Relevant bibliographies by topics / Toad skin

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Toad skin'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Toad skin"

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Oka, K., J. D. Kantrowitz, and S. Spector. "Isolation of morphine from toad skin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 82, no. 6 (March 1, 1985): 1852–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.82.6.1852.

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Herrera, Francisco C., Janet Arévalo, and Ildemaro López. "The toad skin NaCl check-valve." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 114, no. 1 (May 1996): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(95)02089-6.

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Else, P. L. "Plasma potassium may protect sodium pumps of toad hearts from an endogenous inhibitor." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): R754—R761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.3.r754.

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Resibufogenin (3-hydroxy-14,15-epoxy-20,22-dienolide glycoside) is a potent sodium pump inhibitor present in toad toxin. It is present in the skin of the cane toad (Bufo marinus) at a concentration equivalent to ouabain of approximately 1 mM. Because toads, like other amphibians, have permeable skin, resibufogenin is also found in high concentrations in the blood. In the cane toad the blood concentration is estimated to be 1 microM (D. Lichtstein, S. Kachalsky, and J. Deutsch. Life Sci. 38: 1261-1270, 1986; D. Lichtstein, S. Samuelov, J. Deutsch, H. Xu, R. A. Lutz, S. S. Chernick and S. S. Chernick. Klin. Wochenschr. 65, Suppl. 8: 40-48, 1987), a concentration thousands of times that required to produce toxicity in humans (J. S. Flier, E. Matatos-Flier, J. A. Pallotta, and D. McIsaac. Nature Lond. 279: 341-343, 1979). In examining how the cane toad avoids inhibiting its own sodium pumps, work on the heart showed that 1) cane toads possess a similar number of cardiac sodium pumps as other vertebrates, and 2) normal plasma K+ levels completely prevent ouabain, and presumably resibufogenin, from binding to cardiac sodium pumps of the cane toad. Other species, i.e., rat (Rattus norvegicus) and salamander (Ambystoma mexicanum), did not show K+ protection of their cardiac ouabain binding sites up to normal plasma K+ levels. These species do not possess the high level of endogenous ouabain-like substance found in the toad. K+ demonstrated a capacity to protect the enzymatic activity of the toad heart sodium pumps from the inhibitory effects of ouabain.
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Meng, Qiong, Lee-Fong Yau, Jing-Guang Lu, Zhen-Zhen Wu, Bao-Xian Zhang, Jing-Rong Wang, and Zhi-Hong Jiang. "Chemical profiling and cytotoxicity assay of bufadienolides in toad venom and toad skin." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 187 (July 2016): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.062.

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G. Smith, James, and Ben L. Phillips. "Toxic tucker: the potential impact of Cane Toads on Australian reptiles." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 1 (2006): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060040.

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Cane Toads Bufo marinus are a highly successful invasive species, having invaded more than twenty countries in the last 150 years. In Australia, they currently occupy more than 1 million square kilometres. Toads are highly toxic and Australian predators have no evolutionary history with the cardiac toxins in toad skin. As such, toads constitute a novel and extremely toxic prey for Australia's predators. Australia's reptiles are perhaps the largest group likely to be affected by the invasion of the toad. By examining species distributions, we conclude that 59% of agamids, 85% of the varanids and all of Australia's crocodiles and freshwater turtles are potentially at risk from toads. We then assayed eleven species of reptile; one freshwater turtle (Chelidae), two crocodiles (Crocodylidae), two dragons (Agamidae), one python (Pythonidae) and five species of monitor (Varanidae) for resistance to toad toxin. We found a high level of variation between species in resistance to toad toxin but in all cases (except for one species of crocodile) all species were easily capable of eating a toad large enough to kill them. We conclude that toads pose a real and ongoing threat to the majority of Australian reptile species we examined.
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Malvin, G. M. "Vascular effects of arginine vasotocin in toad skin." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 2 (August 1, 1993): R426—R432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.2.r426.

