beliefs, attitudes and opinions about smoking among technikon students." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11037.
Full textAbstract:
M.Tech. (Environmental Health)Although evidence of the hazards of cigarette smoking has been in existence for many decades, millions of people around the world are still smoking, hundreds of thousands of teenagers take up smoking and the tobacco companies are allowed to continue promoting their products. To the annoyance of non-smokers, smoking is still allowed in many public places, such as restaurants and offices. This study serves, firstly, to provide an overview of the results of research on the dangers of smoking, nicotine addiction and passive smoking. Secondly, a self-completion questionnaire has been applied to a sample of students at eight technikons in South Africa. The questionnaire was designed to investigate the prevalence of smoking among the different population groups and genders to reveal some of the pattems of smoking of students, the factors influencing students' smoking status and to test students' beliefs, opinions and attitudes regarding smoking. The third objective of the study is to develop a theory on cigarette smoking and to propose anti-smoking measures at technikons. Researchers have produced conclusive proof that cigarette smoking is the cause of cancer, respiratory and heart disease and other diseases. Smoking maims and kills millions of people around the world annually and threatens the health of unborn babies and non-smokers, especially children. Tobacco companies apply the most sophisticated promotion techniques to persuade people to smoke and teenagers and certain other sectors' of the population are targeted by these activities. A study of nicotine addiction reveals that the need for this substance becomes as strong as any of man's basic physiological needs, such as those for food and water. This makes it very difficult, if not impossible, for many smokers to give up smoking. A multi-pronged strategy to combat smoking at education institutions is proposed, which includes health education and the banning of smoking on campuses.
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Samuelsen, Andrew Ira. "Transformation of tobacco with the yeast FRE1 and FRE2 genes : characterization of transformants and discovery of a temperature-dependent morphological mutant." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/34329.
Full textAbstract:
A key mechanism utilized by plants to make iron (Fe) available for
uptake is the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) via an inducible, plasma
membrane-bound Fe(III) reductase. Genes encoding such enzymes have
not yet been isolated from plants; however, two Fe(III) reductases have
been cloned from yeast. FRE1 and FRE2 account for the total membrane-associated
Fe(III) reductase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. If yeast
reductase genes could be expressed in a plant system, root Fe(III) reduction
may be enhanced, leading to a decrease in Fe chlorosis in transgenic plants.
FRE1 and FRE2 were introduced into tobacco via Agrobacterium-mediated
transformation. Fe(III) reductase activity was measured in
homozygous transformants containing FRE1, FRE2, or both. The highest
Fe(III) reduction levels were found in lines containing both FRE1 and FRE2.
Liquid reductase assays showed three to four times more Fe(III) reduction
in these transformants as compared to controls, and visual plate assays
showed reduction along the entire length of the roots. One FRE1 containing line initially exhibited chlorosis on medium with low Fe at pH 7.5, but later recovered. Other transformants and the control remained chlorotic.
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation often produces mutant phenotypes. A temperature-dependent morphological mutant was found among the progeny of tobacco transformed by Agrobacterium. The mutation is recessive and is expressed at low temperature (21��C). Mutant characteristics include formation of thick, narrow leaves with abnormal mesophyll cells and near absence of apical dominance. Also in the greenhouse (21-23��C), most plants remain vegetative, and the few flowers that are formed have petaloid stamens. High temperature (30��C) reverses the mutant phenotype, with formation of normal leaves and restoration of apical dominance. However, many flowers still have petaloid stamens. This mutant shares several phenotypic characteristics with transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing maize and Arabidopsis homeodomain proteins.Graduation date: 1997
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Bayat, Mahomed. "Cigarette smoking among Indian matriculants at ex-House of Delegates schools in Northern Kwa-Zulu Natal." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/6078.
Full textAbstract:
A descriptive study of cigarette smoking in a sample of Indian matriculation students was undertaken in Northern Kwa-Zulu Natal in order to establish the prevalence of cigarette smoking; reasons for developing cigarette smoking behaviour; to determine knowledge about and attitudes to cigarette smoking and also to establish students' awareness of antismoking
organisations and to make recommendations based on the findings.
