Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'TMY'

My disertation theses explores the intricate relationship between art, science and photography in the framework of the contemporary culture. Clearly outlined research areas open up the subject to a broader theoretical examination to underpin the artistic strategies that can be employed in the practial research. The resulting artwork interprets the domain of particle physics in a series of artworks. First area of the research delves into the domain of images and seeks to understand the relationship between the images of art and science in a broader sense. Second area investigates ambiguous medium of photography as both tool of science and art. Third area is an overview of the history of representation of the subatomic world and issues related to representing what is in fact unrepresentable. Fourth seeks to find epistemic and conceptual connection between art and science and their interdisciplinary dialogue as Sci-Art. The fifth part introduces artworks that reflect the critical egangement with the theoretical research and the scientific method by building the instrument for the observation of the cosmic rays. Sources for the theoretical framework are largely drawn from the academic literature written in the UK and USA where the topics explored in the theses have been studied in depth. The time scope considered in the theses encompasses 1990's of the 20. century up utill the present day.

In this thesis, yearly performance of the solar adsorption cooling system which is proposed to be installed to a residential building in Antalya is theoretically investigated in detail. Firstly, thermodynamic designs of the adsorption cooling cycle for three different types of cycles which are intermittent, heat recovery and heat &
mass recovery cycles are presented. Secondly, adsorption characteristics of three adsorbent/adsorbate pairs which are zeolite-water, silica gel-water and activated carbon-methanol are given. Following this, load side (i.e., building) of the system is designed and parameters that should be considered in building design are presented. Then, solar-thermal cooling system design methodology with an emphasis on solar fraction is presented. In addition, system parameters effecting the performance of the adsorption cooling system are analyzed and results are presented. Finally, economic analysis is done in order to understand the economic feasibility of the solar-thermal cooling systems compared to conventional cooling systems. TRNSYS is used for the yearly simulations and an integrated model of the overall system is developed in TRNSYS. Since energy consumption and performance investigations of environment-dependent systems such as building HVAC, refrigeration systems and solar collectors usually require weather information, typical meteorological year (TMY) data for Antalya is also generated in order to be used in the analysis of the system parameters.

Abstract The fact that the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) and related symptoms play an important role in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is widely recognized. In the study reported here, the LPM was investigated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with TMD. The visibility of the LPM in MRI with different projections was analyzed and a new imaging projection, condyle-the lateral pterygoid muscle projection (CLPM), for the LPM in MRI was introduced. Normal and abnormal findings of the LPM was compared with clinical symptoms of TMD. Compared with sagittal imaging of temporomandibular joint (TMJ), CLPM images and most of the oblique sagittal imaging were able to show the LPM clearly. Hypertrophy, atrophy and contracture of the LPM were found in TMJs either with disc in normal position or with disc displacements. Pathological changes of the superior belly and hypertrophy of the inferior belly combined with various pathological changes of the superior belly were the most frequently observed abnormal imaging findings of the LPM in TMD. The pathological changes of the LPM were associated with the main clinical symptoms of TMD. In patients with symptomatic condyle hypermobility, the pathological changes of the LPM and related symptoms were associated with the clinical symptoms of TMJs with disc in normal position. The imaging abnormalities of the LPM were common in TMJs with disc displacements and seemed to be fewer in condyle hypomobility cases in TMJs with anterior disc displacement with non-reduction (ADDnr). However, normal imaging of the LPM was also found in TMJs with severe osteoarthritic changes and disc displacement. The recognition of muscle alterations may lead to a more specific diagnosis and improve the understanding of the clinical symptoms and disease pathophysiology of TMD.

This thesis discusses the illness experience of people living with chronic pain resulting from Temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The literature discusses various aspects of the experience of chronic pain, but there is little research reported specifically on the experience of living with TMD. Using analysis of sufferers' narratives, I discuss common explanatory models and coping strategies. I then present aspects of the bodily experience of TMD as seen in people with comorbid illnesses. The personal or mental aspects of TMD are explored, particularly in terms of fear, anxiety, and hope for the future. Lastly, the broader impacts of TMD are explored through sufferers' relationships with friends and family, and sufferers' ability to function in social contexts. It is concluded that TMD impacts many areas of sufferers' lives, and that the lived experience extends beyond diagnosis and treatment seeking to include the day to day management of TMD pain.

This work deals with the issue of supply restoring for heating plant Teplárny Brno, a. s. Špitálka division, after a system-wide failure of the “blackout”. The thesis solves the “black start” of the Špitálka Teplárny Brno operation by delivering a voltage from the hydroelectric power Vír I, proposes a methodology for commissioning of individual devices, up to phasing the generators with subsequent possibility of creating an “island mode” in the area of Brno city, which the work already does not deal with. The work also deals with the preparation of the operational test, while starts of the selected devices are tested. The schedule of commissioning of each device is supported by calculations of the parameters for the entire system with regard to voltage drops while connecting the high load. The result of this work is the proposal of methodological process of supply restoring for power plant Teplárny Brno – Špitálka division, by submission a voltage from the hydroelectric power Vír I, which can be used both in any system-wide failure of the “blackout”, or during the operational test.

When a vehicle enters an intersection with insufficient space to exit on the opposite side the result is often the obstruction of pedestrians and other vehicles, this phenomenon is usually referred to as "blocking the box." The purpose of this study was to determine different characteristics of blocking that might be considered in determining the installment of a "Don't Block the Box" (DBTB) campaign. This study identified potentially problematic intersections in Atlanta, Georgia and collected information, such as the number of vehicles that block the intersection (box junction), the amount of green time with blocking, and the percentages in which approaches were blocked. Based on the results it was found the characteristics of the number of blockers, percentage of green time with blocking, and the percentage of lost capacity are excellent indicators for a possible DBTB campaign. Organizations interested in potentially starting a DBTB should consider these characteristics part of the determination of suitability of DBTB for an intersection. Within this study is was found that the intersections of Peachtree Road & Highland Drive, Peachtree Road & Stratford Road, Peachtree Road & Lenox Mall Entrance, and 10th Street & Williams Street showed to be potential candidates for a DBTB campaign in Atlanta, Georgia. During the study period these intersections had high percentages of lost capacity, high number of blocks, and high percentages of green time with blocking. In conjunction with the DBTB data analysis a "DBTB survey" was developed. The objective of this survey was to help gain a better understanding of the current trends in DBTB campaigns around the United States. The "DBTB Survey" received 75 responses from 415 organizations around the nation, a 18.1% response rate. Six (60%) of the ten participants that currently have a DBTB campaign found a sufficient level of improvement in traffic operations and 46 of the total respondents (60%) proclaimed that if DBTB campaigns were shown to be an economical alternative for traffic management they would consider starting one to help congestion and safety.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_aml_me_guara.pdf: 1372198 bytes, checksum: 8bdab5df0828cfa6c6b83983a359c40b (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O presente trabalho tem por objetivos, analisar a intensidade e freqüência dos ruídos articulares da articulação temporomandibular (A.T.M.) de indivíduos saudáveis e patológicos, auxiliar nos procedimentos clínicos e em futuras pesquisas. Para a análise dos sinais coletados foi desenvolvido um sistema para aquisição de dados, composto por um conjunto estetoscópio/microfone, equipamentos para condicionamento e aquisição de sinais e aplicativos computacionais para registro, análise e apresentação dos dados. A identificação das freqüências dominantes e o cálculo dos parâmetros considerados no domínio do tempo (valor médio, valor eficaz, desvio padrão e nível da pressão sonora – NPS) foram realizados por meio de programas computacionais específicos. Os resultados decorrentes dos cálculos e das observações em relação aos sinais obtidos, possibilitaram a determinação das faixas de freqüência, o nível da pressão sonora em decibéis (dB)* da população em estudo, além de proporcionar algumas diferenças entre os grupos patológicos e não-patológicos. Pode-se concluir que a presença da patologia influiu na amplitude dos sinais coletados, diferenciando dessa forma os casos patológicos dos não patológicos. Outra contribuição desse trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um exame não invasivo para as Disfunções das Articulações Temporomandibulares (D.T.Ms.)
This word has the objective of analyzing the amount and frequency of articular noise in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of both healthy and pathological individuals and aid in clinical procedures as well as in future researches. For the proposed analysis, a dada collecting system was developed comprising a stethoscope/microphone set, equipment for the signal conditioning and capturing, and computer software for data recording, analysis and presentation. The identification of dominating frequencies and the parameter calculation considered in the time period (average amount, efficient amount, linear fit, and sound pressure level) were performed through specific computer softwares. The results found through the calculations and observations in relation to the signals obtained made the determination of the frequency, the level of sound pressure (in dB) of the studied population possible besides differentiating the pathological and non-pathological groups. It can be concluded that the presence of the pathology influenced in the amplitude of the collected signals, differentiating of this form the pathological cases of the not pathological ones. Another contribution of this work was the development of a not invasive examination for the temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD)

