Dissertations / Theses: 'TLR Genes'

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Wlasiuk, Battagliotti Gabriela. "THE MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF INNATE IMMUNITY GENES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195184.

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It is not clear whether genes of the innate immune system of vertebrates are subject to the same selective pressures as genes of the adaptive immune system, despite the fact that innate immunity genes lie directly at the interface between host and pathogens. The lack of consensus about the incidence, type, and strength of selection acting on vertebrate innate immunity genes motivated this study. The goal of this work was to elucidate the general principles of innate immune receptor evolution within and between species. A phylogenetic analysis of the Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) in primates showed an excess of nonsynonymous substitutions at certain codons, a pattern that is consistent with recurrent positive selection. The putative sites under selection often displayed radical substitutions, independent parallel changes, and were located in functionally important regions of the protein. In contrast with this interspecific pattern, population genetic analysis of this gene in humans and chimpanzees did not provide conclusive evidence of recent selection. The frequency and distribution of a TLR5 null mutation in human populations further suggested that TLR5 function might be partially redundant in the human immune system (Appendix A). Comparable analyses of the remaining nine human TLRs produced similar results and further pointed to a biologically meaningful difference in the pattern of molecular evolution between TLRs specialized in the recognition of viral nucleic acids and the other TLRs (Appendix B). The general picture that emerges from these studies challenges the conventional idea that pattern recognition receptors are subject to an extreme degree of functional constraint dictated by the recognition of molecules that are essential for microbial fitness. Instead, TLRs display patterns of substitution between species that reflect an old history of positive selection in primates. A common theme, however, is that only a restricted proportion of sites is under positive selection, indicating an equally important role for purifying selection as a conservative force in the evolution of this gene family. A comparative analysis of evolutionary rates at fifteen loci involved in innate, intrinsic and adaptive immunity, and mating systems revealed that more promiscuous species are on average under stronger selection at defense genes (Appendix C). Although the effect is weak, this suggests that sexual promiscuity plays some role in the evolution of immune loci by affecting the risk of contracting infectious diseases.

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Maughan, Willard. "The Effect of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in Toll-Like Receptors -2, -4, -9, and CD14 Genes in an African-American Population with Chronic Periodontitis." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1844.

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AIM: to determine if a relationship exists between TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-9, or CD14 polymorphisms and risk for developing chronic periodontal disease in an African-American population. This is the first study conducted to determine role of SNPs in TLR genes and CD14 gene in a periodontally-diseased African-American population. Additionally, this is the first study to assess the role of TLR-9 polymorphism in periodontitis patients. METHODS: A total of 130 subjects were involved in the study. The chronic periodontitis (CP) group contained 73 subjects, and the healthy control (NP) group 57subjects. Genotyping was performed in TLR2 (G2408A), TLR4 (A896G),TLR9 (T1486C) and CD14 (C260T) genes by TaqMan® allelic discrimination using Assay-by-DesignSM SNP Genotyping Assays (Applied Biosystems). Accuracy of genotyping was confirmed by known DNA samples of each genotype and by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analyses on selected samples. Fisher’s exact test and chi-square analyses were performed to compare genotype and allele frequencies. Within disease groups, we investigated whether SNPs were related to disease severity by step-wise logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, and smoking status. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the distribution of specific TLR9 (T1486C) genotypes between the periodontally diseased group versus the control group. Expression of TT genotype was more prevelant in periodontally-diseased individuals compared to periodontally-healthy subjects (p<0.0001) whereas individuals expressing C allele of the TLR9 SNP (CC&CT) were more frequently found in the control group after adjusting for age, gender, and smoking status (p<0.0001) There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of genotypes between groups for any other TLRs or CD14 polymorphism. CONCLUSION: Based on findings of this study, homozygocity for the T allele of TLR 9 polymorphism was related to chronic periodontal disease susceptibility in African Americans. Additionally, presence of the C allele at TLR-9 appeared to confer resistance to periodontal destruction. Our results showed that specific SNPs in TLR-2, -4 and CD14 genes are not related to periodontitis in African Americans.

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Franchim, Camila Sommerauer [UNIFESP]. "Mediadores de inflamação e pré-eclâmpsia: análise de polimorfismos de genes codificadores de IL1-R1, IL-12, IL-18, TLR-2 e TLR-4." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2009. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/9805.

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Objetivo: avaliar a possível relação entre polimorfismos dos genes codificadores de receptor 1 de interleucina (IL) 1 (IL-1R1) (PstI, rs2234650), IL-12 (+1188, rs3212227), IL-18 (-137, rs187238), IL-18 (-607, rs1946519), receptor tipo Toll (TLR) 2 (TLR-2) (+2258, rs5743708) e TLR-4 (+896, rs4986790) e a pré-eclâmpsia (PE). Pacientes e métodos: Este estudo de caráter caso-controle incluiu 109 pacientes com PE e 174 gestantes sem patologia sistêmica ou obstétrica, e com história de duas ou mais gestações sem intercorrências, como controles. O DNA genômico foi extraído de sangue periférico por método de DTAB/CTAB, e os polimorfismos foram genotipados por técnicas de PCR-RFLP ou PCR-ARMS. Para a análise dos resultados, foram utilizados os testes t de Student e exato de Fischer, tendo sido adotado o nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados: As freqüências genotípicas do polimorfismo do gene IL-1R1 foram 20,9% CC, 59% CT e 20,1% TT em casos de PE; e 24,7% CC, 56,2% CT e 19,1% TT em controles (p=0,82). As freqüências do polimorfismo do gene IL-12 foram 54,7% AA, 32,9% AC e 12,4% CC em casos de PE; e 55,4% AA, 33,8% AC e 10,8% CC em controles (p=0,93). As freqüências genotípicas de IL-18 (-137) foram 5,2% CC, 42,7% CG e 52,1% GG em casos de PE; e 7,6% CC, 43% CG e 49,4% GG em controles (p=0,74). As freqüências genotípicas de IL-18 (-607) foram 41% CC, 52,7% CA e 6,3% AA em pacientes com PE; e 32,2% CC, 56,2% CA e 11,6% AA no grupo controle (p=0,22). As freqüências do polimorfismo do gene TLR-2 foram 84,6% GG e 15,4% GA em casos de PE; e 84,8% GG e 15,2% GA em controles (p=0,97). As freqüências do polimorfismo do gene TLR-4 foram 93,6% AA e 6,4% AG em casos de PE; e 87,6% AA, 11,7% AG e 0,7% GG em controles (p=0,23). Não houve diferenças significantes entre os grupos, quanto às freqüências genotípicas e alélicas. Conclusões: Não foi observada associação entre polimorfismos de genes codificadores de IL- 1R1, IL-12, IL-18, TLR-2 e TLR-4 e a ocorrência de pré-eclâmpsia.
Problem: Intense maternal inflammatory response is a central event in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE) Our aim was to assess a possible relation between pro-inflammatory mediators: IL-1R1, IL-12, IL-18, IL-18, TLR-2 and TLR-4 gene polymorphisms and PE. Method of Study: This case-control study included 109 patients with PE and 174 healthy women (controls). Genotyping were performed by PCR-ARMS or PCR-RFLP techniques. Data were analyzed by Student´s t or Fischer´s exact tests, and significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Genotypic and allelic distribution for all six polymorphisms was similar between the study and control groups (p=0.82 for IL-1R1, p=0.93 for IL-12, p=0.74 for IL-18 -137, p=0.22 for IL-18 -607, p=0.97 for TLR-2 and p=0.23 for TLR-4 gene polymorphisms). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the analyzed pro-inflammatory gene polymorphisms are not associated with the occurrence of PE. Further studies have to be done to confirm these results.
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

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Morale, Mirian Galliote. "Efeito da infecção por HPV nas vias de sinalização por toll like receptors." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-30112016-100636/.

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As oncoproteínas E6 e E7 do Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) estão envolvidas na desregulação do sistema imune inato, provocando alterações na expressão dos receptores do tipo Toll (TLR). Considerando-se a função da via de sinalização iniciada por TLR, haveria uma vantagem para o vírus capaz de manipular a resposta desta via de modo que possa persistir nas células sem ser detectado pelo sistema imune ou ainda modulando essa resposta e criando um ambiente mais propício à manutenção da infecção. No entanto, muitos dos mecanismos que levam à eliminação da infecção ou persistência do HPV ainda são pouco conhecidos. O objetivo principal desse trabalho é investigar o papel das vias de TLR no processo de carcinogênese mediado por HPV. Inicialmente, foi analisada a expressão de genes da via de TLR em linhagens de tumores cervicais e em células expressando as oncoproteínas virais. Foram identificados vários genes diferencialmente expressos entre linhagens de células tumorais e queratinócitos normais, incluindo moléculas adaptadoras da via de TLR e genes associados à via da MAP quinase, ativação de NFkappaB e resposta imune antiviral. Cerca de 90% destes genes foram regulados negativamente. Entre eles, destacamos HMGB1, que apesar de possuir menos RNAm nas células tumorais possui um nível proteico muito maior, além de ter-se mostrado de grande importância para a viabilidade e proliferação das células tumorais, conforme demonstrado através de experimentos de supressão gênica. Em conjunto, os nossos dados indicam que E6 e E7 de HPVs de alto risco inibem proteínas da via de sinalização de TLR
Previous studies have shown that E6 and E7 HPV oncoproteins are involved in innate immune system dysregulation, causing alterations on Toll-like receptors (TLR) expression. Considering TLR pathway function, it would be advantageous for a virus to manipulate the response of this pathway so it can persist in cells without being detected by the immune system or to modulate this response to create a better environment for persistence of infection. However, many of the mechanisms leading to HPV infection clearance or persistence are still unknown and matter of active investigation. We analyzed in cervical cancer cell lines expression of genes from TLR pathway; several were differentially expressed between tumor cells lines and normal keratinocytes, including TLR adaptors molecules and genes associated with MAP kinase pathway, NFkappaB activation and antiviral immune response. About 90% of these genes were down regulated. Among them, we selected HMGB1 for further characterization due to its interference with tumor cell viability and proliferation. Altogether, our data indicate that high risk HPV E6 and E7 can inhibit TLR signaling pathway

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Das, Avishek. "Frequency and distribution of TLR genes in some human populations of North Bengal and their association with rheumatoid arthritis." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2827.

