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Journal articles on the topic 'TNT Equivalence'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Ning, He, Liu Yude, Zhang Hongpeng, and Li Chunpeng. "Research on the TNT Equivalence of Aluminized Explosive." Procedia Engineering 43 (2012): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.077.

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2

Kleine, H., J. M. Dewey, K. Ohashi, T. Mizukaki, and K. Takayama. "Studies of the TNT equivalence of silver azide charges." Shock Waves 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2003): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-003-0204-3.

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3

Dewey, J. M. "The TNT equivalence of an optimum propane–oxygen mixture." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 38, no. 23 (November 17, 2005): 4245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/38/23/017.

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4

Xiao, Weifang, Matthias Andrae, and Norbert Gebbeken. "Air blast TNT equivalence concept for blast-resistant design." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 185 (November 2020): 105871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105871.

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5

Wharton, R. K., S. A. Formby, and R. Merrifield. "Airblast TNT equivalence for a range of commercial blasting explosives." Journal of Hazardous Materials 79, no. 1-2 (December 2000): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(00)00168-0.

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6

Balachandar, Kannan Gajendran, and Arumugam Thangamani. "Studies on Some of the Improvised Energetic Materials (IEMs): Detonation, Blast Impulse and TNT Equivalence Parameters." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 6 (November 25, 2019): 1813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350626.

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This work reports the computational analysis of the physicochemical, detonation, blast peak over pressure, blast impulse and TNT equivalence parameters of some of the Improvised Energetic Materials (IEMs) such as ammonium nitrate, urea nitrate, C4, hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP), which are used in bombing incidents all over the world in the form of Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (VBIEDs) or Person-Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (PBIEDs). The blast impulse, peak over pressure, TNT equivalence and detonation parameters reported in this manuscript will be useful to assess the threat quotient caused by these IEMs, of great help for the energetic materials researchers, technologists and scientists to undertake further research work in the field and for the security agencies to understand the severity of the damage during explosion This paper also accounts for the available detection technologies to fabricate an explosive detection device for its effective identification and detection.

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7

Dewey, J. M. "Studies of the TNT equivalence of propane, propane/oxygen, and ANFO." Shock Waves 30, no. 5 (June 18, 2020): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-020-00949-w.

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8

Aouad, C. J., W. Chemissany, P. Mazzali, Y. Temsah, and A. Jahami. "Beirut explosion: TNT equivalence from the fireball evolution in the first 170 milliseconds." Shock Waves 31, no. 8 (October 4, 2021): 813–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-021-01031-9.

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AbstractThe evolution of the fireball resulting from the August 2020 Beirut explosion is traced using amateur videos taken during the first 400 ms after the detonation. Thirty-nine frames separated by 16.66–33.33 ms are extracted from six different videos located precisely on the map. Time evolution of the shock wave radius is traced by the fireball at consecutive time moments until about $$ t \approx 170$$ t ≈ 170 ms and a distance $$ d \approx 128$$ d ≈ 128 m. Pixel scales for the videos are calibrated by de-projecting the existing grain silos building, for which accurate as-built drawings are available, using the length, the width, and the height and by defining the line-of-sight incident angles. In the distance range $$ d \approx $$ d ≈ 60–128 m from the explosion center, the evolution of the fireball follows the Sedov–Taylor model with spherical geometry and an almost instantaneous energy release. This model is used to derive the energy available to drive the shock front at early times. Additionally, a drag model is fitted to the fireball evolution until its stopping at a time $$ t \approx 500$$ t ≈ 500 ms at a distance $$d \approx 145\pm 5$$ d ≈ 145 ± 5 m. Using the derived TNT equivalent yield, the scaled stopping distance reached by the fireball and the shock wave-fireball detachment epoch within which the fireball is used to measure the shock wave are in excellent agreement with other experimental data. A total TNT equivalence of $$ 200\pm 80\,\mathrm{t}$$ 200 ± 80 t at a distance $$ d \approx 130$$ d ≈ 130 m is found. Finally, the dimensions of the crater size taken from a hydrographic survey conducted 6 days after the explosion are scaled with the known correlation equations yielding a close range of results. A recent published article by Dewey (Shock Waves 31:95–99, 2021) shows that the Beirut explosion TNT equivalence is an increasing function of distance. The results of the current paper are quantitatively in excellent agreement with this finding. These results present an argument that the actual mass of ammonium nitrate that contributed to the detonation is much less than the quantity that was officially claimed available.