Oral Biology
M.S.
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are comorbid conditions. Most are related to anxiety-induced muscular pain, but some are associated with facial asymmetry resulting from condylar resorption (CR) or condylar hyperplasia (CH). The etiology of the most common forms of CH and CR are still unknown. CR can be caused by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or more commonly osteoarthritis (OA) of the TMJ, and inflammatory mediators have been previously implicated. Previous studies have identified pain/inflammatory genes related to chronic TMD while others have demonstrated potential genetic markers for RA. Similarly, genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified genes associated with height, some of which may participate in craniofacial growth, CH, and the development of asymmetry. Masseter muscle is frequently involved in TMD of muscular origin, and left/right fiber-type differences have been previously found in subjects with facial asymmetry. A human transcriptome microarray was used to evaluate whether genes involved with height, pain, or inflammation were differentially expressed in masseter muscle from facially asymmetric patients with and without TMD. This study evaluated orthognathic surgery patients with varying skeletal malocclusions, including subjects with and without facial asymmetry and TMD (n= 93). Masseter muscle samples were collected from ten orthognathic surgery patients treated to correct skeletal malocclusions. Two of whom were classified with facial asymmetry with or without TMD, with one of the two showing positive evidence of CR. Samples were disrupted in QIAzol Lysis Reagent, RNA was isolated using a Qiagen miRNeasy Mini Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions, and quality of the total RNA was tested by Agilent Bioanalyzer and Nanodrop spectrophotometry. Samples were used for quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and protocols for microarray analysis were conducted as described in the Ambion WT Expression Manual and the Affymetrix GeneChip Expression Analysis Technical Manual. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was completed to detect fold-changes for each transcript to determine differences in global gene expression between the two asymmetric and eight remaining subjects. To find differentially expressed transcripts step-up t-tests were performed to correct for false discovery rate (FDR) comparing the two asymmetric samples to the eight symmetric samples. Differences were considered significant if step-up p-values were ±2 between groups. This study evaluated 847 height-related genes and 551 genes associated in pain/inflammatory processes. Genes of interest were determined a priori from GWA studies and the Algynomics Pain Research Panel v.2.0 partially derived from the Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment (OPPERA) study. Two hundred and eight transcripts of 847 height associated genes and 132 of 551 pain/inflammatory genes were significant for expression (P±2.0 fold differences in facial asymmetry and/or TMD specimens. Among genes specifically reported to be associated with pain/inflammation, NPY5R (+2.11 fold), GABRA6 (+2.14 fold), CACNA2D1 (-12.51 fold) and EREG (+2.12 fold) showed significantly different (P<0.001) expression levels in the two asymmetric versus the remaining eight symmetric patients. CACNA2D1 expression was significantly increased in symmetric male subjects versus symmetric females (P < 0.05) as well as in asymmetric females versus asymmetric males (P < 0.05). CACNA2D1 expression was also significantly increased in symmetric male subjects versus symmetric females (P <0.05) and was differentially expressed at lower levels, however not significantly, in asymmetric males (p = 0.51). Based on the results collected, the following conclusions were drawn. These methods provide a novel approach to study TMD and/or facial asymmetry in human subjects. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that significant expression variation in human height genes may contribute to facial asymmetry with or without TMD, possibly through decreased expression of CACNA2D1. These data suggest TMD patients with facial asymmetry associated with condylar resorption may show significant differential expression of certain inflammatory marker genes such as EREG and CACNA2D1. These data support that gender may play a key role in the development of TMD, possibly through increased CACNA2D1 expression providing protective effects in TMD-free males but deleterious effect in females with TMD. These results support previous findings of pain/inflammatory genes associated with TMD derived from muscular pain. Further studies are needed to understand the genetic contributions to TMD, which may play an important role in future clinical intervention.
Temple University--Theses

Oral Biology
M.S.
A major physiological risk factor of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is sensitization of peripheral and central nervous system pain processing pathways. Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha-2/delta subunit-1 (CACNA2D1) has a crucial role in relaying nociceptive information in the spinal dorsal horn. Up-regulation of CACNA2D1 results in abnormal excitatory synapse formation and enhanced presynaptic excitatory neurotransmitter release. Blocking CACNA2D1 with gabapentinoid-class drugs relieves orofacial hypersensitivity. Drs. Foley, Horton, and Sciote previously reported that in a small sample group (n=12), CACNA2D1 expression was greater in males than females, but increased in women with TMD. The objectives of this study are to corroborate these data and investigate expression patterns of other ion channel and conducting system genes. Additionally, since the null polymorphism ACTN3-577XX associates with muscle fiber microdamage during eccentric contraction, we tested for possible gene associations with ACTN3-R577XX genotypes. Masseter muscle samples came from human subjects (n=23 male; 48 female) with malocclusions undergoing orthognathic surgery. This population had skeletal disharmony of the jaws and thus was prone to eccentric contraction. Three males and eighteen females were diagnosed with localized masticatory myalgia. Muscle total RNA was isolated and CACNA2D1, CACNA1S, GABARAP, and TRPM7 expression was quantified using RT-PCR. Expression of these genes were compared based on TMD status and various characteristics that may influence TMD including: sex, age, facial symmetry, sagittal dimension, vertical dimension, ACTN3-577 genotype and fiber type. CACNA2D1 expression differed significantly between sexes, overall (p<0.02), and without TMD (p=0.001). Women with (n=13) and without (n=23) TMD differed significantly (p<0.03). CACNA2D1 expression was also significantly higher (p=0.031) in subjects below age 25. Similarly, GABARAP expression was significantly higher (p=0.001) for patients younger than 25 and for patients less than or equal to age 18 (p=0.013). Otherwise, CACNA1S, TRPM7 and GABARAP differences were not significant. GABARAP expression differed, but not significantly by sex and for the ACTN3-577XX-null genotype. In a population of malocclusion patients, masseter muscle CACNA2D1 expression is significantly higher than CACNA1S, TRPM7, and GABARAP. CACNA2D1 expression is greater in males than females without TMD. However, CACNA2D1 expression increases significantly in females with TMD-associated myalgia. This may support evidence for calcium channel regulation of nociception differences seen between sexes in TMD. It was also found that expression of CACNA2D1 and GABARAP is significantly higher in younger subjects. Additionally, observations presented here suggest potential influence of ACTN3-null condition on function of GABARAP.
Temple University--Theses