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Belo, Vanessa de Almeida. "Expressão de genes da resposta imune em bovinos infestados com carrapatos (Boophilus microplus)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2008. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2841.

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Nos países tropicais, as perdas causadas pela infestação de carrapatos em bovinos acarretam um grande impacto no sistema de produção animal. Recentes estudos têm mostrado a importância de fatores genéticos ligados a resistência a carrapato em Bos taurus indicus e Bos taurus taurus e que as citocinas têm um papel crítico na prevenção ou progressão de doenças. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os níveis de expressão dos genes IL-10 e IL-4 relacionados ao perfil imunológico Th2 associado à susceptibilidade ao carrapato e os genes IL-2 e IFN- relacionados ao perfil imunológico Th1 associado à resistência ao parasito. Além destes genes, analisou-se o perfil de expressão do gene TLR-2, importante no processo de reconhecimento de patógenos e os genes IL-8 e TNF-α importantes no processo inflamatório inicial. Seis animais mais resistentes e seis animais mais susceptíveis de uma população F2 de 332 animais, originária do cruzamento de animais F1(½ Holandês: ½ Gir), foram selecionados baseado na contagem de carrapatos e valor genético. Amostras de tecido foram coletadas de pele no 5° e 12° dias após a infestação para extração de RNA total. As PCRs em tempo real foram realizadas usando o gene GAPDH como controle endógeno. Os animais resistentes e susceptíveis apresentaram aumento de expressão do gene IL-10 no 5° (p<0,01) e 12 ° dias após a infestação (p<0,05). O gene IL-2, nos animais resistentes e susceptíveis, no 5° dia após a infestação não apresentou alteração da expressão sendo que 12° dia, em ambos os grupos de animais, este gene passou a ser mais expresso em relação ao animal controle sugerindo um perfil de resposta imunológica do tipo de Th2 nos animais resistentes e susceptíveis nos primeiros dias após a infestação. O gene IL-4 apresentou uma tendência ao aumento de expressão nos animais resistentes e susceptíveis em relação ao controle, sendo o perfil Th2 sugerido atribuído a IL-10 produzida por linfócitos T regulatórios (p>0,05). O gene TNF- apresentou aumento de expressão nos animais susceptíveis no 5° dia após a infestação com posterior diminuição no 12° dia após a infestação (p<0,05). Nos animais resistentes não foi observada alteração da expressão deste gene, isto sugere que ele possa estar mais atuante no início do processo inflamatório, logo após a fixação do carrapato. A mesma observação estende-se para o gene IL-8, em que não foi verificada alteração de expressão nos animais resistentes, embora nos animais susceptíveis este gene apresentou diminuição da expressão no 12° dia após a infestação (p<0,05). Quanto ao gene IFN-, não houve diferença de expressão entre os animais resistentes e susceptíveis, sendo que este gene parece não estar relacionado ao mecanismo de resistência. O gene TLR-2 apresentou diminuição da expressão em ambos os grupos de animais. Estes resultados sugerem que a resposta imune adquirida avaliada neste trabalho não apresenta papel preponderante no mecanismo de resistência e que resposta imune inata poderia está envolvida no mecanismo de resistência ao carrapato. Portanto, avaliação da resposta imunológica horas após a fixação do carrapato poderia nos fornecer resultados mais conclusivos.
In tropical countries losses caused by tick infestation in cattle lead to a major impact on animal production systems. Recent studies have shown the importance of genetic factors linked to tick resistance in Bos indicus and Bos taurus as well as the critical role in the prevention or progression of diseases mediated by cytokines. The aim of this work was to evaluate gene expression of IL-10 and IL-4 in relation to tick susceptibility associated with the Th2 profile and gene expression of IL-2 and IFN- in relation to tick resistance associated with the Th1 profile. In addition, the expression of TLR-2, important in the process the recognition of pathogens, and TNF-α and IL-8 genes, important in the initial inflammatory process, were evaluated. Six tick-resistant and six tick-susceptible animals from a F2 population of 332 animals, originated from the cross of F1 animals (½ Holstein: ½ Gir), were selected based on tick count and breeding value for tick resistance. Skin biopsies were collected in the 5th and 12th days after tick infestation. The GAPDH was used as endogenous control to normalize the amount of starting cDNA target in the real-time PCR assay. Both resistant and susceptible animals showed increased gene expression of IL-10 in the 5th and 12th days after infestation in relation to control animal (p<0.05). The IL-2 gene showed no change of expression in the 5th day after infestation for the resistant and susceptible animals. In the 12th post infestation, both resistant and susceptible animals showed increased gene expression in relation to control animal. These results suggest an enhancement of Th2 profile through the increase of IL-10 mRNA levels and a possible inhibition of the Th1 pattern in both groups (resistant and susceptible) starting 5 days after infestation and return to normal by day 12. Despite our results suggest the occurrence of the Th2 profile, the susceptible and resistant animals did not show variation on gene expression for IL-4 in relation to control animal. The susceptible animals showed increased expression of TNF-α in the 5th day after infestation. However, in the 12th day post infestation it was noted a decrease in the gene expression level. The resistant animals showed no change in the expression of this gene in relation to control animals suggesting that TNF-α could be more actively expressed in the early steps of the inflammatory process. Similarly, the resistant animals showed no variation in the expression of IL-8 while the susceptible animals showed increased expression in the 12th day post infestation. There were no differences of expression between resistant and susceptible animals in relation to IFN-γ what suggests that this gene might not be involved in the resistance mechanism. The TLR-2 gene showed decreased expression in both resistant and susceptible animals (p<0.05). Finally, there was no difference in expression between susceptible and resistant animals in relation to all selected genes in the 5th and 12th days after infestation. These results suggest that the acquired immunity evaluated in this work might not have preponderant role in the resistance mechanism. The innate immunity might be playing a major role in the bovine tick resistance/susceptibility mechanism in early hours after infestation.

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Brito, Sara Alves Paiva de. "Produção de prostaglandinas pelo endométrio canino ao longo do ciclo éstrico e a sua relação com a transcrição de genes dos toll-like receptors." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3131.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
O endométrio canino constitui a primeira linha de defesa contra infecções bacterianas ascendentes, sendo os toll-like receptors (TLRs) elementos chave no reconhecimento de agentes patogénicos por parte do sistema imunitário inato. Um dos objectivos deste trabalho consistiu na avaliação da expressão de mRNA dos TLRs no endométrio da cadela ao longo do ciclo éstrico. Detectou-se a expressão de mRNA dos TLRs 1-7 e 9 por RT-PCR, o que demonstra a sua capacidade de reconhecimento de uma grande variedade de ligandos através da activação via TLRs. Verificou-se ainda que a transcrição dos TLRs 2 e 4 se encontra significativamente diminuída no início de diestro, o que pode justificar a maior susceptibilidade do útero à infecção por E. coli nesta fase. Pelo contrário, no final de diestro, a transcrição de genes destes receptores demonstrou estar bastante aumentada. O outro objectivo consistiu na determinação da produção de PGE2 e de PGF2α por explantes do endométrio de diferentes fases do ciclo éstrico, na ausência e na presença de estímulos como o lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) e o ácido lipoteicóico (LTA). A estimulação com LPS e LTA levou a um aumento da produção de ambas as prostaglandinas em relação ao tecido não estimulado. No entanto, este aumento foi significativamente superior nos explantes de final de diestro, quando comparado com os de fase folicular, diestro e anestro. Estes resultados sugerem, em suma, a capacidade de activação dos TLRs 2 e 4 em modelos de cultura de explantes de endométrio de cadela, resultando na produção de mediadores capazes de regular a resposta inflamatória local.
ABSTRACT - PROSTAGLANDINS PRODUCTION BY CANINE ENDOMETRIUM THROUGH THE OESTRUS CYCLE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS GENES TRANSCRIPTION - The canine endometrium is the first line of defense against ascending bacterial infections and the toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key elements in pathogen recognition by innate immune system. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the mRNA expression of TLRs in the endometrium of the bitch throughout the oestrus cycle. Gene transcription of TLRs 1-7 and 9 was detected by RT-PCR, which demonstrates its ability to recognize a wide range of ligands through TLR activation. It was also found that gene transcription of TLRs 2 and 4 are downregulated in early diestrus, which might explain the higher susceptibility to uterine infection, induced by Escherichia coli, in this stage. On the other hand, in late diestrus the mRNA expression of these receptors has proven to be greatly increased. The other objective was to assess the production of PGE2 and PGF2α by endometrial explants in different stages of the oestrus cycle, in the absence and presence of stimuli like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Stimulation with LPS and LTA led to an increased production of both prostaglandins compared with that observed in unstimulated tissues. However, this increase was significantly higher in explants from late diestrus, when compared with those in follicular phase, diestrus and anestrus. These results suggest, briefly, the activation of TLRs 2 and 4 in canine endometrial explants culture models, which result in the mediators production that may further regulate local inflammatory response.

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Fornuskova, Alena. "Genes of innate immunity and their significance in evolutionary ecology of free livings rodents." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01021258.