Data was collected by the researcher who administered questionnaires at various schools previously under the jurisdiction of the House of Delegates, in the towns of Newcastle, Dannhauser, Glencoe and Dundee. There were 55 smokers in the sample (N =326), ie., a prevalence rate of 16,9%. Among the males 52 (36,1%) were smokers and 3 (1,8%) females smoked. Fifty four (98,2%) smokers had commenced smoking above the age of 10 years. Twenty seven (53%) smoked at home and 12 (24%) smoked at school.
Experimentation occured among 46 (83,6%) smokers prior to actual smoking with 52 (94,5%) smokers having friends who also smoked. Advertisements influenced 10 (18,2%) smokers while 11 (20%) were influenced by teachers and 9 (16,7%) were influenced by family members. Smokers received more pocket money than non-smokers. More family
members of the smokers were also smokers as opposed to non-smokers.
Fourty nine (89,1%) smokers believed that smoking was harmful to themselves while 41 (74,5%) said it was also harmful to others. The association between smoking and lung cancer was well known by 49 (90,7%) smokers but the association with heart disease and other cancers was not as well known. There was very little awareness among both smokers and non-smokers about anti-smoking programmes and organisations. Alarmingly there was hardly any formal health education
on the dangers of smoking in schools. The conclusions are that the prevalence of cigarette smoking among Indian matriculants in the study area was 16,9% and that teachers, friends, family members and advertisements are influential in cigarette smoking behaviour. There is a need for education on the dangers of smoking in schools; and parents and teachers must take congnisance about smoking at home and in schools.Theses (M.Fam.Med.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1995.
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Egbe, Catherine Oritsebemigho. "Risk influences for smoking among the youth in Southern Nigeria." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9284.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Tobacco smoking continues to raise serious concerns for health promotion practitioners and health bodies globally. It has been tagged the single largest cause of all premature deaths globally. Efforts at discouraging tobacco use especially among the youth are not only aimed at reducing smoking prevalence in the short term but at disrupting the chain of supply for the tobacco marketers who see the youth population as their source of replacement smokers. Measures to curb smoking prevalence currently rely heavily on policy regulation but there is need to have a holistic approach towards finding out what influences the youth to smoke in order to have relevant context-specific interventions to further tobacco control efforts. This study is aimed at ascertaining the risk influences for smoking behaviour amongst the youth in Southern Nigeria with specific focus on cultural/environmental, interpersonal and intrapersonal factors serving to increase smoking initiation and perpetuation as guided by the Theory of Triadic Influence (TTI).
Method: Exploratory mixed methods research design was employed in carrying out this study. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 27 persons in 24 individual interviews (comprising of 18 young smokers aged 18 to 24 years, 4 political analysts and 2 community leaders) and 1 focus group discussion with 3 community leaders. A total of 550 youth aged between 18 and 24 years participated in the survey (quantitative) phase of this research. Non-probability sampling was used in recruiting participants for this study. Purposive sampling was used for the qualitative phase while multi-staged convenience sampling was used in the survey phase. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) with the aid of the software Nvivo 9 was used in analyzing the qualitative data while the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19 was used in the analysis of the quantitative data. Results: Qualitative and survey results show that there are an array of factors at various levels influencing the youth in southern Nigeria to view cigarettes as attractive and less harmful. At the cultural environmental level, there exist traditional practices in some parts of Southern Nigeria that make cigarettes easily accessible to the youth. Contact with cigarettes as a minor was found to be the best predictor of smoking among other cultural factors involving tobacco use while exposure to second hand smoke was the best predictor of smoking. With an absence of a functional national tobacco control law presently, cigarette is cheap, easily accessible to young people and tobacco manufacturers and marketers still promote their businesses in many ways which target the youth. At the interpersonal level, youth were influenced majorly by their peers to initiate smoking but indirectly by parents, older sibling and role models who smoke. At the intrapersonal level, youth were found to smoke for a variety of reasons ranging from wading off depression, coping with social stress and wanting to live up to the expectations of friends. Youth’s knowledge about the effect of smoking on health and well-being did not translate to a desire to quit smoking. Conclusion/recommendations: The Nigerian government needs to take urgent steps to address the tobacco question in the country through policy formulation and implementation. There is need to raise more awareness in the population on the dangers of smoking. Cessation clinics are also needed to help those who desire to quit smoking. Cultural activities involving the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products need to be properly addressed through the right channel to ensure this practice is stopped. A theoretical model explaining the risk influences for smoking among the youth is presented and suggestions are made with regards to a re-categorization of constructs in the theory of triadic influence which guided this study.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
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Swaminathan, Ashwin. "Assessing the influence of solar ultraviolet radiation exposure on the primary immune response to immunisation with a protein antigen in humans." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155170.
