Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'TMD PDF'

2008/2009
Lo studio di processi di Drell-Yan (DY) polarizzato permette di accedere alle funzioni di distribuzione partoniche dipendenti dal momento intrinseco trasverso (TMD PDF) che sono usate per descrivere la struttura del protone. La proposta di misura di T-odd TMD PDF (funzioni di Sivers e di Boer-Mulders) è in scrittura e verrà presentata all'SPS Committee. Essa illustra l'intezione di usare lo spettrometro dell'esperimento COMPASS al CERN per effettuare questa misura studiando eventi di Drell-Yan polarizzato. Simulazioni di Monte Carlo sono state effettuate e sono riportate le analisi dei dati raccolti durante i test di DY svolti alla fine dei run di COMPASS degli anni 2007, 2008 e 2009.
The study of Drell-Yan (DY) processes allows to access to the transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMD PDF) which are used to describe the structure of the proton. The proposal of measure of T-odd TMD PDF (Sivers and Boer-Mulders functions) has been written and it will be submitted to the SPS Committee. It is about the use of the COMPASS spectrometer at CERN to perform this measure via Drell-Yan processes. Monte Carlo simulations were done and the analysis of the data collected during the DY test at the end of 2007, 2008 and 2009 runs are reported.
1982

A Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma técnica que provoca dano celular pela ação de um fotossensibilizador (FS), com seletividade de localização em tecido tumoral; a luz que, absorvida pelo FS, leva-o a um estado tripleto metaestável; e oxigênio molecular, o qual recebe a energia absorvida pelo FS, passando a um estado singleto de alta capacidade oxidativa. A técnica é bem sucedida no tratamento de lesões como câncer, mas enfrenta, entretanto, dificuldades para a determinação de sua dosimetria. Uma delas é a quantificação da distribuição do FS no tecido tratado. Este trabalho tem três objetivos: a obtenção de informação quantitativa por espectros de fluorescência de fluoróforos em meios turvos; a demonstração da distribuição do FS Photogem® em fígados sadios de ratos Wistar e suas implicações na dosimetria; e a melhoria de um dos modelos existentes para previsão da profundidade de necrose (Ynec), importante parâmetro no estudo da TFD. Realizaram-se os experimentos em três fases: na primeira, tentou-se reconstruir o espectro do fígado sadio a partir de uma composição de espectros isolados de fluoróforos endógenos do fígado. Na segunda, realizaram-se estudos com corantes alimentícios Coralim-Mix® nas cores azul, verde e vermelho e com corantes Exciton® (Coumarin-480 e LDS-722) in vitro e in vivo, visando identificar os espectros dos corantes em misturas com meios turvos e entre eles. Na terceira, aplicou-se Photogem® em ratos Wistar e se coletou a fluorescência do FS nos fígados, relacionando-se a variação na intensidade de fluorescência com a concentração de FS presente e com perfis de necrose obtidos por TFD. Aplicou-se, por fim, os resultados obtidos na melhoria do modelo para previsão da Ynec. A reconstrução dos espectros não foi bem sucedida, tal qual a recuperação dos espectros dos corantes. Os resultados mostraram que muitos fatores contribuem para a distorção da fluorescência coletada, e que a informação obtida é prejudicada se estes forem ignorados. Verificou-se que a distribuição do FS não é homogênea num órgão fotossensibilizado. Obteve-se uma função para distribuição do FS no tecido e, através dela, foi possível melhorar o modelo para a previsão da Ynec. Observou-se que a turbidez do meio afeta de maneira complexa a coleta de fluorescência, criando obstáculos para a quantificação direta de fluoróforos nele inseridos. Fica evidente a necessidade do aprofundamento dos estudos sobre a interação da luz com as partículas dos meios turvos para remover as distorções geradas por estas. Demonstrou-se ainda a importância do mapeamento da distribuição do FS num tecido fotossensibilizado como parte da dosimetria da TFD, e que a espectroscopia de fluorescência é forte candidata à técnica mais apropriada para este mapeamento, desde que dominados os obstáculos à coleta de fluorescência.
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a technique that implies in cell damage by the action of a photosensitizer (PS) with tumor tissue localization selectivity; light at PS absorption spectrum wavelengths, which leads the PS to a metastable triplet state; and molecular oxygen, which earns the energy absorbed by the PS, reaching a high oxidative potential singlet state. The technique has found sucess on the treatment of lesions as cancer. However, it finds difficulties for its dosimetry stablishment, like the quantification of PS distribuition in a photosensitized tissue. This work has three purposes: obtainance of fluorophores quantitative information into turbid media through fluorescence spectroscopy; to show the distribution of the PS Photogem® in healthy Wistar rats’ livers and its consequences on dosimetry; and the upgrade of an existing model for depth of necrosis (Ynec) forecast. There were three experimental stages: the first one was an attemp to rebuild a healthy liver spectrum from a composition using mathematical weights for isolate liver endogenous fluorophores spectra. On the second stage, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed using Coralim-Mix® blue, green and red food dyes and the Exciton® dyes Coumarin-480 and LDS-722, aiming to recover dyes spectra from dyes in turbid solutions and dyes mixtures. On the third one, Photogem® was administered to Wistar rats and fluorescence was collected on rats’ livers, and a relationship was stablished between the changes on fluorescence intensity, PS concentration in the tissue and necrosis profiles obtained via PDT. Results were applied to the upgrade of the Ynec forecast model. Spectra rebuilding, as well as dyes spectra recovering, were not completely reached. Results showed that a great deal of factors contribute to distortions at the collected fluorescence. It was verified that PS distribution is inhomogeneous in a photosensitized organ. It was found a function for the PS tissue distribution and it made possible to upgrade the Ynec forecast model. It was showed that medium turbidity affects in a complex manner the collected fluorescence, making difficult to quantify directly fluorophores in such medium. A need to go deeper into the investigation of light interactions with turbid media so that we may remove distortions they introduce into fluorescence spectra became evident. It was also showed how important is to track PS distribuition in a photosensitized tissue as a part of PDT dosimetry, and how fluorescence spectroscopy seems to be appropriate to perform such tracking, as long as the difficulties on fluorescence collection are overcome.

The current generation of Palm PDA devices is designed to share information records primarily with a base desktop system, or a server. Therefore, their built- in features for sharing data during ad-hoc collaboration among groups of mobile users are inadequate. In this thesis, we describe a new framework that addresses this problem by allowing users to transparently share the record databases of common applications during spontaneous collaborative sessions. The framework also allows users to define custom sharing policies for each application/user pair. These policies determine the manner in which records are exchanged and update, thereby automating the process of handling conflicts and preserving user privacy preferences. We also present implementation results, in which we have used the framework to create shared versions of common applications, such as Calendar and Memo. Our experimental results show that the programming effort involved is minimal and the user interaction with the application is, essentially, the same as in the original application.

Le Transport à la Demande (TAD) est à un mode de transport public à mi-chemin entre le taxi et le bus. Longtemps considéré comme un mode marginal réservé aux espaces peu denses, le TAD connaît un fort développement en France et plus généralement en Europe depuis la fin des années 1990, Il ressort de l'analyse d'une base de données de 615 services, que les TAD français investissent désormais de nouveaux territoires, aussi bien dans les réseaux urbains, périurbains que les espaces ruraux, Les prestations qu'ils proposent se caractérisent par une grande variété d'offre et de fonctionnement, Celles-ci sont décrites à l'aide de plusieurs modélisations fontionnelles, statistiques et graphiques. Une réflexion sur la flexibilité des TAD, ainsi qu'une enquête, viennent ensuite nourrir le débat sur les TAD de demain. Trois exemples illustrent les perspectives qu'ouvre la généralisation de TAD flexibles et innovants en matière de transport public pour les collectivités
Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) is a type of public transportation which combines the advantages of collective transport and taxi. It has often been considered as a marginal means of transportation reserved to low density territories. Since the end of 90s, the number of DRT services has increased regularly. A database of 615 services shows that DRT services invest new territories such as urban, suburban or rural spaces. They offer a large variety of operating services, which are described by using several models we designed (functional, statistical and graphical models). The last part of the thesis is devoted to the flexibility of the DRT, a survey is analysed to discuss the reliability of future DRT services. Three examples illustrate the flexible DRT potentialities for public transportation networks

Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, Electrical and Computer Engineering.
"May 2006." Title from PDF title page (viewed on October 19, 2006). Thesis adviser: Hyuck M. Kwon. Includes bibliographic references (leaves 40-42).

Through perturbation analysis, a study of the role of Brinkman viscosity in the propagation of finite amplitude harmonic waves is carried out. Interplay between various parameters, namely, frequency, Reynolds number and beta are investigated. For systems with physically realizable Reynolds numbers, departure from the Darcy Jordan model (DJM) is noted for high frequency signals. Low and high frequency limiting cases are discussed, and the physical parameters defining the acoustic propagation are obtained. Through numerical analyses, the roles of Brinkman viscosity, the Darcy coefficient, and the coefficient of nonlinearity on the evolution of finite amplitude harmonic waves is stud- ied. An investigation of acoustic blow-ups is conducted, showing that an increase in the magnitude of the nonlinear term gives rise to blow-ups, while an increase in the strength of the Darcy and/or Brinkman terms mitigate them. Finally, an analytical study via a regular perturbation expansion is given to support the numerical results. In order to gain insight into the formation and evolution of nonlinear standing waves un- der the Brinkman model, a numerical analysis is conducted on the weakly nonlinear model based on Brinkman’s equation. We develop a finite difference scheme and conduct a param- eter study. An examination of the Brinkman, Darcy, and nonlinear terms is carried out in the context of their roles on shock formation. Finally, we compare our findings to those of previous results found in similar nonlinear equations in other fields. So as to better understand the behavior of finite-amplitude harmonic waves under a Brinkman-based poroacoustic model, approximations and transformations are used to recast the Brinkman equation into the damped Burger’s equation. An examination is carried out for the two special solutions of the damped Burger’s equation: the approximate solution to the damped Burger’s equation and the boundary value problem given an initial sinusoidal pulse. The effects of the Darcy coefficient, Reynolds number, and nonlinear coefficient on these solutions are investigated.