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Appropriate recognition of parasites is crucial for effective immune response, ensuring activation of adequate defence mechanisms. In vertebrates, it has frequently been demonstrated that genes encoding proteins involved in pathogen recognition by an adaptive immune system are often subject to intense selection pressures. On the contrary, much less information has been provided on the evolution of recognition mechanisms of innate immunity. The aim of this thesis is to describe the pattern of natural variation of innate immunity genes involved in pathogen recognition in rodents and to analyze the mechanisms of their evolution. We used murine rodents (subfamily Murinae) as a principal model group because they are potential reservoirs of various pathogens dangerous to humans. First, we studied the intraspecific variability of five bacterial sensing Toll-like receptors (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR6) in inbred strains derived from two subspecies of the house mouse (M. m. musculus, hereafter abbreviated as Mmm and Mus musculus domesticus, Mmd). Wild-derived inbred strains are suitable tools for studying variation of immunity genes because they provide information about alleles that occur in natural populations, and at the same time they occur at homozygous state. The most significant results include the findings of a stop codon in exon 2 of the Tlr5 gene in one Mmm strain and no variability in Tlr4 of Mmd. Following these results we decided to check whether the absence of Tlr4 polymorphism in Mmd reflects the pattern found in natural populations, or whether it is a consequence of insufficient sampling or subsequent breeding. We therefore sequenced Tlr4 in both subspecies across a large part of the Western Palearctic region (in total 39 Mmm and 62 Mmd individuals), then we compared these results with variability on mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b). The result confirmed our prediction that observed variability in Mmd is strongly reduced also in free-living populations (compared to Mmm), probably due to strong purifying selection by pathogens with which they met during the westward colonization. However, the influence of random evolutionary processes (e.g. drift during bottlenecks) cannot be excluded based on our data. At the intraspecific level, we could not find any sign of positive selection. The last part of my dissertation is devoted to interspecific comparison of two receptors, TLR4 and TLR7. These two TLRs differ in the exposure and the ligands detection. TLR4 is an extracellular receptor detecting mainly bacterial ligands (especially lipopolysaccharides), while TLR7 is located inside the cell and detects ssRNA viruses. The aim of this part of the thesis was to describe variability of both receptors at the interspecific level and to reveal selection forces acting on TLRs in longer evolutionary time scale. In total we analyzed 23 rodent species of the subfamily Murinae in Europe, Asia and Africa. Our results suggest that purifying selection has been a dominant force in evolution of the Tlr4 and Tlr7 genes, but we also demonstrated that episodic diversifying selection has shaped the present species-specific variation in rodent Tlrs. Sites under positive selection were concentrated mainly in the extracellular domain of both receptors, which is responsible for ligand binding. The comparison between two TLRs lead us to the conclusion that the intracellular TLR7 is under much stronger negative selection pressure, presumably due to its interaction with viral nucleic acids.

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Бевз, Т., Г. Мартинюк, С. Куляс, О. Попович, and Л. Медведєва. "Особливості клінічного перебігу та прогнозу хронічного гепатиту С при поліморфізмі гену TLR4." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/65455.

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Згідно офіційної статистики, в Україні станом на 1 січня 2014 р. близько 3% наслення хворі на ВГС. Приблизно у 85% всіх інфікованих розвивається хронічний гепатит С, що призводить до розвитку цирозу печінки у 20% (протягом 20 років) і гепатоцелюлярної карциноми у 7% пацієнтів. Відсутність специфічної імунопрофілактики; побічні ефекти та стійкість до лікування, яке є високовартісним – все це диктує необхідність пошуку нових шляхів оптимізації діагностики та лікування хворих на хронічний вірусний гепатит С.
The clinical investigation discusses the connection between TLR4-polymorphysm and the liver fibrosis progression degree, HCV viral load among patients with chronic HCV-hepatitis for diagnostics and treatment improvement in such individuals.

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Neto, Lídio Gonçalves Lima. "Polimorfismo dos genes CD14, TLR2, TLR4, IL6 e sua associação com o infarto do miocárdio em adultos jovens." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-18022014-101606/.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a possível associação entre os polimorfismos -260C/T do gene CD14, Arg753Gln do gene TLR2, Asp299Gli e Thr39911e do gene TLR4 e -174G/C do gene IL6 com o infarto do miocárdio em adultos jovens. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo caso controle, sendo o grupo de estudo constituído por 102 pacientes que tiveram de infarto do miocárdio (34,5 ± 5 anos) e o grupo controle (35,1±8,7 anos) por 108 indivíduos sem histórico de doenças cardiovasculares. A genotipagem foi realizada pela PCRRFLP. Houve ausência de associação entre a distribuição dos genótipos dos SNPs -260C/T do gene CD14, Arg753Gln do gene TLR2, Asp299Gli e Thr39911e do gene TLR4 e -174G/C do gene IL6 entre os dois grupos estudados (p<0,05). O perfil sérico inflamatório e hematológico relacionou-se com polimorfismo -174G/C IL-6 do grupo IAM. O genótipo GG relacionou com elevação nas concentrações de PAI-1 (p<0,0001), o genótipo GC com maiores quantidades de hemácias (p=0,02) e o genótipo CC com concentrações elevadas de fibrinogênio (p<0,01) e quantidade aumentada de leucócitos (p<0,05). O genótipo CC do polimorfismo -260C/T CD14 também mostrou relação com a elevação nas concentrações de PAI-1 (0,0001) e o genótipo CT com o de fibrinogênio (p<0,01). O genótipo GG do polimorfismo -174G/C IL-6 relacionou com elevação nas concentrações de glicose (p<0,05) e o genótipo CC com diminuição nas concentrações de apoA (p<0,01), HDL (p<0,001) e elevação nas de LDL (p<0,05), colesterol total (p<0,05). O genótipo CT do polimorfismo -260C/T CD14 também relacionou com concentrações elevadas de colesterol total (p<0,0001). Em conclusão, os polimorfismos não estão relacionados com o infarto do miocárdio em jovens, porém os SNPs -260CT CD14 e -174 IL-6 parecem estar relacionados com o perfil sérico inflamatório, hematológico e bioquímico de pacientes enfartados.
The objective of this study was to assess the possible association between the polymorphism - 260C/T of the gene CD14, Arg7S3Gln TLR2, Asp299Gli and Thr399lle TLR4 and - 174G/C of the gene IL6 with myocardial infarction in young adults. For that a case control study was conducted and the case group was formed by 102 patients who had myocardial infarction, and the control group by 108 individuals without history of cardiovascular disease. The genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP. There was no association between the distribution of genotypes of SNPs - 260C/T of the gene CD14, Arg7S3Gln TLR2, Asp299Gli and Thr399lle TLR4 and -174G/C of the gene IL6 between the two groups studied (p<0.05). The serum inflammatory blood profile was related with polymorphism - 174G/C IL-6 in the group IAM. The GG genotype was linked with elevated PAI-1 concentrations (p<0.0001), the genotype GC with larger quantities of red blood cells (p=0.02) and CC genotype with high concentrations of fibrinogênio (p<0.01) and leucocytes increased quantity (p<0.05). The CC genotype of polymorphism of -260C/T CD14 also showed associated with the elevation in PAI-1 concentrations (p<0.0001) and the CT genotype with elevated fibrinogênio concentrations (p<0.01). The GG genotype of the -174G/C IL-6 polymorphism was related with elevated glucose concentrations (p<0.05) and CC genotype with decrease in the apoA (p <0.01) and HDL (p<0001) concentrations and elevation of the LDL (p <0.05), total cholesterol (p <0.05) concentrations. The CT genotype of -260C / T CD14 polymorphism also was Iinked with high total cholesterol concentrations (p <0.0001). In conclusion, the polymorphism is not associated with myocardial infarction in young patients, but the -260CT CD14 and -174 IL-6 SNPs appear to be related to the serum biochemical, hematological and inflammatory blood profile in patients that had myocardial infarction.

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Proença, Marcela Alcântara [UNESP]. "Associação de polimorfismos nos genes TLR2 e TLR4 com risco de câncer colorretal esporádico e influência na expressão gênica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92527.

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O câncer colorretal (CCR) é um dos modelos da associação inflamação-câncer. Assim, polimorfismos em genes que desempenham um papel importante na suscetibilidade a doenças inflamatórias, como os receptores Toll-like (TLR2 e TLR4), podem ser alvos interessantes para estudos de possíveis marcadores moleculares para CCR. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação dos polimorfismos TLR2 -196 a -174del, TLR4 -1607 T/C (rs10759932) e TLR4 +896 A/G (rs4986790), e de fatores de risco (gênero, idade, tabagismo e etilismo) com o desenvolvimento de CCR; assim como determinar os níveis de expressão relativa desses genes no tecido tumoral e a influência dos polimorfismos funcionais sobre os níveis de expressão do RNAm. Materiais e Métodos: Foram genotipadas 434 amostras (194 de pacientes com CCR e 240 de indivíduos saudáveis) de DNA de leucócitos de sangue periférico ou de células de tecido tumoral (DNA e RNA), por meio das técnicas de PCR alelo-específico e PCR-RFLP. A análise de regressão logística múltipla foi utilizada para avaliar a associação dos polimorfismos com risco de CCR, aplicando os modelos log-aditivo, dominante e recessivo, ajustados para os fatores de risco. Para a quantificação relativa (RQ) do RNAm foi utilizada a técnica de PCR quantitativa em tempo real (qPCR) em 40 amostras de tecido tumoral. Resultados: A variante polimórfica TLR2 -196 a -174del foi associada com risco aumentado de desenvolvimento de CCR de acordo com os modelos dominante (OR=1,72, IC95%=1,03-2,89; p=0,038) e log-aditivo (OR=1,59, IC95%=1,02-2,48; p=0,039), porém para os polimorfismos TLR4 -1607 T/C e TLR4 +896 A/G não foi encontrada associação. Idade acima de 60 anos (OR=1,83, IC95%=1,26-2,90; p=0,003) e hábito etilista (OR=2,78, IC95%=1,68-4,60; p=0,000) também estão associados com risco...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the models of inflammation-cancer association. Thus, polymorphisms in genes that play a role in susceptibility to inflammatory diseases, such as Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) may be interesting targets for studies of potential molecular markers for CRC. Objectives: To evaluate the association of polymorphisms TLR2 -196 to -174del, TLR4 -1607 T/C (rs10759932) and TLR4 +896 A/G (rs4986790) and risk factors (gender, age, smoking and drinking habits) with CRC development, as well as to determine the relative expression levels of these genes in tumor tissue and influence of functional polymorphisms on the levels of mRNA expression. Materials and Methods: We genotyped 434 samples (194 patients with CRC and 240 from healthy individuals) of DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes or tumor tissue cells (DNA and RNA), by PCR allele-specific or PCR -RFLP. The multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between the polymorphisms with risk of CRC, applying the log-additive, dominant and recessive models, adjusted for risk factors. The relative quantification (RQ) of the mRNA was performed by the real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) technique in 40 tumor tissue samples. Results: The polymorphic variant TLR2 -196 to -174del was associated with increased risk of developing CRC according to both dominant (OR=1.72, 95%CI=1.03 to 2.89, p=0.038) and log-additive models (OR=1.59, 95%CI=1.02 to 2.48, p=0.039), but for the TLR4 -1607 T/C and TLR4 +896 A/G polymorphisms no association was found. Age above 60 years old (OR=1.83, 95%CI=1.26 to 2.90, p=0.003) and alcohol consumption (OR=2.78, 95%CI=1.68 to 4.60, p=0.000) are also associated with increased risk for developing of this cancer. Analysis of relative quantification of the mRNA showed a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Proença, Marcela Alcântara. "Associação de polimorfismos nos genes TLR2 e TLR4 com risco de câncer colorretal esporádico e influência na expressão gênica /." São José do Rio Preto, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92527.