Orientador: Araildo Lima da Silva
Banca: Mauro Pedro Peres
Banca: Libório José Faria Júnior
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivos, analisar a intensidade e freqüência dos ruídos articulares da articulação temporomandibular (A.T.M.) de indivíduos saudáveis e patológicos, auxiliar nos procedimentos clínicos e em futuras pesquisas. Para a análise dos sinais coletados foi desenvolvido um sistema para aquisição de dados, composto por um conjunto estetoscópio/microfone, equipamentos para condicionamento e aquisição de sinais e aplicativos computacionais para registro, análise e apresentação dos dados. A identificação das freqüências dominantes e o cálculo dos parâmetros considerados no domínio do tempo (valor médio, valor eficaz, desvio padrão e nível da pressão sonora - NPS) foram realizados por meio de programas computacionais específicos. Os resultados decorrentes dos cálculos e das observações em relação aos sinais obtidos, possibilitaram a determinação das faixas de freqüência, o nível da pressão sonora em decibéis (dB)* da população em estudo, além de proporcionar algumas diferenças entre os grupos patológicos e não-patológicos. Pode-se concluir que a presença da patologia influiu na amplitude dos sinais coletados, diferenciando dessa forma os casos patológicos dos não patológicos. Outra contribuição desse trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um exame não invasivo para as Disfunções das Articulações Temporomandibulares (D.T.Ms.)
Abstract: This word has the objective of analyzing the amount and frequency of articular noise in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of both healthy and pathological individuals and aid in clinical procedures as well as in future researches. For the proposed analysis, a dada collecting system was developed comprising a stethoscope/microphone set, equipment for the signal conditioning and capturing, and computer software for data recording, analysis and presentation. The identification of dominating frequencies and the parameter calculation considered in the time period (average amount, efficient amount, linear fit, and sound pressure level) were performed through specific computer softwares. The results found through the calculations and observations in relation to the signals obtained made the determination of the frequency, the level of sound pressure (in dB) of the studied population possible besides differentiating the pathological and non-pathological groups. It can be concluded that the presence of the pathology influenced in the amplitude of the collected signals, differentiating of this form the pathological cases of the not pathological ones. Another contribution of this work was the development of a not invasive examination for the temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD)
Mestre

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.
Thesis research directed by: Business and Management. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária
A patologia inflamatória da articulação temporomandibular é uma das desordens intraarticulares mais comuns. Apesar de a sua etiologia ainda não estar bem explicada, sabe-se que um dos principais factores são os traumas (microtrauma e macrotrauma), e que estes levam à formação de processos inflamatórios nas superfícies articulares. O principal sintoma que acompanha estas desordens inflamatórias é a dor, e sendo esta o principal motivo da vinda do paciente às consultas, torna-se importante que o médico dentista conheça as abordagens necessárias para tratar esta patologia. Normalmente o tratamento das desordens temporomandibulares inflamatórias passa por uma abordagem multidisciplinar, farmacológica e com ajuda de tratamentos de fisioterapia. A maior parte destas patologias resolvem-se com tratamentos reversíveis e não-invasivos, tais como: medicação sistémica e local; terapia com laser de baixa intensidade, ultrassons, iontoforese e fonoforese. Com esta revisão bibliográfica pretende-se fornecer um conhecimento mais aprofundado sobre as patologias inflamatórias da ATM e a sua abordagem terapêutica. The temporomandibular joint inflammation is one of the most common pathology within the intra-articular disorders. Although its etiology is not yet fully explained, it is known that the major factor is trauma (microtrauma and macrotrauma) causing the formation of inflammatory processes in the articular surfaces. The main symptom that accompanies these inflammatory disorders is pain leading the patient to find a dentist. Thus, it is important that dentists know the approaches needed to treat this disorder. Normally the treatment of inflammatory temporomandibular disorders involves a multidisciplinary approach, with the help of pharmacological and physical therapy treatments. Most of these pathologies are resolved with reversible and non-invasive treatments, such as systemic and local medication, low-level laser therapy, ultrasounds, iontophoresis and phonophoresis. This bibliographic review aims to provide a deeper understanding on the inflammatory pathologies of the TMJ and its therapeutic approach.

This thesis examines the intermingled personal, commercial, and algorithmic incentives undergirding toy unboxing creator culture. Using interviews with creators, analyses of videos, and walkthroughs of YouTube and YouTube Kids, this thesis historicizes the experiences of toy unboxing creator culture into three empirically grounded periods: an uncontested golden era for kids' content, creators joining forces to self-regulate and combat external pressures on their genre, and a new regulatory era. By bringing these creators' voices into debates about platforms, algorithms, and children's media, this thesis explains how these creators' agentic capabilities and ingenuity changed the children's media landscape.

All Priella wanted was to find love. She roamed the fields of the Garden of Earthly Delights, day by day, in the hopes of finally attaining it. But, it wasn't that simple. In the midst of an existential crisis, unable to understand her difficulty in relating to others and achieving happiness, Priella meets the Archangel Michael who offers her a chance at salvation. Venturing into the unknown, Priella is forced to face the distorted ways of thinking that kept her hostage.

This is s Bachelor Degree Project report based on the design of a push toy in collaboration with Playsam. The new design consists of a wooden spacecraft.

The toy can be described as a safe toy appropriated for kids within a range of ages between 1 and 3 years old.  The attractive design of the toy will help the children to increase their imagination. It is a dynamic product that, firstly, seems not to be more than a spacecraft with two wheels that needs another foothold to keep staying up. On the other hand, when the kids take it, they will observe that the product can be displaced by the wheels, and they will find an attractive rotational motion that combines two complementary colours.

The requirements stated by the company were achieved:

-       Firstly, the toy must move one of its parts being it connected to the wheels. The product has two main parts. One of them will rotate regarding to the other one when the child drags it thanks to a designed gear system.

-       Secondly, the toy would be made of wood as well as all the company products. The elected wood was beech wood, getting a similar appearance to the Playsam products aesthetic.

-       The last requisite of the company was to make the toy easy to handle and manipulate. The anthropometric study organized by the design team guarantees it.  The mediums of the data were considered to build the toy.  It was considered that children less than 18 months will take it by the holes and not the surface.

The design team bore the European directive 88/378/EEC for Safety of Toys in mind. It was essential to guarantee the safety of the child.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a behavioral training program on the simple toy play responses of three adolescents with severe and profound mental retardation. Also investigated were possible differences in the difficulty in initial acquisition and generality of the five toy functions chosen: direct push, build, pull, indirect electronic push, and wind. Two toys in each functional category were used. Using a multiple baseline across subjects design, each subject was scored on appropriate toy play during each session. Baseline sessions consisted simply of presenting the toy to the, subject and requesting him/her to play with it. During treatment sessions, the training sequence consisted of a verbal stimulus, a verbal instruction, modeling, shadowing, partial graduated guidance, and full graduated guidance. All subjects received positive reinforcement (i.e., verbal and physical praise with or without edibles) following every appropriate response. Because all subjects reached the prespecified mastery level of each of the 10 toys, it was concluded that the training sequence was an efficient technology in teaching toy play responses. In addition, the relative difficulty among and generality within functions was discussed.

This work focuses on the cross-section between classic still-life art and complex personal issues. It uses traditional and nontraditional still life photography to tell individual vignettes about my life. I explore unresolved issues, which offer subtle suggestion of an experiential narrative. All of the backgrounds and objects included are intentional and represent specific places, people, and events. I allow the viewer to bring their own experiences to the photographs, by not giving them specifics of my stories. I used this work as a way for me to move past these experiences and my hope is that they might also help others. I have created beauty from my dwelling.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)
Background: This study aimed to investigate a possible relationship between the diagnosis of TMD and biographical, psychological and social status of patients. Materials and Method: All records of patients who attended the TMD clinic in the Mitchells Plain Oral Health Centre in the period from January 2015 to July 2018, and who were examined according to the DC/TMD protocol, were collected. All diagnostic observations, as well as their biographical, psychological and social data were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed by means of comparisons and association analysis among data to evaluate if there were any statistically relevant associations or differences.