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9

Aouad, C. J., W. Chemissany, P. Mazzali, Y. Temsah, and A. Jahami. "Beirut explosion: TNT equivalence from the fireball evolution in the first 170 milliseconds." Shock Waves 31, no. 8 (October 4, 2021): 813–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-021-01031-9.

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AbstractThe evolution of the fireball resulting from the August 2020 Beirut explosion is traced using amateur videos taken during the first 400 ms after the detonation. Thirty-nine frames separated by 16.66–33.33 ms are extracted from six different videos located precisely on the map. Time evolution of the shock wave radius is traced by the fireball at consecutive time moments until about $$ t \approx 170$$ t ≈ 170 ms and a distance $$ d \approx 128$$ d ≈ 128 m. Pixel scales for the videos are calibrated by de-projecting the existing grain silos building, for which accurate as-built drawings are available, using the length, the width, and the height and by defining the line-of-sight incident angles. In the distance range $$ d \approx $$ d ≈ 60–128 m from the explosion center, the evolution of the fireball follows the Sedov–Taylor model with spherical geometry and an almost instantaneous energy release. This model is used to derive the energy available to drive the shock front at early times. Additionally, a drag model is fitted to the fireball evolution until its stopping at a time $$ t \approx 500$$ t ≈ 500 ms at a distance $$d \approx 145\pm 5$$ d ≈ 145 ± 5 m. Using the derived TNT equivalent yield, the scaled stopping distance reached by the fireball and the shock wave-fireball detachment epoch within which the fireball is used to measure the shock wave are in excellent agreement with other experimental data. A total TNT equivalence of $$ 200\pm 80\,\mathrm{t}$$ 200 ± 80 t at a distance $$ d \approx 130$$ d ≈ 130 m is found. Finally, the dimensions of the crater size taken from a hydrographic survey conducted 6 days after the explosion are scaled with the known correlation equations yielding a close range of results. A recent published article by Dewey (Shock Waves 31:95–99, 2021) shows that the Beirut explosion TNT equivalence is an increasing function of distance. The results of the current paper are quantitatively in excellent agreement with this finding. These results present an argument that the actual mass of ammonium nitrate that contributed to the detonation is much less than the quantity that was officially claimed available.

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10

Xiao, Weifang, Matthias Andrae, and Norbert Gebbeken. "Air blast TNT equivalence factors of high explosive material PETN for bare charges." Journal of Hazardous Materials 377 (September 2019): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.078.

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11

Formby, S. A., and R. K. Wharton. "Blast characteristics and TNT equivalence values for some commercial explosives detonated at ground level." Journal of Hazardous Materials 50, no. 2-3 (October 1996): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(96)01791-8.

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12

Huang, Qian, Zhen Yi Liu, and Zhe Zuo. "Study on Evaluation of Explosion Effects of Gas Injection Wells." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 962–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.962.

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In this paper, blast effect of oil-associated gas in gas injection wells is determined when using air injection displacement, and on this basis, the relevant safety distance is determined also. Numerical simulation is used to calculate the overpressure distribution, explosion energy and TNT equivalence of combustible gas explosion in gas injection wells. Based on shock wave damage criterion, the safety distances in seven levels are obtained, which are personnel minor injuries, severe injuries, death, and destruction of buildings with mild, moderate, severe manage and destroying. Therefore, technical support is provided to accident prevention, emergency and rescue.

