Journal articles on the topic 'Tobacco and Other Drug-related problems'
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Evren, Cuneyt, Bilge Evren, Muge Bozkurt, and Arzu Ciftci-Demirci. "Effects of lifetime tobacco, alcohol and drug use on psychological and behavioral problems among 10th grade students in Istanbul." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 27, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2014-0040.
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Abstract Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of life-time tobacco, alcohol, and substance use on psychological and behavioral variables among 10th grade students in Istanbul/Turkey. Materials and methods: This study employed a cross-sectional online self-report survey conducted in 45 schools from the 15 districts in Istanbul. The questionnaire featured a section about use of substances, including tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. The depression, anxiety, anger, assertiveness, sensation seeking and impulsiveness subscales of the Psychological Screening Test for Adolescents (PSTA) were used. The analyses were conducted based on 4957 subjects. Results: Logistic regression analyses were conducted with each school with the related and behavioral variables as the dependent variables. Gender, tobacco, alcohol, and drug use being the independent variables. All four independent variables predicted the dependent variables. Lifetime tobacco and drug use had significant effects on all the subscale score, whereas lifetime alcohol use had significant effects on all the subscale scores other than lack of assertiveness, and male gender was a significant covariant for all the subscale scores. Drug use showed the highest effect on dependent variables. Interaction was found between effects of tobacco and alcohol on anxiety, whereas interactions were found between effects of tobacco and drugs on lack of assertiveness and impulsiveness. Conclusion: The findings suggested that male students with lifetime tobacco, alcohol or drug use have particularly high risk of psychological and behavioral problems. The unique effects of substance clusters on these problems may be useful in developing secondary preventive practices for substance use and abuse problems in Istanbul.
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Ssewanyana, Derrick, Patrick N. Mwangala, Vicki Marsh, Irene Jao, Anneloes van Baar, Charles R. Newton, and Amina Abubakar. "Socio-ecological determinants of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use behavior of adolescents in Kilifi County at the Kenyan coast." Journal of Health Psychology 25, no. 12 (June 26, 2018): 1940–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105318782594.
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Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use form a risk factor for health and social problems during adolescence. From a socio-ecological model, perceptions of 85 young people and 10 stakeholders on the types of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs used and the predisposing and protective factors were explored; among adolescents at the Kenyan Coast in the Kilifi County. We found that the consumption of home-brewed alcohol, tobacco and marijuana smoking, and khat chewing was common and requires multi-component and community-centered intervention. Countering alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use needs enforcement of strong measures to regulate access to alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs for minors; addressing social and cultural norms; strategies for poverty alleviation; and community empowerment.
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Charney, Merle H. "College Health and the Responsibility for Solving Problems of Alcohol, Tobacco, and other Drug Use." Journal of American College Health 43, no. 1 (July 1994): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.1994.9939081.
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Charney, Merle H. "College Health and the Responsibility for Solving Problems of Alcohol, Tobacco, and other Drug Use." College Teaching 42, no. 3 (July 1994): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87567555.1994.9926840.
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Magri, Raquel, Janine Hutson, Hugo Míguez, Héctor Suarez, Adriana Menendez, Verónica Parodi, Gideon Koren, and Raul Bustos. "Advances in the Determination of Alcohol and Other Drug Consumption during Pregnancy: A Study of 900 Births in Montevideo, Uruguay." Contemporary Drug Problems 34, no. 3 (September 2007): 445–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090703400306.
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A study was performed in Uruguay to estimate the prevalence of drug consumption during pregnancy. The study consisted of a survey and biological samples to validate the responses and investigate information concerning risks involved in drug consumption during pregnancy. The survey consisted of 900 face-to-face interviews performed within 48 hours after birth. Perinatal registries were taken from hospital archives. Nine hundred meconium samples were tested for alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs, and tranquilizers. The results of the survey indicated consumption during pregnancy of the following: 41.3% tobacco, 36.8% alcohol, 16.3% tranquilizers, 68% caffeine (more than 400 mg/day), and 1.4% illegal drugs. In addition, 8.9% of the pregnancies were unplanned. Among the planned pregnancies, some physicians warned their patients about risks associated with tobacco (34%), alcohol (27%) and illegal drugs (7%). Meconium analysis revealed tobacco (cotinine), 51.8%; alcohol (fatty acid ethyl esters, or FAEES), 43.5%; and cocaine (base paste), 2.5%. Newborns whose mothers smoked tobacco presented statistically lower birth weights: 11% of all newborns at low birth weight, with health problems reported for 14.8%.
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Rohrbach, Louise A., Steve Sussman, Clyde W. Dent, and Ping Sun. "Tobacco, Alcohol, and other Drug use among High-Risk Young People: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study from Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood." Journal of Drug Issues 35, no. 2 (April 2005): 333–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260503500206.
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The present study described the prevalence of adult role taking and substance use among individuals attending alternative high schools, who were followed for five years to early emerging adulthood (n = 848). Psychosocial factors at baseline and adult role taking at the follow-up were examined as correlates of substance use during emerging adulthood. At this stage of life, 74% of subjects were employed, 30% were married or engaged, and 43% had at least one child. One third of subjects were daily cigarette smokers, and 24% had used marijuana in the past 30 days. Forty-seven percent had experienced negative consequences of alcohol or drug use in the last year. The most consistent positive predictors of substance use in emerging adulthood were male gender and previous drug use. Addiction concern was a consistent negative predictor. After controlling for baseline psychosocial variables, attending school and being married at the five-year follow-up were negative correlates of both personal consequences and problems related to alcohol or drug use.
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Degenhardt, Louisa, Carolyn Coffey, John B. Carlin, Wendy Swift, Elya Moore, and George C. Patton. "Outcomes of occasional cannabis use in adolescence: 10-year follow-up study in Victoria, Australia." British Journal of Psychiatry 196, no. 4 (April 2010): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.056952.
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BackgroundRegular adolescent cannabis use predicts a range of later drug use and psychosocial problems. Little is known about whether occasional cannabis use carries similar risks.AimsTo examine associations between occasional cannabis use during adolescence and psychosocial and drug use outcomes in young adulthood; and modification of these associations according to the trajectory of cannabis use between adolescence and age 20 years, and other potential risk factors.MethodA 10-year eight-wave cohort study of a representative sample of 1943 secondary school students followed from 14.9 years to 24 years.ResultsOccasional adolescent cannabis users who continued occasional use into early adulthood had higher risks of later alcohol and tobacco dependence and illicit drug use, as well as being less likely to complete a post-secondary qualification than non-users. Those using cannabis at least weekly either during adolescence or at age 20 were at highest risk of drug use problems in young adulthood. Adjustment for smoking in adolescence reduced the association with later educational achievement, but associations with drug use problems remained.ConclusionsOccasional adolescent cannabis use predicts later drug use and educational problems. Partial mediation by tobacco use raises a possibility that differential peer affiliation may play a role.
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Tilley, S. "Alcohol, Other Drugs and Tobacco use and Anxiolytic Effectiveness." British Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 3 (September 1987): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.151.3.389.
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Recent studies raise questions regarding use or abuse of alcohol by phobics, and about compatibility of behaviour therapy and benzodiazepine use. In this study 40 patients, referred with mainly anxiety-related problems to a nurse behaviour therapist, and a comparison group of 40 psychiatric nurses completed a self-administered questionnaire assessing use of alcohol, sedative drugs and tobacco, and their perceived anxiolytic effectiveness. The paper confirms earlier findings that the patients, in general, drank less than the general public. They also drank less than the nurses, but used more sedative drugs and were heavier smokers. Alcohol was an unreliable anxiolytic. A few patients, including two agoraphobics, drank heavily and did not enter treatment made conditional on stopping drinking. Implications for case management are discussed.
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Aguirre-Molina, Marilyn, and D. M. Gorman. "The Perth Amboy Community Partnership for Youth: Assessing its Effects at the Environmental and Individual Levels of Analysis." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 15, no. 4 (January 1995): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/kj04-b8cy-pxf4-rpgr.