Schubert K., Polte T., Bönisch U., Schader S., Holtappels R., Hildebrandt G., Lehmann J., Simon J.C., Anderegg U., Saalbach A. Thy-1 (CD90) regulates the extravasation of leukocytes during inflammation. Eur. J. Immunol. 41, 2011; 645-656
Saalbach A, Haustein UF, and Anderegg U. A ligand of human Thy-1 is localized on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes and mediates the binding to activated Thy-1 positive microvascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2000; 115: 882-888
Wetzel A., Wetzig T., Haustein U.F., Sticherling M., Anderegg U., Simon J.C., Saalbach A. Increased Neutrophil Adherence in Psoriasis: Role of the Human Endothelial Cell Receptor Thy-1 (CD90). Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2006; 126: 441–452
Saalbach A., Arnhold J., Leßig J., Simon J. C., Anderegg U. Human Thy-1 induces secretion of matrixmetalloproteinase-9 and CXCL8 from human neutrophils. Eur. J. Immunol. 2008; 38: 1391–1403
Schmidt M., Gutknecht D., Simon J.C., Schulz J.N., Eckes B., Anderegg U., Saalbach A. Controlling the Balance of Fibroblast Proliferation and Differentiation: Impact of Thy-1. J Invest Dermatol. 2015; 135(7):1893-902
Saalbach, A., Wetzig, T., Haustein, U.F., and Anderegg, U. Detection of human soluble Thy-1 in serum by ELISA: fibroblasts and activated endothelial cells are a possible source of soluble Thy-1 in serum. Cell Tiss. Res. 1999; 298: 307-315
Wetzel A, Chavakis T, Preissner K, Sticherling M, Haustein U-F, Anderegg U, Saalbach A. Human Thy-1 (CD90) on Activated Endothel Cells is a Counterreceptor for the Leucocyte Integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18). The Journal of Immunology 2004; 172: 3850-3859

Die Eigenschaften der kommerziell verfügbaren Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe bestimmen den Wirkungsgrad und die Leistungsfähigkeit von Flug- und Industriegasturbinen sowie Motoren. Da die breit eingesetzten Nickelbasis-Werkstoffe mit etwa 8-8,5 g/cm^3 eine verhältnismäßig hohe Dichte aufweisen, wird seit Jahrzehnten nach alternativen Werkstoffen gesucht. Da besonders die Titanaluminide, speziell die stark Nb-haltigen gamma-TiAl-Legierungen (TNB-Legierungen), mit einer Dichte von ca. 4,5 g/cm^3 einen beträchtlichen Dichtegewinn gegenüber den Nickelbasis-Superlegierungen bieten, haben Legierungen auf dieser Basis das größte Potenzial, um die Nickelbasis-Superlegierungen teilweise zu ersetzen. Im Fluggasturbinenbau ist die Anwendung für den hinteren Teil des Hochdruckverdichters und die letzten Stufen der Turbine angedacht. Dabei sollen Schaufeln, Gehäuse und Anbauteile aus modernen gamma-TiAl-Legierungen zum Einsatz kommen. Für die Auslegung dieser Bauteile sind umfassende Kenntnisse des Werkstoffverhaltens zwingend notwendig. Treten im Betrieb hohe Temperaturgradienten in den Bauteilen auf, so muss besonders auch das thermomechanische Ermüdungsverhalten betrachtet werden. Dieses stellt insbesondere für den Einsatz in Gasturbinen einen relevanten Schädigungsmechanismus dar. Inhalt dieser Arbeit war die Charakterisierung des thermomechanischen Verformungs- und Ermüdungsverhaltens der modernen gamma-TiAl-Legierung TNB-V5. Dabei wurden die Einflüsse der Mikrostruktur, der Phasenbeziehung zwischen thermischer und mechanischer Beanspruchung, des Temperaturbereiches und der Höhe der mechanischen Beanspruchung untersucht. Zum Verständnis der Ergebnisse wurden moderne Methoden der Mikrocharakterisierung angewandt. Zur Beschreibung des Lebensdauerverhaltens wurden der Schädigungsparameter PSWT nach Smith, Watson und Topper und der Schädigungsparameter PHL nach Haibach und Lehrke erfolgreich angewandt. Es wurden folgende, wesentlich über den bisherigen Stand des Wissens hinausgehende Erkenntnisse gewonnen: Eine Beanspruchung mit der Phasenbeziehung Clockwise-Diamond (CD) bzw. Counter-Clockwise-Diamond (CCD) führt im Gegensatz zur In-Phase- (IP) oder Out-of-Phase- (OP) Beanspruchung nur zu geringen Unterschieden zwischen den Beträgen der Ober- und der Unterspannung. Unter CD- und CCD-Beanspruchung kommt es zu nahezu keinen bzw. im Vergleich zur IP- und OP-Beanspruchung deutlich geringeren Zug- oder Druckmittelspannungen. Des Weiteren unterscheiden sich die Spannungs-Dehnungs-Hysteresekurven unter CD- bzw. CCD-Beanspruchung nur sehr wenig. Die Bruchlastspielzahlen der CD- und CCD-Versuche liegen immer zwischen denen der IP- und OP-Versuche. Für eine Lebensdauervorhersage unter thermomechanischer Beanspruchung sind die Schädigungsparameter PSWT nach Smith, Watson und Topper und PHL nach Haibach und Lehrke gut geeignet, wenn der Versuchs- bzw. Anwendungstemperaturbereich Temperaturen oberhalb des Spröd-Duktil-Überganges (ca. 750°C) beinhaltet. Ist dies der Fall, dann weichen die experimentell ermittelten Lebensdauern im betrachteten Bereich (Bruchlastspielzahl ca. 50 – 3000) maximal um den Faktor ±3 von den vorhergesagten Werten ab. Der Einfluss der Mikrostruktur auf das zyklische Verformungs- und Ermüdungsverhalten ist unter den betrachteten Bedingungen überraschend gering. Die Mikrostrukturen Near-Gamma und Duplex zeigen unter allen Versuchsbedingungen vergleichbare Lebensdauern, während das Fully-Lamellar-Gefüge tendenziell etwas höhere Lebensdauern aufweist. Weiterhin stellen die gewonnenen Ergebnisse eine wertvolle Datenbasis für die Auslegung von thermomechanisch beanspruchten Komponenten im Turbinen- und Motorenbau dar.

