Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tming de la Réplication'
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Wang, Weitao. "Genome-Wide Mapping of Human DNA Replication by Optical Replication Mapping Supports a Stochastic Model of Eukaryotic Replication." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLS048.
Full textDNA replication is regulated by the location and timing of replication initiation. Therefore, much effort has been invested in identifying and analyzing the sites of human replication initiation. However, the heterogeneous nature of eukaryotic replication kinetics and the low efficiency of individual initiation site utilization in metazoans has made mapping the location and timing of replication initiation in human cells difficult. A potential solution to the problem of human replication mapping is single-molecule analysis. However, current approaches do not provide the throughput required for genome-wide experiments. To address this challenge, we have developed Optical Replication Mapping (ORM), a high-throughput single-molecule approach to map newly replicated DNA and used it to map early initiation events in human cells. The single-molecule nature of our data, and a total of more than 2000-fold coverage of the human genome on 27 million fibers averaging ~300 kb in length, allow us to identify initiation sites and their firing probability with high confidence. In particular, for the first time, we are able to measure genome-wide the absolute efficiency of human replication initiation. We find that the distribution of human replication initiation is consistent with inefficient, stochastic initiation of heterogeneously distributed potential initiation complexes enriched in accessible chromatin. In particular, we find sites of human replication initiation are not confined to well-defined replication origins but are instead distributed across broad initiation zones consisting of many initiation sites. Furthermore, we find no correlation of initiation events between neighboring initiation zones. Although most early initiation events occur in early-replicating regions of the genome, a significant number occur in late replicating regions. The fact that initiation sites in typically late-replicating regions. The fact that initiation sites in typically late-replicating regions have some probability of firing in early S phase suggests that the major difference between initiation events in early and late replicating regions is their intrinsic probability of firing, as opposed to a qualitative difference in their firing-time distributions. Moreover, modeling of replication kinetics demonstrates that measuring the efficiency of initiation-zone firing in early S phase suffices to predict the average firing time of such initiation zones throughout S phase, further suggesting that the differences between the firing times of early and late initiation zones are quantitative, rather than qualitative. These observations are consistent with stochastic models of initiation-timing regulation and suggest that stochastic regulation of replication kinetics is a fundamental feature of eukaryotic replication, conserved from yeast to humans
Dionne, Isabelle. "La réplication des télomères et la réplication conventionnelle deux mécanismes concertés." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2001. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4143.
Full textTaleb, Nassim Nicholas. "Réplication d'options et structure de marché." Paris 9, 1998. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1998PA090080.
Full textDedieu, Olivier. "Réplication optimiste pour les applications collaboratives asynchrones." Phd thesis, Université de Marne la Vallée, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651743.
Full textLagnel, Claire. "Caractérisation d'origines de réplication de Physarum polycephalum." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ36289.pdf.
Full textMeisch, Françoise. "Mécanismes moléculaires de l'initiation de la réplication." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077172.
Full textMy PhD focused on the molecular mechanisms governing initiation of DNA replication in vertebrates. I participated in the identification and characterization of origins of replication (ori) on 1% of the human genome. These ori have been identified in HeLa cells by quantification of short nascent strands, which are specific of replication initiation. We showed that a strong link exists between ori and CpG islands and that the association of ori with open chromatin marks like histone acetylation is dispensable for origin specification. Furthermore, no clear link emerges between ori density and the moment at which a genomic region replicates. I have also been interested in the licensing step which consists in the binding on the initiation sites of the Pre-replication complex (Pre-RC), in first place ORC (Origin recognition complex). Licensing takes place in the Gl phase of the cell cycle and only Pre-RC binding sites can be used as initiation sites. We chose to work with the avian DT40 cell line, able to perform homologous recombination at high frequency. I thus constructed cell lines which express tagged versions of the Orcl and Orc2 proteins and from the endogenous locus. I realized chromatin immunoprecipitations (ChIP) to identify their binding sites. We obtain small but coherent enrichments of Orcl at well known chicken ori. As these small enrichments complicate genome-wide approaches, we plan to repeat these experiments with elutriated cells in Gl phase in order to increase the ChIP enrichments
Verhage, Jeroen. "Systèmes modèles pour la réplication d'une information génétique." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001350.
Full textThomé, Magali. "Réplication de structures naturelles multi-échelles et multifonctionnelles." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066206.
