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Journal articles on the topic 'Toad skin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Oka, K., J. D. Kantrowitz, and S. Spector. "Isolation of morphine from toad skin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 82, no. 6 (March 1, 1985): 1852–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.82.6.1852.

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2

Herrera, Francisco C., Janet Arévalo, and Ildemaro López. "The toad skin NaCl check-valve." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 114, no. 1 (May 1996): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(95)02089-6.

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3

Else, P. L. "Plasma potassium may protect sodium pumps of toad hearts from an endogenous inhibitor." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): R754—R761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.3.r754.

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Resibufogenin (3-hydroxy-14,15-epoxy-20,22-dienolide glycoside) is a potent sodium pump inhibitor present in toad toxin. It is present in the skin of the cane toad (Bufo marinus) at a concentration equivalent to ouabain of approximately 1 mM. Because toads, like other amphibians, have permeable skin, resibufogenin is also found in high concentrations in the blood. In the cane toad the blood concentration is estimated to be 1 microM (D. Lichtstein, S. Kachalsky, and J. Deutsch. Life Sci. 38: 1261-1270, 1986; D. Lichtstein, S. Samuelov, J. Deutsch, H. Xu, R. A. Lutz, S. S. Chernick and S. S. Chernick. Klin. Wochenschr. 65, Suppl. 8: 40-48, 1987), a concentration thousands of times that required to produce toxicity in humans (J. S. Flier, E. Matatos-Flier, J. A. Pallotta, and D. McIsaac. Nature Lond. 279: 341-343, 1979). In examining how the cane toad avoids inhibiting its own sodium pumps, work on the heart showed that 1) cane toads possess a similar number of cardiac sodium pumps as other vertebrates, and 2) normal plasma K+ levels completely prevent ouabain, and presumably resibufogenin, from binding to cardiac sodium pumps of the cane toad. Other species, i.e., rat (Rattus norvegicus) and salamander (Ambystoma mexicanum), did not show K+ protection of their cardiac ouabain binding sites up to normal plasma K+ levels. These species do not possess the high level of endogenous ouabain-like substance found in the toad. K+ demonstrated a capacity to protect the enzymatic activity of the toad heart sodium pumps from the inhibitory effects of ouabain.

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4

Meng, Qiong, Lee-Fong Yau, Jing-Guang Lu, Zhen-Zhen Wu, Bao-Xian Zhang, Jing-Rong Wang, and Zhi-Hong Jiang. "Chemical profiling and cytotoxicity assay of bufadienolides in toad venom and toad skin." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 187 (July 2016): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.062.

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5

G. Smith, James, and Ben L. Phillips. "Toxic tucker: the potential impact of Cane Toads on Australian reptiles." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 1 (2006): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060040.

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Cane Toads Bufo marinus are a highly successful invasive species, having invaded more than twenty countries in the last 150 years. In Australia, they currently occupy more than 1 million square kilometres. Toads are highly toxic and Australian predators have no evolutionary history with the cardiac toxins in toad skin. As such, toads constitute a novel and extremely toxic prey for Australia's predators. Australia's reptiles are perhaps the largest group likely to be affected by the invasion of the toad. By examining species distributions, we conclude that 59% of agamids, 85% of the varanids and all of Australia's crocodiles and freshwater turtles are potentially at risk from toads. We then assayed eleven species of reptile; one freshwater turtle (Chelidae), two crocodiles (Crocodylidae), two dragons (Agamidae), one python (Pythonidae) and five species of monitor (Varanidae) for resistance to toad toxin. We found a high level of variation between species in resistance to toad toxin but in all cases (except for one species of crocodile) all species were easily capable of eating a toad large enough to kill them. We conclude that toads pose a real and ongoing threat to the majority of Australian reptile species we examined.

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6

Malvin, G. M. "Vascular effects of arginine vasotocin in toad skin." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 2 (August 1, 1993): R426—R432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.2.r426.