Full textAbstract:
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is immunosuppressive, particularly to antigen-specific cell-mediated processes, acting via direct and indirect (e.g. vitamin D-mediated) pathways. This research aimed to examine the influence of acute and cumulative solar UVR exposure, at doses relevant to day-to-day activities, on the primary immune response to immunisation in humans. The Australian Ultraviolet Radiation and Immunity (AusUVI) Study was a prospective, longitudinal, twin-centre immunotoxicological study. Healthy adults were immunised subcutaneously with the T-cell dependent antigen, keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). Acute personal UVR exposure was measured by electronic UVR dosimeter worn on the wrist for ten days centred on the day of immunisation; and by sun diary. Cumulative UVR exposure was quantified by microtopographic analysis of silicone impressions of sun exposed skin. Variables that might confound the association between UVR and vaccine immune response were measured, including serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) level. Participants attended for five study visits over a period of 31 days, with recruitment spread over one year. Immune function outcomes were: anti-KLH IgG1 antibody levels measured by enzyme linked immunoassay; delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to KLH antigen (reflecting T helper cell-1 (Th1) processes); and quantification of T-helper cell subsets by flow cytometry-based methods. A pilot study trialled many components of the AusUVI Study protocol and immune assays. The AusUVI Study was conducted in the Australian cities of Canberra (35o2'S) and Townsville (19o1'S) from July 2010 to August 2011. Two hundred and twenty two healthy participants were recruited (Canberra: 110; Townsville: 112). Participants' average age was 27.9 years (range: 18 - 40 years) and 63.5% were female. Participants with both parents of northern European ancestry (70.0%) predominated. 25(OH)D levels and personal UVR exposure varied by season and by site of enrolment. Townsville participants had higher 10-day clothing-adjusted UVR exposure compared with Canberra participants (2.5 vs.1.8 standard erythemal dose (SED); p=0.003). Higher cumulative UVR exposure was strongly associated with age, male sex, Townsville residence and northern European ancestry. In multiple linear regression models, anti-KLH IgG1 response at day 21 post-immunisation was associated with age (antibody titre reduced by 1.6% per year of age; p=0.001) and sex (14.6% higher titre in females compared with males (p=0.004)). No association between KLH IgG1 response and acute or cumulative UVR exposure, or serum 25(OH)D levels was demonstrated. Reduced DTH response to KLH recall challenge at day 21 post-immunisation was associated with higher acute UVR exposure on the day prior ('Day 5') to immunisation (p=0.015), and Days 5-8 and 5-9 (p=0.039 and p=0.025, respectively) that spanned the pre- and post-immunisation period. No association with cumulative UVR or serum 25(OH)D levels was demonstrated. Change in T-helper 17 (Th17) cell percentage between pre- and post-vaccination time points differed in direction when comparing the low and high UVR exposure groups (-0.39% vs. 0.31%; p=0.004). In conclusion, acute personal solar UVR exposure, at doses relevant to day-to-day activities, modulated the primary cell-mediated immune responses to KLH immunisation. Cumulative UVR exposure and serum 25(OH)D levels were not associated with immune function outcomes.