Full textThe present study deals with the replication of multiscale and multifunctional natural structures. These natural structures are wings of Morpho rhetenor, Morpho menelaus and Papilio ulysse butterflies, and those of Cicada orni cicada. Such structures are composed of smaller structures at different scales, from centimetre to nanometre, and to each of these scales is associated a property or a function. This we call multifunctionality. This multifunctionality is expected to become a property of our future objects or materials, and can be achieved by two different ways: to make the material(s) chemical composition of the object more complex (composite, hybrid organic-inorganic materials) and/or to make its architecture more complex (structuration). Although it is possible to achieve the first (chemical composition), we have so far been unable to successfully make multiscale structures with our current structuration techniques (lithography for example). Therefore, to increase the properties of a system characterised by a multiscale structure seen in nature, we have made replicas of the natural structures previously presented in inorganic materials (TiO2 and SiO2). That is to say, very different materials in comparison with the natural chitin-protein complex. To do this, three methods were used: a sol-gel solution deposition in the natural structures, a physical vapor deposition and a direct mineralization of the wings structure, which is inspired by natural biomineralization processes
Collien, Yoann. "Dynamique de la réplication chez l'archée Haloferax volcanii." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX063/document.
Full textHaloferax volcanii is an archaea belonging to the phylum euryarchaeota and the class Halobacteriales. The mechanisms related to replication and repair in archaea are very similar to those found in eukaryotes, making H. volcanii a relevant model organisms for the study of replication and archaeal biology, especially since many genetic tools are available. Interestingly, all replication origins can be removed from the chromosome of H. volcanii, raising many questions about the mechanisms involved. Several hypotheses have been proposed on how this strain initiates its replication, either relying on recombination-dependent replication initiation or an origin-independent mechanism. In order to study these replication-related mechanisms, I have constructed a strain of H. volcanii able to incorporate thymidine analogues into DNA during its synthesis by deleting genes involved in the thymidine biosynthesis pathway. A short-time cultures of the strain in the presence of an analogue allows its incorporation in nascent DNA. By immunodetection of the analog coupled to fluorescence microscopy observation of whole cells, it is possible to investigate the localization of neosynthesized DNA,which reflect the regions where replication is active. These analyses revealed mainly 2 to 3 active replication regions per cell, without any particular location. These regions had already been observed by studying the localization of a key replication protein (RPA2) fused to the fluorescent green protein GFP, confirming its location in active replication areas. A surprising variability in the number of replication foci from one cell to another was observed, suggesting a probabilistic initiation of replication. It is also surprising to observe so few active replication areas compared to the high polyploidy of this strain. This raises the question of what these replication areas correspond to. For further understanding, I developed for H. volcanii molecular combing, to isolate individual DNA molecules and specifically reveal incorporated analogues to determine the number of copies of the chromosome that are being replicated, as well as the number of active origins on each of the copies. I have also developed time-lapse approach to track these regions over time by monitoring cell proliferation directly under the microscope
Chbab, Najat. "Réplication et morphogenèse du virus MDV-1 : caractérisation d'une protéine de tégument produit du gène UL17 essentiel à la réplication virale." Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUR4004.
Full textThis work aimed at studying the Marek's Disease virus (MDV) UL17 protein which is homologous to the capsid and tegument protein of HSV-1 virus. For this purpose, we used a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) of the highly pathogenic MDV strain RB-1b to generate mutant viruses in which the UL17 gene was either deleted or tagged with the HA peptide. The results showed that MDV pUL17 is a phosphoprotein (82 kDa) essential for viral replication. During the infection, pUL17 localizes in the nuclear compartment. This nuclear localization is not an intrinsic property of pUL17 and implies a viral factor. The co-localization of pUL17 with the major capsid protein VP5 and its influence on the cellular distribution of the tegument protein pUL14 favour the hypothesis that pUL17 participates in early tegumentation
La, Chi-Anh. "Réplication de contenu dans les réseaux sans fil mobiles." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00545009.
Full textCoulon, Cedric. "Réplication Préventive dans une grappe de bases de données." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00481299.
Full textBerthon, Jonathan. "Etude de la réplication de l'ADN chez les Archaea." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344124.
Full textPremièrement, j'ai essayé de purifier la protéine initiatrice de la réplication Cdc6/Orc1, sous une forme native, dans l'espoir de mettre au point le premier système de réplication de l'ADN in vitro chez les Archaea. Malheureusement, cette approche a été infructueuse en raison de l'instabilité et des propriétés d'agrégation de la protéine.
Deuxièmement, j'ai réalisé une analyse comparative du contexte génomique des gènes de réplication dans les génomes d'Archaea. Cette analyse nous a permis d'identifier une association très conservée entre des gènes de la réplication et des gènes liés au ribosome. Cette organisation suggère l'existence d'un mécanisme de couplage entre la réplication de l'ADN et la traduction. De manière remarquable, des données expérimentales obtenues chez des modèles bactériens et eucaryotes appuient cette idée. J'ai ensuite mis au point des outils expérimentaux qui permettront d'éprouver la pertinence biologique de certaines des prédictions effectuées.