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Fluid balance in amphibians is regulated, in large part, by arginine vasotocin (AVT). One important action of this hormone is to facilitate water uptake by increasing the water permeability of the skin. Cutaneous blood flow also affects water uptake, but the effects of AVT on skin perfusion are unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that AVT facilitates water uptake, not only by increasing cutaneous water permeability, but also by promoting cutaneous blood flow. The effects of AVT on blood flow through the ventral pelvic skin, a region specialized for water uptake, were assessed in Bufo marinus by determining the conductance of the skin to acetylene (GsAc), an index of cutaneous blood flow. A pump-perfused skin preparation was used to study the effects of AVT on the cutaneous vascular resistance (CVR) of the ventral pelvic skin and the dorsal skin (a region not normally involved in water uptake). Bolus AVT injections (iv) of 10 pmol/kg and below had no significant effect on GsAc (P > 0.45). However, 100 and 300 pmol/kg of AVT decreased GsAc by 39 +/- 7 (P < 0.001) and 63 +/- 6% (P < 0.001), respectively. The higher AVT doses increased mean arterial pressure. AVT increased CVR in both pump-perfused preparations. The lowest concentration of AVT tested that significantly raised CVR was 1 x 10(-10) M for the dorsal skin (P = 0.006) and 3 x 10(-10) M for the ventral pelvic skin (P = 0.038).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Zhang, Yu, Bo Yuan, Norio Takagi, Hongjie Wang, Yanyan Zhou, Nan Si, Jian Yang, Xiaolu Wei, Haiyu Zhao, and Baolin Bian. "Comparative Analysis of Hydrophilic Ingredients in Toad Skin and Toad Venom Using the UHPLC-HR-MS/MS and UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS Methods Together with the Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of Indolealkylamines." Molecules 24, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010086.

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Toad skin and toad venom, as two kinds of Chinese medicine, are prepared from Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor and Bufo melanostictus Schneider. However, they display distinct properties in traditional application, and the hydrophilic ingredients are the possible distinguishing chemicals between them. In this work, 36 and 22 hydrophilic components were characterized from toad skin and venom, respectively, by UHPLC-HR-MS/MS, including amino acids, nucleosides, polypeptides, and indolealkylamines (IAAs). Among them, 15 compounds were unambiguously confirmed by comparison with standards. The CID-MS/MS fragmentation behaviors of seven indolealkylamine references were investigated to ascertain three types of structures. Subsequently, 11 high abundance contents of hydrophilic ingredients were determined from 11 batches of toad skin and 4 batches of toad venom by UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. The quantitative results showed that the content of main IAAs in toad venom was much higher than in skin. In addition, the N-methyl serotonin (free IAA), bufothionine (combined IAA), and total IAAs sample were selected for anti-inflammatory evaluation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated zebrafish embryo models. The obvious anti-inflammatory activities of IAAs were observed, especially for the free IAAs. This study illustrated IAAs were the main distinct hydrophilic components that probably lead to the difference between toad skin and toad venom in traditional applications.
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Castillo, Graciela A., and Gabriel G. Orce. "Response of frog and toad skin to norepinephrine." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 118, no. 4 (December 1997): 1145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9629(97)86799-0.

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Nagel, W., and U. Katz. "Cyanide Inhibition of Chloride Conductance Across Toad Skin." Journal of Membrane Biology 173, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002320001013.

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Parsons, R. H., V. McDevitt, V. Aggerwal, T. Le Blang, K. Manley, N. Kim, J. Lopez, and A. A. Kenedy. "Regulation of pelvic patch water flow in Bufo marinus: role of bladder volume and ANG II." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 264, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): R1260—R1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.264.6.r1260.

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This report examines the importance of bladder volume in regulating cutaneous water uptake (Jv, cm3.cm-2.s-1 x 10(-7)) across the ventral pelvic patch and examines the role of angiotensin II (ANG II) and circulation as the regulatory mechanism. Jv in empty-bladder Bufo marinus (bladder volume 3.89 +/- 1.49%, n = 7) was 1,671 +/- 68 (n = 7). Injection of Ringer solution into the bladder (12.8 +/- 2.2%, n = 7) decreased Jv to 1,025 +/- 202 (n = 7). ANG II injected into toads with filled bladders increased Jv in a dose-dependent manner. At 5 micrograms/100 g toad Jv increased by 136 +/- 63 (n = 6), at 50 micrograms/100 g toad by 432 +/- 82 (n = 7), and at 200 micrograms/100 g toad by 620 +/- 142 (n = 5). Saralasin (200 micrograms/100 g toad) completely inhibited the response to ANG II (50 micrograms/100 g toad) and at 1 mg/100 g toad decreased Jv in empty-bladder toads. These experiments indicate that 1) bladder volume participates in the regulation of Jv in the ventral pelvic patch; 2) ANG II increases the Jv in toads with full bladders; 3) saralasin inhibits the high Jv in empty bladder toads; 4) the high Jv, associated with an empty bladder, requires an intact circulation to be maintained; 5) without an intact circulation, the high water flow associated with an empty bladder causes the Na+ content of the tissue in the ventral patch to be reduced; and 6) ANG II causes only a minimal increases in water permeability in the isolated pelvic patch skin.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Toad skin"