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This article describes the Perth Amboy Community Partnership for Youth (PACPY), a comprehensive community-based intervention designed to reduce risk factors for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use among Latino youth. The intervention is grounded in the principles of community empowerment and participatory education, and attempts to facilitate within the community a broad understanding of the societal factors that increase risk of drug use and related problems among young people. PACPY attempts to bring about change at both the individual level and the environmental level within the domains of the school, the family, and the community. The present article describes the types of interventions introduced through PACPY within each of these domains, and examines their impact on individual and environmental changes in the use and availability of tobacco products. We conclude with a discussion of some of the methodological issues that have arisen over the course of the evaluation, and outline the changes that have occurred in our underlying conceptual framework.
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Delgado-Lobete, Laura, Rebeca Montes-Montes, Alba Vila-Paz, José-Manuel Cruz-Valiño, Berta Gándara-Gafo, Miguel-Ángel Talavera-Valverde, and Sergio Santos-del-Riego. "Individual and Environmental Factors Associated with Tobacco Smoking, Alcohol Abuse and Illegal Drug Consumption in University Students: A Mediating Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (April 27, 2020): 3019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093019.
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Substance abuse is a major and prevalent public health concern among university students. Tobacco smoking, risky alcohol behavior, and illegal drug consumption may lead to health problems and behavioral and academic issues. Several individual and environmental factors associate with substance abuse in this population, and the mediating effect of alcohol abuse in the relationship between tobacco smoking and drug consumption is yet to be explored. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the association of individual and environmental factors and substance use, and to analyze the relationship between tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse, and drug consumption, considering alcohol abuse as a possible mediator. A total of 550 Spanish undergraduate and postgraduate students completed several questionnaires regarding their smoking status, alcohol use, and drug consumption during the last six months. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to explore associations between factors. Direct, indirect and mediating effects were tested using a partial least squares approach (PLS-SEM). The results indicated that substance abuse is associated with being male, living with other students, and combined substance consumption. PLS-SEM showed a significant effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol abuse on drug consumption. Alcohol abuse plays a mediating role in the relationship between tobacco smoking and drug use.
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Abreu, Ângela Maria Mendes, Rafael Tavares Jomar, Gunnar Glauco de Cunto Taets, Maria Helena do Nascimento Souza, and Daiane Belisário Fernandes. "Screening and Brief Intervention for the use of alcohol and other drugs." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 71, suppl 5 (2018): 2258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0444.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the lifetime use of alcohol and other drugs among users of the Family Health Strategy and apply Brief Intervention to problems related to the use of these substances. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study where 1,031 users of the Family Health Strategy of the city of Rio de Janeiro answered a form with socio-demographic information and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Statistical analysis with simple frequency distribution was performed. Results: the most commonly used drugs in lifetime were alcohol and tobacco; among the illegal drugs, marijuana, hypnotics and cocaine/crack stood out. Those who received most Brief Intervention were users of tobacco, hypnotics, marijuana, cocaine/crack and alcohol. Conclusion: it is important to detect early problems associated with the use of alcohol and other drugs in Primary Care, since it has the promotion/protection of health and the prevention of diseases as priority health practices.
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Komatsu, André Vilela, Rafaelle Carolynne Santos Costa, Lais Sette Galinari, Renato Carpio de la Torre, and Marina Rezende Bazon. "Substance Use and Involvement in Situations of Violence: A Typological Study of a Brazilian Population-Based Sample." International Annals of Criminology 57, no. 1-2 (May 2019): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cri.2020.3.
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AbstractSubstance use in adolescence relates to other problems such as involvement in violence and mental/physical health problems. This study aimed to identify substance use patterns in a considerable sample of Brazilian adolescents and to estimate the magnitude of the relationship between each pattern and violence involvement indicators, as aggressor and/or as victim, and of mental and general health. The data analyzed were collected from 6702 schoolchildren, within the scope of the National Survey of School Health, employing latent class analysis for reports of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and crack cocaine use. The five groups identified were compared regarding their involvement in violence and mental and general health aspects. Abstainers (18%) would neither make use of substances, nor be involved in violence or display health problems. Drinkers (26%) would tend to only make use of alcohol, but would not display the other problems either. Conventional Drug Users (28%) would tend to make use of alcohol and tobacco or alcohol and marijuana and would also be involved in violence, but would not display health problems. Polysubstance Users (23%) would tend to make use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana and would be more frequently involved in violence. Hard Drug Users (5%) would tend to make frequent use of all substances in addition to also being more involved in violence, both as aggressor and victim, and would display mental/general health problems. Our findings reveal different levels of problems and reinforce the importance of varied prevention/treatment policies in order to meet specific demands.
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Arora, Priya, Gurmeet Kaur, Anita Khokar, and A. K. Jindal. "Prevalence and pattern of tobacco use among auto rickshaw drivers of South Delhi: a cross-sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 8 (July 23, 2018): 3464. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183082.
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Background: Tobacco is one of the major preventable causes of death and disability worldwide. Tobacco related diseases are a burgeoning public health problem. The pattern of tobacco consumption in India is unique as varied smoked and smokeless products are consumed.Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study.Results: 69% of the auto-rickshaw drivers are currently using tobacco in one form or the other. Use of multiple tobacco products is also quite high; 54% of tobacco users consumed both smoked as well as smokeless forms of tobacco. Bidi smoking is the most common form of tobacco consumption among current users.Conclusions: Tobacco consumption among auto rickshaw drivers is high. The use of multiple products puts them at risk for problems related to both smoked and smokeless tobacco products. Support/services to quit tobacco should be targeted at their workplace as stress and free time during working hours have been cited as main reasons for tobacco consumption.
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Singh, Rajendra Kumar. "Assess knowledge, attitude and practice regarding Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) and tobacco related health problems in rural setting of Bihar, India." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.04.04.art020.
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Guillot, Casey R., Sabrina M. Blackledge, Megan E. Douglas, Renee M. Cloutier, Madalyn M. Liautaud, Raina D. Pang, Matthew G. Kirkpatrick, and Adam M. Leventhal. "Indirect Associations of Anxiety Sensitivity with Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Drug Use Problems Through Emotional Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents." Behavioral Medicine 46, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2019.1573797.
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Jackson, Melissa A., Amanda L. Baker, Kristen L. McCarter, Amanda L. Brown, Gillian S. Gould, and Adrian J. Dunlop. "Interventions for pregnant women who use tobacco and other substances: a systematic review protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e032449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032449.
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IntroductionThe prevalence of tobacco smoking in pregnancy remains elevated in some disadvantaged populations of women. One group is those who use alcohol and/or other psychoactive substances during pregnancy, with tobacco use prevalence estimates ranging from 71% to 95%. Although effective evidence-based cessation treatments exist, few women with co-occurring substance use problems successfully stop smoking during pregnancy. There is limited information about treatments that specifically target this group and a summary of the available research is required to assist and enhance the development of innovative cessation interventions. This article describes a protocol for a comprehensive review of studies that have trialled behavioural and/or pharmacological tobacco cessation interventions in populations of pregnant women who are nicotine dependent and use alcohol and/or other psychoactive substances.Methods and analysisThe review will undertake literature searches in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE and ProQuest databases, as well as the grey literature. Studies of any design methodology will be included if they describe changes to tobacco smoking behaviours in quantitative terms. No restriction on year of publication or published language will apply. Participants include pregnant women of any age, who smoke tobacco, who are seeking or having treatment, or in post-treatment recovery for the use of psychoactive substances. Interventions are any psychological, behavioural or pharmacological treatments used to treat tobacco use. Outcome measures are any that quantitatively report abstinence or reductions in participant tobacco consumption. Key details and tobacco-related outcomes from included studies will be extracted and tabulated before being narratively synthesised. The systematic review protocol has been developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols guidelines.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed literature, conference presentations, media and social media.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018108777
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Schultz, Annette S. H., Joan L. Bottorff, and Stephanie Barclay McKeown. "Nurses’ Use of Qualitative Research Approaches to Investigate Tobacco Use and Control." Annual Review of Nursing Research 27, no. 1 (December 2009): 115–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0739-6686.27.115.