Finalement, j'ai examiné la distribution taxonomique des gènes de la réplication dans les génomes d'Archaea afin de prédire la composition probable de la machinerie de réplication de l'ADN chez le dernier ancêtre commun des Archaea. Dans leur ensemble, les profils phylétiques des gènes de la réplication suggèrent que la machinerie ancestrale était plus complexe que celle des organismes archéens contemporains.
Bah, Amadou. "Réplication des télomères humanisés chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4285.
Full textMolmeret, Maëlle. "Réplication intracellulaire de Legionella pneumophila : des amibes aux macrophages." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO1T255.
Full textRéal, Eléonore. "Etude du complexe de transcription et réplication des lyssavirus." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077223.
Full textCoulon, Cédric. "Réplication préventive dans une grappe de bases de données." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2074.
Full textIn a database cluster, preventive replication can provide strong consistency without the limitations of synchronous replication. In this thesis, we present a full solution for preventive replication that supports multi-master and partial configurations, where databases are partially replicated at different nodes. To increase transaction throughput, we propose an optimization that eliminates delay at the expense of a few transaction aborts and we introduce concurrent replica refreshment. We describe large-scale experimentation of our algorithm based on our RepDB* prototype over a cluster of 64 nodes running the PostgreSQL DBMS. Our experimental results using the TPC-C Benchmark show that the proposed approach yields excellent scale-up and speed-up
La, Chi Anh. "Réplication de contenu dans les réseaux sans fil mobiles." Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00545009.
Full textThe growth of mobile devices and network-based services nowadays has raised a timely question on how to efficiently distribute the data items to mobile users. Network applications need data as an input to process and provide information to users. Consequently, data traffic exerted by mobile devices fetching content is a drainage of mobile operators’ network resources. Mobile users are now coping with the congestion at network gateways and due to the unpredictability of human mobility, mobile service providers cannot sufficiently provision infrastructures for their customers. Content replication in this context has been proved as a good solution to enhance network performance and scalability. In this thesis, we tackle the issues of content replication in heterogeneous mobile networks. Such scheme requires us to solve two basic questions: where and how many replicas should be placed in the system. We study the solution through the lenses of facility location theory and design a distributed mechanism that reduces content access latency and avoids congestion at mobile gateways. Additionally, we consider the resource constraints of mobile devices and introduce a P2P cache-and-forward mechanism for load balancing purpose. We evaluate our mechanisms against realistic human mobility models. Finally, to address rational users who may behave selfishly in replicating content, we derive a cost model and study content replication scheme using tools akin to game theory. Based on the theoretical findings, our future work is to develop the strategies to be implemented in a practical network setting
Bialic, Marta. "Dynamique de la réplication dans les cellules souches pluripotentes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT020.
Full textEmbryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have a great potential for regenerative medicine due to their capacity to self-renew indefinitely and to generate multiple cell types, but the key question of how they establish and maintain a pluripotent epigenome is not resolved. Interestingly all ES and iPS cells display a peculiar cell cycle with rapid doubling time, very short G1, and S phase representing 60-70% of the total cell cycle. In this work we tried to see whether chromosomes in mouse and human ES cells are replicated in a special way that might be used to set up the pluripotency state or to define cell identity. Mammalian genomes are duplicated by the firing of ~20,000 replication origins, organized in ~3000 small clusters forming replication foci that are spatially and temporally regulated during S phase. It has been shown that many of these topologically-associated domains change their replication time upon cell differentiation or reprogramming, but the exact mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here we used DNA combing to compare fork velocity (FV), local inter-origin distances (IOD) and global instant fork density (GIFD) between pluripotent mouse ES cells and fibroblasts (MEF), as well as during the differentiation of mES cells into embryoid bodies (EB) and neural precursors. We found that FV is slightly reduced (1.8 vs 2.0 kb/min) and IOD basically unchanged in mES compared to MEF. In contrast GIFD, which represents the density of forks active at any moment during S phase, shows a strong reduction from 2 forks/Mb in MEF to 1 fork/Mb in mES cells. We found a similar drop in GIFD in human ES cells (H9) compared to fibroblasts (BJ). To test whether this lower fork density is compensated by an extension of S phase, we developed a dual pulse/chase protocol to measure S-phase length in asynchronous populations by FACS. Using this assay, we found that S-phase length is identical (~8.4 hr) in both mES and MEF cells, despite the GIFD drop in the former. This raises an interesting question: how can ES cells replicate the same amount of DNA, in the same time and with similar fork velocity, but using a 2-fold lower instant fork density? We propose that the lower GIFD (amplitude) is compensated by a higher frequency of replication foci activation, which is not detected by the GIFD pulse protocol. This higher frequency of replication foci activation could play a role in the establishment and/or maintenance of a chromatin structure permissive for pluripotency or self-renewal
Lafont, Laurent. "Rôle de la sumoylation de la cycline E lors de la réplication de l'ADN." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20079.