En els últims anys, s’han desenvolupat diverses estratègies per destruir específicament cèl·lules canceroses i minimitzar els efectes secundaris sobre cèl·lules sanes. Una d’estes estratègies és la teràpia fotodinàmica (PDT), una tècnica que utilitza un fotosensibilitzant (PS) juntament amb una longitud d’ona concreta, en presència d’oxigen. En excitar el PS es produïxen espècies reactives de l’oxigen (ROS) que matarien les cèl·lules del voltant. Per dirigir selectivament els PSs cap a les cèl·lules diana, estos es poden vehicular en nano- i micropartícules (NPs i µPs, respectivament). En eixe sentit, biofuncionalitzar NPs o µPs amb PSs y molècules capaces de reconéixer les cèl·lules malignes hauria de permetre fer tractaments més selectius amb PDT. Altra estratègia per destruir cèl·lules malignes és l’ús d’altres fàrmacs terapèutics que interaccionen amb dianes intracel·lulars per induir la mort cel·lular. Estos fàrmacs també poden ser vehiculitzats en NPs o µPs per dirigir-los més eficientment a les cèl·lules diana, però la major limitació d’este enfoc és que després de la internalització poden quedar atrapades junt als seus vehicles al compartiment endolisosomal. Per superar este problema, s’han desenvolupat estratègies com la internalització fotoquímica (PCI), que es basa en els mateixos principis que la PDT però, en este cas, el PS s’acumula en les membranes endolisosomals, que patixen disrupció despuix de l’excitació del PS, permetent l’alliberació del contingut endolisosomal cap al citosol. L’objectiu de la present tesi és contribuir al desenvolupament de les estratègies mencionades prèviament per eliminar selectivament cèl·lules malignes. En el primer treball, els tractaments fotodinàmics amb dos PSs (Na-H2TCPP i el seu derivat de zinc Na-ZnTCPP) induïren un descens en la supervivència de cèl·lules tumorals (SKBR3) i no tumorals (MCF10A), encara que este últimes mostraren una major resistència a baixes concentracions dels dos PSs. A més, depenent del PS i la línia cel·lular es van desencadenar diferents mecanismes de mort cel·lular, fet que podria explotar-se per protegir selectivament les cèl·lules no malignes en front dels tractaments fotodinàmics. En el segon treball es va demostrar que HER2, sobreexpressat en cèl·lules d’alguns tipus de càncer, era una diana adequada per dirigir µPs biofuncionalitzades amb anti-HER2. També demostràrem que diferents condicions de cultiu (monocultius o cocultius en sistemes estàtics o microfluídics) influenciaven la internalització de les µPs, posant en relleu la importància de realitzar estudis sobre les interaccions entre µPs i cèl·lules en condicions més similars a les existents in vivo. Finalment, en el nostre tercer treball observàrem que la PCI induïx eficaçment la disrupció de les membranes endolisosomals, permetent l’alliberació de molècules solubles cap al citosol, però no una desintegració completa de la membrana, fet que seria necessari per l’alliberació de les µPs atrapades. En conclusió, la present tesi proporciona nou coneiximent pel desenvolupament de millors agents terapèutics y tractaments basats en l’ús de PSs i µPs per la destrucció selectiva de cèl·lules malignes.
En los últimos años, se han desarrollado diversas estrategias para destruir específicamente células cancerosas y minimizar los efectos secundarios en células sanas. Una de estas estrategias es la terapia fotodinámica (PDT), una técnica que utiliza un fotosensibilizante (PS) y luz de una longitud de onda concreta, en presencia de oxígeno. Cuando el PS es excitado por la luz, produce especies reactivas del oxígeno (ROS) que inducen la muerte de las células circundantes. Para dirigir selectivamente los PSs hacia las células diana, éstos pueden vehiculizarse en nano- y micropartículas (NPs y µPs, respectivamente). En este sentido, biofuncionalizar NPs o µPs con PSs y con moléculas capaces de reconocer las células malignas debería permitir hacer tratamientos más selectivos con PDT. Otra estrategia para destruir células malignas es el uso de otros fármacos terapéuticos que interaccionen con dianas intracelulares para matar la célula. Estos fármacos también pueden ser vehiculizados en NPs o µPs para dirigirlos con más eficiencia a las células diana, pero la mayor limitación de este enfoque es que tras la internalización pueden quedar atrapados junto a sus vehículos en el compartimento endolisosomal. Para superar este problema, se han desarrollado estrategias como la internalización fotoquímica (PCI), que se basa en los mismos principios que la PDT pero, en este caso, el PS se acumula en las membranas endolisosomales, que sufren una disrupción tras la excitación del PS, permitiendo la liberación del contenido endolisosomal hacia el citosol. El objetivo de la presente tesis es contribuir al desarrollo de las estrategias mencionadas previamente, para eliminar selectivamente células malignas. En el primer trabajo, los tratamientos fotodinámicos con dos PSs (Na-H2TCPP y su derivado de zinc Na-ZnTCPP) indujeron un descenso en la supervivencia de células tumorales (SKBR3) y no tumorales (MCF10A), aunque éstas últimas mostraron mayor resistencia a bajas concentraciones de ambos PSs. Además, según el PS y la línea celular se desencadenaron diferentes mecanismos de muerte celular, hecho que podría explotarse para proteger selectivamente las células no malignas durante los tratamientos fotodinámicos. En el segundo trabajo, se demostró que HER2, sobreexpresado en células de algunos tipos de cáncer, era una diana adecuada para dirigir µPs biofuncionalizadas con anti-HER2. También demostramos que diferentes condiciones de cultivo (mono o cocultivos en sistemas estáticos o microfluídicos), influenciaban la internalización de las µPs, lo que puso de relieve la importancia de realizar estudios sobre las interacciones entre µPs y células en condiciones más similares a las existentes in vivo. Finalmente, en nuestro tercer trabajo observamos que la PCI induce eficazmente la disrupción de las membranas endolisosomales, permitiendo la liberación de moléculas solubles hacia el citosol, pero no una desintegración completa de la membrana, lo que sería necesario para la liberación de las µPs atrapadas. En conclusión, la presente tesis proporciona nuevo conocimiento para el desarrollo de mejores agentes terapéuticos y tratamientos basados en el uso de PSs y µPs para la destrucción selectiva de células malignas.
In the last years, different strategies have been developed to specifically destroy cancer cells minimizing side effects on healthy ones. One of these strategies is photodynamic therapy (PDT), a technique that uses a photosensitizer (PS) in combination with a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen. When the PS is excited, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced, which would kill the surrounding cells. To selectively direct PSs to target cells, they can be attached to drug carries, like nano- and microparticles (NPs and µPs, respectively). In this way, biofunctionalizing NPs or µPs with PSs and molecules able to recognize malignant cells would improve cell targeting, increasing the effectivity of PDT. Another strategy to destroy malignant cells is the use of other therapeutic drugs that interact with intracellular targets to kill the cell. These drugs can also be carried by NPs or µPs to improve cell targeting, but the main limitation of this approach is their entrapment in the endolysosomal compartment after internalization by cells. To overcome this problem, escape enhancing strategies have been developed, like photochemical internalization (PCI), which is based in the same principles as PDT, but in this case the PS must accumulate in the endolysosomal membranes. In this way, disruption of the endolysomal membranes after PS excitation would allow the release of the endocytosed cargo. The aim of the present thesis is to contribute in the development of the aforementioned strategies for the selective destruction of malignant cells. In the first work, photodynamic treatments with two PSs (Na-H2TCPP and its zinc derivative Na-ZnTCPP) were found to induce a decrease in cell survival in both tumoral (SKBR3) and non-tumoral (MCF10A) cells, though the latter showed higher resistance at low PSs concentrations. Moreover, different cell death mechanisms were triggered depending on both the PS and the cell line, a result that could be exploited to selectively protect non-malignant cells in photodynamic treatments. In a second work, HER2 was found to be a suitable target to direct anti-HER2 biofunctionalized µPs to a tumorigenic cell line overexpressing this receptor. We also demonstrated that different culture conditions (monoculture or coculture in static or microfluidics systems) influenced µPs internalization, emphasising the importance of performing in vitro studies on cells- µPs interactions in an environment more similar to in vivo conditions (cocultures in microfluidic systems). Finally, in our third work, we found that PCI effectively induces endolysosomal membrane disruption, allowing the release of soluble molecules into the cytosol, but not complete membrane disintegration, which would be needed for the release of entrapped µPs. In conclusion, the present thesis provides new knowledge towards the development of better therapeutic agents and treatments based on the use of PSs and µPs for the selective destruction of malignant cells.