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Qualitative research methods are increasingly used by nurse scientists to explore a wide variety of topics relevant to practice and/or health policy issues. The purpose of this chapter is to review the contributions of nurse scientists to the field of tobacco control through the use of qualitative research methods. A systematic literature search strategy was used to identify 51 articles published between 1980 and 2008. The majority (84%) of reviewed articles were authored by North American nurse scientists. Cessation was the most commonly (85%) studied aspect of tobacco control. Six qualitative research approaches were used: qualitative descriptive (55%), narrative analysis (8%), phenomenology (6%), grounded theory (14%), ethnography (12%), and case study (6%). Qualitative descriptive methods were primarily one-off studies to address practical problems or issues encountered in practice, and often validated current understandings related to tobacco. Researchers who used other types of qualitative methods and who conducted qualitative studies as part of programs of research were more likely to make more substantive contributions to the evolving field of tobacco control. These contributions related to how smoking intertwines with personal and social identities, the influence of social context on tobacco use, and nurses’ involvement in tobacco control (both of their own tobacco use and in assisting others). Nurse scientists interested in exploring tobacco-related issues are encouraged to consider the full range of qualitative research approaches. Qualitative research methods contribute to our understanding of tobacco use arising from nursing practice, health care and policy, along with the field of tobacco control in general.
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Sobell, Linda C., Tony Toneatto, and Mark B. Sobell. "Behavioral assessment and treatment planning for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug problems: Current status with an emphasis on clinical applications." Behavior Therapy 25, no. 4 (1994): 533–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80199-6.
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Peltzer, Karl, Dorothy W. Malaka, and Nancy Phaswana. "Sociodemographic Factors, Religiosity, Academic Performance, and Substance Use among First-Year University Students in South Africa." Psychological Reports 91, no. 1 (August 2002): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.1.105.
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The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among sociodemographic variables, family background, religiosity, course of study, academic performance, and substance use. The sample included 799 first-year students in the age range of 16 to 49 years ( M age 20.1 yr., SD = 3.2) chosen at random from the University of the North in South Africa A Model Core Questionnaire from the WHO on substance use was administered Analysis indicated that women smoked tobacco or cannabis and drank less than men, while women took more stimulants and other opiate type drugs than men. Low scores on religiosity was a predictor for past-month tobacco use, alcohol use, binge drinking, cannabis use, and having a drinking or drug problem now. Being a member of a Protestant denominational church or a Roman Catholic was a predictor for past-month tobacco and alcohol use. A family history of drinking or drug problems and being a social science or humanities student were predictive for a current alcohol or drug problem. Economic status, education of parents, living arrangement, and rural-urban differences were not associated with substance use. Findings have implications for prevention programmes.
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Sulillari, Junada, and Kostandin Nasto. "FINANCIAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF TOBACCO PRODUCERS: A CASE STUDY FROM ALBANIAN PRODUCERS." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3537.
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The aim of this research paper is to realize an analysis of the tobacco market in Albania. We will be focused on some of the elements that have characterized this market, like the existence of monopoly situation. The study will help us reveal some of the problems that the monopoly as a competitive structure may have brought. We also want to treat some of the issues or problems that tobacco producers face. We want also to see how much they are supported from the government and also want to discover their opinion about different issues regarding the way in which this market functions. The results showed that there are several problems that tobacco producers in Albania face. These problems are related with the market competitive structure and also with the governmental intervention. Informality has been one of the elements that have been followed by some other problems for the producers; such as uncertainties for the producers. So the study revealed that not everything is going well for tobacco producers in Albania. One of the main elements that have done the producers not satis-fied as been the lack of the necessary support from the government, which should be more helpful toward them.
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Degenhardt, L., W. T. Chiu, K. Conway, L. Dierker, M. Glantz, A. Kalaydjian, K. Merikangas, N. Sampson, J. Swendsen, and R. C. Kessler. "Does the ‘gateway’ matter? Associations between the order of drug use initiation and the development of drug dependence in the National Comorbidity Study Replication." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 1 (May 9, 2008): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708003425.
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BackgroundThe ‘gateway’ pattern of drug initiation describes a normative sequence, beginning with alcohol and tobacco use, followed by cannabis, then other illicit drugs. Previous work has suggested that ‘violations’ of this sequence may be predictors of later problems but other determinants were not considered. We have examined the role of pre-existing mental disorders and sociodemographics in explaining the predictive effects of violations using data from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).MethodThe NCS-R is a nationally representative face-to-face household survey of 9282 English-speaking respondents aged 18 years and older that used the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to assess DSM-IV mental and substance disorders. Drug initiation was estimated using retrospective age-of-onset reports and ‘violations’ defined as inconsistent with the normative initiation order. Predictors of violations were examined using multivariable logistic regressions. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to see whether violations predicted progression to dependence.ResultsGateway violations were largely unrelated to later dependence risk, with the exception of small increases in risk of alcohol and other illicit drug dependence for those who initiated use of other illicit drugs before cannabis. Early-onset internalizing disorders were predictors of gateway violations, and both internalizing and externalizing disorders increased the risks of dependence among users of all drugs.ConclusionsDrug use initiation follows a strong normative pattern, deviations from which are not strongly predictive of later problems. By contrast, adolescents who have already developed mental health problems are at risk for deviations from the normative sequence of drug initiation and for the development of dependence.
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Kulasekhar, M., and K. Dasaratharamaih. "Health Problems of Slum Dwelling Women: An Empirical Analysis." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v8i3.2440.
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The slum dwellers are generally suffering from various diseases with a high rate comparatively non-slum population in urban India. The women living in slum areas are mainly suffering from seasonal viral fevers, cough and cold, asthma, and other infectious diseases. The study shows that 39 % of slum women have poor health status. The reasons for poor health among slum women are malnutrition, unhygienic condition, lack of precautionary measures, and bad habits among them. About 37% of SC women, 30% each of ST and BC slum women, and 20% of OC women are frequently falling sick with various diseases. It is observed that 31% of the slum-dwelling women are getting treatment from RMP doctors, followed by 30% of slum women from private allopathy doctors, and only 18% of slum women are visiting Govt. hospital for their medical treatment. Only 29% of slum women are regularly visiting hospitals for their medical checkups. A majority of 62% of slum women have a habit of consuming alcohol and tobacco-related products, and out of them, 79% of women are facing health problems due to a habit of consuming alcohol and tobacco.
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Chandra, Prabha S., Michael P. Carey, Kate B. Carey, P. S. D. V. Prasada Rao, K. R. Jairam, and Tinku Thomas. "HIV risk behaviour among psychiatric inpatients: results from a hospital-wide screening study in southern India." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203767869147.
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The study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and correlates of sexual risk behaviour among psychiatric inpatients in India. Consecutive inpatients ( n = 618) were assessed using a structured interview and standardized measures. Women were more likely to be sexually active (50%) than men (36%), but equally likely (6% vs 5%) to engage in risky behaviour. Common risk behaviours included having a risky partner, having multiple partners, and exchanging money for sex. Being sexually active was associated with younger age, being married, being diagnosed with a disorder other than schizophrenia, and a history of drug use problems. Engaging in risky sexual behaviour was associated with being male, using tobacco and screening positive for either drug use or alcohol problems. Screening psychiatric patients for HIV risk behaviour can identify those who may benefit from risk reduction programmes.
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Prajapati, Bhavesh B., Mihir R. Dedun, Harshdev S. Jalfava, and Aparajita A. Shukla. "A study of socio-demographic profile and pattern of drug use among substance abusers attending mind care de-addiction center in Ahmedabad." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20185259.