Full textThe cyclin E, which controls the entry to phase S, is crucial for the assembly of the pre-initiation complex of replication when the cell re-enter in the cycle after a phase of quiescence. This cyclin is eliminated during the phase S during the cellular cycle, but nothing is known on what activates its degradation in this stage. Its elimination is certainly essential, if we refer to the very strong chromosome instability provoked by its overexpression in the primary cells and its abnormal accumulation in most of the human cancers. Our team discovered that the cyclin E is modified on the chromatin at the time of the initiation of the replication by multiple post-translation modifications (phosphorylation, ubiquitination) of which sumoylation. The sumoylation, process of post-translation modification, consists of the conjugation of an isoforme of SUMO (Small Ubiquitin like Modifier) on a protein of interest. The objective of this thesis was to establish the role of the sumoylation in the regulation of the cyclin E at the same time as the role played by this modification in the regulation of the replication
Huvet, Maxime. "Rôle de la réplication dans l'évolution et l'organisation du génome humain." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077032.
Full textAlthough genes are generally considered as randomly positioned in the genome, clusters of co-expressed genes have been identified in many organisms, from yeast to human. However, in human, the importance of these clusters is controversial. Our goal is to study human gene organisation according to replication origins. For this purpose, we based our study on previous results showing the existence of a nucleotide compositional asymmetry associated with replication. We developed a multi-scale methodology using the wavelet transform to analyse the profile of compositional asymmetries in the human genome. In one third of the genome, the skew profile is composed of structures, named N-domains, characterised by a pair of upward jumps framing a linearly decreasing segment. These jumps are associated with putative replication origins. These structures seem to have been conserved, during evolution, in mammals and birds. Analysis of replication timing data shows that in most cases, the N-domain borders are associated with replication initiation sites active in the early S phase. Around these origins, genes are abundant, broadly expressed, and co-orientated with the replication fork orientation. These properties decrease progressively with the distance to the closest putative origin. In the centre of N-domains, genes are rare and expressed in few tissues. This organisation likely results from constraints to reduce head-on collisions between the DNA and RNA polymerases. Our findings provide a new model of gene organisation in the human genome, which integrates transcription, replication, and chromatin structure as coordinated determinants of genome architecture
Pillaire, Marie-Jeanne. "Influence de la lésion majoritaire de l'agent antitumoral "cisplatine" sur la réplication de l'ADN in vivo et in vitro ; conséquences mutagènes de cette réplication." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30254.
Full textLabit, Hélène. "Régulation de l'initiation de la réplication chez les vertèbrés : analyse du programme temporel d'activation des origines de réplication dans les extraits d'oeufs de xénope." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077176.
Full textIn Vertebrates, replication origins are activated according to a spatial and temporal program. In early Xenopus embryos, origins are located at apparently random sequences and are activated in clusters that fire at different times throughout S phase. The main object of the present work is to characterize the temporal regulation of replication in Xenopus egg extracts through analysis of origin activation on single DNA fibers and replication foci distribution in sperm nuclei. Using molecular combing of DNA, we compared the distributions of replication origins fired at the beginning of two following S phases. Absence of significative coincidence between origins shows that the temporal order of replication does not depend on genomic position. Furthermore, no epigenetic central regulates the moment of origin firing. However the detection of coincidence between replication foci labeled at the beginning of two following S phases suggests that the chromosomal organization may influence the replication timing. Using FISH, we showed that the replication of the ribosomic DNA is delayed compared to the replication of whole genomic DNA. An altered chromatin structure may be responsible for this delay. Mapping of origins revealed that initiation frequency is two fold lower in the G+C rich intergenic spacer than in the coding rDNA sequence. At the rDNA, local parameters such as nucleotide composition may influence the localization of replication origins
Luque, Alejandro E. "La réplication de l'ADN nucléaire dans la cellule de blé : étude des facteurs réplicatifs et mise en place d'un système viral de réplication végétale." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR28637.
Full textWispelaere, Mélissanne de. "Etude de la recombinaison chez les Cucumovirus." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112270.
Full textRecombination between viruses contributes to genome conservation and evolution. The goal of this thesis subject was to detect RNA 3 recombinant molecules between two cucumoviruses, the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and the tomato aspermy virus (TAV). Recombinant molecules have been detected by RT-PCR in tobacco plants coinfected with these two viruses. The recombination sites were localised within the 3’ non coding region of RNA 3. We identified two hot spots for recombination. One of them was located in the tRNA like structure, that is part of the promoter for minus strand synthesis. The other hot spot was located in the region leading to RNA 5 production. This region has been proposed to act as a promoter for RNA 5 synthesis. We then wondered if the recombinant molecules could have an influence on the viral infection. To adress this question, we studied the biological properties of viruses possessing a recombinant RNA 3. When we inoculated tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana with these viruses, we saw no major differences in the development of symptoms. This suggests that these viruses have been generated in an efficient manner during coinfection and they were able to infect plants. Their impact on viral population could be important in other environemental conditions or during infection of other host plants
Levac, Pascale. "Études des origines de réplication chromosomiques [sic] chez les eucaryotes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25435.pdf.