Nos últimos 20 anos tivemos um grande avanço na neurociência e nas técnicas de avaliação do sistema nervoso em humanos em uma tentativa inicial de compreensão de seu funcionamento. Colaboram com esse avanço técnicas como a eletroencefalografia (EEG), tomografia com-putadorizada (CT), tomografia por emissão de pósitron (PET), ressonância magnética funcional (fMRI), que geram mapas estatísticos de atividade cerebral, e a estimulação magnética transcrania-na (TMS), que se utiliza de pulsos de campo magnético, intensos e rápidos, de forma que a taxa de variação do fluxo magnético possa produzir uma estimulação cortical. No entanto a técnica de TMS ainda hoje utiliza parâmetros subjetivos para a determinação de um centro responsável por uma determinada atividade estimulada, os quais não possibilitam lo-calizar com precisão a região do córtex cerebral que está sendo estimulada por um pulso magnético. No intuito de eliminar essa subjetividade e estimularmos com precisão os centros de ativi-dade esse trabalho realiza um estudo do co-registro das técnicas de TMS e fMRI através de um neu-ronavegador que possibilita encontrar estruturas cerebrais sob uma determinada posição do escalpo. Inicialmente o estimulador foi caracterizado e um mapa de intensidade de campo magnético produ-zido pela bobina em forma de oito ou butterfly foi realizado por diferentes métodos. Em seguida um neuronavegador foi desenvolvido que permite fazer uma superposição das imagens de fMRI com o padrão de campos magnéticos produzido pela bobina. Pode-se variar a posição da bobina e observarem-se as regiões que provavelmente serão estimuladas pelo campo magnético. Com isso pode-se aperfeiçoar a estimulação. Para verificar a eficiência desse método estimulou-se o córtex motor de um grupo de 10 voluntários assintomáticos. O estímulo foi monitorado através de um eletromiógrafo posicionado no músculo abdutor do polegar da mão. Os resultados indicam que com o uso da neuronavegação foi possível estimular a região motora esperada em 100% dos voluntários estudados.
In the last 20 years we witnessed a great advance in neurosciences and evaluation techniques as an initial attempt for understanding of working principles of the human central nervous system Techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have produced grate advances in the understanding of human cerebral nervous system. fMRI generates statistical maps of the cerebral activity and TMS uses intense and fast magnetic pulses to produce a high rate magnetic flux variation to produce cortical electrical stimulation. However, even today TMS uses subjective parameters to establish an area responsible for a certain stimulated activity, that does not allow the precise cortical localization of the cortex area being stimulated by the magnetic pulse. Aiming to overcome this subjectiveness to more precisely stimulate the activity center this work investigates the use of a co-register method based on TMS and fMRI through the use of a neuronavigator that allows the location of brain structures below a certain scalp position. Initially the TMS was characterized and a map of the magnetic field intensity produced by the eight shaped or butterfly coils was determined by different methods. After this step a neuronavigator was devel-oped allowing a superposition of the magnetic field pattern with the fMRI images. The coil position can be varied and the possible stimulated regions can be visualized. This integration of information is expected to improve the TMS accuracy. To verify the efficacy of this method the motor cortex of 10 asymptomatic volunteers were stimulated. The stimulus was monitored with an electromyogram acquired in the hand thumb abductor muscle. The results shown that with the neuronavigation it was possible to stimulate the desired motor region in all the volunteers studied.

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Nanostrukturierung von magnetischen Schichtsystemen mit Tunnelmagnetowiderstandseffekt (TMR-Effekt), welche in der Form von Nanosäulen in magnetoresistiven Speichern (MRAM) eingesetzt werden. Solche Nanosäulen können zukünftig ebenfalls als Nanoemitter von Mikrowellensignalen eine Rolle spielen. Dabei wird von der Auswahl eines geeigneten TMR-Schichtsystems mit einer MgO-Tunnelbarriere über die Präparation der Nanosäulen mit Seitenisolierung bis hin zum Aufbringen der elektrischen Zuleitungen eine komplette Prozesskette entwickelt und optimiert. Die Strukturen werden mittels optischer Lithographie und Elektronenstrahllithographie definiert, die anschließende Strukturübertragung erfolgt durch Ionenstrahlätzen (teilweise reaktiv) sowie durch Lift-off. Rückmeldung über Erfolg oder Probleme bei der Strukturierung geben Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (teilweise mit Zielpräparation per Ionenfeinstrahl, FIB), Rasterelektronenmikroskopie sowie die Lichtmikroskopie. Es können so TMR-Nanosäulen mit minimalen Abmessungen von bis zu 69 nm x 71 nm hergestellt werden, von denen Nanosäulen mit Abmessungen von 65 nm x 87 nm grundlegend magneto-elektrisch charakterisiert worden sind. Dies umfasst die Bestimmung des TMR-Effektes und des Widerstandes der Tunnelbarriere (RA-Produkt). Weiterhin wurde das Verhalten der magnetischen Schichten bei größeren Magnetfeldern bis +-200mT sowie das Umschaltverhalten der magnetisch freien Schicht bei verändertem Winkel zwischen magnetischer Vorzugsachse des TMR-Elementes und dem äußeren Magnetfeld untersucht. Der Nachweis des Spin-Transfer-Torque Effektes an den präparierten TMR-Nanosäulen ist im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht gelungen, was mit dem zu hohen elektrischen Widerstand der verwendeten Tunnelbarriere erklärt werden kann. Mit dünneren Barrieren konnte der Widerstand gesenkt werden, allerdings führt ein Stromfluss durch diese Barrieren schnell zur Degradation der Barrieren. Weiterführende Arbeiten sollten das Ziel haben, niederohmige und gleichzeitig elektrisch belastbare Tunnelbarrieren in einem entsprechenden TMR-Schichtsystem abzuscheiden. Eine erste Auswahl an Ansatzpunkten dafür aus der Literatur wird im Ausblick gegeben
This thesis deals with the fabrication of nanopillars with tunnel magnetoresistance effect (TMR-effect), which are used in magnetoresistive memory (MRAM) and may be used as nanooscillators for future near field communication devices. Starting with the selection of a suitable TMR-layer stack with MgO-tunnel barrier, the whole process chain covering the fabrication of the nanopillars, sidewall isolation and preparation of the supply lines on top is developed and optimised. The structures are defined by optical and electron beam lithography, the subsequent patterning is done by ion beam etching (partially reactive) and lift-off. Techniques providing feedback on the nanofabrication are transmission electron microscopy (partially with target preparation by focused ion beam, FIB), scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. In this way nanopillars with minimal dimensions reaching 69 nm x 71 nm could be fabricated, of which nanopillars with a size of 65 nm x 87 nm were characterized fundamentally with respect to their magnetic and electric properties. This covers the determination of the TMR-effect and the resistance of the tunnel barrier (RA-product). In addition, the behaviour of the magnetic layers under higher magnetic fields (up to +-200mT) and the switching behaviour of the free layer at different angles between the easy axis of the TMR-element and the external magnetic field were investigated. The spin transfer torque effect could not be detected in the fabricated nanopillars due to the high electrical resistance of the tunnel barriers which were used. The resistance could be lowered by using thinner barriers, but this led to a quick degradation of the barrier when a current was applied. Continuative work should focus on the preparation of tunnel barriers in an appropriate TMR-stack being low resistive and electrically robust at the same time. A first selection of concepts and ideas from the literature for this task is given in the outlook