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Background: Substance abuse has emerged as a global phenomenon and prevalent throughout the world in all the cultures. Abuse of alcoholic beverages and tobacco are endemic in many societies, whilst the abuse of other psychoactive substances is growing concern in India. It has major impact on physical, psychological, social and environmental aspect of life.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out amongst 100 persons attended at Mind Care de-addiction centre, Ahmedabad during the period of 1st January to 28th February 2018 with the help of pretested semi structured questionnaire.Results: Majority of the substance abusers were males (98%) and within the age group of 31 to 45 years (46%). Out of total abusers 28% were graduate and 47% doing skilled work. Majority of study participants were married (47%), belong to joint families (92%) and belongs to socio economic class I and II (50%). Most commonly used drug was alcohol (64%), followed by tobacco (20%), cannabis (12%) and opium (4%). Majority of users started to use it for social reasons (33%) and stress (26%). They got it for the first time from friends in 62% cases and 36% got by themselves. Health related changes were experienced in more than 50% of cases. Out of them, 84% feel improvement after visiting the centre.Conclusions: Drug use pattern is ever changing and has emerged as a global burden as it causes serious public health problems. There is a felt need for the assessment of the evolving trends of substance abuse. And suitable interventions for primary prevention should be considered.
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Pulcherio, G., M. Neves Strey, P. Sarti, D. Fensterseifer, and C. Pinent. "Comorbid Substance Dependence and Posstraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in a Brazilian Sample." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70694-7.
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Objective:The present study investigated the demographic characteristics of a sample with posstraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that seeking treatment for alcohol and others drugs dependence.Methods:Forty drug-addicted men participated of this study. All the subjects were psychiatric outpatients of IPPAD, Porto Alegre, Brazil. They were invited to play a part in a research. They completed the following instruments: Specific Traumatic Events Scale, Davidson Trauma Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Sociodemographic characteristics. The Sociodemographic instrument had questions about the justice involvement. The measures were a self-report. SPSS 12.5 was used by the statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics include frequency, percents and means. Significance of 5%.Results:Twelve patients had PTSD. Aged 25 to 60 years; low income; 41,7% were married. About sixty seven per cent had some member on family with alcohol or other substance abused. The half patients (n=10) are used various psychoactive substances. 16,7% used alcohol only. The drugs more used were: alcohol (91,7%); tobacco (75,0%); cocaine (58,3%); marihuana (58,3%); Don't have related about the use of ecstasy and inhalants. The half of the sample related that was arrested due to drugs use.Conclusions:The literature shows that patients with Posstraumatic Stress Disorder have more drug use, interpersonal difficulties, legal problems, more relapses or worse prognostic when compared without PTSD. It's very important to determine the psychosocial characteristics of patients seeking treatment to ascertain if these characteristics reflect a group at risk for premature termination therapy.
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Merkouris, Stephanie S., Christopher J. Greenwood, George J. Youssef, Primrose Letcher, Suzanne Vassallo, Nicki A. Dowling, and Craig A. Olsson. "Adult Gambling Problems and Histories of Mental Health and Substance Use: Findings from a Prospective Multi-Wave Australian Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071406.
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Little is known about the cumulative effect of adolescent and young adult mental health difficulties and substance use problems on gambling behaviour in adulthood. We use data from one of Australia’s longest running studies of social and emotional development to examine the extent to which: (1) mental health symptoms (depressive and anxiety symptoms) and substance use (weekly binge drinking, tobacco, and cannabis use) from adolescence (13–18 years) into young adulthood (19–28 years) predict gambling problems in adulthood (31–32 years); and (2) risk relationships differ by sex. Analyses were based on responses from 1365 adolescent and young adult participants, spanning seven waves of data collection (1998–2014). Persistent adolescent to young adult binge drinking, tobacco use and cannabis use predicted gambling at age 31–32 years (OR = 2.30–3.42). Binge drinking and tobacco use in young adulthood also predicted gambling at age 31–32 years (OR = 2.04–2.54). Prior mental health symptoms were not associated with gambling and no risk relationships differed by sex. Findings suggest that gambling problems in adulthood may be related to the earlier development of other addictive behaviours, and that interventions targeting substance use from adolescence to young adulthood may confer additional gains in preventing later gambling behaviours.
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Tsering, Dechenla, Ranabir Pal, and Aparajita Dasgupta. "Licit and illicit substance use by adolescent students in eastern India: Prevalence and associated risk factors." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 01, no. 02 (July 2010): 076–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.71721.
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ABSTRACT Background: Use of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances is a worldwide problem and aff ects many adolescents. Objective: (1) To fi nd out the magnitude of licit and illicit substance use among students; and (2) to fi nd out the association between socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the students and habits of use. Materials and Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study conducted during June 2003 to May 2004. In a multistage random sampling among all the districts and schools in West Bengal, India, 416 high school students from two schools were selected. The main outcome measures were substance use, namely, tobacco, alcohol, and cannabinoids. From the schools, all the students in the classes VIII, IX, and X were taken as the study population and were administered a pretested close-ended anonymous self-administered questionnaire relating to pattern, frequency, and correlates of substance use. Results: The ultimate response rate was 87.02% and 416 students could be covered in our study. The overall prevalence rates among rural and urban students were 6.14% and 0.6% for illicit drug use, 8.60% and 11.04% for tobacco, and 7.37% and 5.23% for alcohol consumption, respectively. Both licit and illicit substance use was associated more with male students. Current and regular use were mostly restricted to tobacco, and the use of a substance by family members had a signifi cant impact on its use by their children. “Enjoyment” and “Curiosity” were found to have the major infl uence in their decision to use a substance. Conclusions: Early identifi cation of the magnitude and the factors related to substance use can improve scopes for planning and preventive approaches for this vulnerable group before the problems get serious after which interventions become diffi cult.
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Wilkerson, David, and Philip M. Ouellette. "Community Alternatives for Love and Limits (CALL): A community-based family strengthening multi-family intervention program to respond to adolescents at risk." Advances in Social Work 6, no. 2 (November 30, 2005): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/112.
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Family strengthening has become a source of growing interest, research, and program design in the fields of prevention and treatment for problems of youth delinquency, school failure, alcohol, tobacco and other drug abuse (ATOD). Despite many studies that illustrate the positive outcomes of family strengthening programs and family-focused interventions, their use in communities has not advanced commensurate with their promise. This article offers a rationale for why programming efforts should continue to be directed towards family strengthening efforts as opposed to youth-focused only interventions. In addition, a community-based, family-strengthening alternative is described that addresses issues of youth delinquency while reducing barriers associated with availability, accessibility, and cost.
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Chadi, Nicholas, Ellie Vyver, and Richard E. Bélanger. "Protecting children and adolescents against the risks of vaping." Paediatrics & Child Health 26, no. 6 (September 17, 2021): 358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxab037.
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Abstract Youth vaping presents significant risks for the health and safety of Canadian children and adolescents. This statement provides background information about vaping, vaping products, and related devices, discusses the short- and long-term harms known to be associated with their use, and offers prevention and cessation strategies for youth who vape or are at risk for starting. Youth vaping is associated with increased risk for tobacco and other substance use, mental health problems, pulmonary and cardiovascular disease, and unintentional injuries. Vaping should not be used as a smoking cessation tool for youth, due to lack of effectiveness and evidence of harm. Many preventive and treatment strategies used for tobacco cessation, including behavioural and pharmacological options, can be adapted to help youth quit vaping. Recommendations for community stakeholders and policy makers are included.