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Kumaratilake, Anuja Ruwanthi. "Investigations into glufosinate efficacy against Raphanus raphanistrum and Lolium rigidum / byAnuja Ruwanthi Kumaratilake." 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21940.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: leaves 125-141.xiii, 141 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Addresses the poor control of major weed species under southern Australian winter conditions by the non-selective post-emergence herbicide, glufosinate in order to determine the best way to use it. Dose response experiments were performed under simulated southern Australian winter conditions, and demonstrated a variable glufosinate efficacy between Lollium rigidum and Avis sterilis. Glutamine synthetase assays showed that target site sensitivity did not influence these results. Spray retention experiments showed no influence from plant size or morphological features, while metabolic studies showed that only a small proportion of glufosinate was metabolised in both species. Tests of several populations of Raphanus raphanistrum showed that all populations, despite geographical origin, were poorly controlled by glufosinate, in both field and simulated conditions. Experiments conducted at higher temperatures showed enhanced glufosinate efficiency. Experiments with the use of co-herbicides, chelating agents, fertilizer salts and hormones were also carried out. Studies on the effect of the pH of the herbicide solution on cell uptake showed that uptake into the cell wall only was enhanced by reducing the buffer pH. Shows that the poor efficacy of glufosinate against these species is mainly due to poor translocation of the herbicide.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Applied and Molecular Ecology, 2003
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Kamocki, Krzysztof. "The role of ceramides in cigarette smoke-induced alveolar cell death." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3311.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)The complex pathogenesis of emphysema involves disappearance of alveolar structures, in part attributed to alveolar cell apoptosis. The mechanism by which cigarette smoke (CS) induces alveolar cell apoptosis is not known. We hypothesized that ceramides are induced by CS via specific enzymatic pathways that can be manipulated to reduce lung cell apoptosis. CS increased ceramides in the whole lung and in cultured primary structural lung cells. Exposure to CS activated within minutes the acid sphingomyelinase, and within weeks the de novo- ceramide synthesis pathways. Pharmacological inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase significantly attenuated CS-induced apoptosis. To understand the mechanisms by which ceramides induce apoptosis, we investigated the cell types affected and the involvement of RTP801, a CS-induced pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory protein. Direct lung augmentation of ceramide caused apoptosis of both endothelial and epithelial type II cells. Ceramide upregulated RTP801 and the transgenic loss of RTP801 inhibited only epithelial, but not endothelial cell apoptosis induced by ceramide. In conclusion, CS induces acid sphingomyelinase-mediated ceramide upregulation and apoptosis in a cell-specific manner, which in epithelial cells involves induction of stress response proteins that may further amplify lung injury. Molecular targeting of amplification pathways may provide therapeutic opportunities to halt emphysema progression.
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Booyse, Wilna. "Neuropsigologiese disfunksie by kinders met oormatige lugbesoedelingsblootstelling." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11211.
Full textAbstract:
M.A. (Psychology)The study of behavioural toxicology was started in 1972 with the Port Pirie Cohort study and therefor a relative young field. Little information is available about the effect of cigarette smoke, containing the toxic substance carbon monoxide, on the neurocognitive functioning of children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether carbon monoxide has an effect on the neurocognitive functioning of children, more specifically as it relates to school performance. A group of school children was selected in the Vaal Triangle area who were sUbjected to a large quantity of cigarette smoke during the day and a group of children was selected who had no contact with any cigarette smoke during the day. The results of these groups were compared. From the results obtained it appears that cigarette smoke, would have a negative neurocognitive functioning of the children.
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Scobie, David Roger. "Short term effects of stress hormones on cell division rate in wool follicles / by David Roger Scobie." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21634.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-207)ix, 207 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
A local intradermal technique using colchicine to estimate cell division rate in wool follicles is refined and used throughout the thesis. Statistical methods used to analyse data obtained with this method are described and discussed. The implications of the findings are of great significance to research into the influence of physiological changes on wool production, and suggest experiments should be conducted under controlled environmental conditions, with a minimum of stress imposed on the animals.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Sciences, 1992
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"investigation on the effects and mechanisms of action of cigarette smoking on bone in female mice: 吸煙對雌性小鼠骨頭的作用和機制研究." 2014. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6115668.