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Fluid balance in amphibians is regulated, in large part, by arginine vasotocin (AVT). One important action of this hormone is to facilitate water uptake by increasing the water permeability of the skin. Cutaneous blood flow also affects water uptake, but the effects of AVT on skin perfusion are unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that AVT facilitates water uptake, not only by increasing cutaneous water permeability, but also by promoting cutaneous blood flow. The effects of AVT on blood flow through the ventral pelvic skin, a region specialized for water uptake, were assessed in Bufo marinus by determining the conductance of the skin to acetylene (GsAc), an index of cutaneous blood flow. A pump-perfused skin preparation was used to study the effects of AVT on the cutaneous vascular resistance (CVR) of the ventral pelvic skin and the dorsal skin (a region not normally involved in water uptake). Bolus AVT injections (iv) of 10 pmol/kg and below had no significant effect on GsAc (P > 0.45). However, 100 and 300 pmol/kg of AVT decreased GsAc by 39 +/- 7 (P < 0.001) and 63 +/- 6% (P < 0.001), respectively. The higher AVT doses increased mean arterial pressure. AVT increased CVR in both pump-perfused preparations. The lowest concentration of AVT tested that significantly raised CVR was 1 x 10(-10) M for the dorsal skin (P = 0.006) and 3 x 10(-10) M for the ventral pelvic skin (P = 0.038).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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7

Zhang, Yu, Bo Yuan, Norio Takagi, Hongjie Wang, Yanyan Zhou, Nan Si, Jian Yang, Xiaolu Wei, Haiyu Zhao, and Baolin Bian. "Comparative Analysis of Hydrophilic Ingredients in Toad Skin and Toad Venom Using the UHPLC-HR-MS/MS and UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS Methods Together with the Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of Indolealkylamines." Molecules 24, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010086.

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Toad skin and toad venom, as two kinds of Chinese medicine, are prepared from Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor and Bufo melanostictus Schneider. However, they display distinct properties in traditional application, and the hydrophilic ingredients are the possible distinguishing chemicals between them. In this work, 36 and 22 hydrophilic components were characterized from toad skin and venom, respectively, by UHPLC-HR-MS/MS, including amino acids, nucleosides, polypeptides, and indolealkylamines (IAAs). Among them, 15 compounds were unambiguously confirmed by comparison with standards. The CID-MS/MS fragmentation behaviors of seven indolealkylamine references were investigated to ascertain three types of structures. Subsequently, 11 high abundance contents of hydrophilic ingredients were determined from 11 batches of toad skin and 4 batches of toad venom by UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. The quantitative results showed that the content of main IAAs in toad venom was much higher than in skin. In addition, the N-methyl serotonin (free IAA), bufothionine (combined IAA), and total IAAs sample were selected for anti-inflammatory evaluation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated zebrafish embryo models. The obvious anti-inflammatory activities of IAAs were observed, especially for the free IAAs. This study illustrated IAAs were the main distinct hydrophilic components that probably lead to the difference between toad skin and toad venom in traditional applications.

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8

Castillo, Graciela A., and Gabriel G. Orce. "Response of frog and toad skin to norepinephrine." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 118, no. 4 (December 1997): 1145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9629(97)86799-0.

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9

Nagel, W., and U. Katz. "Cyanide Inhibition of Chloride Conductance Across Toad Skin." Journal of Membrane Biology 173, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002320001013.

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10

Parsons, R. H., V. McDevitt, V. Aggerwal, T. Le Blang, K. Manley, N. Kim, J. Lopez, and A. A. Kenedy. "Regulation of pelvic patch water flow in Bufo marinus: role of bladder volume and ANG II." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 264, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): R1260—R1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.264.6.r1260.

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This report examines the importance of bladder volume in regulating cutaneous water uptake (Jv, cm3.cm-2.s-1 x 10(-7)) across the ventral pelvic patch and examines the role of angiotensin II (ANG II) and circulation as the regulatory mechanism. Jv in empty-bladder Bufo marinus (bladder volume 3.89 +/- 1.49%, n = 7) was 1,671 +/- 68 (n = 7). Injection of Ringer solution into the bladder (12.8 +/- 2.2%, n = 7) decreased Jv to 1,025 +/- 202 (n = 7). ANG II injected into toads with filled bladders increased Jv in a dose-dependent manner. At 5 micrograms/100 g toad Jv increased by 136 +/- 63 (n = 6), at 50 micrograms/100 g toad by 432 +/- 82 (n = 7), and at 200 micrograms/100 g toad by 620 +/- 142 (n = 5). Saralasin (200 micrograms/100 g toad) completely inhibited the response to ANG II (50 micrograms/100 g toad) and at 1 mg/100 g toad decreased Jv in empty-bladder toads. These experiments indicate that 1) bladder volume participates in the regulation of Jv in the ventral pelvic patch; 2) ANG II increases the Jv in toads with full bladders; 3) saralasin inhibits the high Jv in empty bladder toads; 4) the high Jv, associated with an empty bladder, requires an intact circulation to be maintained; 5) without an intact circulation, the high water flow associated with an empty bladder causes the Na+ content of the tissue in the ventral patch to be reduced; and 6) ANG II causes only a minimal increases in water permeability in the isolated pelvic patch skin.