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Orientador: Ana Elizabete Silva
Coorientador: Érika Cristina Pavarino
Banca: Claudia Aparecida Rainho
Banca: Claudia Regina Bonini Domingos
Resumo: O câncer colorretal (CCR) é um dos modelos da associação inflamação-câncer. Assim, polimorfismos em genes que desempenham um papel importante na suscetibilidade a doenças inflamatórias, como os receptores Toll-like (TLR2 e TLR4), podem ser alvos interessantes para estudos de possíveis marcadores moleculares para CCR. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação dos polimorfismos TLR2 -196 a -174del, TLR4 -1607 T/C (rs10759932) e TLR4 +896 A/G (rs4986790), e de fatores de risco (gênero, idade, tabagismo e etilismo) com o desenvolvimento de CCR; assim como determinar os níveis de expressão relativa desses genes no tecido tumoral e a influência dos polimorfismos funcionais sobre os níveis de expressão do RNAm. Materiais e Métodos: Foram genotipadas 434 amostras (194 de pacientes com CCR e 240 de indivíduos saudáveis) de DNA de leucócitos de sangue periférico ou de células de tecido tumoral (DNA e RNA), por meio das técnicas de PCR alelo-específico e PCR-RFLP. A análise de regressão logística múltipla foi utilizada para avaliar a associação dos polimorfismos com risco de CCR, aplicando os modelos log-aditivo, dominante e recessivo, ajustados para os fatores de risco. Para a quantificação relativa (RQ) do RNAm foi utilizada a técnica de PCR quantitativa em tempo real (qPCR) em 40 amostras de tecido tumoral. Resultados: A variante polimórfica TLR2 -196 a -174del foi associada com risco aumentado de desenvolvimento de CCR de acordo com os modelos dominante (OR=1,72, IC95%=1,03-2,89; p=0,038) e log-aditivo (OR=1,59, IC95%=1,02-2,48; p=0,039), porém para os polimorfismos TLR4 -1607 T/C e TLR4 +896 A/G não foi encontrada associação. Idade acima de 60 anos (OR=1,83, IC95%=1,26-2,90; p=0,003) e hábito etilista (OR=2,78, IC95%=1,68-4,60; p=0,000) também estão associados com risco... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the models of inflammation-cancer association. Thus, polymorphisms in genes that play a role in susceptibility to inflammatory diseases, such as Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) may be interesting targets for studies of potential molecular markers for CRC. Objectives: To evaluate the association of polymorphisms TLR2 -196 to -174del, TLR4 -1607 T/C (rs10759932) and TLR4 +896 A/G (rs4986790) and risk factors (gender, age, smoking and drinking habits) with CRC development, as well as to determine the relative expression levels of these genes in tumor tissue and influence of functional polymorphisms on the levels of mRNA expression. Materials and Methods: We genotyped 434 samples (194 patients with CRC and 240 from healthy individuals) of DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes or tumor tissue cells (DNA and RNA), by PCR allele-specific or PCR -RFLP. The multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between the polymorphisms with risk of CRC, applying the log-additive, dominant and recessive models, adjusted for risk factors. The relative quantification (RQ) of the mRNA was performed by the real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) technique in 40 tumor tissue samples. Results: The polymorphic variant TLR2 -196 to -174del was associated with increased risk of developing CRC according to both dominant (OR=1.72, 95%CI=1.03 to 2.89, p=0.038) and log-additive models (OR=1.59, 95%CI=1.02 to 2.48, p=0.039), but for the TLR4 -1607 T/C and TLR4 +896 A/G polymorphisms no association was found. Age above 60 years old (OR=1.83, 95%CI=1.26 to 2.90, p=0.003) and alcohol consumption (OR=2.78, 95%CI=1.68 to 4.60, p=0.000) are also associated with increased risk for developing of this cancer. Analysis of relative quantification of the mRNA showed a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Gattan, H. S. M. "Bats and their endoparasites : characterising pipistrelle infections and toll-like receptor (TLR2 and TLR4) gene variations." Thesis, University of Salford, 2017. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/43675/.

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Bats are unique mammals since they are able to fly and due to their crucial ecosystem roles, they are designated as keystone species. However, in many parts of the world, it is difficult to study bats due to the existence of protective legislation caused by their threatened status. Consequently, bat endoparasite studies are limited and even less is known about the bat immune system. To address this paucity of knowledge, this study was conducted using 99 pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus, n=93 and P. pygmaeus, n=6 bats) that were obtained opportunistically from the Greater Manchester and Lancashire region between September 2005 and September 2008. These bats were infected with several species of helminths and protozoan parasites as previously described (Lord, 2010; Dodd et al., 2014). The data within this thesis describes further characterisation of the protozoan infections in this pipistrelle population through development of PCR-based molecular typing tools. This approach has allowed the molecular differentiation between Trypanosoma dionisii and T. vespertilionis infections, confirmed that all eimerian infections were caused by Eimeria rioarribaensis and also confirmed that Bartonella sp. infection is most likely to be non-zoonotic. In addition, Cryptosporidium sp. and Borrelia sp. infection data is presented; the former being the first report in a UK bat. Analysis of the infection profiles with respect to bat genotyping data (Dodd et al., 2014) shows that the parasites are randomly distributed with the exception of the E. rioarribaensis infections which appear to cluster in a sub-population of pipistrelles that are genetically more homogeneous. Since Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an important element of the mammalian innate immune system, a PCR strategy was developed to isolate TLR4 and TLR2 genes from the pipistrelle bats (n=59). The TLR4 sequences were highly variable at the amino acid level (haplotypes, n=42), and a phylogenetic analysis of the protein sequences showed that they clustered into 7 major groups. Analysis of infection profiles in these bats showed that two TLR4 clusters appeared to correlate with susceptibility to trypanosomes (cluster 6) and Toxoplasma gondii (cluster 3). In addition, bats in TLR4 cluster 6 had a significantly reduced helminth burden. The TLR2 sequences were more conserved at the amino acid level (haplotypes, n=5); however, 7 bats were heterozygous at the TLR2 locus and interestingly, these correlated with a significantly reduced helminth burden. Overall, this thesis highlights the difficulty of studying bat endoparasites and this is often confounded by the lack, or absence, of parasitic material to assist developing molecular-based tools. Despite this difficulty, interesting data have been generated with respect to the pipistrelle genetics, including Toll-like receptor variations, and eimerian, trypanosome, T. gondii and helminth infection profiles, and this is worthy of further detailed investigations.

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Barrenschee, Martina. "Gene regulation in the lungs by ventilatory stress and by TLR-ligands." Lübeck Zentrale Hochschulbibliothek Lübeck, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1003311598/34.

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Endoh, Yasumi Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "New mechanisms modulating S100A8 gene expression." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Medical Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/42942.

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S100A8 is a highly-expressed calcium-binding protein in neutrophils and activated macrophages, and has proposed roles in myeloid cell differentiation and host defense. Functions of S100A8 are not fully understood, partly because of difficulties in generating S100A8 knockout mice. Attempts to silence S100A8 gene expression in activated macrophages and fibroblasts using RNA interference (RNAi) technology were unsuccessful. Despite establishing validated small interfering RNA (siRNA) systems, enzymaticallysynthesized siRNA targeted to S100A8 suppressed mRNA levels by only 40% in fibroblasts activated with FGF-2+heparin, whereas chemically-synthesized siRNAs suppressed S100A8 driven by an S100A8-expression vector by ~75% in fibroblasts. Suppression of the gene in activated macrophages/fibroblasts was low, and some enzymatically-synthesized siRNAs to S100A8, and unrelated siRNA to GAPDH, induced/enhanced S100A8 expression in macrophages. This indicated that S100A8 may be upregulated by type-1 interferon (IFN). IFN-β enhanced expression, but did not directly induce S100A8. Poly (I:C), a synthetic dsRNA, directly induced S100A8 through IL-10 and IFN-dependent pathways. Induction by dsRNA was dependent on RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), but not cyclooxygenase-2, suggesting divergent pathways in LPS- and dsRNA-induced responses. New mechanisms of S100A8 gene regulation are presented, that suggest functions in anti-viral defense. S100A8 expression was confirmed in lungs from influenza virus-infected mice and from a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Multiple pathways via mitochondria mediated S100A8 induction in LPS-activated macrophages; Generation of reactive oxygen species via the mitochondrial electron transport chain and de novo synthesis of ATP may be involved. This pathway also regulated IL-10 production, possibly via PKR. Extracellular ATP and its metabolites enhanced S100A8 induction. Results support involvement of cell stress, such as transfection, in S100A8 expression. A breast tumor cell line (MCF-7) in which the S100A8 gene was silenced, was established using micro RNA technology; S100A8 induction by oncostatin M was reduced by >90% in stably-transfected cells. This did not alter MCF-7 growth. The new approach to investigate the role of S100A8 in a human tumor cell line may assist in exploring its functions and lead to new studies concerning its role in cancer.