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Administración
Las pequeñas y medianas empresas chilenas, cuenta con ventajas comparativas en la producción de bienes y servicios y no quieren perder la oportunidad de ver aumentada sus ventas y de mitigar el riesgo de eventuales crisis económicas al diversificar los envíos a diferentes países. Los tratados de libre comercio que nuestro país ha suscrito, son el antecedente más concreto de esta carrera por ganar mercados. Sin embargo, las exigencias de los tratados y la de los países de destino las conmina a efectuar una serie de cambios a sus procesos a fin de poder insertarse exitosamente. Dichas optimizaciones a su cadena de valor dicen relación a aspectos; financieros, marketing, normas de calidad e incorporación de tecnologías de información que les permita competir internacionalmente y desarrollar un negocio fructífero y rentable cuyo fin es consolidar una relación de largo plazo con sus clientes extranjeros. En este escenario, TMC es una empresa de consultaría que a través de un servicio excepcional ofrece a sus clientes concretar la posibilidad de exportar y aumentar las ventas. Queremos ser reconocidos como una empresa líder, que permite a todos nuestros clientes ingresar a mercados internacionales aumentando las ventas y su margen de contribución por medio del mejoramiento continuo de los procesos internos. Nuestros clientes son empresas o agrupaciones con facturación anual sobre las 15.000 UF, provenientes de los sectores industriales: alimentos, productos de madera, Agrícolas, silvícola y ganadería. El precio de la consultoría, considera fundamentalmente una estructura de comisiones la cual está dada en función del aumento efectivo en las ventas el cual debe ser de al menos un 10%. De esta forma sólo si el cliente obtiene éxito, TMC logrará beneficios. Para finales del año 2, nuestra empresa planea tener 9 clientes, llegando para el año 5 tener hasta 15. Dado que los socios consultores actualmente tienen obligaciones laborales en sus actuales trabajos y no requieren de mayores sumas de capital para invertir, se ha definido un plan de implementación que considera inversiones programadas y retiro de los socios en forma metódica de sus actuales empleos toda vez que los ingresos percibidos por TMC representen un costo de oportunidad mayor al que actualmente tienen en sus empleos. Nuestra empresa confía que con inversión aportada a través de horas hombres mediante el esfuerzo de sus socios, logrará un valor de mercado al término del quinto año de 256 millones de pesos, con un punto de equilibrio operativo de 4 consultarías en plena producción. Se espera que los primeros ingresos sean para el doceavo mes. Los riesgos asociados al proyecto son: riesgos operacionales, por el no cumplimiento del aumento en las ventas con los consecuentes menores ingresos para nuestra compañía y riesgos de mercado que significaría el eventual ingresos de competidores a los mismos nichos de TMC. TMC, se constituirá como sociedad limitada, en que cada socio realizará su aporte en horas hombre lo que se traducirá en el capital aportado por cada uno. Adicionalmente se confeccionó un plan de transición que considera el retiro programado de los socios de sus actuales trabajos para integrarse plenamente a sus funciones en la empresa

Paper is comprised of quasi-randomly distributed fibres, fines and different additives. The properties of paper depend on the type of fibres used, their uniformity of distribution, the amount and type of fines and fillers. It is difficult to predict how a particular component will behave in a mixture. This will depend on the form of material introduced (flocculated or dispersed) and on what kind of interactions will take place. These factors can be controlled by various wet-end strategies based on known colloidal behaviour of various additives. Thus, applying this knowledge to papermaking, one should be able to predict and control final structures of paper, which will be reflected in optical and mechanical properties.
A thorough understanding of the effects of different materials, such as fines and fillers, on optical and mechanical properties of paper can only be obtained from a systematic study. Therefore, this research focused on elucidating the relationship between the nature and amount of fines and fillers and paper properties. The studies were mainly limited to papers made from thermomechanical pulps (TMP), although occasionally comparisons with other pulps were made as well.