Full textAbstract:
吸煙是引起骨質疏鬆症的因素之一。臨床研究清楚表明吸煙者的骨密度降低，但其他干擾因素可能掩蓋了吸煙對骨頭的不良效果。使用動物模型用以研究吸煙和骨質疏鬆症之間是否有直接的因果關係與它潛在的機制是有必要的。為此，我們使用年輕和雌激素耗盡的小鼠作被動吸煙模型以及小鼠成骨細胞和破骨細胞株來作研究。年輕的Balb/c小鼠暴露於2%或4% (v/v)的香煙煙霧中，代表中度和重度吸煙的人。骨代謝生物標誌物明顯增加，4%吸煙組在14週後股骨的微觀結構4%顯著下降，這相等於人類吸煙12年。此外，雌性Balb/c小鼠進行4%吸煙和/或卵巢切除術(OVX)。吸煙+OVX組增加血清中骨轉換指標水平。4%吸煙組的股骨生長板較薄。μ-CT數據進一步表明，相對骨體積(BV / TV)和結構模型指數(SMI)在吸煙組有顯著影響，而且在吸煙+ OVX組上有更大程度的影響。
在細胞研究中使用氯仿(CSE)和乙醇的香煙提取物(ESE)。CSE抑制小鼠細胞株RAW 264.7形成破骨細胞，並刺激小鼠成骨細胞株的分化和功能。這個與體內研究矛盾的結果暗示直接從煙霧中提取的化學成分並不是引起骨質疏鬆的元兇。影響骨代謝的很可能是其他從煙霧中生成的活性代謝物和一些吸煙引起的內源性激素物質。在吸煙引起的骨質流失中，這些代謝物或內源性物質可能是非常重要的。
有見及此，4%吸煙小鼠的血清用以研究其對成骨細胞和破骨細胞活動的影響。吸煙小鼠血清顯著降低在成骨細胞中鹼性磷酸酶(ALP)活性和鈣沉積，一些成骨細胞標記基因和蛋白表達均下降，而且 Wnt/β-catenin信號通路下調。此外，吸煙小鼠血清顯著增加形成破骨細胞的數量，組織蛋白酶K的基因和蛋白表達增加，在NF-κB和p-38 MAPK信號傳導途徑的信號分子表達增加。
總而言之，大量吸煙可能影響年輕小鼠和雌激素耗竭小鼠的骨代謝和微結構，通過類似的行動機制，人類也可能有同樣的骨疾病風險。這項研究揭示了吸煙導致的骨質疏鬆症在青少年和絶經後婦女的發病機制。這也給我們線索如何預防和治療與吸煙有關的骨骼疾病。這項研究還傳達了一個明確的信息：在年輕時應開始應控制吸煙。
Cigarette smoking is one of the risk factors for osteoporosis. Clinical studies clearly showed that smokers have lower bone mineral density, but other confounding factors could mask the adverse actions of smoking on bones. Animal models are warranted to study the direct causal relationship between cigarette smoking and osteoporosis, and also the underlying mechanisms. In this regard, we used a mouse passive smoking model in both young and estrogen depleted mice, and the mouse osteoblast and osteoclast cell lines.
Young Balb/c mice were exposed to 2 or 4% (v/v) of cigarette smoke, similar to moderate or heavy smoking respectively in humans. Biomarkers for bone turnover were increased and bone microstructure of femur was significantly deteriorated after 4% smoking for 14 weeks which is similar to cigarette smoking for 12 years in humans. Furthermore, the effects of heavy smoking on ovariectomized mice were also investigated. Female Balb/c mice were subjected to 4% cigarette smoking and/or ovariectomy (OVX). Cigarette smoking together with OVX further increased the levels of bone turnover markers in serum. Femur growth plate was thinner in the 4% smoking group when compared to those in the SHAM- and OVX-operated groups. Micro-CT data further indicated that the relative bone volume (BV/TV) and structural model index (SMI) were significantly affected in the smoking groups, and to a greater extent in the 4% smoking + OVX group.