Brachytherapy is a form of radiotherapy in which radioactive sources are placed at short distances from, or even inside the target volume. The use of high dose rate brachytherapy is a widely accepted and clinically proven treatment for some stages of prostate cancer. The aim of this project was to investigate potential improvements on two of the most important aspects of high dose rate (HDR) and pulsed dose rate (PDR) prostate brachytherapy - prostate definition and treatment delivery verification. The use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in addition to the conventional computed tomography (CT) imaging methods currently used routinely for brachytherapy planning may provide some benefit in accurately defining the prostate and surrounding critical structures. The methods used in this project involved analysis of data sets provided by two Radiation Oncologists. The results presented showed inter-observer and intra-observer variations in the size and shape of the prostate, as well as analysis of the dosimetric differences that may be reported due to the differences in prostate size and shape. The results also included analysis of critical structure dosimetry - dose to the surrounding radio-sensitive rectum and urethra. In summary, the results showed that the prostate was defined to be smaller using MR imaging than CT, however the consistency between Oncologists was not significantly improved using MR imaging. MR imaging may be useful in reducing the dose to normal tissue surrounding the prostate and in obtaining better coverage of the smaller target volume, without compromising the critical structures. The use of LiF:Mg,Ti thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) is a potential avenue for in vivo dose verification of an HDR or PDR prostate brachytherapy treatment plan. This project included a phantom study of these TLDs with the aim to determine their feasibility for clinical use. Cylindrical TLD rods (6 mm length x 1 mm diameter) were used, as these fit inside the brachytherapy needles implanted into the prostate, and therefore had potential to be used clinically to verify the dose delivered in the prostate. This study was extended to include determination of a correction factor to allow an independent radiation source (6 MV photon beam from a linear accelerator) to be used to obtain control readings for this relative dosimetric method. The results showed these TLDs to be a promising in vivo dosimeter for prostate brachytherapy with potential errors in the order of 4%. Their potential lies in the fact that they could detect and flag significant calculation errors in treatment plans, and they utilise equipment used routinely for external beam radiotherapy dosimetry in many treatment facilities, reducing the cost of implementing such a procedure.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:55:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leidiane Marques de Aguiar.pdf: 2338563 bytes, checksum: d664953e752cebe3ea3c6bf7961ae92b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11
This research has as its theme the technological training of basic education teachers of the State schools, provided by the Educational Development Program - PDE / PR. We aim to initially understand how the technological training process is given during evidenced training and how the courses offered and the engagement with the Digital Communication Technology (DCT) during this continuing training enable important reflections and actions in the act of educating of the participating teachers. This research is supported, among others, in the following question: What are the contributions that the actions/activities of the program shaft, Didactic and pedagogical activities with the use of technological support, offered for the teachers training as meaning to prepare them for their new role, in view the use of technology in the educational context of Aprendência (teaching learning process)? To this end, based on theoretical assumptions, initially we approach the relationship between Experimentation, Rhizome, Education and Technology, the view to problematize a teaching still out of step the reality of our students, who are browsing at constant speeds through the computerization of knowledge. In order to problematize a teaching still out of step the reality of our students, who are browsing at constant speeds through the computerization of knowledge. We still carry on about the importance of teachers continuing training in the twenty-first century context, in order to provide a rhizome teaching, respecting the multiplicities and providing more cooperative, emancipatory and meaningful learning. Methodologically, this research follows the paths of Applied Linguistics, it is supported by the qualitative approach and is characterized by the case study under interpretative approach. The research has as theoretical support the ideas of the authors: Gilles Deleuze (2006, 2003, 2001, 1996, 1995), Félix Guattari (1996, 1995), Michel Authier (1995), Pierre Lévy (2000, 1999a, 1999b, 1995, 1993), Hugo Assmann (2012, 2001, 2000), Edgar Morin (2003, 2000), Araci Hack Capatan (2001), Marc Prensky (2001), Beatriz Helena Dal Molin (2003), Manuel Castells (1999), Silvio Gallo (2008, 2002), Gilson Fais (2011), Dóris Roncarelli (2012), José Rogério Vitkowski (2014), Rose Maria Belim Motter (2013), Teresa Cristina Jordão (2009), among others. We checked during the research, that the PDE program is the way of fundamental public policy allowing the necessary involvement of the participating teachers in several theories, methodologies and in contact with the technology through its third shaft. However, we found when analyzing the speeches generated based on questions proposed to the participants, that the program still has challenges to be overcome, such as to allow the teachers who attend the PDE, epistemological reflections on the process of teaching and learning with the use of Digital Communication Technology.
A presente pesquisa tem como tema a formação tecnológica de professores da Rede Estadual de ensino da Educação Básica, proporcionada pelo Programa de Desenvolvimento Educacional PDE/PR. Objetivamos, inicialmente, compreender como se dá o processo de formação tecnológica durante a formação evidenciada e como os cursos oferecidos e o envolvimento com a Tecnologia de Comunicação Digital (TCD) durante essa formação continuada possibilitam importantes reflexões e ações no fazer educativo dos professores participantes. Esta pesquisa sustenta-se, entre outras, na seguinte indagação: Quais as contribuições que as ações/atividades do eixo do programa, Atividades didático-pedagógicas com utilização de suporte tecnológico, ofereceram para a formação do docente no sentido de prepará-lo para seu novo papel, frente ao emprego da tecnologia no contexto educativo da Aprendência? Para tanto, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos, abordamos inicialmente a relação entre Experimentação, Rizoma, Educação e Tecnologia, a vista de problematizar um ensino ainda em descompasso da realidade de nosso educandos, que estão navegando a velocidades constantes por meio da informatização do saber. Ocupamo-nos ainda em discorrer sobre a importância de formação continuada de professores em contexto de século XXI, com o objetivo de proporcionar um ensino rizomático, respeitando as multiplicidades e proporcionando aprendizagens mais cooperativas, emancipatórias e significativas. Metodologicamente, esta pesquisa segue pelos caminhos da Linguística Aplicada, sustentada pela abordagem qualitativa e caracterizada pelo estudo de caso, sob a abordagem interpretativista. A pesquisa traz como aporte teórico as ideias dos autores: Gilles Deleuze (2006, 2003, 2001, 1996, 1995); Félix Guattari (1996,1995); Michel Authier (1995); Pierre Lévy (2000, 1999a, 1999b, 1995, 1993); Hugo Assmann (2012, 2001, 2000); Edgar Morin (2003, 2000); Araci Hack Capatan (2001); Marc Prensky (2001); Beatriz Helena Dal Molin (2003); Manuel Castells (1999); Silvio Gallo (2008, 2002); Gilson Fais (2011); Dóris Roncarelli (2012); José Rogério Vitkowski (2014); Rose Maria Belim Motter (2013); Teresa Cristina Jordão (2009); entre outros. Verificamos, no decorrer da pesquisa, que o programa PDE é via de política pública fundamental para a formação em tempos de TCD, possibilitando o necessário envolvimento dos professores participantes, em várias teorias, metodologias e no contato com a tecnologia por meio do seu terceiro eixo. Entretanto, constatamos, ao analisar os discursos gerados a partir dos questionamentos propostos aos participantes, que o programa ainda apresenta desafios a serem superados, como é o caso de possibilitar aos professores que cursam o PDE, reflexões epistemológicas sobre o processo de ensinar e de aprender com o emprego da Tecnologia de Comunicação Digital