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13

Wijesundara, Lakshitha M. G., and Simon K. Clubley. "Residual Axial Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Columns Subject to Internal Building Detonations." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 16, no. 08 (August 25, 2016): 1550050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455415500509.

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This paper details the development of an engineering assessment procedure for reinforced concrete (RC) column failure when subjected to time-variant coupled axial and lateral loads due to internal building detonations. This is based on a comprehensive parametric study conducted using an advanced uncoupled Euler–Lagrange numerical modeling; splitting the structural and flow solvers for maximum integrity and accuracy. The column assessment charts discussed in this paper provide threshold combinations of TNT equivalence and stand-off distance for a range of column residual axial capacity levels corresponding to two key internal blast environments: Vented and contained. This will be of direct relevance to both practitioners and researchers involved with protective design of civilian and military buildings.

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14

Liu, Cheng, Jian Liu, Jie Wei, Shenchun Xu, and Yu Su. "Parametric Study on Contact Explosion Resistance of Steel Wire Mesh Reinforced Geopolymer Based Ultra-High Performance Concrete Slabs Using Calibrated Continuous Surface Cap Model." Buildings 12, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12112010.

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This paper conducts a parametric analysis on the response of geopolymer-based ultra-high-performance concrete (G-UHPC) slabs reinforced with steel wire mesh (SWM) subjected to contact explosions using the validated Continuous Surface Cap (CSC) model. Firstly, based on the available experimental data, the CSC model parameters, which account for the yield surface, damage formulation, kinematic hardening, and strain rate effect, were comprehensively developed for G-UHPC. The modified CSC model was initially assessed by comparing the quasi-static test results of G-UHPC. Then, the numerical modeling was performed on 200 mm thick SWM-reinforced G-UHPC slabs against 0.4 kg and 1.0 kg TNT contact explosions. The fair agreement between the numerical and experimental data concerning the local damage of the slabs was reported to demonstrate the applicability of the material and structural models. With the validated numerical models, a parametric study was further acted upon to explore the contribution of the variables of SWM, slab thickness, and TNT equivalence on the local damage and energy evolution of G-UHPC slabs subjected to contact blasts. Moreover, based on simulation results from the parametric study, an updated empirical model was derived to evaluate the local damage pattern and internal energy absorption rate of SWM-reinforced G-UHPC slabs.

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15

Mendonça-Filho, L. G., D. Bastos-Netto, and R. Guirardello. "Estimating the TNT equivalence of a 15-ton single base powder explosion through damaged building profiles analyses." Journal of Hazardous Materials 158, no. 2-3 (October 30, 2008): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.004.

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16

Antonelli, Gian Aldo. "Extensional quotients for type theory and the consistency problem for NF." Journal of Symbolic Logic 63, no. 1 (March 1998): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2586599.

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Quine's “New Foundations” (NF) was first presented in Quine [10] and later on in Quine [11]. Ernst Specker [15, 13], building upon a previous result of Ehrenfeucht and Mostowski [5], showed that NF is consistent if and only if there is a model of the Theory of Negative (and positive) Types (TNT) with full extensionality that admits of a “shifting automorphism,” but the existence of such a model remains an open problem.In his [8], Ronald Jensen gave a partial solution to the problem of the consistency of Quine's NF. Jensen considered a version of NF—referred to as NFU—in which the axiom of extensionality is weakened to allow for Urelemente or “atoms.” He showed, modifying Specker's theorem, that the existence of a model of TNT with atoms admitting of a “shifting automorphism” implies the consistency of NFU, proceeding then to exhibit such a model.This paper presents a reduction of the consistency problem for NF to the existence of a model of TNT with atoms containing certain “large” (unstratified) sets and admitting a shifting automorphism. In particular we show that such a model can be “collapsed” to a model of pure TNT in such a way as to preserve the shifting automorphism. By the above-mentioned result of Specker's, this implies the consistency of NF.Let us take the time to explain the main ideas behind the construction. Suppose we have a certain universe U of sets, built up from certain individuals or “atoms.” In such a universe we have only a weak version of the axiom of extensionality: two objects are the same if and only if they are both sets having the same members. We would like to obtain a universe U′ that is as close to U as possible, but in which there are no atoms (i.e., the only memberless object is the empty set). One way of doing this is to assign to each atom ξ, a set a (perhaps the empty set), inductively identifying sets that have members that we are already committed to considering “the same.” In doing this we obtain an equivalence relation ≃ over U that interacts nicely with the membership relation (provided we have accounted for multiplicity of members, i.e., we have allowed sets to contain “multiple copies” of the same object). Then we can take U′ = U/≃, the quotient of U with respect to ≃. It is then possible to define a “membership” relation over U′ in such a way as to have full extensionality. Relations such as ≃ are referred to as “contractions” by Hinnion and “bisimulations” by Aczel.