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Christiani, Yodi, Paul Dugdale, Meredith Tavener, and Julie E. Byles. "The dynamic of non-communicable disease control policy in Indonesia." Australian Health Review 41, no. 2 (2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15196.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to examine non-communicable disease (NCD) policy formation and implementation in Indonesia. Methods Interviews were conducted with 13 Indonesian health policy workers. The processes and issues relating to NCD policy formation were mapped, exploring the interactions between policy makers, technical/implementation bodies, alliances across various levels and the mobilisation of non-policy actors. Results Problems in NCD policy formation include insufficient political interest in NCD control, disconnected policies and difficulty in multisectoral coordination. These problems are well illustrated in relation to tobacco control, but also apply to other control efforts. Nevertheless, participants were optimistic that there are plentiful opportunities for improving NCD control policies given growing global attention to NCD, increases in the national health budget and the growing body of Indonesia-relevant NCD-related research. Conclusion Indonesia’s success in the creation and implementation of NCD policy will be dependent on high-level governmental leadership, including support from the President, the Health Minister and coordinating ministries. What is known about the topic? The burden of NCD in Indonesia has increased gradually. Nationally, NCD-related mortality accounted for 65% of deaths in 2010. Indonesia is also a country with the highest burden of tobacco smoking in the world. However, the government has not instituted sufficient policy action to tackle NCDs, including tobacco control. What does this paper add? This paper deepens our understanding of current NCD control policy formation in Indonesia, including the possible underlying reason why Indonesia has weak tobacco control policies. It describes the gaps in the current policies, the actors involved in policy formation, the challenges in policy formation and implementation and potential opportunities for improving NCD control. What are the implications for practitioners? An effective NCD control program requires strong collaboration, including between government and health professionals. Health professionals can actively engage in policy formation, for example through knowledge production.
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Giesbrecht, Norman. "Alcohol, tobacco and local control: A comparison of several community-based prevention trials." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 20, no. 1_suppl (February 2003): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250302001s04.
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In North America there are significant similarities and differences in attitudes with regard to alcohol and tobacco on several dimensions, including the view taken of producers, suppliers and retailers, the products, and in the patterns of use. There are also contrasting as well as overlapping tendencies with regard to perceived problems associated with alcohol versus tobacco consumption, intervention initiatives and the resources available. These secular developments and forces provide a context for examining 10 community-based prevention trials which have sought to reduce harm from alcohol or tobacco using a range of strategies. The strategies have included education and information campaigns, media advocacy, counter-advertising and health promotion, controls on selling and consumption venues and other regulations reduced access to alcohol or tobacco, enhanced law enforcement and surveillance, and community organizing and coalition development. The paper outlines the challenges of undertaking community-based trials and interpreting their findings. It notes that interventions which show promise are those that pay particular attention to controls on access, include the environmental contexts of where the products are sold and distributed, and involve enforcement of public health polices. Controlling tobacco use may be made somewhat easier, than is the case for alcohol, with the vilification of the tobacco industry and marginalization and victimization of smokers. Nevertheless, the community trial provides opportunities for reducing harm related to alcohol and tobacco, particularly if resources are oriented in a coordinated way to those control measures and policies with the widest scope and greatest effectiveness.
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Liu, Ruiyi, Li Chen, Huan Zeng, Cesar Reis, Haley Reis, Xianjie Yang, Xinjie Lin, et al. "Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption Rates among Chinese Women of Reproductive Age in 2004–2011: Rate and Sociodemographic Influencing Factors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010056.
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Background: Smoking and alcohol consumption have become major public health problems among Chinese women. In this study we explore the behavioral trends in smoking and alcohol consumption of Chinese women. We also explored the changes in the sociodemographic factors that affect the smoking and alcohol consumption behaviors of Chinese women at different reproductive stages. Methods: We used the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey data for 2004 to 2011 to investigate the trends and influential factors of tobacco and alcohol consumption among Chinese women. Data for tobacco and alcohol consumption (consumption of beer or any other alcoholic beverage and smoking of cigarettes) were extracted using questionnaires. We applied the χ2 test to examine the trends of alcohol and tobacco consumption among Chinese women over the period of 2004 to 2011. We conducted two penalized logistic regressions with age as the continuous and classification variable (18–23, 24–29, 30–44, and 45–49 years), and independent variables included residence, age, and marital status. Results: Drinking rates among Chinese women significantly changed over the period of 2004 to 2011 (p = 0.018). Age was related to tobacco consumption rates for 2009 and 2011 (p < 0.05). Marital status was associated with tobacco consumption rates for 2004, 2009, and 2011 (p < 0.05). Tobacco and alcohol consumption rates from 2004 to 2011 were positively correlated (p < 0.05). Over the period of 2004 to 2011, alcohol consumption rates were higher among women living in urban areas than those among women living in rural areas (p < 0.05). High educational attainment was related to alcohol consumption. Educational attainment levels of secondary or primary schooling and university or above were related to alcohol consumption rates for 2004 to 2011 (p < 0.05). Employed women were more likely to consume alcohol than unemployed women in 2004, 2006, and 2011 (p < 0.05). Data from 2004 to 2011 showed that tobacco and alcohol use were correlated (p < 0.05) and that women aged 45–49 years old were more likely to consume tobacco than other women (p < 0.05); Conclusions: The drinking behavior of Chinese women changed considerably over the period of 2004 to 2011. Our results provide further insight on the smoking and drinking behaviors of Chinese women at different reproductive stages and the factors that influence such behaviors. Therefore, our findings on trends and factors that influence rates of tobacco and alcohol use allow for a better understanding of the smoking and drinking behaviors of Chinese women.
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Robertson, P. B., M. M. Walsh, and J. C. Greene. "Oral Effects of Smokeless Tobacco Use by Professional Baseball Players." Advances in Dental Research 11, no. 3 (September 1997): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374970110030101.
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This is a review of studies conducted from 1988-90 on the oral consequences of snuff and chewing tobacco use among professional baseball players. About half of the players studied were smokeless tobacco (ST) users, the majority of whom used snuff. Compared with non-users, players who used ST showed a significantly higher prevalence of leukoplakia, which was related to placement of the ST quid, and the frequency, amount, duration, and type of ST used. Sites adjacent to these mucosal lesions showed an increased prevalence of gingival recession with associated attachment loss, cervical abrasion, and root caries than did comparable sites in non-users. Extrinsic stain and occlusal attrition were also more frequent in ST users than in non-users. While ST use placed players at significantly increased risk for mucosal lesions and other oral problems, no differences were found between ST non-users and users in measurements of batting, fielding, and pitching performance during the baseball season.
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Masouredis, C. M., J. F. Hilton, D. Grady, L. Gee, M. Chesney, L. Hengl, V. Ernster, and M. M. Walsh. "A Spit Tobacco Cessation Intervention for College Athletes: Three-Month Results." Advances in Dental Research 11, no. 3 (September 1997): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374970110030801.
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Sixteen colleges were matched on the baseline prevalence of spit tobacco (ST) use, and college pairs were randomized, one to the intervention and the other to the control group. Baseball and football athletes at each intervention college received: an oral examination by a dental professional who pointed out ST-related problems in the athlete's mouth and advised him to quit ST use; counseling by a dental hygienist on strategies to cope with cravings and triggers for use; and two follow-up telephone calls. At the three-month follow-up, quit rates were 24% and 16% for the intervention (n = 171) and control (n = 189) groups, respectively (p < 0.05). As the reported amount of ST used weekly increased, the percent of individuals who quit at 3 mos decreased (p < 0.05). Dental professionals appear to be effective in promoting spit tobacco cessation at 3 mos post-intervention in male college athletes, especially among those using lesser amounts of ST.
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Ghose, S., and S. S. Datta. "Perception of Tobacco in Young Adults of Urban India: A Qualitative Exploration and Health Policy Analysis." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 198s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.80100.