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Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
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Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Nanostrukturierung von magnetischen Schichtsystemen mit Tunnelmagnetowiderstandseffekt (TMR-Effekt), welche in der Form von Nanosäulen in magnetoresistiven Speichern (MRAM) eingesetzt werden. Solche Nanosäulen können zukünftig ebenfalls als Nanoemitter von Mikrowellensignalen eine Rolle spielen. Dabei wird von der Auswahl eines geeigneten TMR-Schichtsystems mit einer MgO-Tunnelbarriere über die Präparation der Nanosäulen mit Seitenisolierung bis hin zum Aufbringen der elektrischen Zuleitungen eine komplette Prozesskette entwickelt und optimiert. Die Strukturen werden mittels optischer Lithographie und Elektronenstrahllithographie definiert, die anschließende Strukturübertragung erfolgt durch Ionenstrahlätzen (teilweise reaktiv) sowie durch Lift-off. Rückmeldung über Erfolg oder Probleme bei der Strukturierung geben Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (teilweise mit Zielpräparation per Ionenfeinstrahl, FIB), Rasterelektronenmikroskopie sowie die Lichtmikroskopie. Es können so TMR-Nanosäulen mit minimalen Abmessungen von bis zu 69 nm x 71 nm hergestellt werden, von denen Nanosäulen mit Abmessungen von 65 nm x 87 nm grundlegend magneto-elektrisch charakterisiert worden sind. Dies umfasst die Bestimmung des TMR-Effektes und des Widerstandes der Tunnelbarriere (RA-Produkt). Weiterhin wurde das Verhalten der magnetischen Schichten bei größeren Magnetfeldern bis +-200mT sowie das Umschaltverhalten der magnetisch freien Schicht bei verändertem Winkel zwischen magnetischer Vorzugsachse des TMR-Elementes und dem äußeren Magnetfeld untersucht. Der Nachweis des Spin-Transfer-Torque Effektes an den präparierten TMR-Nanosäulen ist im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht gelungen, was mit dem zu hohen elektrischen Widerstand der verwendeten Tunnelbarriere erklärt werden kann. Mit dünneren Barrieren konnte der Widerstand gesenkt werden, allerdings führt ein Stromfluss durch diese Barrieren schnell zur Degradation der Barrieren. Weiterführende Arbeiten sollten das Ziel haben, niederohmige und gleichzeitig elektrisch belastbare Tunnelbarrieren in einem entsprechenden TMR-Schichtsystem abzuscheiden. Eine erste Auswahl an Ansatzpunkten dafür aus der Literatur wird im Ausblick gegeben.:Einleitung I Grundlagen 1 Spinelektronik und Magnetowiderstand 1.1 Der Elektronenspin – Grundlage des Magnetismus 1.2 Magnetoresistive Effekte 1.2.1 AnisotroperMagnetowiderstand 1.2.2 Riesenmagnetowiderstand 1.2.3 Tunnelmagnetowiderstand 1.3 Spin-Transfer-Torque 1.4 Anwendungen 1.4.1 Festplattenleseköpfe 1.4.2 Magnetoresistive Random AccessMemory (MRAM) 1.4.3 Nanooszillatoren für drahtlose Kommunikation 2 Grundlagen der Mikro- und Nanostrukturierung 2.1 Belacken 2.2 Belichten 2.2.1 Optische Lithographie 2.2.2 Elektronenstrahllithographie 2.3 Entwickeln 2.4 Strukturübertragung 2.4.1 Die Lift-off Technik 2.4.2 Ätzen 2.5 Entfernen der Lackmaske 2.6 Reinigung 2.6.1 Quellen von Verunreinigungen 2.6.2 Auswirkungen von Verunreinigungen 2.6.3 Entfernung von Verunreinigungen 2.6.4 Spülen und Trocknen der Probenoberfläche 3 Ionenstrahlätzen 3.1 Physikalisches Ätzen – Sputterätzen 3.2 Reaktives Ionenstrahlätzen – RIBE 3.3 Anlagentechnik 3.3.1 Parameter 3.3.2 Homogenität 3.3.3 Endpunktdetektion II Ergebnisse und Diskussion 4 TMR-Schichtsysteme 4.1 Prinzipielle Schichtfolge 4.2 Verwendete TMR-Schichtsysteme 4.3 Rekristallisation von Kupfer 4.4 Formierung der TMR-Schichtsysteme 4.4.1 Antiferromagnetische Kopplung an PtMn 4.4.2 Rekristallisation an der MgO-Barriere 4.5 Anpassung der MgO-Schicht – TMR-Effekt und RA-Produkt 4.6 Magnetische Charakterisierung 5 Probendesign 5.1 Beschreibung der vier lithographischen Ebenen 5.2 Layout für statische und dynamischeMessungen 5.2.1 Geometrie 5.2.2 Anforderungen für die Hochfrequenzmessung 5.3 Layout für Zuverlässigkeitsmessungen 5.3.1 Geometrie 5.3.2 Voraussetzungen für die Funktion 5.4 Chiplayout 5.4.1 Zusatzstrukturen 5.4.2 Anordnung der Elemente 6 Fertigung eines Maskensatzes für die optische Lithographie 6.1 Vorbereitung desMaskenrohlings 6.2 Strukturierung mittels Elektronenstrahllithographie 6.3 Ätzen der Chromschicht 7 Ergebnisse und Diskussion der Probenpräparation 7.1 Definition der Grundelektrode 7.1.1 Freistellen der Grundelektrode 7.1.2 Gratfreiheit der Grundelektrode 7.1.3 Oberflächenqualität nach der Strukturierung 7.2 Präparation der magnetischen Nanosäulen 7.2.1 Aufbringen einer Ätzmaske 7.2.2 Ionenstrahlätzen der TMR-Nanosäule 7.2.3 Abmessungen der präparierten Nanosäulen 7.3 Vertikale Kontaktierung 7.3.1 Seitenwandisolation 7.3.2 Freilegen der Kontakte 7.3.3 Aufbringen der elektrischen Zuleitungen 7.4 Die komplette Prozesskette und Ausbeute 8 Magneto-elektrische Charakterisierung 8.1 Messung des Tunnelmagnetowiderstandes 8.2 Stabilität der magnetischen Konfiguration 8.3 Spin-Transfer-Torque an TMR-Nanosäulen 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis
This thesis deals with the fabrication of nanopillars with tunnel magnetoresistance effect (TMR-effect), which are used in magnetoresistive memory (MRAM) and may be used as nanooscillators for future near field communication devices. Starting with the selection of a suitable TMR-layer stack with MgO-tunnel barrier, the whole process chain covering the fabrication of the nanopillars, sidewall isolation and preparation of the supply lines on top is developed and optimised. The structures are defined by optical and electron beam lithography, the subsequent patterning is done by ion beam etching (partially reactive) and lift-off. Techniques providing feedback on the nanofabrication are transmission electron microscopy (partially with target preparation by focused ion beam, FIB), scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. In this way nanopillars with minimal dimensions reaching 69 nm x 71 nm could be fabricated, of which nanopillars with a size of 65 nm x 87 nm were characterized fundamentally with respect to their magnetic and electric properties. This covers the determination of the TMR-effect and the resistance of the tunnel barrier (RA-product). In addition, the behaviour of the magnetic layers under higher magnetic fields (up to +-200mT) and the switching behaviour of the free layer at different angles between the easy axis of the TMR-element and the external magnetic field were investigated. The spin transfer torque effect could not be detected in the fabricated nanopillars due to the high electrical resistance of the tunnel barriers which were used. The resistance could be lowered by using thinner barriers, but this led to a quick degradation of the barrier when a current was applied. Continuative work should focus on the preparation of tunnel barriers in an appropriate TMR-stack being low resistive and electrically robust at the same time. A first selection of concepts and ideas from the literature for this task is given in the outlook.:Einleitung I Grundlagen 1 Spinelektronik und Magnetowiderstand 1.1 Der Elektronenspin – Grundlage des Magnetismus 1.2 Magnetoresistive Effekte 1.2.1 AnisotroperMagnetowiderstand 1.2.2 Riesenmagnetowiderstand 1.2.3 Tunnelmagnetowiderstand 1.3 Spin-Transfer-Torque 1.4 Anwendungen 1.4.1 Festplattenleseköpfe 1.4.2 Magnetoresistive Random AccessMemory (MRAM) 1.4.3 Nanooszillatoren für drahtlose Kommunikation 2 Grundlagen der Mikro- und Nanostrukturierung 2.1 Belacken 2.2 Belichten 2.2.1 Optische Lithographie 2.2.2 Elektronenstrahllithographie 2.3 Entwickeln 2.4 Strukturübertragung 2.4.1 Die Lift-off Technik 2.4.2 Ätzen 2.5 Entfernen der Lackmaske 2.6 Reinigung 2.6.1 Quellen von Verunreinigungen 2.6.2 Auswirkungen von Verunreinigungen 2.6.3 Entfernung von Verunreinigungen 2.6.4 Spülen und Trocknen der Probenoberfläche 3 Ionenstrahlätzen 3.1 Physikalisches Ätzen – Sputterätzen 3.2 Reaktives Ionenstrahlätzen – RIBE 3.3 Anlagentechnik 3.3.1 Parameter 3.3.2 Homogenität 3.3.3 Endpunktdetektion II Ergebnisse und Diskussion 4 TMR-Schichtsysteme 4.1 Prinzipielle Schichtfolge 4.2 Verwendete TMR-Schichtsysteme 4.3 Rekristallisation von Kupfer 4.4 Formierung der TMR-Schichtsysteme 4.4.1 Antiferromagnetische Kopplung an PtMn 4.4.2 Rekristallisation an der MgO-Barriere 4.5 Anpassung der MgO-Schicht – TMR-Effekt und RA-Produkt 4.6 Magnetische Charakterisierung 5 Probendesign 5.1 Beschreibung der vier lithographischen Ebenen 5.2 Layout für statische und dynamischeMessungen 5.2.1 Geometrie 5.2.2 Anforderungen für die Hochfrequenzmessung 5.3 Layout für Zuverlässigkeitsmessungen 5.3.1 Geometrie 5.3.2 Voraussetzungen für die Funktion 5.4 Chiplayout 5.4.1 Zusatzstrukturen 5.4.2 Anordnung der Elemente 6 Fertigung eines Maskensatzes für die optische Lithographie 6.1 Vorbereitung desMaskenrohlings 6.2 Strukturierung mittels Elektronenstrahllithographie 6.3 Ätzen der Chromschicht 7 Ergebnisse und Diskussion der Probenpräparation 7.1 Definition der Grundelektrode 7.1.1 Freistellen der Grundelektrode 7.1.2 Gratfreiheit der Grundelektrode 7.1.3 Oberflächenqualität nach der Strukturierung 7.2 Präparation der magnetischen Nanosäulen 7.2.1 Aufbringen einer Ätzmaske 7.2.2 Ionenstrahlätzen der TMR-Nanosäule 7.2.3 Abmessungen der präparierten Nanosäulen 7.3 Vertikale Kontaktierung 7.3.1 Seitenwandisolation 7.3.2 Freilegen der Kontakte 7.3.3 Aufbringen der elektrischen Zuleitungen 7.4 Die komplette Prozesskette und Ausbeute 8 Magneto-elektrische Charakterisierung 8.1 Messung des Tunnelmagnetowiderstandes 8.2 Stabilität der magnetischen Konfiguration 8.3 Spin-Transfer-Torque an TMR-Nanosäulen 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis

On the surface, the yo-yo is an incredibly simple toy, it is really nothing but a spool attached to a length of string. But in the right hands, it can be something extraordinary. An accomplished yo-yoist can send the yo-yo flying out in all directions, make it hover in mid air, then snap it back into his or her palm. Ordinary string and wood (or plastic) are brought to life! This may seem like magic, but It is actually just physics at work.