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11

Castillo, G. A., A. Coviello, and G. G. Orce. "Electrical parameters of the toad skin: Effects of forskolin." Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie 98, no. 2 (January 1990): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13813459009113992.

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12

Castillo, Graciela, and Gabriel Orce. "Metabolic Inhibition and Chloride Transport in Isolated Toad Skin." Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 103, no. 2 (January 1995): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13813459508996128.

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13

Nagel, Wolfram, and Uri Katz. "Trypsin inhibits voltage-activated chloride conductance of toad skin." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 122, no. 1 (January 1999): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(98)10164-2.

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14

Larsen, E. Hviid, Hans H. Ussing, and Kenneth R. Spring. "Ion transport by mitochondria-rich cells in toad skin." Journal of Membrane Biology 99, no. 1 (February 1987): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01870619.

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15

Norris, Beryl, Juan Concha, Graciela Contreras, and Enrique Contreras. "Chlorpromazine increases sodium permeability across the isolated toad skin." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 109, no. 2 (October 1994): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(94)90133-3.

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16

Gerencser, George A., Kuuleialoha M. Cornette, and Stanley Y. Loo. "Modification of silver-enhanced sodium transport across toad skin." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 95, no. 4 (January 1990): 487–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(90)90728-b.

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17

Origgi, F. "Of Frog and Toad Herpesvirus: A Matter of Skin?" Journal of Comparative Pathology 174 (January 2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.042.

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18

Qi, Ji, C. K. Tan, Saeed M. Hashimi, Abu Hasanat Md Zulfiker, David Good, and Ming Q. Wei. "Toad Glandular Secretions and Skin Extractions as Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Agents." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/312684.

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Toad glandular secretions and skin extractions contain many natural agents which may provide a unique resource for novel drug development. The dried secretion from the auricular and skin glands of Chinese toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans) is named Chansu, which has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for treating infection and inflammation for hundreds of years. The sterilized hot water extraction of dried toad skin is named Huachansu (Cinobufacini) which was developed for treating hepatitis B virus (HBV) and several types of cancers. However, the mechanisms of action of Chansu, Huachansu, and their constituents within are not well reported. Existing studies have suggested that their anti-inflammation and anticancer potential were via targeting Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB and its signalling pathways which are crucial hallmarks of inflammation and cancer in various experimental models. Here, we review some current studies of Chansu, Huachansu, and their compounds in terms of their use as both anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. We also explored the potential use of toad glandular secretions and skin extractions as alternate resources for treating human cancers in combinational therapies.

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19

Wang, Can, Long Jin, Zhi Ping Mi, and Wen Bo Liao. "Geographic variation in skin structure in male Andrew’s toad (Bufo andrewsi)." Animal Biology 70, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-20191100.

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Abstract Variation in organ structure likely provides important clues on local adaptation and reflects the pressure target of natural selection. As one of the important organs, the skin plays a key role in adapting to complex environments by reducing water loss or increasing water absorption. Nevertheless, variation in the skin structure across different populations in a single species of anurans remains enigmatic. Here, we studied geographical variation in the skin structure of male Andrew’s toads (Bufo andrewsi) across ten populations using histological methods. We quantified thickness of the skin, the epidermis, the loose layer, the compact layer, and of the epidermis, area of granular glands (GGs) and of ordinary mucous glands (OMGs), width of the calcified layer, and number of capillary vessels. We found that the thickness of the skin, dermis and loose layer in dorsal skin increased with latitude whereas the area of granular glands decreased with altitude. Moreover, the width of the calcified layer in ventral skin decreased with latitude among populations. Our findings suggest that geographical variation in skin structure in male B. andrewsi is likely to reduce water loss or make water absorption occur faster in complex high-latitude environments, improving local adaptation.

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20

Regueira, Eleonora, Camila Dávila, Alina G. Sassone, María E. Ailín O'Donohoe, and Gladys N. Hermida. "Post-metamorphic development of skin glands in a true toad: Parotoids versus dorsal skin." Journal of Morphology 278, no. 5 (February 6, 2017): 652–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20661.