Prostate and bladder cancer are currently the most common tumors in the male population and those with the highest mortality rates. The latter is related to the high incidence of relapses resulting from a lack of efficacy of available treatments, often characterized by invasiveness and toxicity. A new approach for the management of these cancers could be represented by photochemotherapy where the drugs are directly activated on the diseased area, thus reducing toxicity to neighboring healthy cells. The antiproliferative activity of the compounds, psoralenes and angelicins, following activation with UVA, light is well known and largely due to their ability to interact with DNA forming monoadducts (MAs) and cross-links (XLs). However, the major disadvantage of the use of furocumarins in combination with UVA light is represented by the risk of mutagenicity linked both to their ability to covalently bind the nucleic acid and to the toxicity of the radiation. The possibility of photoactivate this type of molecule with blue light (BL) could represent an innovation in the field of photochemotherapy because it would improve the most common operational limits and side effects connected with the use of UVA. BL, unlike UVA, has a deeper tissue penetration, thus allowing the potential treatment of more invasive tumours, and at the same time has a lower mutagenicity. Moreover, from a technical point of view, the optical fibers used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) have a better performance to deliver BL than UVA both from the point of view of light diffusion and the amount of transmitted radiation. Thiswork has demonstrated that 8-MOP and TMA are able to be photoactivated by BL, despite their low coefficients of molar extinction, and exert an antiproliferative effect on prostate (DU145) and bladder (T24) cancer cell lines. Experiments on isolated DNA have confirmed the ability of these molecules to form MAs and XLs, produce strand breaks and photooxidation of nucleic acid bases when activated by UVA. However, photoactivation by BL induced, both a quantitative decrease and a variation in the type of lesions in the macromolecule. This decrease was far greater in the case of TMA, which, unlike 8-MOP, was unable to form XLs and photooxide DNA after activation with BL. 8-MOP and TMA plus BL had good antiproliferative activity resulting from the induction of the apoptotic process and the formation of ROS. In addition, these molecules modulated the activation status of p38 and ERK1/2 with both types of irradiation. However, TMA had a higher activity than 8-MOP being active at lower doses, and was not genotoxic, as shown by the evaluation of the phosphorylation status of histone H2AX in both DU145 and T24 cells, when irradiated with UVA or BL. TMA/BL also modulated Wnt's canonical signal pathway in a negative way; in fact, it increased the phosphorylated forms of β-catenin and GSK3β (to tyrosine 216) and decreases the nuclear levels of β-catenin. The inhibition of this pathway lead to a decrease in the expression of some of its target genes, such as cyclin D1, c-Myc and CD44v6, as demonstrated by RT-PCR. In addition to decreased expression at transcript level, there was also a reduction in protein expression of CD44 in all samples treated with TMA. The latter was due to the modulation of the phosphorylation state at tyrosine 216 of GSK3β, as suggested by the partial recovery of the expression of nuclear β-catenin and the reduction of its phosphorilated form after treatment with LiCl. The collected data also suggest that the activation status of GSK3β may be mediated by ERK1/2, as TMA/BL induced a decrease in its phosphorylated form. In conclusion, TMA photoactivated by BL may represent an interesting option for photochemotherapy of non-invasive prostate and bladder carcinomas, because this treatment is able to inhibit key pathways for tumour growth and progression in the absence of genotoxic effects.
Il carcinoma protatico e quello vescicale sono le patologie tumorali a maggiore incidenza con i più alti tassi di mortalità. Quest’ultima è connessa all’elevata frequenza di ricadute derivante da una scarsa efficacia dei trattamenti disponibili, spesso caratterizzati da invasività e tossicità. Un nuovo approccio potrebbe essere rappresentato dalla fotochemioterapia nella quale i farmaci vengono attivati per svolgere la loro funzione direttamente sul sito interessato, riducendo quindi la tossicità alle cellule sane limitrofe. L’attività antiproliferativa dei composti usati, psoraleni ed angelicine in associazione con luce UVA, è ben nota ed in gran parte dovuta alla loro capacità di interagire con il DNA formando monoaddotti (MA) e legami crociati (XL). Tuttavia, il maggior svantaggio è rappresentato dal rischio di mutagenicità legato sia alla loro capacità di legare covalentemente l’acido nucleico che alla tossicità della stessa radiazione utilizzata. La possibilità di fotoattivare questo tipo di molecole con blue light (BL) potrebbe rappresentare un’innovazione nel campo della fotochemioterapia poichè BL, diversamente da UVA, possiede una più profonda penetrazione tessutale, permettendo quindi il potenziale trattamento di tumori più invasivi, e al contempo presenta una minore mutagenicità. In questa tesi è stato dimostrato che 8-MOP e TMA, nonostante i loro bassi coefficienti di estinzione molare, sono in grado di essere fotoattivate da BL ed esercitano un effetto antiproliferativo su linee cellulari di tumore prostatico (DU145) e vescicale (T24). Esperimenti su DNA isolato hanno confermato la capacità di queste molecole di formare MA e XL, produrre tagli ai filamenti e fotoossidare le basi dell’acido nucleico quando attivate da UVA; la fotoattivazione mediante BL induceva, invece, sia una diminuzione quantitativa che una variazione nella tipologia delle lesioni alla macromolecola. Questa diminuzione risultava di gran lunga maggiore nel caso di TMA che, al contrario di 8-MOP, in seguito ad attivazione con BL non era in grado di formare XL e di fotoossidare il DNA. L’ attività antiproliferativa di 8-MOP e TMA risultava dall’induzione del processo apoptotico e dalla formazione di ROS. Inoltre, veniva modulato lo stato di attivazione di p38 ed ERK1/2 con entrambe le tipologie di irradiazione. Tuttavia, i dati raccolti hanno evidenziato che TMA possedeva una maggiore efficacia rispetto a 8-MOP essendo attiva a dosi minori. Inoltre, non era genotossica, come mostrato dalla valutazione dello stato di fosforilazione dell’istone H2AX sia nelle cellule DU145 che nelle T24, quando irradiata con UVA o BL. TMA/BL, inoltre, modulava in modo negativo la via di segnale canonica di Wnt; aumentava le forme fosforilate di β-catenina e di GSK3β (tirosina 216) e diminuiva i livelli nucleari di β-catenina. L’inibizione di questa via si traduceva nella diminuzione dell’espressione di ciclina D1, c-Myc e CD44 nella sua variante v6, come evidenziato dalla RT-PCR; per quest’ultima si registrava anche una riduzione dell’espressione proteica. L’inibizione della via Wnt era dovuta alla modulazione dello stato di fosforilazione di GSK3β, come suggerito dal parziale recupero dell’espressione di β-catenina nucleare ed alla riduzione della sua forma fosforilata in seguito a trattamento con LiCl. I dati raccolti hanno suggerito, inoltre, che lo stato di attivazione di GSK3β potesse essere mediato da ERK1/2, in quanto TMA/BL induceva una diminuzione della sua forma fosforilata. In conclusione, TMA fotoattivata da BL può rappresentare un’interessante opzione per la fotochemioterapia dei carcinomi prostatico e vescicale non invasivo, in quanto tale trattamento è in grado di inibire vie chiave per la crescita e la progressione tumorale in assenza di effetti genotossici.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2220.pdf: 1450706 bytes, checksum: 0253030468c7f8632d10be1f594463aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-08
Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a modality for treatment of tumors, and uses a combination of a drug (photosensitizer) and light in the presence of the molecular oxygen to selectively damage target tissue. In the absent of one of these components, the cytotoxic effect is not observed. Since 1990, many works in the literature studies the topical application of precursors of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in PDT, such 5- aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and methyl aminolevulinate (MAL). The purpose of this work was realized an comparative study in vivo between two commercial and available drugs precursors of PpIX, the ALAsense (5-aminolevulinic acid - ALA) from Russian and Metvix (methyl aminolevulinate MAL) from United Kingdom. Experiments were carried out in animals to analyze the performance and the ALA photodynamic MAL in liver of rats. The fluorescence spectra of the liver were collected at pre-determined time. The time of accumulation of PpIX was observed by 2 hours and 45 minutes for the ALA and MAL for 4 hours after application of drugs in the liver. The formation, accumulation and depth of penetration of PpIX in liver tissue were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Using a total of 21 animals were the irradiation of the liver fotossensibilizado with ALA or MAL alone with different doses of light (20, 50, 100 and 200J/cm2) or in a combination MAL + ALA to 8%, 16% and 32 dose of 100J/cm2. Thirty hours after the lighting, the animals were killed and livers removed. The area of necrosis of the liver was assessed macroscopically and the samples were prepared for histological study, considering especially the aspects and depth of necrosis. In histological analysis were carried out many aspects of necrosis and the normal liver. The depths of necrosis were measured and the threshold dose obtained using a mathematical model proposed in the literature. Moreover, the monitoring was carried out of O2 consumption of mitochondria isolated from livers of rats, after topical administration of drugs precursors of PpIX (ALA and MAL) in order to check the influence of these substances in mitochondrial bioenergetics. The results showed a higher penetration of MAL in the tissue, as well as greater depth of necrosis when compared to the ALA. These results suggest that MAL has a tendency to better photodynamic response than ALA to the criteria studied.
Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma modalidade terapêutica para tratamento de tumores que provoca a destruição do tecido alvo através da combinação de uma droga (fotossensibilizador) e uma fonte de luz na presença de oxigênio molecular. Na ausência de algum desses componentes, o efeito citotóxico não é observado. Desde 1990, têm-se estudado a aplicação tópica de substâncias precursoras da protoporfirina IX (PpIX) associada à TFD, como o ácido 5-aminolevulínico (ALA) e o metil aminolevulinato (MAL). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar um estudo comparativo in vivo entre duas substâncias precursoras da PpIX , o ALAsense (ácido 5-aminolevulínico - ALA) da Rússia e o Metvix (metil aminolevulinato MAL) do Reino Unido. Foram realizados experimentos em animais para analisar o desempenho fotodinâmico ALA e pelo MAL em fígado de ratos. Os espectros de fluorescência do fígado foram coletados em tempos prédeterminados. O tempo de acúmulo da PpIX observado foi de 2 horas e 45 minutos para o ALA e 4 horas para o MAL após a aplicação da droga no fígado. A formação, acúmulo e a profundidade de penetração da PpIX no tecido hepático foram determinados através da espectroscopia de fluorescência. Utilizando um total de 21 animais foi realizada a irradiação do fígado fotossensibilizado com ALA ou com MAL isoladamente com diferentes doses de luz (20, 50, 100 e 200J/cm2) ou na forma combinada MAL + ALA a 8%, 16 e 32% com dose de 100J/cm2. Trinta horas após a iluminação, os animais foram mortos e os fígados removidos. A área necrosada do fígado foi avaliada macroscopicamente e as amostras foram preparadas para o estudo histológico, considerando, principalmente, os aspectos e a profundidade da necrose. Na análise histológica realizada foram observados vários aspectos da necrose e da região normal do fígado. As profundidades de necrose foram medidas e a dose limiar obtida utilizando-se um modelo matemático proposto na literatura. Além disso, foi realizado o monitoramento do consumo de O2 de mitocôndrias isoladas de fígados de ratos, após administração tópica dos medicamentos precursores da PpIX (ALA e MAL) afim de verificar a influência dessas substâncias na bioenergética mitocondrial. Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma maior penetrabilidade do MAL no tecido, bem como uma maior profundidade de necrose quando comparado ao ALA. Esses resultados sugerem que o MAL possui uma tendência a melhor resposta fotodinâmica que o ALA para os critérios estudados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:02:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5642.pdf: 1776062 bytes, checksum: da09965abd9a6b2902c7875682004bd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-08
Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is known to be limited to applications in large volume tumours due to its limited penetration. Therefore, the PDT with the Luzitin® photossensitizer as well as a combination of PDT and laser surgery may constitute a potential to destroy bulk tumors. Thus, with the aim of proposing a minimally invasive treatment protocol involving the application of PDT for large tumors, the present study analyzed histomorphometrically necrosis resulting from both a combination of a laser ablation with PDT as PDT with the photosensitizer Luzitin® (a bacteriochloryn synthetic with greater potential for penetration into biological tissue) in livers of healthy rats. In the first study, 87 animals were divided into 2 groups: CO2 laser and diode laser. Each of these groups were subdivided into six subgroups: 1) only laser ablation, 2) administered the PS and ablated with laser, 3) only PDT (drug and ligth), 4) drug and light (PDT) followed by laser ablation, 5) ) laser ablation followed by a PDT and 6) drug, followed by laser ablation and ligth. For each subgroup, three types of photosensitization were used: topical 5- aminilevunic acid (ALA), intravenous ALA and intravenous Photogem®. Thirty hours after the different treatments, the animals were sacrificed and the livers removed for the histological and morphometric study of necrosis. The results showed that the effects of treatment were considerably improved when PDT was used in combination with laser ablation. For the group CO2 laser, the average depth of necrosis obtained showed a minimum difference between the studied conditions for the group photosensitized Photogem® and with an increased depth of necrosis after the combined procedures in comparison with the isolated techniques for the subgroups fotossensibilizados with ALA, especially treatment with PDT was performed before ablation by CO2 laser. In the diode laser group, subgroups with better performance were those in which the ablation was performed before PDT using intravenous photosensitizers and ALA topic. From these results, it is suggested that PDT and laser ablation can synergistically in the treatment of large tumors. In the second study, sixteen normal male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 animals each. Initially, all groups were intravenously photosensitizated with 2 mg/kg or 2.6 mg/kg of the drug and after 12 hours, a 1cm2 of area, in the right abdominal region, corresponding to the liver, was irradiated during 22 minutes and 13 seconds or16 minutes and 40 seconds. Groups are described following: 1) control group: photosensitized with 2mg/kg, but untreated, 2) treated group 1: irradiated with light dose of 100J/cm2 after photosensitization with 2mg/kg of 12hs and 3) treated group 2: irradiated with light dose of 70J/cm2 and photosensitized with 2mg/kg of Luzitin®, 4) treated group 3: photosensitized with 2.6 mg/kg of the drug and irradiated with light dose of 70J/cm2 Animals were sacrificed 30 hours after irradiation, except the control group, which were sacrificed 42hs after drug administration. Livers were removed and prepared for histological analysis. Moreover, macroscopic aspects of liver were observed. Results showed significantly more extensive necrosis and greater severity in treated group 1. Data suggested that, among the conditions studied, light dose suitable for PDT treatment of photosensitized tissue by Luzitin® is 100J/cm2 and that 30% of reduction in this value produces decay in PDT response, even with proportional increase of drug concentration in the organism.
A terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma técnica conhecida por sua limitada aplicação em tumores volumosos, devido a sua restrita penetração. Portanto, a TFD com o fotossensibilizador (FS) Luzitin®, bem como a combinação da TFD com a cirurgia a laser possuem potencial destrutivo para tumores volumosos. Assim, com o intuito de propor um protocolo de tratamento minimamente invasivo envolvendo a TFD para aplicação em tumores volumosos, o presente estudo analisou histomorfometricamente a necrose resultante tanto da combinação de lasers ablativos com a TFD, quanto da TFD com o fotossensibilizador Luzitin® (uma bacterioclorina sintética com maior potencial para penetração nos tecidos biológicos) em fígados de ratos saudáveis. No primeiro estudo, 87 animais foram divididos em 2 grupos: grupo laser de CO2 e grupo laser de Diodo. Cada um desses grupos foram subdivididos em 6 subgrupos: 1) subgrupo ablação a laser, 2) subgrupo fotossensibilização seguida de ablação a laser, 3) subgrupo TFD, 4) subgrupo fotossensibilização e luz seguido pela ablação a laser, 5) subgrupo laser seguido de fotossensibilização e luz, e 6) subgrupo fotossensibilização seguida da ablação a laser e luz. Para cada subgrupo, três condições de fotossensibilização foram utilizadas: ácido 5-aminolevulínico (ALA) tópico, ALA endovenoso e Photogem® endovenoso. Trinta horas após o tratamento, os animais foram eutanasiados e os fígados removidos para estudo histológico e morfométrico da necrose. Os resultados mostram que os efeitos do tratamento com TFD foram consideravelmente melhorados quando combinada com a ablação a laser. Para o grupo laser de CO2, a profundidade de necrose média obtida mostrou uma mínima diferença entre as condições estudadas para o grupo fotossensibilizado com o Photogem® e um aumento da profundidade de necrose após os procedimentos combinados em comparação com as técnicas isoladas para os subgrupos fotossensibilizados com o ALA, especialmente qunado o tratamento com a TFD foi realizado antes da ablação pelo laser de CO2. No grupo laser de Diodo, os subgrupos com melhor desempenho foram aqueles em que a ablação foi realizada antes da TFD para os fotossensibilizadores intravenosos e o subgrupo fotossensibilizado com ALA tópico, ablacionado e iluminado. A partir desses resultados, sugere-se que a TFD e a ablação a laser podem atuar de forma sinérgica no tratamento de tumores volumosos. No segundo estudo, dezesseis ratos machos normais foram randomicamente divididos em 4 grupos, com 4 animais cada. Inicialmente foi realizada a fotossensibilização por meio da administração intravenosa de 2mg/kg ou 2,6mg/kg da droga e após 12 horas, uma área de 1cm2 na região abdominal direita correspondente ao fígado foi irradiada durante 22 minutos e 13 segundo ou 16 minutos e 40 segundos. Os grupos estão descritos a seguir: 1) grupos controle: fotossensibilizado com 2mg/kg, porém não tratado; 2) grupo tratado 1: irradiado com intensidade de 100J/cm2 após 12hs da fotossensibilização com 2mg/kg; 3) grupo tratado 2: irradiado com intensidade de 70J/cm2 e fotossensibilizados com 2mg/kg de Luzitin®, 4) grupo tratado 3: fotossensibilizado com 2,6mg/kg da droga e irradiado com intensidade de 70J/cm2 Os animais foram eutanasiados após 30 horas da irradiação, exceto o grupo controle, que foram aguardadas 42hs após a administração do composto. Os fígados dos animais foram removidos e preparados para a análise histológica. Além disso, foram observados aspectos macroscópicos do fígado. A análise dos resultados mostrou uma necrose significativamente mais extensa e com maior grau de severidade para o grupo tratado 1. Com base nos dados observados, sugere-se que, dentre as condições estudadas, a dose mais adequada para o tratamento com TFD do tecido fotossensibilizado com Luzitin® seja de 100J/cm2 e que uma redução de 30% desse valor provoca um decaimento na resposta da TFD, mesmo com aumento proporcional da concentração da droga no organismo.