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Bai, Bing. "Identification and molecular cloning of bioactive peptides from the skin secretions of Bombina toad species." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.579571.

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Amphibians possess a unique defence mechanism to protect themselves against predators in their natural environment. The dermal granular glands of amphibians synthesise and expel an extraordinarily-rich variety of biologically-active peptides with potential as therapeutic leads. Because of this, scientists have been studying the novel bioactive peptides in amphibian skin secretions and attempting to transform them into drugs for clinical use. From Bombina toads, a great number of peptides with biological activities have been isolated and characterised. In this thesis, we describe a new technique that employed frozen trifluoroacetic acid (TF A)-solvated skin secretions of Bombina variegata to perform parallel peptidome and transcriptome analyses. Robust cDNA libararies were successfully constructed from this material and from such we cloned the biosynthetic precursor-encoding cDNAs of one known bombesin and three novel bombesin-Iike peptides which displayed potent effects on mammalian smooth muscle preparations. Subsequently, eleven different cDNAs encoding the biosynthetic precursors of 19 bombinin-like antimicrobial peptides were successfully cloned. From the original TF A-solvated skin secretion, we isolated two peptides that represent the prototypes of a new structural class of antimicrobial peptides from the skin secretions Bombina toads. Following the discovery of multiple novel bombinin-like peptides, we selected one, Bombinin H-BV1, for a systematic screen of possible anti-cancer activity against a panel of 11 different human tumor cell lines. This peptide displayed a most potent activity against a wide range of employed cancer cell lines.
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Thomson, Susmita. "Local feedback regulation of salt & water transport across pumping epithelia : experimental & mathematical investigations in the isolated abdominal skin of Bufo marinus." University of Western Australia. Dept. of Physiology, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0022.

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[Truncated abstract] This study describes the results of a four and a half year investigation examining local regulation of ion transport through pumping epithelial cells. The study focussed on the standard isolated toad skin preparation, made famous by Hans Ussing. Originally, the objective was to perform some simple manipulations on the isolated toad skin, a standard and well-tested epithelial layer, which, according to the literature, was a well-behaved and stable preparation. The purpose of doing these toad skin experiments was to gain familiarity with the experimental techniques, such as measuring the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and the short-circuit current (Isc) across an epithelium. In the process, the experimental information that was obtained was to assist in the development and refinement of a mathematical model of a single pumping epithelial cell . . . Finally, it should be emphasised the toad skin was a convenient tissue model for exploring more general issues such as: (i) how pumping epithelial cells may adjust to changes in the extracellular environment by locally regulating their membrane conductances; (2) how the topology of a cell can influence its function (i.e. the topology can determine whether a cell is optimised for salt transport or water transport). (3) how different cells, with different functions, may be positioned in apposition in a pumping epithelial tissue so that gradients generated by one cell type can be utilised by another. From a broader perspective, it is likely that such issues are also applicable to other pumping epithelia, and ultimately, may assist in understanding how these epithelia function.
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Sherbrooke, Wade Cutting. "Integumental biology of horned lizards (Phrynosoma)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184327.