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21

Alexiev, Alexandra, Melissa Y. Chen, and Valerie J. McKenzie. "Identifying fungal-host associations in an amphibian host system." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): e0256328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256328.

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Host-associated microbes can interact with macro-organisms in a number of ways that affect host health. Few studies of host-associated microbiomes, however, focus on fungi. In addition, it is difficult to discern whether a fungal organism found in or on an ectotherm host is associating with it in a durable, symbiotic interaction versus a transient one, and to what extent the habitat and host share microbes. We seek to identify these host-microbe interactions on an amphibian, the Colorado boreal toad (Anaxyrus boreas boreas). We sequenced the ITS1 region of the fungal community on the skin of wild toads (n = 124) from four sites in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, across its physiologically dynamic developmental life stages. We also sampled the common habitats used by boreal toads: water from their natal wetland and aquatic pond sediment. We then examined diversity patterns within different life stages, between host and habitat, and identified fungal taxa that could be putatively host-associated with toads by using an indicator species analysis on toad versus environmental samples. Host and habitat were strikingly similar, with the exception of toad eggs. Post-hatching toad life stages were distinct in their various fungal diversity measures. We identified eight fungal taxa that were significantly associated with eggs, but no other fungal taxa were associated with other toad life stages compared with their environmental habitat. This suggests that although pre- and post-metamorphic toad life stages differ from each other, the habitat and host fungal communities are so similar that identifying obligate host symbionts is difficult with the techniques used here. This approach does, however, leverage sequence data from host and habitat samples to predict which microbial taxa are host-associated versus transient microbes, thereby condensing a large set of sequence data into a smaller list of potential targets for further consideration.

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22

Rozman, A., S. Gabbay, and U. Katz. "Chloride conductance across toad skin: effects of ionic acclimations and cyclic AMP and relationship to mitochondria-rich cell density." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 13 (July 1, 2000): 2039–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.13.2039.

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The anionic conductance across toad (Bufo viridis) skin was studied using the voltage-clamp technique following long-term (more than 10 days) acclimation to NaCl and KCl solutions. The non-specific baseline conductance was approximately 0.6 mS cm(−)(2) and was similar in skins from all acclimation conditions. The voltage-activated Cl(−) conductance (G(Cl)) was maximal in skins from distilled-water- and KCl-acclimated toads (>3 mS cm(−)(2)) and was greatly reduced following acclimation to NaCl solutions. Cyclic AMP (EC(50)=13 micromol l(−)(1)) and isobutylmethyl xanthine (IBMX) (EC(50)=69 micromol l(−)(1)) exerted different effects on the activated conductance. IBMX only sensitized the activated conductance, whereas cyclic AMP (CPTcAMP) at high concentrations induced an increase in anionic conductance that was insensitive to electrical potential. Furthermore, external Cl(−) was not required for the stimulatory effect of cyclic AMP, and the conductive pathway had low selectivity. The effects of the two agonists were reversible and depended on the acclimation conditions. Following electrical measurements, the skin of the toads was removed and stained with silver to measure mitochondria-rich cell density (D(mrc)). There was no correlation between D(mrc) and Cl(−) conductance in the present study.

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23

SHIMADA, KAZUTAKE, JAI SEUP RO, CHIYOMI KANNO, and TOSHIO NAMBARA. "Occurrence of bufogenin conjugates in the skin of Korean toad." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 35, no. 12 (1987): 4996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.35.4996.

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24

Hillyard, S. D. "Transcellular and Paracellular Elements of Salt Chemosensation in Toad Skin." Chemical Senses 29, no. 9 (November 1, 2004): 755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh080.

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25

Nagel, W., and W. Van Driessche. "Effect of forskolin on conductive anion pathways of toad skin." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 263, no. 1 (July 1, 1992): C166—C171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1992.263.1.c166.