Despite its success in radio-frequency applications, OFDM has only recently started to draw the attention of the optical community owing principally to the outstanding advancements in electronics and the increasing demands in terms of bit-rates in the last miles of the network. OFDM appears as one possible solution to cost-effectively provide the long-awaited flexibility that lacks on today’s somewhat "rigid" passive optical networks (PON). It may also allow their evolution towards higher bit-rates, longer transmission distances and increased number of subscribers per PON tree. Here, we focus on the IMDD approach, which can manage to keep the simplicity and cost-effectiveness at the optical plane by transferring the "hard work" to the digital signal processing domain. We focus this work on two main axes. In the first one, we study the influence of the dispersive IMDD channel frequency response characterized by the interplay between fiber chromatic dispersion and the parasite phase modulation of the light source (chirp) and the ways of optimizing the system’s throughput by means of bit and power loading algorithms. Secondly, we evaluate the IMDD OFDM approach under different architectures. Those architectures characterize distinct solutions to share the network ressources between the subscribers, namely time, wavelength and frequency multiplexing
Malgré son succès dans le domaine des radio-fréquences, l’OFDM n’a que récemment commencé à attirer l’attention de la communauté optique grâce à une remarquable évolution de l’électronique et aux demandes de débit de plus en plus élévées dans les réseaux d’accès. OFDM apparaît comme un très fort candidat pour fournir la flexibilité tant attendue dans les réseaux d’accès optiques "rigides" d’aujourd’hui ayant aussi le potentiel de permettre une évolution vers des débits, portées et nombre d’abonnés plus élévés. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur une approche de modulation en intensité et détection directe (IMDD) qui permet de conserver la simplicité sur le plan optique en transférant la complexité de la transmission au domaine du traitement numérique du signal. Ce travail se base sur deux axes principaux. Dans le premier, nous étudions l’influence de la réponse fréquentielle du canal, caracterisée par l’interaction entre la dispersion chromatique de la fibre optique et la modulation parasite en phase provenant de la source optique et les moyens d’optimiser le débit du système avec des algorithmes d’allocation de puissance et modulation. Deuxièmement, nous évaluons l’approche IMDD OFDM sous différentes architectures et techniques de partage des ressources du réseau entre les abonnées, à savoir les multiplexages en temps, longueur d’onde et fréquence

A Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma modalidade terapêutica promissora que tem mostrado resultados clínicos efetivos, a lém de custo benefício favorável ao sistema de saúde. Embora a TFD esteja associada à indução de morte celular por necrose e, ou apoptose, pesquisas recentes comprovam a ativação da autofagia. Visando entender a relação entre a quantidade de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), produzidas após fotoativação dos fotossensibilizadores (FSs), com a indução de morte autofágica, foram utilizados os FSs fenotiazínicos estruturalmente semelhantes, azul de metileno (MB) e 1,9-dimetil azul de metileno (DMMB); as linhagens celulares HeLa e HaCat, como modelos biológicos e LEDs emitindo em 633 nm, como fonte luminosa. Os ensaios de viabilidade em função da dose de luz e da concentração dos FSs verificaram que o aumento de morte celular está diretamente relacionado ao aumento da concentração e ao aumento da dose de luz, para ambos FSs. Verificou-se que nas condições de IC50 a concentração do DMMB (10 nmol/L) é menor que a do MB (2,0 µmol/L) em duas ordens de grandeza, e essa diferença também se reflete no grau de desbalanço oxidativo gerado após fotossensibilização. Foi verificado que para o MB, a elevada geração de EROs está fortemente correlacionada com a perda de viabilidade, enquanto que para o DMMB essa correlação é fraca, uma vez que há perda de sobrevida sem grandes gerações de EROs. No entanto, a diminuição de sobrevida causada pelo DMMB se correlaciona forte e significativamente ao aumento da autofagia, indicando ocorrência de morte celular autofágica tanto em células HaCaT quanto em células HeLa. As análises de dano em organelas indicaram que ambos FSs, após serem fotoativados, causam danos em lisossomas e em mitocôndrias de células HaCaT. E confirmou-se, por ensaio de localização subcelular, que ambos FSs estão nessas organelas. Uma vez que a localização subcelular do FS influencia no mecanismo de morte celular foto desenvolvido, verificou-se que o MB nas mesmas concentrações nanomolares do DMMB não induz autofagia, pois o mesmo encontra-se fotoquimicamente inativo nas mitocôndrias, devido à redução pelas coenzimas presentes nesta organela. O DMMB possui um potencial de redução menor que o MB, o que impede a redução deste FS nas mitocôndrias, e, mesmo em baixas concentrações, o DMMB é capaz de comprometer a integridade de mitocôndrias e lisossomas, e induz ir autofagia como um mecanismo de morte celular. As condições em que o MB não se encontra totalmente reduzido no ambiente celular são em concentrações mais elevadas, nas quais a geração do nível de estresse oxidativo é maior e não se observa resposta autofágica após fotossensibilização. Esses resultados mostram que a eficiência de morte celular causada por TFD não está necessariamente relacionada ao nível de estresse oxidativo gerado, uma vez que o DMMB induziu estresse oxidativo em menor extensão do que MB e, no entanto, induziu morte celular em maior extensão. Confirmou-se o conceito de que, fotossensibilizadores mais eficazes para a TFD devem resultar da melhoria na especificidade das reações de fotossensibilização nos alvos celulares e não apenas em melhoria na eficiência de geração de ERO.
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a promising therapeutic modality that has shown effective clinical outcomes and benefits in terms of costs to the national health system. Although PDT is associated with induction of cell death by necrosis or apoptosis, recent data suggest the activation of autophagy. In order to understand the relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated after light activation of photosensitizers (PSs), and the autophagic cell death induction, we have used two phenothiazines with similar structure - methylene blue (MB) and 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB); HaCaT and HeLa cells were used as biological models and LEDs emitting at 633 nm were used as light source. Cell viability assays as function of light dose and PS concentration showed that the increase in cell death was directly proportional to the PS concentration and light dose, to the both PSs. At IC50 was verified that DMMB concentration (10 nmol/L) is lower than MB concentration (2,0 µmol/L) in two order of magnitude, and this difference is reflected in degree of oxidative stress promoted by photosensitizers . Only for MB the amount of detected ROS is highly correlated with loss of cell viability, while for DMMB this correlation is weak, because there is loss of viability without large generation of ROS. Nevertheless, the viability decreased for DMMB is highly correlated with the increase of autophagy, indicating occurrence of autophagic cell death in both HaCaT cells and in HeLa cells. The analyses of damaged cell organelles indicated that both PSs, after be photoactivated, induce lysosomal and mithochondrial damage in HaCaT cells. And the subcellular localization assay confirmed that DMMB and MB are localized in these organelles. Because the subcellular localization of PSs influences cell death mechanisms, this research identified that MB, in the same nanomolar concentration of DMMB, does not induce autophagy, because it is photochemically inactive in mitochondria due the reducing coenzymes present in this organelle. DMMB has a lower reduction potential than MB, which hinders PS reduction in mitochondria, and possibly generate a mild oxidative stress that compromise the integrity of mitochondria and lysosomes, and justify autophagy induction as a cell death mechanism. The conditions that MB is not fully reduced in the cellular environment are at higher concentrations, in which was detected high level of oxidative stress and autophagic cell death was not observed after photosensitization. These results show that the efficiency of cell death induced by PDT is not necessarily related with oxidative stress level, since the oxidative stress induced by DMMB was lesser than by MB, however, the cell death was greater. This research confirms the concept that more effective photosensitizers for PDT means greater specificity of photosensitization reactions, and not only improvement of the efficiency of ROS generation.