Full textTlili, Mounir. "Infrastructure P2P pour la Réplication et la Réconciliation des Données." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00643789.
Full textCueille, Nathalie. "Etude des mécanismes de contrôle de la réplication des papillomavirus." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON1T016.
Full textHadjadj, Djihad. "Régulations de la réplication du génome au cours de l'oncogenèse." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC332.
Full textDNA replication is a highly regulated molecular process that maintains the stability of the human genome over the generations of cells. Before each division, the cells must duplicate their genetic material as accurately as possible in order to transmit a single, complete and faithful copy to the daughter cells. This process corresponds to the phase S of the cell cycle that is composed of three stages : initiation, elongation with the synthesis of two new DNA strands, and termination. The replication process must adapt to different genetic contexts (coding sequences, repeated sequences, centromeres, etc.) but also to variable epigenetic environments (opened or closed chromatin). During my thesis, I have been interested in different processes regulating DNA replication in physiological and pathological conditions of the whole human genome. Thus, I chose three complementary approaches : the first deals with the regulation of the replication timing in 6 human cell lines. The second deals with the dynamics of replication forks along the human genome. Finally, the third part focuses on the transcriptional regulation of DNA replication genes in adrenocortical carcinomas
Leblanc, Matthieu. "Sur-réplication et volatilité incertaine : options européennes, américaines et passeports." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077105.
Full textToueille, Magali. "Etude du complexe de réplication de l'ADN nucléaire de blé." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28888.
Full textDNA replication requires a large set of proteins. The role played by the various factors of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication machinery has been well established using a cell-free system with bacteriophage øx174 for prokaryotes and virus SV40 for eukaryotes. Plant DNA replication studies are scarce and their partial data reveal somme differences between mammalian and plant factors associated to DNA replication. This thesis concerns the analysis of the factors involved in the wheat "replicative complex" for a complete reconstitution in vitro. First, we isolated a wheat protein fraction acting as a DNA replication complex using a template as primed single-stranded phagemid (pWori) containing the geminivirus WDV (wheat dwarf virus) replication origins and the coding sequence of the geminiviral initiation protein (Rep). From the functionnal replicative complex, some factors were identified (DNA binding proteins, topoisomerase) and purified (DNA polymerases A and B and PCNA). Then by a "two hybrid" technique in yeast, we tried to determine the partners interacting with a key DNA replication factor : the RF-C. The last strategy concerns the reversible chemical bindings of physically interacting proteins present in the replicative complex. We detected two PCNA : a short and a long one. The analysis of their partial nucleotidic sequences showed the presence of two different RNA messengers. Their full length sequences are in progress
Bouttier, Manuella. "Implication de la machinerie des microRNA dans la réplication rétrovirale." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20017.
Full textViruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that hijack many, if not all, cellular pathways. The RNA interference (RNAi) and the micro(mi)RNA pathways are no exceptions. First, cellular micro(mi)RNAs are able to recognize viral RNAs through imperfect micro-homologies. Similar to the miRNA-mediated repression of cellular translation, this recognition is thought to tether the RNAi machinery, in particular Argonaute(AGO)2, on viral messengers and eventually to modulate virus replication. During my PhD, we have unveiled another pathway by which AGO2 can interact with retroviral mRNAs without involving host miRNAs and translation repression. We have shown that AGO2 interacts with the retroviral GAG core proteins and preferentially binds unspliced retroviral RNAs through the RNA packaging sequences. The interaction between AGO2 and GAG, observed with both the Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) and the Primate Foamy Virus 1 (PFV-1), facilitates GAG multimerization and retroviral particle formation. Second, viruses modulate the miRNA repertoire presumably to create favorable conditions for viral replication. Hence, in order to identify novel cellular partners of HIV, we have analyzed transcriptomics data obtained from HIV1 and HIV-2-infected cells and reconstituted Transcription Factor- and miRNA-based regulation networks. Strikingly, we have noticed that the modulations of the transcriptome (coding and non-coding RNAs) depend on the mode of entry of the virus (i.e. co-receptor usage). Our in silico approach also helped us characterize a novel cellular protein able to regulate virus gene expression and
Veruete, Mario. "Étude d'équations de réplication-mutation non locales en dynamique évolutive." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS012/document.