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Uprety, Bhawana. "Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanisms of Ribosomal Protein Genes." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1080.

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Ribosomal protein genes are crucial for ribosome biogenesis. The ribosome itself is responsible for protein synthesis and hence cellular growth and development. Intertwining network of proteins in conjugation with cellular environment such as nutrition and growth factors collectively regulate expression of the ribosomal protein genes. DNA microarray analysis has implicated the role of 26S proteasome in transcriptional regulation of the ribosomal protein genes tying protein degradation to protein synthesis pathway. To determine the mechanism as to how the 26S proteasome promotes transcription of the ribosomal protein genes a series of experiments were performed. The results reveal that the 19S subcomplex of the 26S proteasome is recruited to the promoters of the ribosomal protein genes in a TOR (Target of Rapamycin)-dependent manner. TOR signals environmental cues and controls the expression of the ribosomal protein genes. Thus recruited 19S proteasome subcomplex promotes transcriptional initiation via facilitation of the recruitment of co-activator NuA4 (Nucleasome acetyltransferase of histone H4) complex to activator Rap1. NuA4 enhances PIC (Pre-initiation complex) formation at the core promoter, but it is not clearly understood how does it do so. Researches have identified two different forms of TBP: TAF (TBP associated factor)-dependent form of TBP and TAF-independent form of TBP. This work shows that impaired association of NuA4 interferes with TFIID recruitment, but recruits TAF-independent form of TBP to the core promoter. This recruitment of TBP is dependent on SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase). Like ribosomal protein genes, antisense transcription is also enhanced by TAFs. However, it remains unknown whether NuA4 also promotes TAF-regulated antisense transcription. The results illustrate that like ribosomal protein genes, transcription of GAL10 antisense is also promoted by NuA4 HAT (histone acetyl transferase). NuA4 HAT is recruited to the 3’-end of the GAL10 coding sequence, acetylates histone H4 and promotes GAL10 antisense transcription. This work also reveals the roles of other chromatin regulatory factors in controlling antisense transcription. Collectively, these results significantly advance our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of ribosomal protein genes’ expression and antisense transcription. The ribosome and antisense are involved in virtually all the biological processes. Aberrant expression of the ribosomal protein genes and antisense transcripts are associated with numerous human disorders including cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, analyses of their regulatory processes provide valuable information toward understanding the etiology of numerous human diseases with potential therapeutic interventions.

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Fallavena, Paulo Roberto Vargas. "Variantes polimórficas dos genes que codificam o CD14, TLR2, TLR4 e TNF-α envolvidos com o processo inflamatório em pacientes em condições críticas de saúde." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/1276.

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Critical condition is caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Although each risk factor itself is partially under genetic control, studies propose the existence of additional effects caused by susceptibility genes; these studies begin suggesting isolated genetic variants that was increasing the risk of the critically ill patient. This proposition is now becoming evident. In parallel, there is growing evidence that inflammation plays also a central role in patients with critical health conditions and in their outcome. During the critical condition, the conventional clinic and biochemical risk factors are very important, the inflammatory status can modulates the severity of the pathological process. Inflammation may be involved in all stages of critical ill development and compliances, and the inflammatory process a central agent of morbidity and mortality of critically ill patient. So, controlling inflammatory status may enhance individual chance of to acquire a better/worse outcome. The CD14 (cluster of differentiation 14) receptor is a pattern of recognition molecules involved in the innate immune response against exogenous and endogenous stress factors. The most important CD14 signaling co receptors are the toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR2, TLR4), which are transmembrane receptors that mediate inflammatory responses by endotoxins, and activate the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) is another relevant cytokine in the course of the inflammation process. But, besides its protector role in innate immunity, these pro-inflammatory cytokines may exert also pathogenic effects. In 2006, it was evaluated the influence of the -260C>T CD14 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a sample of 85 critically ill patients. With random genotype distribution for clinical characteristics at Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patient admission, age, and length of hospital stay, we found that -260TT CD14 patients presented higher survivor rates when compared to the -260C CD14 carriers. In 2009 it was tested in a sample of 514 critically ill subjects whether the -260TT CD14 genotype would occur more commonly among ICU survivors than among decease patients. This published study showed that previous 2006 results were robustly confirmed. The -260C>T CD14 SNP was a protective factor towards survival in critically ill patients; there was higher frequency of survivors in -260TT CD14 homozygote. These results emerge with the hypothesis suggested that the higher -260TT CD14 genotype frequency in ICU survivor patients was possibly explained by an effect on innate immunity signaling. In that moment (2009), the current literature was suggesting that the analysis of a lot of polymorphic genetic markers could be more informative than the analysis of a single polymorphism. Aware of this information it was analyzed differential SNPs in other genes that encode CD14 synergic proteins to examine if they could also be informative in patients with critical health conditions. We verified whether the shared inheritance of TLR2, TLR4, and TNF-α variants might act in synergy with -260C>T CD14 SNP on the outcome from critical condition. The results for 2029C>T and 2258G>A of TLR2, 896A>G and 1196C>T of TLR4 and the - 308G>A of TNF-α SNPs alone did show a significantly remarkable role in the outcome not from critical illness. However, when performed a combined analysis with the CD14 inheritance, it was detected a significant higher survivor rate in -260TT CD14/-308GG TNF-α doublehomozygote group. In the adjusted analysis with double-genotype variable and the main clinical predictors to mortality, showing that the -260TT CD14/-308GG TNF-α doublegenotype was a significant protective factor towards survival. Connected to the beneficial effect of -260TT CD14, the -308GG TNF-α genotype was protector against the reported overexpression of TNF-α caused by -308A rare allele. In conclusion, this results supported the hypothesis that the interaction between -260TT CD14 and -308GG TNF-α functional SNPs may be influencing the outcome of critically ill patients.
A condição crítica de saúde é causada pela interação de fatores genéticos e ambientais. Embora cada fator de risco em si já esteja parcialmente sob controle genético, estudos propõem a existência de efeitos adicionais causados por genes de susceptibilidade; estes estudos iniciaram sugerindo variantes genéticas isoladas que poderiam aumentar o risco do paciente criticamente enfermo. Paralelamente, há evidências crescentes de que a inflamação desempenha também um papel central nos pacientes com condições críticas de saúde. Durante a situação crítica, os fatores de risco clínicos e bioquímicos convencionais são muito importantes, mas o estado inflamatório do paciente pode modular a gravidade do processo patológico. A inflamação pode estar envolvida em todas as fases do desenvolvimento e das conseqüências da doença crítica, sendo o processo inflamatório um agente central da morbi-mortandade do paciente criticamente doente. Assim, controlando o estado inflamatório pode-se aumentar a chance do indivíduo ter um melhor / pior desfecho.O CD14 (cluster of diferenciation 14) é um receptor padrão de reconhecimento de moléculas envolvidas na resposta imune inata contra fatores exógenos e endógenos de estresse. Os co-receptoes do CD14 mais importantes são TLR2, TLR4 (Toll-like Receptors), que são receptores transmembrana que mediam a resposta inflamatória por endotoxinas, e ativam a via do fator nuclear kappa B (NF-kappa B). O fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-α) é outra citocina relevante no âmbito do processo de inflamação. Mas, além de seu papel protetor na imunidade inata, essas citocinas pró-inflamatórias podem exercer também efeitos patogênicos. Em 2006, foi avaliada a influência do polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único (SNP) -260C>T CD14 em uma amostra de 85 pacientes criticamente enfermos. Com uma distribuição aleatória de genótipos para as características clínicas, como tempo de internação do paciente na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), idade e tempo de permanência hospitalar, foi observado que os pacientes -260TT CD14 apresentaram maiores índices de sobrevivência quando comparados com os portadores do alelo -260C CD14. Em 2009 foi testado uma amostra de 514 pacientes em estado crítico se o genótipo -260TT CD14 ocorreria mais frequentemente entre os sobreviventes do que entre os pacientes falecidos. Este estudo publicado mostrou que os resultados de 2006 se confirmaram com uma maior robustez. O SNP -260C>T CD14 foi um fator protetor para a sobrevivência em pacientes gravemente doentes: houve uma frequência superior de sobreviventes homozigotos -260TT CD14. Estes resultados surgiram com a hipótese de a maior frequência do genótipo -260TT CD14 em pacientes de UTI sobreviventes seria, possivelmente, explicada por um efeito de sinalização na imunidade inata. Naquele momento (2009), a literatura atual estava sugerindo que a análise de uma série de marcadores genéticos polimórficos poderia ser mais informativa do que a análise de um único polimorfismo. Ciente destas informações buscou-se a analisar SNPs em outros genes que codificam proteínas com ações sinérgicas com o CD14 para verificar se eles também poderiam ser informativos no desfecho dos pacientes com condições críticas de saúde. Verificou-se a herança de variantes nos genes TLR2, TLR4, e TNF-α, os quais poderiam atuar em sinergia com o SNP -260C>T CD14 durante a condição crítica. Foram obtidos resultados que mostraram que SNPs 2029C>T e 2258G>A do TLR2, 896A>G e 1196C>T do TLR4 e o - 308G>A do TNF-α, isoladamente, não desempenham um papel significantemente notável no desfecho da doença crítica. No entanto, ao se realizar uma análise combinada com a herança do -260C>T CD14, foi detectado uma taxa de sobrevivência significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes duplo homozigoto -260TT CD14/-308GG TNF-α. Na análise ajustada com o duplo genótipo as principais variáveis clínicas preditoras de mortalidade, foram observadas que o duplo genótipo -260TT CD14/-308GG TNF-α foi um fator importante de proteção para a sobrevivência. Conectado ao efeito benéfico do -260TT CD14, o genótipo -308GG TNF-α foi protetor contra a relatada superexpressão de TNF-α causada por alelo -308A TNF-α. Em conclusão, os resultados apóiam a hipótese de que a interação entre os SNPs funcionais - 260TT CD14 e -308GG TNF-α pode estar influenciando o desfecho de pacientes criticamente enfermos.