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17

Yi-dong, Jing, Cao Yuan, Chang Bo, Shu Da-yu, Jia Ming, and Xiao Qiong. "Comparison of Three CL-20 Based Explosive Parameters." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 032073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/3/032073.

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Abstract Due to differences in charging technology, test methods, etc. the same explosive can obtain different explosive parameters in different tests. The difference in performance of explosives with different parameters is the focus of engineer’s design. This paper uses the TNT equivalence (TNTe) to compare the parameters of three CL-20 based explosives reported in the previous literature. In this paper, TNTe is attained from Peak overpressure (OP) and impulse (IM), calculated by AUTODYN software and is compared with the TNTe calculated by Cooper Method, Hydrodynamic Work, heat of detonation method. The results show that the difference of TNTe among different parameters can reach 30%. The TNTe calculated by heat of detonation method is too low to be recommended. The average value of TNTe calculated by other methods is 1.69±0.09. More accurate TNTe needs to be used with caution, including data sources and limitations.

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18

Xun-Ren, Yang, and Xie Jin-Lai. "Detection and Analysis of the Infrasonic Waves Attached to the Tragic Explosion of U.S. Space Shuttle “Challenger”." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 5, no. 3 (September 1986): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026309238600500302.

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Thirteen hours after the tragic explosion of the U.S. space shuttle “Challenger” at an altitude of 15km on 29th January 1986, a sequence of strong infrasonic waves was received by a set of sensitive microbarographs on the ground level about 14300km distant. These waves, with periods 400–700 seconds, amplitude about 30Pa and propagation velocity about 300m/s are very similar in character to those from nuclear explosions. Based on the analysis of the power spectrum, the main period of the signal can be determined as 537 sec and over 90 per cent of the energy concentrates within the range of 300–1000 sec. According to the theoretical formula for nuclear explosions, the equivalence of this explosion can be estimated from the wave characters as 140 Mt of TNT. This estimation is on the high side, owing to the fact that, compared with nuclear explosions, the altitude at which the explosion has taken place is much higher and the mechanisms of these two explosions are quite different.

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19

Díaz Alonso, Fernando, Enrique González Ferradás, Juan Francisco Sánchez Pérez, Agustín Miñana Aznar, José Ruiz Gimeno, and Jesús Martínez Alonso. "Consequence analysis by means of characteristic curves to determine the damage to humans from the detonation of explosive substances as a function of TNT equivalence." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 20, no. 3 (May 2007): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2007.03.003.

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20

Díaz Alonso, Fernando, Enrique González Ferradás, Marta Doval Miñarro, Agustín Miñana Aznar, José Ruiz Gimeno, and Juan Francisco Sánchez Pérez. "Consequence analysis by means of characteristic curves to determine the damage to buildings from the detonation of explosive substances as a function of TNT equivalence." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 21, no. 1 (January 2008): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2007.08.002.