Chloroform (CSE) and ethanol smoke extracts (ESE) were used in cell studies. CSE suppressed the formation of osteoclasts, and stimulated the differentiation and function of mouse osteoblasts. These findings are contradictory to those found in in vivo study implying that chemical components directly extracted from cigarette smoke are not the culprits in causing bone disorder in animals. It is likely that other active metabolites from cigarette smoke and some endogenous hormonal substances released by cigarette smoking could affect bone metabolism. These active metabolites together with the endogenous bone hormones are perhaps crucial in smoking-induced bone loss in the body.
In view of this hypothesis, sera from 4% smoking mice were used to investigate their effects on osteoblast and osteoclast activities. It was found that the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition in osteoblast were reduced significantly by the sera from smoking mice. Gene and protein expressions of some osteoblast markers were also decreased. The downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was observed after the treatment with the serum obtained from the 4% smoking group. Moreover, the number of osteoclasts being formed was increased significantly by the smoking mouse serum. Cathepsin K gene and protein expressions were also induced. The increased expressions of the signaling molecules including NF-κB and p-38 MAPK were also observed.
In conclusion, heavy cigarette smoking could deteriorate bone metabolism and microstructures in young female and also estrogen depleted mice. The same kind of risk in bone disease may also apply to humans through similar mechanisms of action. This study sheds light in understanding the pathogenesis of smoking-induced bone disorders in teenagers and also postmenopausal women. It also gives us clues how to prevent and treat smoking related bone diseases. This study also conveys a clear message that cigarette smoking control should be started in young ages.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Chan, Lok Yi Ruby.
Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-207).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Chan, Lok Yi Ruby.
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Bhat, Shambhu Shankar. "Physiological and agronomic evaluation of responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes to water and high temperature stresses : developing screening techniques / by Shambhu Shankar Bhat." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/22074.
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Nasrin, Dilruba. "Effect of antibiotic use on respiratory illness and on antibiotic resistance in children." Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147182.
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Kamanzi, Desire G. "Knowledge and practices of smoking among students of the University of Natal on Durban campus residences." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5415.
Full textAbstract:
The Health Belief Model developed by Becker ( 1984) cited in Katzenellenbogen et al. ( 1999) guided this study. The model attempts to identify beliefs and the way they may interact to influence individuals' conscious decisions to undertake certain healthrelated actions. "The most important health beliefs that influence actions are thought to be: • The person's perceived vulnerability to a particular condition or illness, • The person' s perceptions of the severity or effects of the condition or illness, • The Person's perception of the efficacy, costs, and benefits of any proposed actions" (Katzenellenbogen, joubert & Karim, 1999: 169). The three points mentioned above guided systematically the whole study as follows: 1. The students' perceived vulnerability to a particular cond ition or illness in this case guided the researcher to describe and to understand students' personal perceptions of the risk of diseases they run by smoking or that they can cause to other people in their surroundings. It was also necessary to find out whether or not non-smokers were aware of the consequences in terms of diseases of being permanently exposed to tobacco smoke. 2. Once smokers as well as non-smokers have agreed that smoking increases the risk of diseases, the following step was to ensure whether or not they continue to neglect and run the same risk. because smoking consequences occur only after a long period of time. 3. The last step was to ensure that students who smoked could actually accept and put into practices some available strategies for giving up smoking. after being sensitised or on their own initiative, in order to remain in good health.Thesis (M.Cur.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.
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Wilson, Eileen J. "Realities of practice : development and implementation of clinical practice guidelines for acute respiratory infections in young children." Phd thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150894.
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Thendele, Mervis. "Factors contributing to cigarette smoking and its health effects amongst university students South Africa." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1081.