Full textWe analyze three non-local models describing the evolutionary dynamics of a continuous phenotypic trait undergoing the joint action of mutations and selection. We establish the existence and uniqueness of the solutions to the Cauchy problem, and give a description of the long-time behaviour of the solution. In the first work we study the replicator-mutator equation in the unbounded domain and generalize to cases of selective values confining the known results in the harmonic case. Namely, the existence of a unique global regular solution, converging towards a universal profile; for this, we use spectral decomposition techniques of Schrödinger operators. In the second work, we discuss a model whose fitness value is density-dependent. In order to show the well-posedness of the equation, we combine two approaches. The first is based on the study of the cumulant generating functions, satisfying a non-local transport equation and making it possible to implicitly obtain the average trait. The second uses a change of variable (Avron-Herbst formula), allowing the solution to be written in terms of the average trait and the solution of the heat equation with the same initial data. Finally, we study a model whose mutation rate is proportional to the average value of the trait. We establish a bijective link between this last model and the second, thus making it possible to describe the dynamics of the solution in detail. In particular, we show the exponential growth of the average trait
Gérard, Francine. "Caractérisations biophysiques et structurales du complexe de réplication des Rhabdoviridae." Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10219.
Full textVesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serves as a model for studying the multiplication of viruses (Mononegavirales), whereas rabies (RV) is still a serious health problem. VSV & RV genomes encode in particular the nucleoprotein (N) and the phosphoprotein (P). N binds to the viral genome forming an N-RNA complex that serves as a matrix for viral transcription and replication. P is a cofactor of the viral polymerase (L), and a chaperone of N. P binds to N-RNA (C-terminal domain) and to L (N-terminal domain), making a physical link between the viral genome and L. The stoechiometry, the structure and the exact functions of P oligomers are controversial or unknown. The aim of this work was to undertake a structural and biophysical characterization of P and of the complexes that it forms with N-RNA in order to understand the dynamic of the replicative complex of theses viruses. Biophysical studies of RV & VSV P show that these proteins behave as elongated dimers in solution. Bioinformatics analysis indicates a modular organisation of P, confirmed with biochemical and biophysical datas of RV P mutants. Structure of the C-terminal domain of VSV P was solved by NMR showing a homology with the C-terminal domain of RV P. Characterization of the interaction between P and N-ARN rings complexes revealed two forms of N-RNA-P complexes, with one and 2 dimers of P. Structural analysis with electron microscopy of the nucleocapsid-P complexes revealed an important conformational change. The viral genome must dissociate locally from N to allow the viral polymerase to access to the genome information. The N-RNA-P interaction is an interesting target for drug design as it only exists in viruses
Courbet, Sylvain. "Dynamique de la réplication et instabilité génétique chez les mammifères." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066133.
Full textGuilbaud, Guillaume. "Etude du programme de réplication du génome humain par peignage moléculaire de l'ADN et séquençage massif." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077104.
Full textReplication of the human genome starts at some 30. 000 origins whose position and timing of replication are not well known. Bioinformatic analyses have shown a nucleotide compositional asymmetry between the lagging and the leading replicating strands. The profile of this skew revealed that an important fraction of the genome is organized in 1Mb domains that show an N-shape (called N-domains). The skew profile of N-domain borders showed a sharp upward jump that was interpreted as the signature of highly efficient replication origins. The progressive inversion of the skew between two upward jumps suggested a progressive inversion of the average replication fork orientation. We determined the timing of replication for the whole human genome and then focused on N-domains. The timing profile was obtained by massive sequencing and interpreted using single DNA molecule replication patterns obtained by molecular combing of DNA. We show that replication begins at early replicating initiation zones containing efficient origins. Replication then propagates by progressive activation of neighbouring origins with an initiation rate that increases during S phase. The average N-domain timing profile shows a U shape, which indicates that their borders constitute early and efficient initiation zones from which replication progresses towards their centre by progressive activation of inner origins. Molecular DNA combing shows that replication forks moving toward the centre or the borders do not travel the same distance, due to this sequential activation. This process quantitatively explains the timing profile and the fork polarity profile within N-domains
Squali, Houssaini Iraqi Fatima-Zahra. "Rôle de la méthylation des séquences GATC dans le fonctionnement de l'origine de réplication d'E. Coli (ori C. ) : (réplication in vitro de plasmides ori C.)." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA07F107.
Full textEl, Achouri-Ait Lamine Ghizlane. "Rôle des isoformes de la dynamine mitochondriale OPA1 : identification d'une nouvelle fonction dans le maintien de l'intégrité du génome mitochondrial." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON1T031.