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The integument is the body organ interfacing between the internal and external environments of a lizard. This study explores aspects of its structure, texture, and coloration, relating them to survival strategies of horned lizards. The dermal chromatophore structure of Phrynosoma modestum is described. Color change depends on two cell types, melanophores and iridophores. This cellular arrangement may be typical of lizards utilizing color change for thermoregulation. Color pigment cells (xanthophores and erythrophores) function in pattern formation and background color matching. Experiments on the regulation of color change revealed that (1) -MSH is the prime skin darkening agent, (2) - and -adrenergic receptors also play a role in color change, and (3) temperature is a factor in in vitro and in vivo darkening and lightening responses. Apparently the primary role of color change is thermoregulation. Intraepidermal mechanoreceptors on dorsal body, limb, and head scales were studied, their ultrastructure is described, and their role in defense and survival is explored. The use of the integument for "rain-harvesting" of drinking water by P. cornutum is described, including stereotyped behavior, stereoscopic SEM examination of interscalar channels, experiments on capillary water flow, and an evaluation of micro-ornamentation. Comparisons are made with the putative use of the integument for the collection of rain, fog, or dew for drinking by Moloch and Phrynocephalus. A stereotypic behavior that utilizes positioning of occipital horns and dorsal scale armament is described and hypothesized to be an ophidian antipredator defense. Attacks by Onychomys torridus on P. cornutum and P. modestum were studied to further evaluate the role of occipital horns, dorsal scalation, and dermal collagen as antipredator defenses. Attack behaviors of the grasshopper mice and defense behaviors of the lizards are detailed. The use of color pattern, integumental structures, and mimetic behavior by P. modestum in avoidance of predator detection, through "stone-mimicry," is hypothesized and supported. Aspects of social communication in four species were studied. The importance of olfaction for intraspecific communication and lack of visual color signals is related to the need for chromatic crypticity in order to avoid detection by predators.
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POLI, MARIA E. R. "Dosimetria aplicada na irradiacao de toda a pele utilizando feixes de eletrons com energia nominal de 4 MeV." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10813.

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Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Souza, Carla. "Desenvolvimento e avaliação da eficácia clínica de fotoprotetores com ação em toda a região do espectro solar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60137/tde-12122016-152647/.