Full textAbstract:
MPHDepartment of Public Health
Background: Globally, cigarette smoking is causing preventable deaths in developing countries affecting especially the youth. Historically, cigarette smoking is known to be more common among adults but is also becoming common among students. Purpose: The study aimed to investigate factors contributing to cigarette smoking and its health consequences amongst students of the University of Venda in South Africa. Methodology: A quantitative approach using a descriptive cross- sectional design was adopted. Convenience sampling was used to randomly select 428 respondents. A self-reporting questionnaire with closed ended questions was administered to respondents between the ages of 17-40 years who suited the inclusion criteria. Permission to conduct the research was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the University of Venda. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23 and presented in the form of tables and charts. Pearson’s chi squares were used to test significant relationships between variables and smoking status. Results: A total of 407 students participated in the study. Of the 407, 208 (51%) of respondents were female students. The mean age of the study population was 24 years. Of these 407, 175(43%) reported being smokers 232 (57%) were nonsmokers. More smokers were observed among the male respondents and registered for first and second years. There was a significant relationship between age, gender, religion, school of affiliation, amount of pocket money and smoking status (P-value=0.05).The results showed that the majority of the respondents285 (70%) agreed to the belief that students smoked cigarettes due to availability of cigarettes at every corner of the campus, 281 (79%) peer influenced by friends 289 (71%) family members who smoke, and 313 (76.8%)increase social interaction. The majority of the students were knowledgeable about health consequences caused by smoking. Nonsmoking students were more knowledgeable about harmful effects of smoking as compared to smokers (P=0.00. Conclusion: The study concludes that students smokes cigarettes due to being a friend with someone who smokes, being in new a environment, stress, depression, observation of other students smoking, no signage prohibiting smoking and lack of knowledge regarding health
NRF
50
Staples, Judith. "Environmental influences on multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders." Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155175.
Full textAbstract:
The risk of autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) may be influenced by environmental factors early in life. This epidemiological thesis provides new knowledge on the role of early life environmental factors in MS in particular, for which the specific aetiology is unknown. Two main potential environmental determinants of MS, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and infections, are explored through an analysis of their timing of action in the life course and a consideration of their possible protective effects. Other organ-specific autoimmune disorders whose aetiology is also unknown, including type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are also assessed for links with UVR for comparison with MS. Two existing national Australian datasets provided the outcome data for the analyses. The 1995 Australian National Health Survey (NHS) provided summary prevalence estimates for ecological (population-level) analysis of four immune disorders other than MS. The 1981 Australian MS Survey, used for the largest part of the thesis, provided individual-level MS-case data for 1981 throughout Australia, and was further modified to construct a longitudinal MS-rates study dataset for analysis of timing of birth. Ecological analysis of the 1995 NHS data showed that geographic latitude was positively associated, and regional ambient UVR inversely associated, with the prevalence of type 1 diabetes in Australia. Ambient UVR exposure may thus be a protective factor against such disease at the population level. The association supports previous ecological findings for MS in Australia and adds to the evidence that UVR exposure might be a modifiable determinant for autoimmune disease generally. Longitudinal analysis of the reconstructed 1981 Australian MS Survey dataset showed that increased MS risk of around 30% was evident in Australians born in November to December (southern hemisphere early summer) compared with those born in May to June (early winter). This MS-risk pattern, indicating environmental factor(s) acting around the time of birth, mirrored (seasonally) that seen for MS in the northern hemisphere, suggesting globally similar perinatal environmental determinants modifying the risk of MS onset. Most importantly, this Australian pattern was found to be fully accounted for by individual, regional (state) and seasonal ambient UVR levels specific to the prenatal period seven to eight months before birth. Low ambient (maternal) UVR exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy thus appears to be associated with a higher risk of MS in the offspring. Birth-order analysis of cases in the 1981 MS Survey further showed that early birth order was independently associated with MS risk, MS cases being more likely to be one of the older siblings in their sibships. Consistent with the hygiene hypothesis, this result suggests that a lack of microbial exposure in early childhood may increase MS risk later in life. Population health implications of these findings are discussed. In particular, safe sun exposure and/or vitamin D supplementation during early pregnancy may help prevent subsequent onset of high-morbidity, long-duration and presently incurable autoimmune disorders such as MS in the offspring.