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21

Min, Mimi, Kwangho Lee, and Seungho Jung. "A Study on the Effect of Hydrogen Gas Explosion in a Cylinder Cabinet for Semiconductors on the Protective Wall." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 7480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207480.

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In the semiconductor industry, hydrogen is used with many other hazardous and dangerous substances with flammable, toxic, and corrosive properties. In order to safely handle them, convenient-to-use gas cabinets are often required. As known well, hydrogen is highly flammable and explosive, and risk analysis needs to safely use the gas in the cabinets. In this study, overpressure and impact according to various gas cabinet conditions were measured when hydrogen leaks in the gas cabinet, and the effect of overpressure on the protective wall was simulated. For the research, a demonstration experiment was conducted by custom manufacturing a gas cylinder cabinet identical to the standard used in the field, and the protection performance analysis was performed by reverse-engineering it through 3D scanning. As a result of the demonstration experiment, the maximum pressure at the time of hydrogen gas explosion in the gas cylinder cabinet was measured at 0.3 bar. After calculating the detonation pressure propagation profile using the TNT equivalence method, the protective performance of the protective wall was confirmed using AUTODYN. The maximum stress of the concrete and the maximum stress of the reinforcing bar due to the explosion in the gas cylinder cabinet were calculated to be 30.211 MPa and 112.88 MPa, respectively, which do not exceed the tensile strength of concrete and the yield strength of the reinforcing bar. This result is expected to be of great help to the development of the semiconductor industry by suggesting the rationale for mitigating the firewall when changing the semiconductor layout.

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22

Edri, Idan E., Hezi Y. Grisaro, and David Z. Yankelevsky. "TNT equivalency in an internal explosion event." Journal of Hazardous Materials 374 (July 2019): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.043.

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23

Xia, Chenxi, Li Chen, Rongzheng Xu, Mingjin Cao, Dapeng Chen, and Qin Fang. "Experimental and Numerical Studies on Ground Shock Generated by Large Equivalent Surface Explosions." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 7987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12167987.

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Lately, explosions with a large TNT equivalent have occurred with alarming frequency causing severe structural damage. The damage suffered by these structures has been exacerbated by the ground shock generated during these large equivalent explosions. The aim of this work is to study the ground-shock propagation behaviors, the areas affected by them, and determine the minimum safe distance for various structures. To measure ground shock data at different distances from the epicenter of the blast, actual 1 t and 10 t TNT surface explosion experiments were performed. The velocity and attenuation coefficient of the ground shock generated by the 1 t TNT surface explosion were determined, and the empirical equations provided by the UFC 3-340-01 standard were validated. Additionally, numerical analyses were performed to analyze the effects of ground shocks on buildings around an explosion. The maximum particle vibration velocities and attenuation behaviors of a 10 t TNT surface explosion as well as the minimum safe distances for a variety of structures were obtained from the numerical analyses.

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24

Apparao, A., and C. R. Rao. "TNT Equivalency of Unconfined Aerosols of Propylene Oxide." Defence Science Journal 64, no. 5 (September 22, 2014): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.64.6851.

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25

Kim, Seungwon, Taejin Jang, Topendra Oli, and Cheolwoo Park. "Behavior of Barrier Wall under Hydrogen Storage Tank Explosion with Simulation and TNT Equivalent Weight Method." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (March 15, 2023): 3744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063744.

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Hydrogen gas storage place has been increasing daily because of its consumption. Hydrogen gas is a dream fuel of the future with many social, economic and environmental benefits to its credit. However, many hydrogen storage tanks exploded accidentally and significantly lost the economy, infrastructure, and living beings. In this study, a protection wall under a worst-case scenario explosion of a hydrogen gas tank was analyzed with commercial software LS-DYNA. TNT equivalent method was used to calculate the weight of TNT for Hydrogen. Reinforced concrete and composite protection wall under TNT explosion was analyzed with a different distance of TNT. The initial dimension of the reinforced concrete protection wall was taken from the Korea gas safety code book (KGS FP217) and studied the various condition. H-beam was used to make the composite protection wall. Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) simulation from LS-DYNA and ConWep pressure had a good agreement. Used of the composite structure had a minimum displacement than a normal reinforced concrete protection wall. During the worst-case scenario explosion of a hydrogen gas 300 kg storage tank, the minimum distance between the hydrogen gas tank storage and protection wall should be 3.6 m.