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The effect of the diterpene, forskolin, on pathways for conductive Cl- transport was analyzed using isolated skins of Bufo viridis. Forskolin did not stimulate the voltage-activated Cl- movement from mucosa to serosa; the Lorentzian component in the power density spectrum, which was present at serosa positive clamp potentials under control conditions, decreased significantly. The observation that stimulation of cytosolic adenosine 3'-5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) by forskolin has no effect on the voltage-activated Cl- transport argues against control of this pathway by cAMP. Our data further demonstrate that the forskolin-activated Cl- conductive pathway is also permeable for NO3-. This pathway was studied in absence of mucosal Cl-, which eliminates Cl- movement through the voltage-activated pathway. With SO4(2-) and Cl- on the mucosal and serosal sides, respectively, this forskolin-induced pathway displayed a linear current-voltage relationship. The associated Lorentzians increased at serosa negative clamp potentials. Transepithelial current and plateau value of the Lorentzian were related by a quadratic function, which suggests voltage-independence of number and open-close probability of these conductance sites. Morphological sites for voltage-activated and forskolin-induced conductive Cl- transport remain to be identified.

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26

Berman, Dora M., Marcelo O. Soria, and Alfredo Coviello. "Phenothiazines increase active sodium transport across the isolated toad skin." Pfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology 407, no. 3 (September 1986): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00585310.

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27

Gerencser, George A., and Stanley Y. Loo. "Glutathione inhibition of silver-enhanced sodium transport across toad skin." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology 114, no. 1 (May 1996): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(96)00014-x.

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28

Gerencser, George A., Stanley Y. Loo, and Kuuleialoha M. Cornette. "Ethanol and silver effects on ion transport across toad skin." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 81, no. 2 (January 1985): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(85)90016-7.

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29

Coviello, Alfredo, Marcelo O. Soria, Maria C. Proto, Dora M. Berman, Silvia S. Gamundi, Claudia E. I. Alonso, and Adolfo J. de Bold. "Effect of rat cardionatrin I (rat ANF 99–126) on the response of toad skin to angiotensin II." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-058.

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The atrial natriuretic peptide cardionatrin I (cardionatrin I is ANF 99–126) was used in studies directed to assess its effects on osmotic water permeability (Posm) and short-circuit current (SCC) in isolated toad skin. Results showed that ANF 99–126 (10−7 M) added to the dermal side of the skin had no effect on basal Posm or SCC. However, ANF 99–126 (3.3 × 10−8 M) was able to produce a 50% reversible inhibition of the maximal Posm response to angiotensin II (AH) (3.2 × 10−8 M). These effects were seen when the skins were preincubated with ANF 99–126 for 10 min or less before the addition of AII Longer preincubation appeared to inactivate ANF 99–126 through proteolysis. ANF 99–126 (10−7 M) failed to inhibit the SCC response to AII (10−5 M) in toad skin. These results are compatible with a modulatory function for ANF on several systems including those involved in the regulation of extracellular fluid volume.Key words: atrial natriuretic factor, natriuretic peptides, epithelial transport.

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30

Bai, Bing, Xiaojuan Hou, Lei Wang, Lilin Ge, Yu Luo, Chengbang Ma, Mei Zhou, Jinao Duan, Tianbao Chen, and Chris Shaw. "Feleucins: Novel Bombinin Precursor-Encoded Nonapeptide Amides from the Skin Secretion ofBombina variegata." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/671362.

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The first amphibian skin antimicrobial peptide (AMP) to be identified was named bombinin, reflecting its origin from the skin of the European yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata). Bombinins and their related peptides, the bombinin Hs, were subsequently reported from other bombinid toads. Molecular cloning of bombinin-encoding cDNAs from skin found that bombinins and bombinin Hs were coencoded on the same precursor proteins. Here, we report the molecular cloning of two novel cDNAs from a skin secretion-derived cDNA library ofB. variegatawhose open-reading frames each encode a novel bombinin (GIGGALLNVGKVALKGLAKGLAEHFANamide) and a C-terminally located single copy of a novel nonapeptide (FLGLLGGLLamide or FLGLIGSLLamide). These novel nonapeptides were named feleucin-BV1 and feleucin-BV2, respectively. The novel bombinin exhibited 89% identity to homologues from the toads,B. microdeladigitoraandB. maxima. The feleucins exhibited no identity with any amphibian AMP archived in databases. Synthetic feleucins exhibited a weak activity againstStaphylococcus aureus(128–256 mg/L) but feleucin-BV1 exhibited a synergistic action with the novel bombinin. The present report clearly demonstrates that the skin secretions of bombinid toads continue to represent a source of peptides of novel structure that could provide templates for the design of therapeutics.