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Background: Tobacco is the single largest cause of preventable death globally. An emerging body of evidence shows that tobacco is 1 of the identified causes of cancer contributing to 50% of cancers in men and 20% in women and the same is estimated to kill 10 million people by 2030. The epicenter of this epidemic is the low and middle income countries with 80% of the 1 billion smokers in the world coming from there. India is home to 275 million tobacco users and is the second largest producer and user of tobacco products after China. Many of the users demonstrate a very early smoking debut and a significant proportion of India's population falls in this group. Prevention of early tobacco debut and use of tobacco in youth is 1 of the critical ways of reducing the burden of noncommunicable diseases in the world. There is very limited information on how today's youth perceive using tobacco products, and what they think of the anti-tobacco campaigns and legislative measures. Aim: The qualitative arm aims to bridge some of the knowledge gaps related to tobacco use in today's urban youth; to understand the perceptions of the youth about tobacco. The policy piece evaluates relevant tobacco control legislations in India using a prevalidated policy analysis framework. It critically analyses the gaps of the national tobacco control mechanisms responsible for impacting the tobacco use in the youth. Methods: A qualitative grounded theory approach was followed. In a university in India, 30 young undergraduate students were recruited. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus groups and participant observations. The policy section critically analyzed relevant parts of the India's tobacco control law taking its lead from the qualitative data, compared it with the WHO Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC), and identifies barriers and gaps to understand how its impacting the use of tobacco in youth. Results: Peer influence and social desirability emerged as major influencers for tobacco debut. Stress, exams, depression, family problems and symptoms of stress for example headache, sleeplessness etc. were other influencers for debut. The other major theme was the perceptions and concepts on tobacco addiction and quitting. Knowledge among youth on available quitting or cessation support was very little. Most of the study participants believed that the current tobacco control measures are not effective. The policy analysis of national tobacco control measures revealed significant gaps that are currently being exploited by the tobacco industry as they continue to promote tobacco products and increase production capacity. Conclusion: This study recommends amending the Indian tobacco control law to address the gaps and implement a more stringent legislation commensurate to the tobacco use patterns and existing barriers.
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Ramstedt, Mats. "Concurrent use of addictive substances among alcohol drinkers: Prevalence and problems in a Swedish general population sample." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 36, no. 5 (June 17, 2019): 402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072519853917.
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Aims: To examine concurrent use of addictive substances among alcohol drinkers in the Swedish general population and to assess to what extent this increases the risk of alcohol problems. Methods: Data were retrieved from a nationally representative survey from 2013 on use of and problems related to alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs and non-prescribed use of analgesics and sedatives with 15,576 respondents. Alcohol users were divided into different groups on the basis of frequency of drinking overall and binge drinking. Tobacco use was measured in terms of daily use and use of illicit drugs and non-prescribed use of analgesics and sedatives were measured in terms of last 12 months prevalence. A dichotomous indicator of a DSM-IV dependence or abuse diagnosis was used. Logistic regression models were estimated to examine the relationship between various patterns of drinking in combination with other substance use and risk of alcohol abuse and/or dependence. Results: People who drink alcohol in Sweden were more likely to use other addictive substances than non-drinkers and such concurrent use becomes more common the more alcohol is consumed. Alcohol drinkers using other substances have a higher prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence at all frequencies of drinking. Multivariate models controlling for sex, age and drinking frequency found that an elevated risk of harm remained for drinkers using addictive substances other than snuff. Conclusion: A large group of drinkers in the Swedish general population have an accumulation of risks as a result of using both alcohol and other addictive substances. Concurrent use of cigarettes, illicit drugs and non-prescribed use of analgesics and sedatives adds an independent risk of alcohol abuse/dependence in this group in addition to their drinking. The findings point at the importance of taking multiple substance-use patterns into account when combating drinking problems. Screening for concurrent use of other addictive substances could help healthcare providers to identify patients in need of treatment for alcohol problems.
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Baggio, Stéphanie, Joseph Studer, Meichun Mohler-Kuo, Jean-Bernard Daeppen, and Gerhard Gmel. "Concurrent and simultaneous polydrug use among young Swiss males: use patterns and associations of number of substances used with health issues." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 26, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2013-0305.
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Abstract Background: Simultaneous polydrug use (SPU) may represent a greater incremental risk factor for human health than concurrent polydrug use (CPU). However, few studies have examined these patterns of use in relation to health issues, particularly with regard to the number of drugs used. Methods: In the present study, we have analyzed data from a representative sample of 5734 young Swiss males from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors. Exposure to drugs (i.e., alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and 15 other illicit drugs), as well as mental, social and physical factors, were studied through regression analysis. Results: We found that individuals engaging in CPU and SPU followed the known stages of drug use, involving initial experiences with licit drugs (e.g., alcohol and tobacco), followed by use of cannabis and then other illicit drugs. In this regard, two classes of illicit drugs were identified, including first uppers, hallucinogens and sniffed drugs; and then “harder” drugs (ketamine, heroin, and crystal meth), which were only consumed by polydrug users who were already taking numerous drugs. Moreover, we observed an association between the number of drugs used simultaneously and social issues (i.e., social consequences and aggressiveness). In fact, the more often the participants simultaneously used substances, the more likely they were to experience social problems. In contrast, we did not find any relationship between SPU and depression, anxiety, health consequences, or health. Conclusions: We identified some associations with SPU that were independent of CPU. Moreover, we found that the number of concurrently used drugs can be a strong factor associated with mental and physical health, although their simultaneous use may not significantly contribute to this association. Finally, the negative effects related to the use of one substance might be counteracted by the use of an additional substance.
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Wetter, Sarah A., and James G. Hodge. "Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages to Lower Childhood Obesity." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 44, no. 2 (2016): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110516654129.
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Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) contributes to multiple health problems including obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay, especially among children. Excise taxation has been proven efficacious in changing purchasing behaviors related to tobacco use with resulting improvements in public health outcomes. Similar taxes applied to SSBs are starting to take hold internationally and domestically. SSB taxes have been proposed in over 30 U.S. jurisdictions since 2009, but only Berkeley (CA) has passed and implemented one to date. Given empirical evidence of their effectiveness, governments should consider implementation of SSB excise taxes based on uniform definitions of SSBs and other factors.
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Vieira, Denise Leite, Marcelo Ribeiro, and Ronaldo Laranjeira. "Evidence of association between early alcohol use and risk of later problems." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 29, no. 3 (September 2007): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462007000300006.
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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between age of onset, alcohol consumption patterns and related problems. METHOD: In 2004, one self-administered questionnaire was completed by 1,990 students from the 5th to 11th grades of schools in Paulínia-SP. Data collection was conducted at the classroom without the presence of the teacher. The participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. RESULTS: Prevalence of lifetime alcohol use was 62.2%. The mean age of first use of alcohol was 12.35 (sd = 2.72) and ranged between 5 and 19 years of age. In 78% of the cases, the first use occurred before the age of 15, and more than 22% of the students reported having tried alcohol before 10 years of age. There were significant differences regarding current pattern of use: those who started earlier consumed more drinks per occasion (p = 0.013) and had more drunkenness episodes in the last 30 days (p = 0.05). A relationship between the age of first alcohol use and the use of tobacco (p = 0.017) and other drugs (p = 0.047) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents first use alcohol in early ages, what impacts the current consumption patterns. This study emphasizes the need of actions regarding public alcohol policies in Brazil in order to prevent or delay the initiation of alcohol use and its related problems.
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Francis, C. J. "Role of Pictorial Warning on Cigarette Packets in Tobacco Cessation: A Questionnaire Survey Among Cigarette Smokers in Chennai, India." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 28s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.19200.