Full textMitochondria is an intracellular organelle from bacterial origin with its own genome, which plays key roles in energy metabolism and apoptosis. The mitochondrial dynamics resu1ting from fusion and fission of the membranes, leading to a change in the morphology of mitochondrial network. The mitochondrial dynamin OP Al plays a key role in structuring the inner membrane required for fusion of the mitochondrial network, energy metabolism, and control of apoptosis. OP A1 is also responsible for the Dominant Optic Atrophy, and it exist's in the fonn of 8 isofonns generated by alternative splicing of 3 exons: 4, 4b and Sb. The objective of my thesis was to study the functions associated with different isofonns of OP A1. I have shown that variants containing exon 4 are involved in mitochondrial fusion, whereas variants containing exon Sb, are invojved in apoptosis, by structuring the cristae junctions responsible for mitochondnal cytochrome c trapping in the intra-cristae volume Furthemore, I demonstrated for the first tune m mammals a link between OPA1-4b and the maintenance of mitochondrial genome Indeed, I show that the peptide resulting from cleavage of OP AI-4b, allows anchoring the nucleoid to the inner membrane, a process essential for the initiation of replication and distribution of nucleoids. These observations corroborate the work produced in yeast with MGMI/Mspl, the orthologs of OPA1, and help define a new concept correlating the dynamics of inner mitochondrie membrane to maintain the integrity of the mitochondrial genome
Blin, Marion. "Mécanismes de l'instabilité des sites fragiles communs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066063.
Full textCommon Fragile Sites (CFSs) are loci displaying instability upon replicative stress, which localization correlates with chromosomal rearrangements in tumours. CFSs are associated with the largest genes of the genome and it has been proposed that their transcription leads to DNA breaks. However, many transcribed large genes are not fragile. Our laboratory proposed an alternative model in which CFS instability results from a specific replication program, combining late replication with paucity in initiation events. To reconcile the two models, we hypothesized that transcription impacts the replication programs. In order to characterize those potential relationships, I manipulated the transcription of two large genes associated with CFSs and determined the consequences of these manipulations on replication and fragility. I used chicken DT40 cells to perform these analyses because this cellular model allows efficient engineering of specific DNA sequences by homologous recombination. Surprisingly, I observed that increasing or suppressing transcription of large gene both lead to a decrease fragility. I then analyzed clones displaying variable transcription levels. I determined the distribution and density of initiation event, using molecular combing at two loci, as well as the profiles of replication timing along the genes. I showed that a massive overexpression of two large genes led to an earlier replication timing. Overall, my results highlight the opposite effects of transcription on genome stability, which range from beneficial to deleterious depending on the expression level of large genes associated with CFSs
Zouari, Mohamed. "Architecture logicielle pour l'adaptation distribuée : Application à la réplication de données." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652046.
Full textOster, Gérald. "Réplication optimiste et cohérence des données dans les environnements collaboratifs répartis." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010865.
Full textLa première contribution de cette thèse montre que l'approche OT conçue pour des éditeurs temps réel peut être utilisée pour réaliser des outils asynchrones. Nous avons réalisé un gestionnaire de configurations dénommé SO6. La seconde contribution est une approche formelle à la conception et à la vérification de fonctions de transformation pour le modèle OT. Cette approche repose sur un démonstrateur automatique de théorème. Avec cette approche, nous montrons que toutes les fonctions de transformation proposées jusqu'ici sont fausses. La troisième et dernière contribution de ce travail est un nouvel algorithme de réplication optimiste (WOOT) adapté à l'édition collaborative massive de structures linéaires. Ce modèle repose sur le calcul monotone d'une extension linéaire des ordres partiels formés par les relations entre les différents éléments de la structure.
Mokhtar, Abdel Aziz Mansour Ahmed. "Réplication de données dans les réseaux hybrides pour améliorer les performances." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10005.
Full textHaïm-Boukobza, Stéphanie. "Réplication résiduelle du VIH-1 sous traitement antirétroviral : physiopathologie et conséquences." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066316.
Full textSince the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, patients infected with HIV present mostly "undetectable" viral loads in plasma. However, ultrasensitive techniques could detect the virus in plasma representing low level viremia. Release from reservoirs or ongoing residual replication? The origin of residual viremia remains controversial and had been widely debated among the scientific community. Moreover, HIV-infected patients are more frequently prone to metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases and premature aging. In this work we investigated whether certain molecules could reduce residual viremia, and then explored the clinical significance of viremia, studying different inflammatory markers. Finally, we wondered if presenting low level viremia was associated with reduced risk of virological failure during darunavir monotherapy. A study from patients treated with nevirapine or efavirenz associated with emtricitabine and tenofovir showed that nevirapine could induce reduced levels of residual viremia in patients compared with efavirenz, arguing in favor of ongoing viral replication. Then, two studies evaluating inflammatory markers showed that IL-6 for the first and CD14s for the secund could be associated with residual viremia. Finally, we evidenced that low level viremia could be a reliable predictive marker of virological failure during treatment with protease inhibitor monotherapy. Mechanisms involved in these residual viremia remain to be elucidated, and total blocking of viral replication is necessary for elaboration of future eradication strategi
Norais, Cédric. "Etude de la réplication de l'ADN chez l'archaea halophile Haloferax volcanii." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112104.