L’objet de ce travail était d’observer les effets éventuels d’un nouveau traitement chez des enfants avec des Troubles Envahissants du Développement. Pour cela, nous avons comparé deux groupes d’enfants TED, l’un étant traité l’autre constituant un groupe témoin, à travers des domaines de la cognition, de la sensorialité et des comportements de la vie quotidienne et de la socialisation. Nous avons rassemblé différents outils pour notre méthodologie : questionnaires parentaux, évaluations psychométriques et évaluations psychophysiques.Nous avons également utilisé une approche comparative pour le domaine sensoriel en intégrant un groupe d’enfant au développement typique.Les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de notre travail ont permis de mettre en avant que l’ensemble des comportements évalués n’apparaissaient pas altérés dans notre population d’enfants TED. Nous avons mis en évidence des améliorations accrues des enfants traités concernant leurs capacités visuo-spatiales. Nous avons également constaté que ces enfants présentaient des améliorations de certains processus verbaux. Nous avons confirmé la présence de patterns particuliers de comportements sensoriels chez les enfants TED par rapport à la population neurotypique. En revanche, nous n’avons pas mis en évidence de différence d’évolution entre nos deux groupes d’enfants TED au regard de ces altérations sensorielles. Enfin, les comportements répétés et restreints apparaissaient améliorés de manière accrue chez les enfants TED traités mais nous n’avons pas confirmé les améliorations des comportements sociaux rapportées par les études précédentes. Cette étude a apporté des résultats qui nécessitent d’être scrutés plus en détail, à plus grande échelle
The purpose of this work is to observe the potential effects of new treatment in children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders. For this, we compared two groups of children with PDD, one being treated the other constituting a control group, across domains of cognition, sensory and behaviors of daily life and socialization. We collected different tools for our methodology: parental questionnaires, psychometric assessments and psychophysical assessments. We also used a comparative approach for the sensory domain integrating a typical child development group.The results of this work highlight that whole of the evaluated behaviors did not appear altered in our population of children with PDD. We pointed out increased improvements in treated children regarding their visuospatial abilities. We also found that these children had improvements in some verbal processes. We confirmed the presence of particular patterns of sensory behavior in children with PDD compared to the typically developed population.However, we did not show any difference in evolution of these sensory alterations between our two groups of children with PDD. Finally, repeated and restricted behaviors appeared to be more alleviated in treated PDD children than control PDD children but we did not confirm the improvements in social behaviors reported by previous studies. This study has brought results that need to be scrutinized in more detail, on a larger scale

Melanoma is a pigmented tumor that originates from the melanocytes; pigmented cells present throughout the body, including skin and iris. The cutaneous form is the most common type, and it represents about 5% of the skin tumors diagnosed in Brazil. Although it does not have a high incidence, it represents about 80% to 85% of all skin tumor deaths. The second most frequent type of melanoma is ocular. It represents 5% of all melanoma cases and is a potentially lethal disease, especially when it causes metastasis. The main therapeutic approach for melanomas, in general, is surgery, with resection of the cutaneous lesion or enucleation in the case of ocular melanoma. Other techniques such as adjuvant immunotherapy, palliative chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are also used. However, they have low efficacy and several side effects. Photodynamic therapy is a therapeutic modality based on the interaction of light at specific wavelength and photosensitizer, in the presence of molecular oxygen, leading the cell to death. As melanoma is a pigmented cancer, it usually does not respond well to photodynamic therapy due to the high absorption of light on the surface of the tumor, making volumetric eradication impossible. This project investigated optical strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. For the diagnosis, it was evaluated the fluorescence lifetime technique to differentiate melanoma and normal skin. A sensitivity of 99.4%, specificity of 97.4% and accuracy of 98.4% were achieved using linear discrimination analysis. For the cutaneous melanoma treatment, PDT combined to optical clearing agents (OCAs) was investigated. Vascular and cell-target photosensitizers were evaluated combined or not to OCAs. OCA improved PDT response in all pigmented tumors treated, but the best results were achieved when a dual-photosensitizer treatment combined to OCA was performed. The treatment of conjunctival melanoma was conducted using 2-photon excitation photodynamic therapy. The advantage of this technique is the use of infrared light, in a wavelength that melanin has a low absorption, improving the light penetration into the tumor. The tumor histology shows that apoptosis was induced only at the treatment site, with no damage to the surrounding tissue. Additionally, a single TPE-PDT session could treat the entire tumor.
O melanoma é um tumor pigmentado que surge dos melanócitos, células pigmentadas presentes em todo o corpo, incluindo a pele e a íris. A forma cutânea é a mais comum e representa cerca de 5% dos tumores cutâneos diagnosticados no Brasil. Embora não tenha uma alta incidência, representa cerca de 80% a 85% de todas as mortes por tumor de pele. O segundo tipo de melanoma mais frequente é o ocular. Representa 5% de todos os casos de melanoma e é uma doença potencialmente letal, especialmente em casos de metástase. A principal abordagem terapêutica para melanomas, em geral, é a cirurgia, com ressecção da lesão cutânea ou enucleação no caso do melanoma ocular. Outras técnicas, como imunoterapia adjuvante, quimioterapia paliativa e radioterapia também são usadas, porém, apresentam baixa eficiência e muitos efeitos colaterais. A terapia fotodinâmica é uma modalidade terapêutica baseada na interação da luz em um comprimento de onda específico e um fotossensibilizador, na presença de oxigênio molecular, levando a célula à morte. Como o melanoma é um câncer pigmentado, geralmente não responde bem à terapia fotodinâmica devido à alta absorção de luz na superfície do tumor, impossibilitando a erradicação volumétrica. Este projeto investigou estratégias ópticas para o diagnóstico e tratamento do melanoma. Para o diagnóstico, foi avaliada a técnica de tempo de vida de fluorescência para distinguir melanoma de pele normal. Utilizando análise de discriminação linear, obteve-se uma sensibilidade de 99,4%, especificidade de 97,4% e precisão de 98,4%. Para o tratamento de melanoma cutâneo, a PDT combinada com clareadores ópticos (OCAs) foi investigada. Um fotossensibilizador que tem como alvo vaso sanguíneo e um fotossensibilizador de alvo celular foram avaliados combinados ou não com OCAs. OCAs são soluções hiperosmóticas que desidratam o tecido, diminuindo o espalhamento da luz e melhorando a penetração de luz em profundidade. OCA melhorou a resposta de PDT em todos os tumores melanóticos tratados, mas os melhores resultados foram obtidos quando a PDT foi realizada com a combinação dos fotossensibilizadores e clareador óptico em uma única sessão. O tratamento do melanoma conjuntival foi realizado utilizando a terapia fotodinâmica por excitação de 2 fótons (TPE-PDT). A vantagem desta técnica é o uso de luz na região do infravermelho, em um comprimento de onda que melanina tem baixa absorção, melhorando a penetração de luz no tumor. A histologia do tumor mostrou que a apoptose foi induzida apenas no local do tratamento, sem danos no tecido adjacente. Além disso, uma única sessão de TPE-PDT foi capaz de tratar todo o tumor.