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O uso frequente de protetores solares é uma das medidas de fotoproteção mais eficazes para prevenção dos danos causados pela radiação solar. Por muitos anos, medidas de fotoproteção estavam relacionadas apenas aos danos causados apenas pela radiação UVB/UVA. No entanto, as radiações visível (VIS) e infravermelho (IV) também têm demonstrado ser prejudicial à saúde humana. Logo, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar a eficácia clínica de um protetor solar contendo filtros UV e os antioxidantes, Spirulina e dimetilmetoxi cromanol veiculado em Nanopartículas Lipídicas Sólidas (DMC-NLS), em toda a região do espectro solar. NLS, contendo ou não DMC, foram desenvolvidas à base de cera de abelha e/ou cera de carnaúba usando a técnica de microemulsão à quente e caracterizadas quanto ao tamanho de partícula (z), índice de polidispersividade (IPd), potencial zeta (PZ), pH e eficiência de encapsulação (EE%). Foram desenvolvidas formulações do tipo gel-creme (FVE-veículo), acrescidas de DMCNLS (FVN), filtros UV (FFE) e filtros UV associados à Spirulina e DMC-NLS (FFAN), e avaliadas quanto à estabilidade física, comportamento reológico, penetração cutânea, potencial antioxidante, bem como a proteção contra a formação radicalar em pele de orelha de porco após exposição à radiação UVB/UVA, VIS e IV. Além do FPS in vivo, a proteção UVA in vitro (comprimento de onda crítico-?c e razão UVA/UVB) e FPS in vitro também foram avaliados. Por fim, foram realizados estudos de eficácia clínica para as formulações FFE e FFAN após aplicação na face de 44 voluntárias sadias por 84 dias, usando técnicas de biofísica e análise de imagem da pele para determinação do conteúdo aquoso de estrato córneo (CAEC), da perda transepidérmica de água (TEWL), da ecogenicidade e das propriedades mecânicas da pele, além da análise sensorial dessas formulações. DMC-NLS desenvolvida a partir de cera de abelha se apresentaram esféricas e com z (120,5 ± 20,4 nm), IPd (0,449 ± 0,012), PZ (-10,4 ± 0,5 mV) pH (3,95 ± 0,02) e EE% (96,02 ± 0,81%) adequados aos objetivos do estudo e permaneceram estáveis por 54 dias à 4°C. Todas as formulações permaneceram fisicamente estáveis após 60 dias, apresentaram comportamento não-newtoniano e pseudoplástico, com tixotropia, e potencial antioxidante igual a 32,0 ± 1,0 x 104 radicais/mg e 77,0 ± 4,0 x 104 radicais/mg, respectivamente, para FFE e FFAN. A formulação FFAN penetrou até a profundidade de 10,4 ± 1,7 ?m e 11,2 ± 3,0 ?m, após 1 e 6 horas de penetração, respectivamente, e nenhum filtro solar atingiu a solução receptora. A formação radicalar foi reduzida pelas formulações FFE e FFAN nas regiões UV e VIS; e uma proteção superior foi observada para a formulação FFAN, contendo antioxidantes, nas regiões UV, VIS e IV. O FPS para FFE e FFAN foi igual a 30, com boa proteção UVA e ?c de 378 nm. Ambas as formulações melhoraram o CAEC, o TEWL, as propriedades mecânicas e a ecogenicidade da pele; no entanto, a formulação FFAN demonstrou melhores resultados comparado com FFE. Na análise sensorial, a maioria das voluntárias demonstraram intenção de compra do produto e relataram aumento da hidratação e elasticidade da pele, e pele mais macia. Portanto, podemos concluir que o uso frequente do protetor solar preveniu os danos causados em todas a região do espectro solar, e a incorporação da Spirulina e DMC-NLS, foi capaz de potencializar seu efeito protetor contra a radiação UV, VIS e IV.
The frequent use of sunscreen is one of the most effective photoprotection strategies to prevent the damages caused by solar radiation. For years photoprotection was associated only to the damages caused by UVB and UVA radiation. However, the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) radiation have also been shown to be harmful to human health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the clinical efficacy of a sunscreen containing UV filters and the antioxidants, Spirulina and dimethylmethoxy chromanol-loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (DMC-SLN), in the whole solar spectrum range. SLN, containing or not DMC, were developed using beeswax and/or carnauba wax as solid lipids, using the hot melt microemulsion technique and characterized regarding to particle size (z), polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential (ZP), pH and encapsulation efficiency (EE%). Gel-cream formulations (FVE-vehicle) containing DMCSLN (FVN), UV filters (FFE) and UV filters in association to Spirulina and DMC-SLN (FFAN) were developed and evaluated through the physical stability, rheological behavior, skin penetration studies on pig ear skin, antioxidant potential as well as protection against the radical formation on pig ear skin after exposure to UVB/UVA, VIS and NIR radiation. In addition to the in vivo SPF, in vitro UVA protection (?c-critical wavelength and UVA/UVB ratio) and in vitro SPF were also evaluated. Finally, clinical efficacy studies were performed to the FFE and FFAN formulations after their application on the face skin of 44 volunteers for 84 days using biophysical and skin imaging techniques in order to determine the stratum corneum water content (SCWC), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin echogenicity and mechanical properties, in addition to the sensory analysis of these formulations. DMC-SLN beeswax were spherical in shape and showed appropriated z (120.5 ± 20.4 nm), IPd (0.449 ± 0.012), PZ (-10.4 ± 0.5 mV), pH (3.95 ± 0.02) and EE% (96.02 ± 0.81%) according to the objective of this study; and it remained stable after 54 days of storage at 4°C. All the studied formulations remained physically stable after 60 days and showed non- Newtonian and pseudoplastic behavior with thixotropic, antioxidant potencial equal to 32.0±1.0 x 104 radicals/mg and 77.0 ± 4.0 x 104 radicals/mg, respectively, for FFE and FFAN. The formulation FFAN penetrated into the skin until the depth of 10.4 ± 1.7 ?m and 11.2 ± 3.0 ?m 1 and 6 hours after penetration, respectively, and none of the UV filters reached the receptor solution. The radical formation was reduced by FFE and FFAN formulations in the UV and VIS range; and an enhanced protection was observed for FFAN formulation, containing antioxidant, in the UV, VIS and NIR ranges. The SPF value for FFE and FFAN was 30, with good UVA protection and ?c equal to 378 nm. Both formulations improved the SCWC and TEWL values and the skin mechanical properties and echogenicity; however, FFAN formulation showed better results compared to FFE. In the sensory analysis most of the volunteers demonstrated product-buying intention and reported a more hydrated, firmer and smoother skin. Therefore we can conclude that the frequent use of sunscreen prevented the skin damage caused in the whole solar spectrum range, and the incorporation of Spirulina and DMC-SLN, enhanced the sunscreen protective effect against UV, VIS and NIR radiation
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Books on the topic "Toad skin"

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Jacobs, Paul H. Handbook of skin clues of systemic diseases: Paul H. Jacobs and Todd S. Anhalt. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1992.