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26

Cha, Jeong-Min. "A Study on the Hazardous Characteristics of Ethylene by TNT Equivalent Model and KORA." Korean Journal of Hazardous Materials 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31333/kihm.2021.9.1.54.

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27

Huang, Qiu An, Geng Guang Xu, Yong Jiang Wei, and Xue Mei Liu. "Research of High-Power Underwater Explosive Based on Analysis of Underwater Energy." Advanced Materials Research 848 (November 2013): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.848.183.

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In this paper,by researching the underwater energy output structure of explosion and improving the technical method to enhance the energy of underwater high-power explosive,a new type of underwater high-power PBX explosive was developed. This type of PBX,of which the underwater shock wave energy was 1.75 TNT equivalent and its bubble energy was 2.41 TNT equivalent,was suitable for the main charge of underwater weapon warhead and its energy archived the domestic leading level.

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28

Du, Hao Yang, Yong Zhao, and Zhen An Ren. "Hazard Evaluation of Carbon Steel Water Tube Boiler under Explosion Behavior." Advanced Materials Research 1006-1007 (August 2014): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1006-1007.200.

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Physical explosion model is applied in a certain carbon steel vertical water tube boiler explosion analysis, all the safety accessories and records have been damaged and no data related with before explosion could be found. Boiler energy and operation pressure before explosion was estimated by the measurement of cast pieces. Hurt radius calculated by TNT equivalent method is in accordance with on site measuring, which proves that TNT equivalent method is applicable in carbon steel boiler explosion analysis.

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29

Dewey, J. M. "The TNT and ANFO equivalences of the Beirut explosion." Shock Waves 31, no. 1 (January 2021): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-021-00992-1.

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30

Choi, Hyung-Bin, and Han-Soo Kim. "Optimized TNT Equivalent Analysis Method for Medium and Small Scale Mixture Gas Explosion on Structural Elements." Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction 31, no. 11 (November 30, 2015): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5659/jaik_sc.2015.31.11.3.

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31

Emery, Peter G. "Translation, Equivalence and Fidelity." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 50, no. 2 (December 31, 2004): 143–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.50.2.05eme.

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Abstract Translation and equivalence are defined in terms of text-author’s pragmatic meaning (intention). Translation is a complex construct comprising both process (translating) and product (equivalent). The translation process is characterized as a double negotiation, consisting of two phases: 1. interpretation of a source text’s pragmatic meaning and 2. rendering this into a target text in line with target-language expectancy norms. As an intertextual negotiator, the translator should be highly sensitive to both sourcelanguage and target-language conversational and conventional implicatures. The operation of both types of implicatures is illustrated through examples from Arabic/English translation praxis. Finally, a distinction is made between the descriptive and evaluative senses of equivalence, the latter being seen as synonymous with fidelity, which is defined in translation in terms of pragmatic success or failure (infidelity). Résumé La traduction et l’équivalence sont définies en tant que signification pragmatique (intention) du texte-auteur. La traduction est une construction mentale complexe qui englobe à la fois l’acte de traduire et le produit (équivalent). Le processus de traduction se caractérise par une double négociation comportant deux phases: 1) l’interprétation de la signification pragmatique d’un texte-source et 2) sa traduction dans un texte-cible qui respecte les normes escomptées dans la langue-cible. Le traducteur, négociateur intertextuel, doit être extrêmement sensible aux significations implicites en matière de conversation et de convention de la langue-source et de la langue-cible. Le fonctionnement des deux types de significations implicites est illustré par des exemples tirés de la pratique de la traduction arabe-anglais. Enfin, nous établissons une distinction entre le sens descriptif et le sens évaluatif de l’équivalence, ce dernier étant considéré comme un synonyme de la fidélité qui, en traduction, est définie en tant que réussite ou échec pragmatiques (infidélité).