As políticas públicas de educação especial, as diversas didáticas e as ofertas de formação de professores, dificilmente ocupam-se da temática da alteridade. Cursos formativos centrados na reeducação, no conhecimento diagnóstico e em orientações acabadas sobre que e como fazer, não contemplam os impasses oriundos de um encontro com um aluno lido como estranho; da paralização do professor ante a presença de um sujeito que parece não aprender, não relacionar-se, não estar. Como o professor acolhe a alteridade do aluno? É preciso um árduo trabalho neste sentido. Nesta pesquisa nos propomos a pensar tal trabalho como uma travessia capaz de reposicionar discursivamente ao professor ante seu aluno com Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento (TGD). Para tanto, tomaremos como campo empírico uma formação continuada de professores em seus I e II módulo, ocorrida entre os anos 2012 y 2013, no município de Porto Alegre, situado no estado de Rio Grande do Sul no Brasil. Nesta formação, o professor foi convidado a ler o vivido e torná-lo experiência através de sua escrita. Sendo acompanhado de um leitor, através de anotações e comentários à margem do escrito. As textualidades constitutivas desta pesquisa dão conta dos (des)encontros entre três professores participantes do curso, relacionados com a inclusão escolar de alunos com TGD. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório cuja metodologia contempla o ensaio como forma. O tecido argumentativo é construído considerando o filme: A Viagem de Chihiro, o conceito freudiano do estranho e a conceptualização de leitura de Barthes. Como resultados destacamos: a construção narrativa, sobre um aluno que inicialmente produz silêncio e mal-estar, permite deslocamentos importantes na posição enunciativa e na prática pedagógica dos professores; a potencia da alteridade como temática a ser contemplada na formação de professores, nas políticas e na implementação dos processos inclusivos; no trabalho em rede que contempla o acolhimento do aluno e também do professor, em seus temores e incerteza.
Public policies about special education, the different teaching techniques and the offerings of teacher’s training, hardly address the subject of alterity. Training courses focused in re-education, in diagnostics and already-made orientations about what and how-to do, do not take into account the impasses that come from an encounter with a student read as uncanny; from the paralyzation of the teacher upon the presence of an individual that seems not to learn, not to associate with other, not to be. How does the teacher embrace the student’s alterity? Hard work is necessary in this matter. In this research, we propose ourselves to think this duty as a journey able to reposition the teacher by means of words upon her student with Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD). For that end, we will take as empirical field a continued teacher training (I and II stages) between 2012 and 2013, in the city of Porto Alegre, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In such training, the teachers were invited to read what they lived and turn that into experience through writing, while being accompanied by a reader, through annotations and comments on a side of what was written. The texts that set up this research deal with the (dis)encounters among three teachers that participated in the training, related with the inclusion of students with PDD in the school. This is an exploratory study with a methodology that contemplates the essay as form. The argumentative tissue is built considering the film called Spirited Away, the Freudian concept of the uncanny and the concept of reading proposed by Barthes. As results we can note: the narrative construction, about a student that initially produces silence and discomfort, allows important disruptions in the declarative position and in the pedagogic practice of the teachers; the potential of the alterity as something that has to be considered in teacher training, policies, and the implementation of inclusive processes; in the collaborative work that considers embracing the student and the teacher, as well, in her fears and uncertainty.
Las políticas públicas de educación especial, las diversas didácticas y las ofertas de formación de profesores, difícilmente se ocupan de la temática de la alteridad. Cursos formativos centrados en la reeducación, en el conocimiento diagnóstico y en orientaciones acabadas sobre qué y cómo hacer, no contemplan los impases oriundos de un encuentro con un alumno leído como ominoso; de la paralización del profesor ante la presencia de un sujeto que parece no aprender, no relacionarse, no estar. ¿Cómo el profesor acoge la alteridad del alumno? Es preciso un arduo trabajo en este sentido. En esta pesquisa, nos proponemos a pensar tal trabajo como una travesía capaz de reposicionar discursivamente al profesor ante su alumno con Trastornos Generalizados del Desarrollo (TGD). Para ello, tomaremos como campo empírico una formación continuada de profesores en sus I y II módulo, ocurrida entre los años 2012 y 2013, en el municipio de Porto Alegre, situado en el estado de Rio Grande del Sur en Brasil. En dicha formación, el profesor fue convidado a leer lo vivido y tornarlo experiencia a través de su escritura. Siendo acompañado de un lector, a través de notas y comentarios al margen del escrito. Las textualidades constitutivas de esta pesquisa dan cuenta de los (des)encuentros entre tres profesores participantes del curso, relacionados con la inclusión escolar de alumnos con TGD. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio cuya metodología contempla el ensayo como forma. El tejido argumentativo es construido considerando el largometraje: El Viaje de Chihiro, el concepto freudiano de lo ominoso y la conceptualización de lectura de Barthes. Como resultados destacamos: la construcción narrativa, sobre un alumno que inicialmente produce silencio y malestar, permite dislocamientos importantes en la posición enunciativa y en la práctica pedagógica de los profesores; la potencia de la alteridad como temática a ser contemplada en la formación de profesores, en las políticas y en la implementación de los procesos inclusivos; el trabajo en red que contempla el acogimiento del alumno y también del profesor, en sus temores e incerteza.

Par le passé, la collaboration entre le Centre d'Imagerie Médicale de Sherbrooke (CIMS) et le Groupe de Recherche en Appareillage Médicale de Sherbrooke (GRAMS) a permis de développer le scanner LabPET. Celui-ci fut le premier scanner de Tomographie d'Émission par Positrons (TEP) commercial utilisant des photodiodes à effet avalanche (PDA) comme détecteur. Depuis, cette collaboration a permis de faire évoluer le scanner afin d'améliorer cette modalité d'imagerie et d'y ajouter la tomodensitométrie (TDM). Les attentes pour la prochaine génération du scanner sont donc grandes. Cette nouvelle génération du scanner, le LabPET II, verra les deux modalités nativement intégrées et elles utiliseront la même chaine de détection. Ce scanner se verra doté de nouveaux détecteurs organisés en matrices de 64 cristaux de 1,1 par 1,1 mm². Cette nouvelle matrice, associée à ses deux matrices de 32 PDA, a prouvé sa capacité à fournir une résolution spatiale inférieure au millimètre. L'utilisation de ce nouveau module de détection pourra donc permettre au LabPET II d'être le premier scanner bimodal (TEP/TDM) commercial atteignant une résolution submillimétrique. Ce scanner permettra de s'approcher un peu plus de la résolution spatiale ultime en TEP tout en permettant une bonne localisation anatomique grâce à l'ajout d'une imagerie TDM rudimentaire. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, une intégration complète de l'électronique frontale a été nécessaire. Dans les versions précédentes, seuls les préamplificateurs de charge et les filtres de mise en forme étaient intégrés; dans cette nouvelle version, toute l'électronique analogique ainsi que la numérisation et les liens de communications devront être intégrés. Pour ce faire, la technique de temps de survol au-dessus d'un seuil (ou ToT pour «Time-over-Threshold») a été préférée à la solution utilisée par le LabPET I qui nécessitait un convertisseur analogique-numérique par canal. La contrepartie de cette solution est l'obligation de maintenir la tension de base à une valeur fixe et commune à tous les canaux. Le circuit de polarisation des PDA a aussi dû être intégré dans l'ASIC, car il occupait énormément de place sur la carte d'électronique frontale du LabPET 1. Dans ce mémoire seront décrits la conception, l'intégration et les tests de ces deux circuits du système. Ils ont démontré leur efficacité tout en n'occupant que très peu de place dans le circuit intégré spécialisé (ASIC) du «module de détection». Au vu des sources bibliographiques recensées, le module de détection du LabPET II devrait être l'un de ceux ayant la plus forte densité de canaux (environ 45 par centimètre carré) et le seul combinant électronique analogique faible bruit, numérique et haute tension (~450 V). La réalisation de cette nouvelle génération devrait permettre au partenariat CIMS/GRAMS de réaffirmer leur position de leader dans le domaine en améliorant les outils d'imagerie à la disposition des chercheurs en médecine préclinique.

La reconnaissance des expressions faciales émotionelles dans les Troubles Envahissants du Développement (TED) est atypique, contribuant à des difficultés socio-adaptatives y compris dans les TED sans déficience intellectuelle (TED-SDI). Hypothèse : il existe des facteurs de risque ou de protection dans les capacités de reconnaissance des expressions faciales émotionnelles des TED-SDI. Objectifs : 1) caractériser les capacités de 32 enfants et adolescents de 8 à 14 ans avec TED-SDI ; 2) identifier des facteurs de risque ou de protection, comparer nos observations à un groupe contrôle de 37 sujets typiques. Notre étude est transversale, descriptive et analytique. Le critère de jugement principal utilisé est le nombre d'erreurs au DANVA2F, qui évalue les capacités de reconnaissance des expressions faciales émotionnelles de base. Résultats : un nombre significatif d'erreurs plus élevé est observé dans le groupe TED-SDI comparativement à la population normée et à la population contrôle. L'intensité des troubles socio-communicatifs actuels mesurés par l'ADOS constitue un facteur de risque (ORa=2,08 ; IC 95%= [1,02/4,22] ; p=0,006). D'autre part, une faible intensité des comportements stéréotypés et des schémas répétitifs inférieurs mesurée à l'aire 3 de l'ADI apparaît être un facteur de protection (DANVA AF : ORa=0,078 ; IC 95%= [0,007/0,883] ; p=0,02. DANVA CF : ORa : 0,05 ; IC 95%= [0,005/0,44] ; p=0,0004). Conclusion : nos résultats vont dans le sens d'un trouble de la capacité à reconnaitre les expressions faciales dans les TED-SDI et permettent d'identifier des facteurs de risque cliniques de plus grandes vulnérabilités. Perspectives : utiliser un échantillon plus large et développer sur le plan clinique des interventions précoces et multimodales
Facial emotionanl expression recognition in Pervasive Developpemental Disorders (PDD) are atypic and contribute to social skills difficulties for children and adolescents with PDD, including without intellectual disabilities. Hypothesis: predictiv factors exist in facial emotional expression recognition in PDD. Objectives: 1) characterize the abilities of facial emotional expressions recognition of 32 children and adolescents; 2) identify risk or protective factors in the development of these abilities. Compare our results with a control group of 37 typical peers. Our study is cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical. The primary point was the number of errors in the Danva 2F, which is a validated and standardized assessment tool (basic emotional expression). Results: show that our clinical group made significantly more errors in the recognition of facial emotional expressions than what is observed in population and standardized in our control population. Risk factors of the number of errors made in the Danva are highlighted: the intensity of socio-communicative disorders present as measured by the ADOS (ORa=2,08 ; IC 95%= [1,02/4,22] ; p=0,006). Protective factors are identified, linked to a low of stereotyped and repetitive patterns score below the threshold of the area 3 of the ADI (DANVA AF: ORa=0,078 ; IC 95%= [0,007/0,883] ; p=0,02. DANVA CF: ORa: 0,05 ; IC 95%= [0,005/0,44] ; p=0,0004). Conclusion: results allow us to observe a disorder of the ability to recognize facial expressions in our clinical group and the presence of risk factors and protective factors related to it. Perspectives: use a larger sample to study clinical parameters more related to emotional processing, our clinical work emphasizes the importance of early intervention multimodal, to improve the capacity of emotional processing