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Background: Tobacco is used in various forms (smoking/smokeless forms) all over the world today. The World Health Organization reports it to be the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, and estimates that it currently causes 5.4 million deaths per year. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in developed countries. However, they continue to rise in the developing countries. As in other developing countries, India too suffers a stage of the tobacco epidemic, hosting nearly 17% of the world´s smokers, with the number constantly on the rise. According to the report of the Tobacco Control in India, 800,000-900,000 Indians die annually due to diseases attributable to tobacco. Among these deaths, 50% are due to cancer and 40% are other reported health-related problems such as cardiovascular and lung disorders. Tobacco is used by various groups of people irrespective of their social, economic or educational background, and majority of them use it despite knowing the hazards to their health. Warning labels on cigarette packages are meant to communicate such smoking-associated risks. The study is designed to find out the effectiveness of pictorial warnings present on cigarette packets in India for tobacco cessation among cigarette smokers. Methodology: A questionnaire was distributed to 800 current smokers attending an outpatient department of a college. Statistical analysis was done to find association between socioeconomic status and effectiveness of pictures to quit cigarette smoking. Results: 48% smokers perceive text warning is an efficient method to create awareness. 56% emphasized the importance of pictorial warning and greater area to be covered. 43% felt that warning on cigarette packets helped them to quit smoking. Conclusions: Though pictorial warning is an effective method to improve the awareness among smokers on the ill effects of smoking, the size, area covered and the position of the picture on cigarette packets needs to be reviewed to improve the quit rate.
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Al-Hinaai, Hazaa, Issa Al-Busaidi, Badriya Al Farsi, and Yaqoub Al Saidi. "The Prevalence of Substance Misuse and its Effects among Omani College Students: A Cross-sectional Study." Oman Medical Journal 36, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): e224-e224. http://dx.doi.org/10.5001/omj.2021.04.
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Objectives: Many studies have confirmed that the use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis is prevalent among university students. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of substance misuse among college students in Oman, identifying the most commonly used substances, and reviewing the effect of substance misuse on the students’ performance. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a higher learning institution in an urban setting in Oman from April 2018 to December 2018. A descriptive, self-administered online questionnaire, the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test, version 3.0 (Arabic version), adapted from the World Health Organization was sent to 12 000 students at the college. The sample size was calculated using online software (Raosoft), with a margin of error of 5% and a confidence level of 95%. Results: A total of 375 students responded (response rate = 3.1%). The overall lifetime prevalence for any substance misuse (including tobacco and alcohol) among the participants was 41.3%, with the overall prevalence without tobacco or alcohol at 29.9%. Tobacco was the most common substance used, with a prevalence of around 23.5%, followed by alcohol at 10.7%. Male students had a significantly higher rate of substance abuse, for any substance, compared to female students (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between tobacco use, alcohol misuse, and misuse of other substances. Most of the adverse effects attributed to substance misuse reported by the respondents in this study were social (27.7%) and health-related (25.8%) problems. The impact of substance abuse on their performance was also high (23.8%). Furthermore, 15.4% of the respondents had financial problems, and 4.7%% were struggling with legal issues. Notably, only 49.1% of the respondents perceived that substance misuse was a serious problem. Conclusions: Although college students are expected to be more aware of the negative impacts of substance misuse, this study found a high prevalence of smoking, alcohol, and other substance misuses among the group of Omani college students. Further research in this field is essential, and the results of this study have shed light on a critical problem among Omani college students. It is hoped that the findings of this study will be used and built on in future research to recognize students at risk of substance misuse from early school life, leading to early intervention, and potentially preventing the possible negative consequences.
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Osman, Tarig, Cathrine Victor, Alaa Abdulmoneim, Hala Mohammed, Fatima Abdalla, Asma Ahmed, Eiman Ali, and Wael Mohammed. "Epidemiology of Substance Use among University Students in Sudan." Journal of Addiction 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2476164.
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Background. Youth populations are vulnerable to substance use particularly in developing countries where circumstances may be favorable for it. There is no published data on substance use among the youth in Sudan other than on tobacco use.Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, circumstances, and factors associated with substance use.Methods. An institution-based survey was conducted on a sample of 500 students. Data was collected using a questionnaire designed by the WHO for student drug surveys and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20.Results. The overall prevalence of substance use is 31%. The current prevalence of tobacco, cannabis, alcohol, amphetamines, tranquilizers, inhalants, opiates, cocaine, and heroin use was 13.7%, 4.9%, 2.7%, 2.4%, 3.2%, 1%, 1.2%, 0.7%, and 0.5%, respectively. Curiosity (33.1%) was the main reason for initiation of substance use. The main adverse effects reported were health problems (19.7%) and theft (19.7%). Peers (40.9%) were the prime source of substance use. On multivariate analysis, male sex was the principle predictor for substance use (AOR: 5.55; 95% CI: 3.38, 9.17).Conclusion. Strategies to control substance use should encompass the role of the university and parents in observing and providing education to improve awareness of substances and their consequences.
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Bryan, M. Aryana, Elizabeth Charron, Omolola Adeoye-Olatunde, Jennifer Brown, Udi Ghitza, T. John Winhusen, and Gerald Cochran. "Concomitant Cannabis Misuse and Associations with Depression, Pain and Substance Misuse among Patients Prescribed Opioids." Pharmacy 9, no. 3 (August 4, 2021): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9030134.
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Background: Cannabis use is common among individuals with pain who are prescribed opioids, occurring in approximately 10% of this population. This study aims to explore the relationship between non-medical cannabis use and other health risks among individuals filling opioids at community pharmacies. Methods: This study was an exploratory secondary data analysis of a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN)-sponsored study, Validation of a Community Pharmacy-Based Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Risk Screening, examining the relationship between risky cannabis use and depressive symptoms, pain, overdose, and other substance misuse among individuals filling opioid prescriptions in community pharmacies (N = 1440). Results: Participants reporting moderate- to high-risk compared to low-risk cannabis use were more likely to report depressive symptoms (adjusted OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.11–2.56), history of overdose (adjusted OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.34–3.44), and moderate- to high-risk use of alcohol (adjusted OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.28–3.45), opioids (adjusted OR = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.67–3.76), sedatives (adjusted OR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.72–3.86), stimulants (adjusted OR = 4.79, 95% CI = 2.83–8.01), and tobacco (adjusted OR = 3.60, 95% CI = 2.47–5.24). Conclusions: Community pharmacies may be valuable sites for identifying, studying, and intervening with substance use problems.
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Khanijahani, Ahmad. "Governance and public health: implications for targeting smoking in the United States." International Journal of Health Governance 25, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-06-2019-0041.
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PurposeThe purpose of this viewpoint is to discuss and analyze three major governance tools that have been implemented in the United States to target tobacco smoking as a major public health concern.Design/methodology/approachThe author highlights the negative consequences of smoking as a global and U.S public health concern and discusses three categories of governance tools implemented in the U.S. Additionally, emerging challenges in the U.S. and different sides of story in developing countries are underscored.FindingsAlthough some success has been reached in controlling smoking-related mortalities and morbidities in the U.S. and most of the countries, long-term and sustainable improvement require active surveillance and constant implementation of evidence-based policies and programs.Practical implicationsThis viewpoint discusses the governance tools that can be implemented to decrease smoking-related preventable mortalities and morbidities. Similar tools with some tuning can be used to target smoking in other nations. Additionally, these tools can be modified to target other public health-related wicked problems such as obesity, alcohol consumption, and traffic accidents.Originality/valueThis viewpoint highlights the magnitude of smoking as a major public health concern and underscores the necessity of using governance tools in targeting this issue. Additionally, it provides application examples from the United States implementable in other countries with some contextual justifications and tuning.
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Piispa, Matti. "Public Discourse on Alcohol Policy and Tobacco Policy in Finland." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 15, no. 2 (April 1998): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507259801500209.
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The article looks at public opinion in Finland on alcohol use and smoking and at people's views on strategies of intervention. The most common discourse in public debate on alcohol policy and tobacco policy underscores the importance of popular education. It is believed that significant and sustainable progress can only be achieved by providing information on the adverse effects of alcohol in terms of health risks and related social and cultural factors. The popular education discourse is often linked up with criticisms of policies based on prohibition and restrictions. A restrictive policy tends to be seen as patronizing, as a form of health terror that in effect encourages adverse behaviours and in this way exacerbates the problems of drinking and smoking. This line of argumentation occurs where restrictions on the sale of alcohol are concerned. Restrictive policies on smoking, by contrast, are widely accepted: in this case restrictions are seen as providing protection against environmental tobacco smoke or passive smoking. Public discourses on alcohol policy and tobacco policy reflect an elitist tradition of popular education which shows concern for the health habits of the “common folk”, but they also reflect the values of modern society and the modern individual. It is felt that prohibitions and restrictions violate the consumer's freedom of choice and self-determination and hamper the progress of civilization. Popular education, by contrast, is thought to give individuals the freedom they need and deserve to make their own choices, to decide for themselves. These views are prominent in public discourses on alcohol policy because alcohol use is currently very much a symbol of freedom and modernity in Finland. Smoking, on the other hand, is regarded as old-fashioned and vulgar, it has lost its status as a symbol of freedom and self-control. This has meant a more favourable cultural climate for a restrictive tobacco policy.