Syfte Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva förekomst av whiplashtrauma hos TMD patienter. Metod En systematisk litteratursökning av PubMed, CochraneLibrary och Bandolier databaser genomfördes för artiklar publicerade från 1 januari 1966 till 11 november 2011. Den systematiska sökningen identifierade121 artiklar. Efter borttagning av brev till redaktion och författarinlägg, utfördes en initial screening av abstract på 108 artiklar. Efter den initiala screeningen lästes 32 artiklar i fulltext med tillämpning av inklusions- och exklusionskriterier. Två av författarna utvärderade den metodologiska kvaliteten på de inkluderade studierna. Resultat Sex studier mötte inklusionskriterierna och inkluderades i rapporten. Den rapporterade förekomsten av whiplashtrauma hos TMD populationerna varierade mellan 8,4 % och 70 % (median 35 %). Förekomst av whiplashtrauma hos kontrollgrupperna varierade mellan 1,7 % och 18 %. TMD patienter med historik av whiplashtrauma rapporterade gravare TMD symptom och mer smärta jämfört med TMD patienter utan nackskada.Konklusion Resultaten från denna litteraturöversikt visar en högre förekomst av whiplashtrauma hos TMD patienter vilket tyder på att whiplashtrauma kan vara en riskfaktor för TMD. Stora variationer sågs mellan de olika inkluderade studierna och i samtliga studier fanns också brister gällande diagnoskriterier. Sammantaget så gör dessa begränsningar det svårt att bedöma traumaförekomst hos TMD patienter och i vilken utsträckning whiplashskada kan bidra till utvecklingen av TMD. Fler väldesignade studier som använder tydligt definierade diagnostiska kriterier med hög reliabilitet och validitet som t.ex RDC/TMD behövs för att kunna dra en säkrare slutsats om TMD vid whiplashtrauma.
Aim The aim ofthis systemic literature review was to describe the prevalence of whiplash trauma in TMD populations. Method A systemic literature search of the PubMed, Cochrane Library and Bandolier databases was carried out for articles published from 1 January 1966 to 11 November 2011. This systemic search identified 121 articles. After exclusion of letters to editor and author replies, an initial screening of the abstracts of 108 articles was carried out. After the initial screening 32 articles were read in full text applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two of the authors evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies. Result Six studies matched the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The reported prevalence of whiplash trauma in the TMD populations varied from 8.4% to 70% (median 35%). The prevalence of whiplash trauma in the control groups varied from1.7% to 18%.TMD patients with a history of whiplash trauma reported more TMD symptom and more pain compared to TMD patient without a neck injury.Conclusion The results from this literature review show a higher prevalence of whiplash trauma in TMD patients which indicate that whiplash trauma could be risk factor for TMD. A large variation could be seen between the included studies and there were also weaknesses with regard to the diagnostic criteria. In summery we suggest that these limitations make it difficult to assess the prevalence of neck trauma in TMD patients and to which extent a whiplash injury can contribute to the development of TMD. More well designed studies using the RDC/TMD criteria and well-defined criteria with high reliability and validity for whiplash trauma are needed in order to make a more reliable conclusion.

The thesis targets the elaboration of external and internal analyses of the company TMT CZECH. I stress out the trends in society and the precise survey of direct competitive surrounding in external analysis. I focus on the key factors that indicate conditions in the company and the quality of offered services. According to realized outcomes, I identify present company strategies, suggest the possible changes and evaluate the attainability of company's goals.

The main aim of this Master's Thesis is to create strategic analysis of the company Toy traveling s. r. o. The business of this company is really specific. It is a travel agency for toys or things that person could have emotionaly attcheed to relationship. The theoretical part describes the procedures and methods, for example PEST analysis and Porter's five forces model used for in the creation of strategic analysis. At the end of the theoretical part there is the SWOT analysis and results of marketing research. The methods and procedures described in the theoretical part are then applied in the practical part. Based on the results of strategic analysis and marketing research provides advice and recommendations for future development.

The report describes the design of a safe (within EU regulations), ergonomic, attractive, sustainable, versatile and interactive playground toy for children from ages 7 to 11. The product aims to help children develop in different aspects: physical, emotional, social and mental, in a sustainable environment. This was developed from the identification and exploration of the factors that influence the design of playground toys. The design process was divided in the following main stages: an initial research of information, the interpretation of this data, the development of a concept, a test stage and the results. During the research, teachers and parents were interviewed and children were observed. Relevant information was also gathered. For the development, a set of creative techniques were applied and finally tested. Modifications based on the test were made to reach an accurate design. The work done was successful to the extent established initially; although, it can be subject to improvement. The main limit was that no tests were performed on a physical prototype, therefore, there is information not yet gathered and tests that would prove if some of the assumptions were true or false.

Based around a case study of the traditional toy industry, the research examines how companies create trust with parents, the main toy purchasers, and the importance of ethical behaviour in trust development when a vulnerable community is involved. Previous literature has revealed that trust leads to mutually beneficial company-consumer relationships but scholars have failed to agree on its definition, dimensions or measurement due to its complexity, diversity and intangibility. Few have distinguished between 'trustworthiness' as a moral quality of organisations and 'trust', which is a consumer judgement about companies and brands, made as part of their purchase deliberations. A review of the literature led to the development of a framework of trustworthy behaviour identifying five sets of antecedents (organisational, individual, control, relational and branding factors) and four key dimensions with related variables - 'Integrity' and 'Benevolence', relating to ethical constructs and 'Commitment' and 'Satisfaction', relating to organisational constructs. The model was then substantiated through qualitative research with a sample of senior managers in 12 leading toy companies and other stakeholders including industry body representatives, retailers and parents. The findings revealed that in a challenging economic climate, trust in toy companies is being driven principally by the marketing offer and by external influencers such as legislators, retailers, licensors, and the media. Examples of good ethical practices were identified, although often unnoticed by consumers, and the worthier companies, for whom trustworthiness was important, appeared to be faring less well economically than companies selling third party brands. Consumers' trust was significant in the preschool market but diminished in importance as children matured when their influence overrode parents' more rational purchase considerations. The research revealed a paradox that parents as well as children are vulnerable consumers who are often bypassed in the marketing process. Whatever children's consumer rights, there will always be a lack of trust in the industry whilst young children rather than parents are so blatantly targeted.

I et sanntidssystem må tidsfristene nåes, hvis ikke degraderes eller feiler systemet. For at systemet skal håndtere tidsfristene må både maskinvaren og programvaren være deterministisk. Estimering av kjøretid for programvare er i utgangspunktet en vanskelig oppgave, og funksjoner i maskinvare som blant annet dype pipelines, cache og DMA gjør at en total vurdering av værste kjøretid er svært problematisk. Videre er et sanntidssystem ofte utsatt for ubegrenset ekstern stimuli, i form av asynkrone avbrudd (interrupts), som kan føre til at systemet blir overbelasted og mister tidsfrister. På bakgrunn av dette er det et behov for en dynamisk tilnærming av overvåking og kontroll av kjøretid for periodiske oppgaver og avbruddsrutiner. I dette prosjektet har schedulering i sanntidssystemer blitt studert og en maskinvareenhet kalt Time Management Unit (TMU) har blitt designet. TMUen måler og begrenser kjøretiden til periodiske og aperiodiske oppgaver ved å begrense hyppigheten av eksterne avbrudd. TMUen er simulert og implementert i en FPGA sammen med en LEON3 soft-prosessor som kjører eCos RTOS. Testapplikasjoner er skrevet for å verifisere TMUens funksjonalitet. Resultatet er at ved bruk av den nye TMUen vil kjøretiden for oppgaver og avbruddsrutiner bli dynamisk begrenset slik at ikke systemet blir overbelastet. Sanntidssystemet blir mer deterministisk, selv om både maskinvaren og programvaren i stor grad er ikke-deterministisk. TMUen krever svært lite ressurser fra prosessoren, men avhengig av implementeringsparametre vil ressursbruken av FPGAen variere fra liten til middels. Det kan dermed konkluderes med at TMUen kan sørge for at et sanntidssystem når sine tidsfrister ved å begrense kjøretiden til oppgavene til et definert nivå. TMUen krever lite til moderat mengde logikk-ressurser, og administrative kostnader (eng. processing overhead) ved bruk av TMUen er neglisjerbare.