Thèse (M.Sc.) - Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2007.
Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 20 juin 2007). Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Rimouski comme exigence partielle du programme de maîtrise en gestion de la faune et de ses habitats. Comprend un résumé. CaQRU CaQRU CaQRU Comprend des bibliogr. Parait aussi en éd. imprimée. CaQRU

Long Term Evolution (LTE) known in the market as 4G LTE, it is an evolution of the GSM/UMTS standard. The overall aim of LTE was to provide a new radio access technology focusing on packet-switched data only. LTE has provided a new peak download rates, low data transfer latencies, and improved the support for mobility. 3Th Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specialized that LTE released 10 and beyond known as LTE-advanced it is the second evolution of LTE. It has some services such as Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception (CoMP), evolved Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (eMBMS) with Multicast-Broadcast Single-Frequency Network (MBSFN). The development still continuous on LTE-advanced, it is intended to meet the requirement of advanced application that will become common in the wireless marketplace in future. The goals of this project is to simulate one of LTE-A services on LTE standard such as CoMP or/and eMBMS with MBSFN using OPENT LTE, and measure some statistic such as spectral efficiency and also some other statistics, describe centralization vs. decentralization in LTE, and synchronization in the base station in LTE. OPNET LTE support eMBMS with MBSFN, and don’t support CoMP, the simulation has been done by using eMBMS with MBSFN. Finally the objectives of the project has achieved, the result show that when eMBMS with MBSFN is implemented the throughput increased in the downlink to about 5.52 Mbps and in the uplink to about 5.18 Mbps, and also the system spectral efficiency increased in eNB1 from about 10.25 (bits/s/Hz/cell) to about 13.75 (bits/s/Hz/cell) and in eNB2 from about 10.25 (bits/s/Hz/cell) to about 17.25 (bits/s/Hz/cell). The project also answers if it is possible to have centralization in LTE, describe synchronization in the base station in LTE, and if OPNET is useful for big research.

Esta dissertação descreve a arquitectura de um sistema protótipo de transporte simultâneo de tráfego síncrono (PDH) e assíncrono (Ethernet) sobre um canal de comunicação único. O trabalho realizado abrangeu um conjunto muito vasto de áreas, desde os problemas relacionados com as diferentes interfaces suportadas pelo sistema, passando pela definição e dimensionamento da arquitectura do mesmo e indo até à implementação detalhada de todas as suas unidades fundamentais. Apresenta-se uma solução completamente digital para a implementação do sistema, sendo discutida a arquitectura utilizada. A implementação baseada em tecnologia digital permite o uso deste sistema em diferentes canais de transporte. É prestada especial atenção à implementação detalhada de uma parte substancial deste sistema, onde se incluem os blocos responsáveis pelas funções fundamentais destinadas a melhorar o seu desempenho. A arquitectura proposta foi materializada num circuito protótipo baseado em dois dispositivos de lógica programável (CPLD), capaz de transportar de forma transparente os sinais PDH e Ethernet. A utilização adicional de uma ligação auxiliar para funções de controlo específicas era inicialmente desejada, tendo sido incluída na arquitectura do sistema.
This document describes a prototype system architecture for the simultaneous transport of synchronous (PDH) and asynchronous (Ethernet) traffic through a single communication channel. The work here described covered a magnitude of areas, from system supported interfaces related problems, through system dimensioning and architecture issues, until detailed implementations of all fundamental system units. A fully digital solution for system implementation is presented, as well as the used system architecture. This implementation, based on digital technology, allows the use of this system in different transport medium channels. Special attention is taken with the detailed implementation of large part of this system, including those modules responsible for fundamental functions that improve system performance. The proposed architecture has been materialised in two programmable logic devices (CPLD) - based circuit able to transparently transport PDH and Ethernet signals. An extra auxiliary channel for specific control purposes was additionally desirable, and has been initially included in the defined system architecture.
Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações

This thesis presents the synthesis and optical studies of a photoswitching model system, which consists of the lanthanide-doped upconversion luminescent nanoparticles (UCNPs) and photochromic bis-spiropyrans (BSPs). The thermal decomposition synthetic strategy was employed to prepare monodisperse upconversion luminescent LiYF4 (Y3+ 74.5 mol %, Tm3+ 0.5 mol %, and Yb3+ 25 mol %) nanoparticles (UCNPs), using the optimized conditions established; a reaction temperature of 315 ºC, reaction time of 90 minutes, and an injection rate of 1.5 mL/min for precursor addition. The as-prepared UCNPs were fully characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fournier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and upconversion (UC) fluorescence emission spectroscopy. Following a ligand exchange process, bis-spiropyran (BSP) was grafted on the surface of the UCNPs by replacing the oleate molecules. The BSP-UCNPs construct was investigated and we demonstrated the photoswitching of bis-spiropyran in this new system. Photoswitching occurs via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the UCNPs to bis-spiropyran. We also explored the energy transfer efficiency between the UCNPs and ring-closed bis-spiropyran molecule and carried out a kinetic study of the photoswitching from ring-closed colorless bis-spiropyran to ring-open colored bis-merocyanine, as well as the photodegradation of the bis-spiropyran functionalized UCNPs. Taking advantage of the high penetration depth, reduced photodamage, and minimal autofluorescence of the NIR light excitation, this model system could be useful in biological applications related to photoswitching of photochromic compounds which requires UV irradiation to achieve the photochromic transformation.

La curiosité des linguistes à l'égard des langues créoles repose sur la façon dont celles-ci ont été créées, puisque ce sont des langues que l'on a vu émerger dans des intervalles de temps très brefs et souvent dans des conditions sociohistoriques très particulières, comme l'esclavage dans les Antilles au XVIIe siècle. Les langues créoles sont le fruit d'un contact de plusieurs langues et elles sont par conséquent dans leur structure le reflet des langues en présence lors de ce contact. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéresserons particulièrement à une de ces langues créoles : le saramaka, une langue créole à base lexicale anglaise et portugaise parlée au Suriname et en Guyane française par environ 30 000 locuteurs. Cette langue sera traitée sous deux angles différents, mais complémentaires. Le premier angle est une description synchronique fine de la structure nominale et de la structure verbale et plus spécifiquement, les catégories dites « fonctionnelles » qui y apparaissent. Le second angle est une recherche approfondie de l'origine et de la création de ces deux structures, en comparaison avec les structures équivalentes dans les langues en présence au moment de sa création. Le cadre théorique dans lequel s'inscrit cette recherche est résolument saussurien, puisqu'il fait appel à la notion du signe linguistique tel que développé par Saussure (1916) comprenant un signifiant (une image acoustique) et un signifié (un concept). Les deux propriétés fondamentales du signe sont son caractère radicalement arbitraire et sa linéarité, imposée par la modalité orale. Nous reprenons les travaux de Bouchard (2002, 2005, à paraître) pour l'aspect combinatoire de ces signes linguistiques, c'est-à-dire pour l'aspect syntaxique de notre cadre théorique. Faire le choix d'un tel cadre théorique pour parler des langues créoles est en soi novateur, puisque beaucoup des recherches actuelles se déroulent au sein du cadre théorique de la grammaire générative. Dans le premier chapitre, nous verrons quels sont les problèmes liés aux hypothèses actuelles sur la genèse des langues créoles, en particulier quand celles-ci s'ancrent dans le cadre théorique de la grammaire générative. Il sera proposé plutôt de prendre comme point de départ à la genèse des langues créoles le fait que celles-ci sont des cas particuliers d'acquisition d'une langue seconde. Les agents de formation d'une langue créole ne recevant pas un enseignement explicite de la langue-cible, le système de signes linguistiques de la langue en cours d'acquisition est purement fondé sur les perceptions que ses apprenants en avaient. Ainsi, les signifiants de la langue-cible étant sonores, donc directement accessibles, ceux-ci ont été relativement bien acquis. Les signifiés de la langue-cible étant moins accessibles, puisqu'il n'y a pas eu d'enseignement explicite de la langue-cible, ceux-ci ont été moins bien acquis et souvent amalgamés avec les signifiés des signes équivalents dans la langue maternelle des apprenants. On a affaire à un mécanisme de transfert négatif dans ce cas, comme cela est abondamment documenté dans le domaine de l'acquisition des langues secondes. Dans le second chapitre, nous présentons dans les grandes lignes les caractéristiques de la langue saramaka, ainsi que la façon dont nous avons recueilli les données et quelle est la méthodologie employée pour les traiter. Les chapitres trois et quatre sont l'application directe du cadre théorique que nous développons dans le premier chapitre. Ils cherchent à comprendre et à expliquer l'origine de la structure nominale et de la structure verbale, des signes qui les composent et de l'ordre de ceux-ci. Nous voyons dans ces chapitres, au fil des démonstrations, que notre cadre théorique basé sur les perceptions des apprenants du système de signes linguistique des langues-cibles explique adéquatement la formation de ces structures. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : saramaccan, signe linguistique, Saussure, langues créoles, anglais, portugais, langues gbe, syntagme nominal, marqueurs de TMA.