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Barrenschee, Martina [Verfasser]. "Gene regulation in the lungs by ventilatory stress and by TLR-ligands / Martina Barrenschee." Lübeck : Zentrale Hochschulbibliothek Lübeck, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1003311598/34.

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Perro, M. "Lentiviral TCR gene transfer for tumour immunotherapy." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/134272/.

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The ability to manipulate the immune system to induce protection against tumour, is one of the most fascinating challenges in immunology. In this regard, TCR gene transfer is an attractive and powerful strategy to generate high numbers of tumour antigen-specific T cells for adoptive transfer treatment. This thesis describes the optimization of lentiviral vectors for TCR gene transfer in the absence of polyclonal activation of the transduced T cells, which may improve subsequent adoptive T cell therapy. The murinised and codon optimised chains of an HLA-A*0201-restricted TCR specific for Wilms` tumour antigen 1 were cloned in lentiviral vector constructs improved with a Leader sequence and the WPRE elements for redirecting T cells specificity. The effects of common gamma chain receptor cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 were investigated using WT1 TCR-transduced T cells for transduction efficiency, proliferative potential, phenotype and functional activity in response to cognate antigen. Although all cytokines tested allowed transduction, stimulations with IL-15 and IL-15 with IL-7 or with IL-21 promoted a higher efficiency. Expression analysis of CD28 and CD62L showed an important role of IL-21 in maintenance of a naïve phenotype. In addition, all cytokines promoted maintenance of “quality” of T cells as shown by co-expression of IL- 2, IFN-γ and TFN-α after specific stimulation. To further sustain the in vitro results, several in vivo models were tested. Consistently, using F5 transgenic mice recognizing the NP peptide presented on EL4-NP cell line, IL-15 with IL- 21 exposed CD8+ T cells were able to efficiently protect against tumour and to persist longer in tumour bearing mice compared to IL-2 treated T cells. Because previous reports demonstrated that efficient LN homing of T cell correlates with efficient tumour protection in vivo, an imaging approach to study the molecular signalling in vivo during T cell activation in the LN has been developed. In conclusion, in this thesis, it is demonstrated that lentiviral transduction of cytokine exposed T cell can improve gene therapy approach of adoptive therapy.

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Nicholson, E. K. "Enhancing the efficacy of TCR gene therapy." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1418205/.

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TCR gene therapy allows redirection of the antigen specificity of T cells by the introduction of novel TCR α and β chains by retroviral transduction. These TCR gene modified T cells can be adoptively transferred to target defined tumour antigens. The majority of TCR gene therapy studies has focused on the adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells but there is increasing recognition of a central role for CD4+ T cells in effective immunotherapy protocols. The use of CD4+ T cells has been limited by the lack of well defined class II restricted TCR and also because the majority of tumours don’t express class II MHC. As a result research has focused on introducing class I restricted TCR into CD4+ T cells. Initial work has demonstrated that class I restricted CD4+ T cells often have reduced functional avidity compared to the parental CD8+ T cell. In particular, CD4+ T cells transduced with CD8 dependent TCRs are often of much lower functional avidity when introduced in the absence of a CD8 co-receptor. In order to improve the functional avidity of class I restricted CD4+ T cells, murine CD4+ T cells were co-transduced with F5 TCR (specific for influenza peptide, NP, in the context of H2-Kb) and additional CD3 molecules. The amount of CD3 within in a cell is rate limiting for the expression of introduced TCR and thus when cells are transduced with additional CD3 it removes this rate limiting step and thus enhances the surface expression of the TCR. TCR surface expression is one of the key determinants of T cell functional avidity. CD4+ T cells co-transduced with F5- TCR and CD3 had increased surface expression of F5-TCR and increased pentamer binding. This translated in vitro into increased functional avidity compared to CD4+ T cells transduced with F5-TCR only. When adoptively transferred in vivo into irradiated tumour bearing syngeneic recipients, F5- TCR + CD3 CD4+ T cells had greater expansion and persistence and trafficked to the tumour site at higher and faster rates than F5-TCR only CD4+ T cells. In addition, F5-CD3 CD4+ T cells demonstrated superior control of tumour growth. Unexpectedly mice that received adoptive transfer of F5-TCR + CD3 CD4+ T cells developed marked lethal toxicity. Further experiments to try to determine the nature of this toxicity suggest a multifactorial cause including mispairing of the introduced TCR α and β chains with the endogenous TCR and development of autoreactive T cells in the presence of additional CD3 mediated either by upregulation of the introduced TCR or the endogenous TCR.

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Hertz, Evelina. "Vem tar priset? : En studie om hur genusstrukturer tar sig uttryck när svensk journalistik blir prisbelönad." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-27773.

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Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka om och hur genusstrukturer tar sig uttryck när svensk journalistik prisbelönas. Detta görs genom en undersökning i två delar. Den första delen är en kvantitativ översikt där alla journalistiska verk som antingen vunnit Guldspaden eller Stora Journalistpriset mellan åren 2000-2014 undersöks. Totalt kategoriseras 164 journalistiska verk utifrån bland annat ämnesval. Därefter presenteras resultatet i form av diagram och analyseras med hjälp av Monika Djerf-Pierres teoretiska begrepp könsmärkning samt ”hårda” och ”mjuka” nyheter. Syftet med den kvantitativa undersökningen är att identifiera intressanta mönster att gå vidare med i studiens andra del, den kvalitativa textanalysen. I och med att det kvantitativa resultatet visar att en av de största ämneskategorierna som prisbelönats är sociala frågor valdes den ämneskategorin för den kvalitativa textanalysen. Utifrån en medieretorisk analysmodell undersöks 13 tidningsartiklar för att identifiera eventuella gemensamma drag. Sociala frågor är intressant att undersöka närmare i och med att de traditionellt sett setts som ”kvinnofrågor” och inte blivit prisbelönade. Resultatet i den kvalitativa textanalysen analyseras med hjälp av Pierre Bourdieus klassiska begrepp fält, habitus och doxa samt Toril Mois syn på kön som en social konstruktion där värdet och innebörden är föränderlig. Studiens resultat visar att det råder en könsmärkning när journalistik blir prisbelönad, detta visar sig dels genom att män blir prisbelönade i större utsträckning än kvinnor samt att kvinnor och män tenderar att bli prisbelönade för olika ämnen. Resultatet visar även att när journalistik om sociala frågor blir prisbelönade så innehåller artiklarna gemensamma drag: artikelns ämne lyfts från individ till struktur, texterna handlar om verkliga individer, journalisten skapar ett förtroende hos såväl intervjupersoner som läsare och språket är ett viktigt verktyg. Studien drar följande slutsatser att det journalistiska yrket kan befinna sig i en förändring. Den rådande könsmärkningen visar tendenser på att börja luckras upp och både kvinnliga journalister och så kallade ”kvinnofrågor” uppmärksammas mer när svensk journalistik blir prisbelönad. Dock finns det fortfarande spelregler som journalisterna måste följa, som exempelvis att ”mjuka” ämnen legitimeras exempelvis genom att visa att frågan är ett problem på strukturell nivå.

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Wünsch, Camile. "Influência de polimorfismos em genes do processo inflamatório na doença arterial coronariana." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNIVATES, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10737/1581.

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CAPES
Introdução: A doença arterial coronariana (DAC) é a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo, sendo caracterizada como uma doença inflamatória crônica, multifatorial, cuja fisiopatologia é a aterosclerose. Considerando a alta herdabilidade da doença, vários polimorfismos genéticos vêm sendo estudados e associados com o surgimento da DAC e, entre eles, destacam-se variantes nos genes CD14, TLR4, NFKB1 e TNFα, os quais regulam a via de sinalização celular do sistema imune inato e desencadeiam o processo inflamatório na DAC. Objetivo: O objetivo principal deste estudo é verificar a possível associação de polimorfismos nos genes CD14 (rs2569190), TLR4 (rs4986790 e rs4986791), NFKB1 (rs28362491) e TNFα (rs1800629 e rs361525) com a DAC. Metodologia: A amostra foi composta por 707 indivíduos adultos submetidos ao exame de cateterismo cardíaco no Hospital Bruno Born, de Lajeado, RS. Todos os indivíduos assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e responderam a um questionário semiestruturado. Os indivíduos foram classificados entre casos e controles, por um médico cardiologista, com base no seguinte critério: presença de estenose, com comprometimento maior do que 50%, em pelo menos uma das artérias coronárias. Foram também coletadas amostras de sangue periférico para análises bioquímicas e moleculares. A extração de DNA foi realizada pelo método de salting out. Os polimorfismos dos genes CD14, TLR4 e TNFα foram genotipados pelo sistema de discriminação alélica TaqMan, em equipamento de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em Tempo Real (StepOnePlus®). O polimorfismo rs28362491, no gene NFKB1, foi amplificado através da técnica convencional de PCR. Resultados: Identificamos uma associação dos polimorfismos rs2569190, localizado no gene CD14, e rs28362491, no gene NFKB1, com a DAC. Além disso, foram detectados efeitos dos polimorfismos dos genes TLR4 e TNFα nos níveis glicêmicos e dos polimorfismos nos genes TLR4, NFKB1 e TNFα no perfil lipídico. Conclusão: Nossos achados sugerem a participação de polimorfismos nos genes CD14 e NFKB1 no desenvolvimento da DAC na nossa amostra, corroborando evidências prévias do envolvimento de genes do processo inflamatório nessa patologia.
Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, being characterized as a chronic, multifactorial inflammatory disease, whose pathophysiology is atherosclerosis. Considering the high heritability of the disease, several genetic polymorphisms have been investigated and associated with CAD and, among them, there are variants in the CD14, TLR4, NFKB1 and TNFα genes, which regulate cell signaling pathways of the innate immune system and inflammatory process in CAD. Objective: The main objective of this study is to verify the association beteween polymorphisms in the CD14 (rs2569190), TLR4 (rs4986790 and rs4986791), NFKB1 (rs28362491) and TNFα (rs1800629 and rs361525) genes and CAD. Methods: The sample group was composed of 707 adult individuals, recruited at the time when they were bought in for coronary angiography procedures at the Hemodynamic Center of the Hospital Bruno Born, City of Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul. The individuals were classified between cases and controls by a cardiologist, based on the following criteria: presence of stenosis, greater than 50% of the luminal diameter, in at least one of the coronary arteries. Peripheral blood samples were also collected for biochemical and molecular analyzes. DNA extraction was performed using the salting out method. The polymorphisms in the CD14, TLR4 e TNFα genes were genotyped by Taqman® allelic discrimination assays. The rs28362491 polymorphism in the NFKB1 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: We identified an association between the polymorphisms rs2569190, located in the CD14 gene, and rs28362491, located in the NFKB1 gene, and CAD. In addition, there were detected significant effects of TLR4 and TNFα gene polymorphisms on glycemic levels and TLR4, NFKB1 and TNFα gene polymorphisms on the lipid profile. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a role for the polymorphisms in CD14 and NFKB1 genes in CAD susceptibility in our sample, corroborating previous evidence of the envolviment of inflamotory process genes in this patology.