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32

王, 雅. "Simulation and Correction of Large Equivalent TNT Air Explosion Overpressure." International Journal of Mechanics Research 08, no. 04 (2019): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ijm.2019.84026.

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33

Kosut, Oliver, and Jorg Kliewer. "Equivalence for Networks With Adversarial State." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 63, no. 7 (July 2017): 4137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2017.2701804.

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34

Tochilin, S. N., P. V. Komissarov, and S. S. Basakina. "Assessment of Errors in Determining the TNT Equivalency of Air Explosions." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B 14, no. 4 (July 2020): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1990793120040259.

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35

Pachman, J., R. Matyáš, and M. Künzel. "Study of TATP: blast characteristics and TNT equivalency of small charges." Shock Waves 24, no. 4 (February 9, 2014): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-014-0497-4.

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36

Zhou, Kan, Ge Huang, Kai Fang, Huang Huang, and Haijun Bai. "Development of Explosion-containment Vessel with 3 kg TNT Equivalent." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 616 (October 16, 2019): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/616/1/012020.

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37

Kolsch, Lukas. "On CCZ-Equivalence of the Inverse Function." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 67, no. 7 (July 2021): 4856–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2021.3065068.

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38

Rotteler, M., and P. Wocjan. "Equivalence of Decoupling Schemes and Orthogonal Arrays." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 52, no. 9 (September 2006): 4171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2006.880059.

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39

Logan, Julie V., Michael P. Short, Preston T. Webster, and Christian P. Morath. "Orbital Equivalence of Terrestrial Radiation Tolerance Experiments." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 67, no. 11 (November 2020): 2382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2020.3027243.

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40

Chiquito, Maria, Ricardo Castedo, Lina M. Lopez, Anastasio P. Santos, Juan M. Mancilla, and Jose I. Yenes. "Blast Wave Characteristics and TNT Equivalent of Improvised Explosive Device at Small scaled Distances." Defence Science Journal 69, no. 4 (July 15, 2019): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.13637.

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Abstract:

A significant number of airblast test have been carried out with the purpose to characterise and analyse the properties of improvised explosive device (IED) with non-conventional explosives in terms of knowing the effects on people and/or structures. Small devices with 1.5 kg of explosive, initiated with a detonating cord have been studied. Seven different mixtures have been tested with two types of ammonium nitrate AN (technical and fertilizer) in different forms like prills or powder. In some cases, the ammonium nitrate has been mixed with fuel oil while in others, it has been mixed with aluminum. The TNT equivalent based on pressure, impulse, arrival time, positive phase duration and shock front velocity have been calculated and analysed for each mixture. Comparing the field test data obtained with respect to the representation of the UFC 3-340-02 values, it can be seen that the parameters measured are consistent. The IEDs with fertilizer ammonium nitrate do not detonate with the present charge conditions so the shockwave generated is only due to the detonating cord. When using the technical ammonium nitrate, ANFO can partially detonate and generate a potentially dangerous shockwave. Finally, the IED with AN and aluminum produces a TNT equivalent close to one when the technical AN is used.

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41

Torok, Zoltan, and Alexandru Ozunu. "HAZARDOUS PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM NITRATE AND MODELING OF EXPLOSIONS USING TNT EQUIVALENCY." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 14, no. 11 (2015): 2671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2015.284.

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42

Zhuohua, Yang, Ye Qing, Jia Zhenzhen, and Li He. "Numerical Simulation of Pipeline-Pavement Damage Caused by Explosion of Leakage Gas in Buried PE Pipelines." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4913984.