Full textDuring my doctoral work, I have studied DNA replication in the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. The first aim of this study was to establish the use of available genetic tools for H. Volcanii, including the pop-in/pop-out gene deletion system, for routine work at the laboratory. A partial annotation of the genes implicated in DNA replication and repair allowed the identification of 16 putative Initiator Cdc6/Orc1. The use of genetics combined with nucleotide skews analyses allowed the identification of five replication origins. The main chromosome carries at least two replication origins whereas another origin is used to replicate both pHV1 and pHV4. The in vivo activity of these origins could be confirmed by replication initiation point mapping and DNA two-dimensional gels. The study of PCNA interacting peptides revealed that archaeal RNAseH interacts with PCNA to form an inactive complex. Genetic analyses with H. Volcanii revealed the implication in DNA repair of Fen1 and surprisingly RnaseHI and RnaseHII. These studies also showed that Fen1 is required for DNA replication. I confirmed that H. Volcanii Okazaki fragments are less than 200 bases long and carry an RNA primer synthesized by the essential PriS/L eukaryotic-like primase. On the other hand, the putative bacterial-like primase DnaG can be deleted and its role remains to be characterized. My studies have demonstrated that with its multi-replicon structure and efficient genetic tools for gene characterization, H. Volcanii is a novel and pertinent model for the study of archaeal DNA replication
Ceschia, Audrey. "Dynamique de la réplication et instabilité du génome chez "S. Cerevisiae"." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20100.
Full textJakubénas, Paulius. "Les problèmes d'arbitrage et de sur-réplication dans les marchés incomplets." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066226.
Full textGregoire, Damien. "Spécification des origines de réplication au cours de la différenciation cellulaire." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20073.
Full textGirard-Reydet, Claire. "Spécification endogène et expérimentale d'une origine de réplication chez l'eucaryote pluricellulaire." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20138.
Full textZane, Linda. "Réplication du virus HTLV-1 et phénotype lymphocytaire : implication dans l’apoptose." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10317.
Full textHTLV-1 is the etiological agent of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL). In vivo this virus infects CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes yet ATLL is regularly of the CD4+phenotype. HTLV-1 mainly replicates via the clonal expansion of infected cells. Clonal 3 expansion relies on two distinct mechanisms with respect to the T-cell phenotype: HTLV-1 recruits CD4+ infected T cells into the cell cycle while preventing cell death in CD8+ infected T cells. Furthermore, infected tax-expressing CD4+ lymphocytes display morphological changes characteristic of genetic instability. Therefore, HTLV-1 infection establishes a Tax-dependent CD4+-restricted preleukemic phenotype. The objectives of my work were to investigate the molecular and cellular events that underlie clonal expansion of CD4+ versus CD8+ T cells upon HTLV-1 infection. We hypothesized that the infection could have consequences on both infected and uninfected T cells. Therefore, we first compared the effects of a recent experimental infection performed in vitro with those observed in cloned T cells from patients infected since > 6-26 years. Our findings suggest that the sole virus-cell interactions are sufficient for the resistance to apoptosis in CD8+infected T lymphocytes but not enough for the establishment of a CD4+-restricted preleukemic phenotype in vivo. Next, we evidenced that the CD8+ infected T cells resist to Fas-mediated cell death. Finally, cIAP-2 but not c-FLIP(L) overexpression in these cells appears involved in apoptosis resistance of CD8+ infected T cells and thereby in their clonal expansion
Chakchouk, Fadoua. "Contribution à la robustesse dans les CSPs distribués par réplication locale." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0039/document.
Full textWe aim to ensure a DisCSP resolution in presence of failed agents. Methods handling fault tolerance in MASs aim to ensure the continuity of the system operation. But, none of these methods are applied to solve a DisCSP. The failure of an agent generates the loss of a part of the DisCSP providing wrong results. Therefore, to obtain expected results, it is necessary to ensure the resolution of the failed agent local CSP.We propose to replicate the local CSPs of the failed agents within active agents. This replication allows local CSP resolution of the failed agent by another agent. The resolution is done by merging the replicates of failed agents CSPs with the CSPs of other agents. This technique conserve the initial DisCSP modeling. The proposed replicates distribution algorithm ensures that the CSPs of failed agents are not replicated within the same agent. In this way, the problem keeps its distributed aspect