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Almeida, Junior Oedem Paulo de [UNESP]. "Estudo da influência da infecção pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis sobre a replicação do HIV e a imunidade celular em associação com os polimorfismos dos genes tlr2 e tlr4." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88036.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A infecção produzida pelo HIV leva à debilidade do sistema imune e confere ao indivíduo infectado maior vulnerabilidade às infecções oportunistas. Neste aspecto a tuberculose e o HIV estão intimamente relacionados, uma vez que a infecção pelo vírus contribui significativamente para o aumento na incidência da tuberculose. Por outro lado, a co-infecção do HIV com outros patógenos é um importante fator exógeno que influencia a gravidade e a taxa de progressão da doença em indivíduos soro-positivos. O sistema imune pode reconhecer padrões moleculares associados à patógenos (PAMPs) através dos receptores toll-like, sendo que esta sinalização resulta na ativação de fatores de transcrição fundamentais para as respostas imune e inflamatória. A indução do HIV como conseqüência da ativação imunológica produzida por ligantes microbianos tem sido implicada como o mecanismo responsável pela elevada expressão viral observada em indivíduos co-infectados. Polimorfismos nos genes tlr, bem como nos vários componentes de seus caminhos de sinalização, têm grande importância na resposta imunológica do hospedeiro frente a vários patógenos. Neste estudo foi avaliado se a do hospedeiro infecção pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis tem influência na replicação do HIV e na imunidade celular relacionada aos polimorfismos nos genes tlr2 e 4. Foram analisados 37 pacientes de ambos os sexos com média de idade de 41 anos. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: grupo A (17 indivíduos portadores de HIV) e grupo B ( 20 indivíduos portadores de HIV co-infectados com M. tuberculosis); o grupo B foi subdividido em pacientes com histórico de infecção pregressa pelo M. tuberculosis (12 indivíduos designados por B’) e aqueles que apresentavam manifestações clínicas da tuberculose durante as coletas (8 indivíduos designados por B’’)...
The infection caused by the HIV virus lead to debility of the immune system and confers to the infected individual a greater vulnerability to opportunist infections. In this aspect the tuberculosis and the HIV are closely related, once that the infection by the virus significantly contribute for the increase of tuberculosis incidence. The co-infection with others pathogens is an important exogenous factor that influence the severity and the rate of progression of the disease at serum-positive patients. The Immune System can recognize pathogens associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through the toll-like receptors, this signalization results in the activation of fundamental transcriptional factors to the immune and anti-inflammatory responses. The induction of HIV like a consequence of immunological activation produced by microbial ligands has been implicated as the responsible mechanism of the elevated viral expression observed at co-infected individuals. Polymorphisms at the tlr genes, as well as at various components of its signaling pathways, has a great importance on the immunological response of the host front various pathogens. In this study was evaluated the influence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the replication of HIV and at cellular immunity related to polymorphisms at the genes tlr2 and 4. Thirty seven patients, from both sex and with age ratio of 41 years old, were analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups: group A (17 individuals HIV positive) and group B (20 coinfected HIV – M. tuberculosis individuals); the group B was divided into patients with historic of infection by M. tuberculosis (12 individuals designated by B’) and those that was manifesting the symptoms of tuberculosis during the reaps (8 individuals designated by B’’). The immunological profile was evaluated by the quantitative determination of phenotypes CD3+/CD4+ and CD3+/CD8+ of lymphocytes ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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24

Almeida, Junior Oedem Paulo de. "Estudo da influência da infecção pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis sobre a replicação do HIV e a imunidade celular em associação com os polimorfismos dos genes tlr2 e tlr4 /." Araraquara : [s. n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88036.

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Orientador: Paulo Inácio da Costa
Banca: Clarice Queico Fujimura Leite
Banca: Cleni Mara Marzocchi Machado
Resumo: A infecção produzida pelo HIV leva à debilidade do sistema imune e confere ao indivíduo infectado maior vulnerabilidade às infecções oportunistas. Neste aspecto a tuberculose e o HIV estão intimamente relacionados, uma vez que a infecção pelo vírus contribui significativamente para o aumento na incidência da tuberculose. Por outro lado, a co-infecção do HIV com outros patógenos é um importante fator exógeno que influencia a gravidade e a taxa de progressão da doença em indivíduos soro-positivos. O sistema imune pode reconhecer padrões moleculares associados à patógenos (PAMPs) através dos receptores toll-like, sendo que esta sinalização resulta na ativação de fatores de transcrição fundamentais para as respostas imune e inflamatória. A indução do HIV como conseqüência da ativação imunológica produzida por ligantes microbianos tem sido implicada como o mecanismo responsável pela elevada expressão viral observada em indivíduos co-infectados. Polimorfismos nos genes tlr, bem como nos vários componentes de seus caminhos de sinalização, têm grande importância na resposta imunológica do hospedeiro frente a vários patógenos. Neste estudo foi avaliado se a do hospedeiro infecção pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis tem influência na replicação do HIV e na imunidade celular relacionada aos polimorfismos nos genes tlr2 e 4. Foram analisados 37 pacientes de ambos os sexos com média de idade de 41 anos. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: grupo A (17 indivíduos portadores de HIV) e grupo B ( 20 indivíduos portadores de HIV co-infectados com M. tuberculosis); o grupo B foi subdividido em pacientes com histórico de infecção pregressa pelo M. tuberculosis (12 indivíduos designados por B') e aqueles que apresentavam manifestações clínicas da tuberculose durante as coletas (8 indivíduos designados por B'')...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The infection caused by the HIV virus lead to debility of the immune system and confers to the infected individual a greater vulnerability to opportunist infections. In this aspect the tuberculosis and the HIV are closely related, once that the infection by the virus significantly contribute for the increase of tuberculosis incidence. The co-infection with others pathogens is an important exogenous factor that influence the severity and the rate of progression of the disease at serum-positive patients. The Immune System can recognize pathogens associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through the toll-like receptors, this signalization results in the activation of fundamental transcriptional factors to the immune and anti-inflammatory responses. The induction of HIV like a consequence of immunological activation produced by microbial ligands has been implicated as the responsible mechanism of the elevated viral expression observed at co-infected individuals. Polymorphisms at the tlr genes, as well as at various components of its signaling pathways, has a great importance on the immunological response of the host front various pathogens. In this study was evaluated the influence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the replication of HIV and at cellular immunity related to polymorphisms at the genes tlr2 and 4. Thirty seven patients, from both sex and with age ratio of 41 years old, were analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups: group A (17 individuals HIV positive) and group B (20 coinfected HIV - M. tuberculosis individuals); the group B was divided into patients with historic of infection by M. tuberculosis (12 individuals designated by B') and those that was manifesting the symptoms of tuberculosis during the reaps (8 individuals designated by B''). The immunological profile was evaluated by the quantitative determination of phenotypes CD3+/CD4+ and CD3+/CD8+ of lymphocytes ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Sommermeyer, Daniel. "Generation of dual T cell receptor (TCR) T cells by TCR gene transfer for adoptive T cell therapy." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16051.