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In order to investigate the damage influence of the leakage explosion in urban gas pipeline on the surrounding environment, the numerical models of buried PE (polyethylene) pipes under urban pavement were established by using ANSYS/LS-DYNA in this study. The reliability of the numerical models was verified on the basis of the explosion experiments. According to the amount of gas leakage, the TNT explosive equivalent was determined. The gas leakage explosion process of buried PE pipes was studied, and the pressure and stress changes of pipes and pavements under different explosive equivalents and buried depths were analyzed; at last, the deformation law of pipes and pavements were discussed. The results show that the PE pipes are fractured during the leakage explosion and a spherical explosion cavity is formed in the soil. The pavement above the explosion point bulges upward and forms a circle. The maximum pressure of pipe near the explosion point increases linearly with the increase of explosive equivalent, and a proportional relation is observed between the fracture width of pipe and the explosive equivalent. The degree and duration of pavement deformation increase significantly with the increase of explosive equivalents. The dynamic response of the pipes is rarely affected by the buried depth, and the change of maximum effective stress is no more than 7%. However, the buried depth is of great influence on the damage degree of pavement. When the buried depth increases from 0.9 m to 1.5 m, the pavement deformation can be reduced effectively. The variation rule of pavement deformation is similar to the change rule of maximum overpressure and effective plastic stress; they change in the form of concave functions with the increase of buried depth. The results can provide theoretical basis for municipal pipeline construction design and urban safety planning and provide references for the risk assessment of gas explosion in buried pipelines.

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43

Honová, Zuzana. "TRADUCTION LITTÉRALE, ÉQUIVALENCE FONCTIONNELLE ET TRADUCTION DESCRIPTIVE EN TANT QUE STRATÉGIES POUR LA TRADUCTION DES TERMES JURIDIQUES FRANÇAIS ET TCHÈQUES." Comparative Legilinguistics 51 (November 7, 2022): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cl.51.2022.9.

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In the process of deciding upon an appropriate equivalent for a legal term, the translator can choose between several possible strategies. The goal of the article is to analyse the translation strategies of French and Czech legal terms that do not have a direct equivalent in accessible terminographic sources of the target language. Among the possible strategies, it deals in particular with literal translation, functional equivalence and descriptive. It observes that all of the three strategies are used, to a greater or lesser extent, by the analysed terminographic sources and seeks to point out the problems that the use of each of the previously mentioned strategies may cause.

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44

Effros, Michelle, Salim El Rouayheb, and Michael Langberg. "An Equivalence Between Network Coding and Index Coding." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 61, no. 5 (May 2015): 2478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2015.2414926.

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45

Dornstetter, J. "On the equivalence between Berlekamp's and Euclid's algorithms (Corresp.)." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 33, no. 3 (May 1987): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.1987.1057299.

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46

Mantravadi, A., and V. V. Veeravalli. "MMSE detection in asynchronous CDMA systems: an equivalence result." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 48, no. 12 (December 2002): 3128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2002.805078.

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47

Mak, T. S. T., and K. P. Lam. "Equivalence-Set Genes Partitioning Using an Evolutionary-DP Approach." IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience 4, no. 4 (December 2005): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnb.2005.859543.

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48

Yun, Yeo Hun, and Joon Ho Cho. "Sum-Rate Optimal Multicode CDMA Systems: An Equivalence Result." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 59, no. 12 (December 2013): 8295–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2013.2283223.

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49

Ferraz, Raul Antonio, Marines Guerreiro, and Cesar Polcino Milies. "$G$-Equivalence in Group Algebras and Minimal Abelian Codes." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 60, no. 1 (January 2014): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2013.2284211.

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50

Koetter, Ralf, Michelle Effros, and Muriel Medard. "A Theory of Network Equivalence – Part II: Multiterminal Channels." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 60, no. 7 (July 2014): 3709–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2014.2319075.

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