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Ski pioneers: Ernie Blake, his friends, and the making of Taos Ski Valley : as told to. Arroyo Seco, NM: Dry Gulch Publishing, 1992.

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Võ, Đại Tôn. Toam máu đen: Bút ký, 1981-1991 : đưxong vse quê hương và 10 năm chiren đrau âm thsam, cô đơn trong ngục tù Cuong skan Hà Nuoi. Greenacre, NSW, Australia: The Author, 1992.

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Hendricks, P. Amphibian and reptile survey of the Bitterroot National Forest: 1995. Helena, Mont: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1996.

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Young, T. a. Elephant and Rabbit as Told by Skib Bricluster. 138 in Progress Publishing, 2017.

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Kemp, T. S. Amphibians: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198842989.001.0001.

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Amphibians: A Very Short Introduction discusses amphibian evolution, adaptations, and biology. From frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders, to the lesser-known caecilians, there are over 8,000 species of amphibians alive today. Characterized by their moist, naked skin and the tadpole phase of their lives, they are uniquely adapted to occupy the interphase habitat between freshwater and land. This VSI explores topics from their complex courtship behaviour to how their permeable skin enables them to thrive in their habitat and it covers the whole history of amphibians, from their origins 360 million years ago, to the extinction threat they face from humans today.
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Book chapters on the topic "Toad skin"

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Beauwens, R., and J. Crabbé. "Evidence for Bipolar Effects of Aldosterone in Toad Skin." In Proceedings in Life Sciences, 94–107. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70613-4_10.

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Willumsen, N. J., and E. Hviid Larsen. "Passive Cl- Currents in Toad Skin: Potential Dependence and Relation to Mitochondria-Rich Cell Density." In Proceedings in Life Sciences, 20–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70613-4_4.

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Norris, Beryl, Juan Concha, Luciano Cuiang, and Carmen Pantoja. "Partially Purified Bovine Atrial Fraction on Animal Kidney, Smooth Muscle and Sodium Transport in Toad Skin." In Nephrotoxicity, 673–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2040-2_104.

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Loopstra, J. A., P. Zwart, R. Verhoeff-de Fremery, and F. J. M. Vervoordeldonk. "Marking of African clawed toads (Xenopus laevis). Improvement of a skin autograft technique." In New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science, 311–16. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3281-4_48.

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Huband, Mark. "The Spit of the Toad." In The Skull Beneath the Skin, 217–48. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429495847-13.

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"Transmission as Resistance in the Work of Zineb Sedira." In Under the Skin, edited by Holiday Powers, 101–14. British Academy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266748.003.0008.

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This chapter proposes a feminist reading of Franco–Algerian multimedia artist Zineb Sedira’s video and installation work from the early 2000s to today in order to consider the potential for global feminist art histories that are intersectional and relational through the ways in which Sedira focuses on memory. Memory and its transmission across generations is treated in three distinct but overlapping ways: memory within the context of Sedira’s only family, using Sedira’s personal story as a means of reckoning with larger histories and the construction of the gendered subject within them; collective memory in the context of post–colonial Algeria; and memory as held by the land itself, read especially through the lens of ecofeminism. In Sedira’s work, the gendered subject is constructed through women’s stories told from inside the perspective of family, that is, women considering their roles as daughters, mothers, and wives, told against and overlaid on top of the history of colonialism.
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Fielding, Henry. "Chapter XV." In Joseph Andrews and Shamela. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536986.003.0017.

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Betty told her Mistress, she believed the Man in Bed was a greater Man than they took him for: for besides the extreme Whiteness of his Skin, and the Softness of his Hands; she observed a very great Familiarity between the Gentleman and him;...
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Bowie, John, Rebecca Jackway, Frances Separovic, John Carver, and Michael Tyler. "Host-Defense Peptides from the Secretion of the Skin Glands of Frogs and Toads." In Bioactive Peptides, 333–55. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420061161-c15.

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"Save our skins: structural adjustment, morality and the occult in Tanzania: Todd Sanders." In Magical Interpretations, Material Realities, 170–93. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203398258-13.