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31

Gittins, S. P. "The Diet of the Common Toad (Bufo bufo) around a Pond in Mid-Wales." Amphibia-Reptilia 8, no. 1 (1987): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853887x00027.

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AbstractThere was no significant difference between the number of food items obtained by stomach-flushing toads caught in pitfall traps and from the dissection of corpses found on nearby roads. The frequencies of the different food categories were similar using the two methods. 97 % of the toads entering the pond in the spring had not recently fed, whereas 25% of toads leaving the pond had started to feed. Sloughed skin was found in 7% of stomachs. Vegetable matter was found in 15% of stomachs and inorganic matter in 6% of stomachs. The diet of the toad was found to be very varied, and the main food items were beetles, collembolans, millipedes, harvestmen and spiders. The diets of males, females and young toads were very similar, and only slight changes in diet were observed throughout the year. The size of food items ranged from 1 mm to 40 mm with most around 7 mm. There was no significant relationship between the size of the food item and the size of the toad for adult males and females, but there was for juveniles.

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32

Yorio, T., R. D. Page, and L. W. Frazier. "Prostaglandin regulation of H+ secretion in amphibian epithelia." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 260, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): R866—R872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.5.r866.

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The role of prostaglandins in regulating H+ excretion in amphibian epithelia was investigated. The abdominal skin of the southern leopard frog Rana pipiens and the urinary bladder of the toad Bufo marinus were used to measure proton excretion across their mucosal surface. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of H+ excretion across the frog skin. Frogs pretreated with ibuprofen (30 mg.kg-1.day-1 for 3 days) showed an enhanced proton excretion similar to that observed when frogs are placed in chronic metabolic acidosis. The number of mitochondria-rich cells, the cells responsible for proton excretion, was also increased in frog skins after chronic metabolic acidosis or ibuprofen treatment. Mezerein and the phorbol ester 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (4 beta-PMA), activators of protein kinase C (PCK), decreased H+ excretion in frog skin, whereas the inactive phorbol 4 alpha-PMA was without an effect. The inhibition of proton excretion was similar to that observed with PGF2 alpha and suggested that the effects of PGF2 alpha and activation of PKC were mediated through a common pathway. Frogs pretreated with ibuprofen not only had an enhanced proton excretion rate but also had a decrease in cytosolic PKC activity. In another amphibian tissue, the toad urinary bladder, PGE2 inhibited proton excretion at low doses but enhanced H+ excretion at higher doses. Toads maintained under chronic metabolic acidosis had enhanced proton excretion rates and also had a threefold increase in cellular PGE2 concentration, which was consistent with the observation that PGE2 enhanced proton excretion at high doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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33

Eisenberg, T., HP Hamann, C. Reuscher, A. Kwet, K. Klier-Heil, and B. Lamp. "Emergence of a bufonid herpesvirus in a population of the common toad Bufo bufo in Germany." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 145 (June 3, 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03589.

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Bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) was initially described in 2014 from cases of mortalities and dermatitis in Swiss populations of the common toad Bufo bufo. We identified a closely related herpesvirus strain in a German common toad population affected by an ongoing epidemic of multifocal proliferative to ulcerative skin disease since 2018.

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34

Rapoport, J., C. Chaimovitz, and R. M. Hays. "Active urea transport in toad skin is coupled to H+ gradients." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 256, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): F830—F835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1989.256.5.f830.

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Active transport of urea exists inwardly through the skin of the toad Bufo viridis and is enhanced by adapting the toads to hypertonic saline solutions. In this paper, we report our studies on the energy coupling of this active transport system. We have shown previously that this system is independent of sodium transport. We thus studied the possibility of coupling to proton transport by studying the following: 1) the effect of acidifying the epithelium by means of CO2 and protonophores, 2) the effect of alkalinizing the epithelium with the anion-exchange inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and by removal of chloride from the serosal medium, 3) the effect of inhibiting the proton-translocating ATPase of the skin, 4) dependence on mucosal pH. We found that 1) acidification of the epithelium by means of 5% CO2 and the protonophores carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and nigericin inhibited urea influx; 2) alkalinization of the epithelium by means of the disulfonic stilbene DIDS and by removal of serosal chloride increased urea influx; 3) inhibition of the proton-translocating ATPase of the skin by means of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), and sodium orthovanadate inhibited urea transport; 4) urea influx was unaffected by alkalinizing the external medium to 8.5 or by acidifying to 6.5; it was significantly suppressed by a mucosal pH of 5.5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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35

Crabbe, J., V. Beaujean, and O. Devuyst. "Stimulation by aldosterone of a conductive chloride pathway in toad skin." Biology of the Cell 66, no. 1-2 (1989): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1768-322x.1989.tb00831.x.