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Galéra, C., M. P. Bouvard, M. Melchior, J. F. Chastang, E. Lagarde, G. Michel, G. Encrenaz, A. Messiah, and E. Fombonne. "Childhood hyperactivity-inattention symptoms and risk behaviors in young adulthood." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71996-4.
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IntroductionAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) are associated with Risk Behaviors (RB) such as substance-related problems, suicidal behaviors and sex risk behaviors. However, some issues remain controversials: is ADHD an independent risk factor for RB? Is CD a confounding factor of the relationship between ADHD and RB?AimTo assess the link between childhood hyperactivity-inattention symptoms and subsequent RB, controlling for other risk factors among which conduct disorder symptoms.MethodsWe have conducted multivariate analyses from a French community-based sample (N = 1107) belonging to the youth GAZEL cohort. The sample was first assessed at ages 4 to 18, and then assessed 8 years later. Child psychopathology and RB patterns were evaluated through parent and adolescent self-reports.ResultsIn males, results show an effect of hyperactivity-inattention symptoms on more severe RB such as regular cannabis use, illicit drug experimentation and suicidal behaviors (adjusted OR = 2 to 5, all Ps significants). In females, they show an effect of hyperactivity-inattention symptoms on regular tobacco use (adjusted OR = 2, P < .05). The risk of RB initiation was increased in youths with high levels of conduct disorder symptoms, particularly in combination with simultaneously high levels of hyperactivity-inattention symptoms (adjusted OR = 2, P < .05).ConclusionsThis work enhances the knowledge of a link between disruptive behaviors in childhood and subsequent risk behaviors. It underscores the importance of a better acknowledgement of these disorders, in order to better identify and treat them to prevent negative long-term outcomes.
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Heath, Andrew C., Nicholas G. Martin, Michael T. Lynskey, Alexandre A. Todorov, and Pamela A. F. Madden. "Estimating Two-Stage Models for Genetic Influences on Alcohol, Tobacco or Drug Use Initiation and Dependence Vulnerability in Twin and Family Data." Twin Research 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.5.2.113.
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AbstractGenetic research on risk of alcohol, tobacco or drug dependence must make allowance for the partial overlap of risk-factors for initiation of use, and risk-factors for dependence or other outcomes in users. Except in the extreme cases where genetic and environmental risk-factors for initiation and dependence overlap completely or are uncorrelated, there is no consensus about how best to estimate the magnitude of genetic or environmental correlations between Initiation and Dependence in twin and family data. We explore by computer simulation the biases to estimates of genetic and environmental parameters caused by model misspecification when Initiation can only be defined as a binary variable. For plausible simulated parameter values, the two-stage genetic models that we consider yield estimates of genetic and environmental variances for Dependence that, although biased, are not very discrepant from the true values. However, estimates of genetic (or environmental) correlations between Initiation and Dependence may be seriously biased, and may differ markedly under different two-stage models. Such estimates may have little credibility unless external data favor selection of one particular model. These problems can be avoided if Initiation can be assessed as a multiple-category variable (e.g. never versus early-onset versus later onset user), with at least two categories measurable in users at risk for dependence. Under these conditions, under certain distributional assumptions, recovery of simulated genetic and environmental correlations becomes possible. Illustrative application of the model to Australian twin data on smoking confirmed substantial heritability of smoking persistence (42%) with minimal overlap with genetic influences on initiation.
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Allen, Claudia W., Theodore Siedlecki, Alison G. Nagel, Joseph S. Tan, Pooja Datta, Kelly C. Henkler, and Joseph P. Allen. "Brief behavioral interventions at free medical fairs." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 53, no. 5-6 (September 25, 2018): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091217418791441.
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Free medical fairs have emerged to compensate for the lack of access to affordable health care in rural areas of the United States. Mental health services are offered less frequently than other medical services, despite a documented need, perhaps due to a belief that mental health interventions could not be effective in a single session. We examined the types of problems presented at three rural medical fairs, and whether single session mental health interventions affected participants’ health confidence, distress, or progress toward health-related goals. Problems presented included mental health, legal, financial, tobacco cessation, and relationship problems. Findings indicated that, on average, participants gained health confidence and reduced distress and found the service very helpful. The majority of those reached for phone follow-up reported progress on one or more health goals. Goals that involved manageable steps within the participants’ own control, such as gratitude practices or progressive muscle relaxation, were the most likely to be completed. Implementation lessons included the importance of learning about the fairs’ cultures, advertising the services, location of services, being proactive in connecting with patients, and preparing resources for community referrals. Overall, findings suggest that mental health interventions can have a positive impact on some people at free medical fairs. Given that tens of thousands of people attend each year, the fairs offer a fruitful opportunity to reach some of our most underserved citizens.
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Aklesha Behera, Abilasha R, Pratibha Ramani, Gheena S, and Hannah R. "Prevalence of OSMF cases in various age groups correlating with habits and treatment outcomes in Saveetha Dental College: A prevalence study." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL3 (October 22, 2020): 1799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl3.3519.
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Oral submucous fibrosis is a chronic, progressive, scarring precancerous condition of the oral cavity seen predominantly in the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia. OSMF is caused by consumption of areca nuts and tobacco products. Patients suffer from trismus and other related problems. Interincisal mouth opening ranges between 24 to 55 mm in this study, hence making the study groups between I to III. The aim of the study is to find a correlation between age, habits and treatment outcome in OSMF patients. Data was procured from patient records of 86000 patients who visited from between June 2019 and March 2020 and analysis was done. Age is between 21 to 64 years. Male preponderance is seen 92.4% pan chewing is common (35.9%) Interincisal opening is between 24 to 55 mm, making the OSMF grade I and II. OSMF affects people aged 21 to 64 years and the interincisal mouth opening is between 24 to 55 mm, making the grades I and II.
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Reisdorfer, Emilene, Fátima Büchele, Rodrigo Otávio Moretti Pires, and Antonio Fernando Boing. "Prevalence and associated factors with alcohol use disorders among adults: a population-based study in southern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 15, no. 3 (September 2012): 582–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-790x2012000300012.
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OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to describe the prevalence of alcohol use disorders in an adult population from Brazil and its association with demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral variables and health conditions. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted with adults (20 to 59 years) of a medium-sized city in Southern Brazil with a random sample of 1,720 individuals. Cluster sampling was done in two stages: census tract first and household second. Alcohol use disorders were measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and associations were tested with selected variables by Poisson Regression. Results of multivariate analysis were expressed as prevalence ratios. RESULTS: The prevalence of alcohol use disorders in the population was 18.4% (95% CI: 16.6% - 20.3%), higher among men (29.9%) than in women (9.3%). The prevalence of abstinence was 30.6%; 6.8% of respondents had already caused problems to themselves or to others after drinking; and 10.3% reported that a relative, friend or doctor had already shown concern on their drinking. After multivariate analysis, an association with alcohol use disorders remained for: being male, age 20 to 29 years, being single, declaring to be light-skinned blacks and being an ex-smoker or current smoker. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of alcohol use disorders identified is high compared with other similar studies, with differences according to being male, age 20 to 29, skin color and tobacco use. These issues must be considered in formulating public health policies aimed at reducing problems related to alcohol use.