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Fiore, Teresa. "Overlapping Mediterranean Routes in Marra’s Sailing Home, Ragusa’s The Skin Between Us, and Tekle’s Libera." In Pre-Occupied Spaces. Fordham University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823274321.003.0004.

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In adopting a more overt emigration-immigration parallel, this chapter connects cultural texts focusing on the Mediterranean Sea, and in particular the Channel of Sicily for its bridging and dividing function between the European and the African continents. In the cultural melting pot of the Mediterranean basin, this chapter identifies less a place of fluid encounters and exchanges than one of tensions, struggled-for opportunities, and even mortal dangers. The blurring of emigrant and immigrant desires and failures in Vincenzo Marra’s 2001 film Tornando a casa (Sailing Home), the coexistence of painful legacies of emigration and slavery in Kym Ragusa’s 2006 memoir The Skin Between Us: A Memoir of Race, Beauty and Belonging, and the survival-driven urge to flee Northern Africa for the post-colonial subject in Feven Abreha Tekle’s 2005 as-told-to self-narrative Libera are all staged, either partially or fully, in a Mediterranean that functions as a pre-occupied space. Occupied by previous stories of demographic and cultural movements, this sea now hosts new concerns over economic stability, human rights protection, and racial tolerance, as well as new possibilities. Geographer Edward Soja’s concept of “Thirdspace,” developed off of Henri Lefebvre’s space trialectics, is adopted to recognize the transformative power of international waters over national identities.
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Conference papers on the topic "Toad skin"

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Wang, Li, Luka Milas, Uma Raju, David Molkentine, Peiying Yang, Lorenzo Cohen, and Zhongxing Liao. "Abstract 5674: Huachansu, an extract from toad skin, strongly enhances radiosensitivity of human lung cancer cell lines." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-5674.

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Vogt, William C., Alondra Izquierdo-Roman, and Christopher G. Rylander. "Multidomain Modeling of Spatial Distributions of Tissue Optical Properties During Indentation: Mechanical Tissue Optical Clearing Devices as Diagnostic Tools." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53923.

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Soft tissues are highly heterogeneous materials comprised of water, proteins, and many types of cells. This composite configuration results in a large mismatch in index of refraction between tissue constituents, creating a high-scattering medium in the visible and near-infrared range. “Tissue optical clearing” can increase light transmission through these tissues, potentially improving both optical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures [1]. Dehydration has been shown to be a mechanism of optical clearing, and previous work has investigated mechanical loading as a method of creating reversible localized water displacement in skin using novel mechanical tissue optical clearing devices (TOCDs) [2]. In addition to potentially enhancing established light-based procedures, the principles of TOCD operation may provide a platform for a novel diagnostic tool capable of utilizing many different measurement types simultaneously.
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Mota, Guilherme Oliveira. "Advances in anti-Ramsey theory for random graphs." In II Encontro de Teoria da Computação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/etc.2017.3204.

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Dados grafos G e H, denotamos a seguinte propriedade por G ÝrÑpb H: para toda coloração própria das arestas de G (com uma quantidade arbitrária de cores) existe uma cópia multicolorida de H em G, i.e., uma cópia de H sem duas arestas da mesma cor. Sabe-se que, para todo grafo H, a função limiar prHb prHbpnq para essa propriedade no grafo aleatório binomial Gpn; pq é assintoticamente no máximo n 1{mp2qpHq, onde mp2qpHq denota a assim chamada 2-densidade máxima de H. Neste trabalho discutimos esse e alguns resultados recentes no estudo de propriedades anti-Ramsey para grafos aleatórios, e mostramos que se H C4 ou H K4 então prHb n 1{mp2qpHq, que está em contraste com os fatos conhecidos de que prCbk n 1{mp2qpCkq para Let r be a positive integer and let G and H be graphs. We denote by G Ñ pHqr the property that any colouring of the edges of G with at most r colours contains a monochromatic copy of H in G. In 1995, Ro¨dl and Rucin´ski determined the threshold for the property Gpn; pq Ñ pHqr for all graphs H. The maximum 2-density mp2qpHq of a graph H is denoted by mp2qpHq max ! ||VEppJJqq|| 12 : J € H; |V pJ q| ¥ 3) ; where we suppose |V pHq| ¥ 3.
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