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36

Grosso, A., and R. C. De Sousa. "Mercury blockage of apical water channels in toad skin (Bufo marinus)." Journal of Physiology 468, no. 1 (August 1, 1993): 741–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019798.

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37

Larsen, E. H., and B. J. Harvey. "Chloride currents of single mitochondria-rich cells of toad skin epithelium." Journal of Physiology 478, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp020226.

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38

Katz, U., and S. Gabbay. "Mitochondria-rich cells and carbonic anhydrase content of toad skin epithelium." Cell and Tissue Research 251, no. 2 (February 1988): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00215851.

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39

Santos, J. C., S. Jerez, M. Peral de Bruno, and A. Coviello. "Angiotensin-(1-7) increases osmotic water permeability in isolated toad skin." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 33, no. 9 (September 2000): 1099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2000000900018.

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40

Nagel, W., and U. Katz. "Effects of NEM on Voltage-activated Chloride Conductance in Toad Skin." Journal of Membrane Biology 159, no. 2 (September 15, 1997): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002329900276.

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41

Katz, Uri, and Shoshana Gabbay. "Dynamics and density of mitochondria-rich cells in toad skin epithelium." Biology of the Cell 85, no. 2-3 (January 1995): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0248-4900(96)85279-8.

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42

Von Seckendorff Hoff, K., and S. D. Hillyard. "TOADS TASTE SODIUM WITH THEIR SKIN: SENSORY FUNCTION IN A TRANSPORTING EPITHELIUM." Journal of Experimental Biology 183, no. 1 (October 1, 1993): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.183.1.347.

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Amphibians do not normally ingest water orally. Rather, they obtain water by osmotic flow across their skin (Bentley and Yorio, 1979). Previous studies of the desert toad, Bufo punctatus, showed that dehydrated animals placed on a surface moistened with pure water adopted a particular type of behavior, termed the water absorption response (WR), in which toads splayed their hindlimbs and oscillated their body to maximize the area of skin in contact with the surface (Brekke et al. 1991). If the surface was moistened with a hyperosmotic urea solution, the animals moved over the surface as if to search for osmotically available water and soon jumped off the surface without initiating WR behavior. Since the skin was the only part of the animal in contact with the surface, it was concluded that receptors in the skin enabled the animals to avoid WR behavior on surfaces where water was not osmotically available. Similarly, toads did not initiate WR behavior when NaCl was used as the solute. These observations suggested that toads have either cutaneous receptors for detecting osmolality, per se, or cutaneous receptors for specific solutes.

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Katz, U. "Regulation of skin conductance and MRC density in the toad skin: Studies with theophylline and oxytocin." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 90, no. 4 (January 1988): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(88)90793-1.

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44

Li, Xiaolong, Runqi Huang, Yanfang Liu, Hongli Jin, Huihui Wan, Jianqiang Zhao, Weijie Zhao, and Xinmiao Liang. "Efficient purification of low molecular weight nitrogen polar compounds from the skin of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with a polar-copolymerized C18 stationary phase." Anal. Methods 6, no. 14 (2014): 5183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay00716f.

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45

Delvinquier, BLJ, and WJ Freeland. "Protozoan Parasites of the Cane Toad, Bufo-Marinus, in Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 36, no. 3 (1988): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9880301.

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A survey of the protozoan parasites of the introduced South American cane toad, Bufo marinus, was conducted between 1983 and 1984 in Queensland. In all, 267 fully grown specimens, 7 juveniles and 115 tadpoles were checked for blood, cloaca, gall bladder and, for the tadpoles only, skin protozoans, and results are compared with records of the toad's protozoans in South America. Results show that Bufo marinus has not retained any of its native blood protozoans, and that it has introduced species of intestinal and gall bladder protozoans: Trichomitus batrachorum; Zelleriella antilliensis; Hyalodaktylethra renacuajo n.g. (=Saccamoeba renacuajo); and, Myxidium immersum. The toad has adopted at least three species of native protoopalinids: Protoopalina australis; P. hylarum; and, P. raffae. The intestinal flagellates Chilomastix caulleryi, Retortamonas dobelli, Giardia agilis, Spiro- nucleus elegans, and Monocercomonas batrachorum are all new records for B. marinus. Undetermined species of Nyctotheroides were observed in the cloaca. A species of Trichodina is reported for the first time on the skin of the toad's tadpoles.

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46

Sabagh, Leandro Talione, Ana Maria Paulino Telles Carvalho-e-Silva, and Carlos Frederico Duarte Rocha. "Diet of the toad Rhinella icterica (Anura: Bufonidae) from Atlantic Forest Highlands of southeastern Brazil." Biota Neotropica 12, no. 4 (December 2012): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032012000400027.

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In this study, we present some information of the regarding throphic niche from the anuran toad Rhinella icterica living in high altitudes above 2000 m a.s.l. from a habitat of the Atlantic Forest Biome - the Altitude Fields in the Itatiaia National Park. We found 150 prey items in toad stomachs, belonging to five prey types, as well as skin remains and some remains of plant material. The index of relative importance indicated that most important prey types were beetles and ants, these last composing 70% of the diet numerically and the trophic niche breadth (B) was 1.81. The relatively low diversity of prey types we recorded in the diet of R. icterica of Itatiaia and numerically dominated by ants suggests some preference for this item. We do not found significant relationship between the toad measurements with the preys' measurements. We concluded that R. icterica toads at the highlands of Itatiaia feeds on arthropods, mainly ants and coleopterans and that the high consumption of preys with relatively small and similar size as ants in the diet prevents an expected relationship among frog body or mouth size and prey volume and size.

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47

Raddatz, E., U. Katz, and P. Kucera. "Oxygen uptake of isolated toad skin epithelium: micromeasurement and effect of ionic acclimation." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 260, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): C1117—C1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1991.260.5.c1117.

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Oxidative metabolism of isolated toad skin epithelium (Bufo viridis) was investigated in vitro under open-circuit conditions using the spectrophotometric oxyhemoglobin micromethod. This highly sensitive technique has been adapted for studying several epithelia in parallel and for detecting possible regional variations of oxygen uptake in individual epithelium. Changes in the proportion of mitochondria-rich cells (MRC) by ionic acclimation affected oxidative metabolism under nontransporting condition. After acclimation of animals to either NaNO3 or NaCl solutions (100 mmol/l, for greater than 2 wk), the number of MRC per square millimeter in epithelia from nonacclimated and NaNO3- and NaCl-acclimated animals was 350 +/- 113, 460 +/- 196, and 107 +/- 52, respectively. O2 uptake of nonacclimated and NaNO3-acclimated epithelia was significantly higher than that of NaCl-acclimated epithelia (i.e., 0.89 and 0.90 vs. 0.57 nmol O2.h-1.mm-2, respectively). The correlation established between O2 uptake and number of MRC allowed evaluation of the respiration rate of one single MRC, i.e., approximately 1 pmol O2/h. The lowest mitochondrial oxidative activity was found in the epithelia from NaCl-acclimated toads where the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (50 mumols/l) had the highest relative stimulatory effect (+114%). Acetazolamide (50 mumols/l), a potent inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase mainly present in the MRC, reduced selectively by 31% O2 uptake of the MRC-rich epithelia (NaNO3 acclimated). O2 uptake increased significantly by approximately 80% when basolateral pH increased from 5.8 to 7.8, but did not depend on apical pH. These findings indicate that under nontransporting (open-circuit) conditions, aerobic metabolism of the isolated toad skin epithelium is related to the density and/or characteristics of the MRC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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48

YANG, Hong-Ling, Zhi-Qiang SHEN, Xuan LIU, and Yi KONG. "Two novel antimicrobial peptides from skin venoms of spadefoot toad Megophrys minor." Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 14, no. 4 (April 2016): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1875-5364(16)30030-9.

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49

Suwalsky, M., B. Ungerer, F. Villena, B. Norris, H. Cárdenas, and P. Zatta. "Effects of AlCl3 on toad skin, human erythrocytes, and model cell membranes." Brain Research Bulletin 55, no. 2 (May 2001): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00505-6.

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50

Lai, Ren, Yong-Tang Zheng, Ji-Hong Shen, Guan-Jie Liu, Hen Liu, Wen-Hui Lee, Shao-Zhong Tang, and Yun Zhang. "Antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima." Peptides 23, no. 3 (March 2002): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00641-6.

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