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Die Herstellung von T-Zellen mit definierten Spezifitäten durch den Transfer von T-Zellrezeptor (TCR) Genen ist eine effiziente Methode, um Zellen für eine Immuntherapie bereitzustellen. Eine besondere Herausforderung ist dabei, ein ausreichend hohes Expressionsniveau des therapeutischen TCR zu erreichen. Da T-Zellen mit einem zusätzlichen TCR ausgestattet werden, entsteht eine Konkurrenzsituation zwischen dem therapeutischen und dem endogenen TCR. Bevor diese Arbeit begonnen wurde war nicht bekannt, welche TCR nach einem Gen-Transfer exprimiert werden. Daher haben wir Modelle etabliert, in denen TCR Gene in Maus und humane T-Zellen mit definierten endogenen TCR transferiert wurden. Die Expression beider TCR wurde mithilfe von Antikörpern und MHC-Multimeren analysiert. Diese Modelle haben gezeigt, dass bestimmte TCR andere TCR von der Zelloberfläche verdrängen können. Dies führte in einem Fall zu einer vollständigen Umkehr der Antigenspezifität. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse haben wir das Konzept von „starken“ (gut exprimierten) und „schwachen“ (schlecht exprimierten) TCR vorgeschlagen. Zusätzlich wurde die Verdrängung „schwacher“ und „starker“ humaner TCR durch Maus TCR beobachtet. Parallel dazu wurde berichtet, dass die konstanten (C) Regionen von Maus TCR für die erhöhte Expression auf humanen Zellen verantwortlich sind. Dies führte zu einer Strategie zur Verbesserung der Expression humaner TCR, die auf dem Austausch der humanen C-Regionen durch die von Maus TCR basiert (Murinisierung). Ein Problem ist dabei die mögliche Immunogenität dieser hybriden Konstrukte. Deshalb haben wir jene Bereiche der Maus C-Regionen identifiziert, die für die erhöhte Expression verantwortlich sind. In der TCRalpha Kette wurden vier und in der TCRbeta Kette fünf Aminosäuren gefunden, die ausreichend für diesen Effekt waren. Primäre humane T-Zellen mit TCR, die diese neun „Maus“ Aminosäuren enthielten, zeigten eine bessere Funktionalität als T-Zellen mit Wildtyp TCR.
The in vitro generation of T cells with a defined antigen specificity by T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer is an efficient method to create cells for immunotherapy. One major challenge of this strategy is to achieve sufficiently high expression levels of the therapeutic TCR. As T cells expressing an endogenous TCR are equipped with an additional TCR, there is a competition between therapeutic and endogenous TCR. Before this work was started, it was not known which TCR is present on the cell surface after TCR gene transfer. Therefore, we transferred TCR genes into murine and human T cells and analyzed TCR expression of endogenous and transferred TCR by staining with antibodies and MHC-multimers. We found that some TCR have the capability to replace other TCR on the cell surface, which led to a complete conversion of antigen specificity in one model. Based on these findings we proposed the concept of ‘‘strong’’ (well expressed) and “weak” (poorly expressed) TCR. In addition, we found that a mouse TCR is able to replace both “weak” and “strong” human TCR on human cells. In parallel to this result, it was reported that the constant (C)-regions of mouse TCR were responsible for the improved expression of murine TCR on human cells. This led to a strategy to improve human TCR by exchanging the C-regions by their murine counterparts (murinization). However, a problem of these hybrid constructs is the probable immunogenicity. Therefore, we identified the specific parts of the mouse C-regions which are essential to improve human TCR. In the TCRalpha C-region four and in the TCRbeta C-region five amino acids were identified. Primary human T cells modified with TCR containing these nine “murine” amino acids showed an increased function compared to cells modified with wild type TCR. For TCR gene therapy the utilization of these new C-regions will reduce the amount of foreign sequences and thus the risk of immunogenicity of the therapeutic TCR.

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Reuß, Simone. "Safety analysis of TCR gene-modified T cells." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16503.

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T-Zellrezeptor (TZR)-Gentherapie zeigte erste Erfolge in klinischen Studien, jedoch wurden gleichzeitig Risikofaktoren deutlich. Ein Risikofaktor ist das falsche Paaren der transferierten TZR-Ketten mit den endogenen, was zu TZR-Molekülen von unbekannter Spezifität führt und die Oberflächenexpression und somit auch die Funktionalität des transgenen TZR reduziert. Dieser Aspekt wurde in generierten T-Zellklonen mit einer konstitutiven/endogenen TZR-Expression sowie einer zweiten induzierbaren/transgenen TZR-Expression untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass nach Induktion der transgenen TZR-Expression der endogene TZR seine Funktionalität verlor, obwohl er noch auf der Oberfläche detektierbar war. Als Ursachen wurden neben einer reduzierten Oberflächenexpression des endogenen TZR auch falsch gepaarte TZR-Moleküle, die mit Hilfe der Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer-Methode detektiert wurden, gefunden. Die Modifikation des TZR durch den Einbau einer zweiten Cystein-Brücke, was das Paaren der korrespondierenden TZR-Ketten stabilisieren soll, führte in den T-Zellklonen zu keiner Reduktion der falsch-paarenden TZR-Moleküle. In primären Wildtyp-T-Zellen verbesserte sich das richtige Paaren des transgenen TZR leicht und konnte durch Codon-Optimierung der TZR-Gene weiter verbessert werden. Der zweite untersuchte Risikofaktor ist die Insertionsmutagenese durch den retroviralen Vektor. Die sichere Verwendbarkeit von differenzierten T-Zellen für die TZR-Gentherapie wurde in einem Tiermodel mit wiederholter T-Zellstimulierung, um weitere Mutationen während der Zellteilung zu provozieren, analysiert. Im Laufe der Zeit reicherten sich die transferierten T-Zellen in den Tieren dramatisch an, aber entwickelten sich nicht zu T-Zelllymphomen. Die Proliferationskapazität und die Funktionalität der transferierten T-Zellen wurden bestätigt. Die Polyklonalität der TZR-gen-modifizierten T-Zellen wurde mit Hilfe der linear-amplifizierten Polymerasekettenreaktion nachgewiesen.
T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy is a new therapy for cancer which showed first clinical success but at the same time risk factors evolved. One risk factor is the mispairing of the TCR chains with the endogenous TCR chains which leads to TCRs with unknown specificities and to a reduced expression and functionality of the transferred TCR. This aspect was analyzed in dual TCR T cell clones which had one constitutive/endogenous TCR expression as well as a second inducible/transgenic TCR expression. It could be shown that the endogenous TCR lost its functionality after induction of the transgenic TCR expression although it was still detectable on the cell surface. The reason was found in the lower surface expression level of the endogenous TCR as well as in mispaired TCR dimers detected by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique. Modification of the TCR by insertion of a second cysteine bridge which should stabilize the pairing of the corresponding TCR chains did not reduce the TCR mispairing in the T cell clones. In primary wild-type cells, the pairing of the transgenic TCR improved slightly and could be further improved by codon-optimization of the TCR genes. The second analyzed possible side effect of TCR gene therapy is the insertional mutagenesis by the retroviral vector. The safety of differentiated T cells for TCR gene therapy was analyzed in an animal model with a repetitive T cell stimulation to provide the opportunity for mutations to occur during cell division. Over time, transferred T cells increased dramatically in the recipient mice, but did not lead to T cell lymphomas. The proliferative capacity and the functionality of transferred T cells were confirmed. The polyclonality of the TCR gene-modified T cells could be confirmed by linear amplification-mediated polymerase-chain reaction.

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Månsson, Anna, and Lama Katarina Andersson. "Tar normerna någonsin semester? : Genus, heteronormativitet och "vithet" i resekataloger." Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Business and Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-5773.

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Hodzic, Elma, Ebba Randenius, and Linnea Schubertsson. "Ledarskap och genus : En studie som undersöker hur genus tar sig i uttryck i rekryteringsannonser." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-21700.

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Sverige anses idag vara ett av det mest jämställda länderna i världen. Även om kvinnor idag besitter över 50 procent av chefspositionerna inom både landsting och kommun så besitts endast 38,2 procent av chefspositioner inom samtliga sektorer på arbetsmarknaden av kvinnor. Minst kvinnor i chefspositioner finns inom den privata sektorn. Detta trots att företagsledare säger sig vilja ha jämställda arbetsplatser och styrelser. Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka om en bidragande faktor till den skeva könsfördelningen mellan män och kvinnor, i chefspositioner inom mansdominerade branscher, kan vara vad företagen uttrycker sig eftersöka för typ av egenskaper i sina rekryteringsannonser. Det finns tidigare forskning som visar att en kvinna inte är benägen att söka ett arbete där det i rekryteringsannonsen eftersökes stereotypiska manliga egenskaper. Vår studie utgår ifrån begreppen transaktionellt ledarskap och transformativt ledarskap. Transaktionellt ledarskap kopplas till typiskt manliga ledaregenskaper och transformativt ledarskap kopplas till typiskt kvinnliga ledaregenskaper.
Sweden is today considered to be one of the most equal countries in the world. Although women today hold over 50 percent of the management positions in Botha county councils and municipalities, only 38.2 percent of managerial positions in all sectors of the labor market are owned by women. The least amount of women in managerial positions are in the private sector. This is despite the fact that business leaders say they want equal workplaces and boards. The purpose of our study is to see if a contributing factor to the skewed gender distribution between men and women in managerial positions, in male-dominated industries, can be what the companies express themselves to search for the type of properties in their recruitment ads. There is previous research that shows that a woman is not inland to seek a job where in the recruitment advertisement, stereotypical male attributes are sought. Our study is based on the concepts of transactional leadership and transformative leadership. Transactional leadership is linked to typically male leadership qualities and transformative leadership is linked to typically female leadership qualities. This thesis is written in swedish.

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Fallavena, Paulo Roberto Vargas. "Variantes polim?rficas dos genes que codificam o CD14, TLR2, TLR4 e TNF-α envolvidos com o processo inflamat?rio em pacientes em condi??es cr?ticas de sa?de." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/5403.

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A condi??o cr?tica de sa?de ? causada pela intera??o de fatores gen?ticos e ambientais. Embora cada fator de risco em si j? esteja parcialmente sob controle gen?tico, estudos prop?em a exist?ncia de efeitos adicionais causados por genes de susceptibilidade; estes estudos iniciaram sugerindo variantes gen?ticas isoladas que poderiam aumentar o risco do paciente criticamente enfermo. Paralelamente, h? evid?ncias crescentes de que a inflama??o desempenha tamb?m um papel central nos pacientes com condi??es cr?ticas de sa?de. Durante a situa??o cr?tica, os fatores de risco cl?nicos e bioqu?micos convencionais s?o muito importantes, mas o estado inflamat?rio do paciente pode modular a gravidade do processo patol?gico. A inflama??o pode estar envolvida em todas as fases do desenvolvimento e das conseq??ncias da doen?a cr?tica, sendo o processo inflamat?rio um agente central da morbi-mortandade do paciente criticamente doente. Assim, controlando o estado inflamat?rio pode-se aumentar a chance do indiv?duo ter um melhor / pior desfecho. O CD14 (cluster of diferenciation 14) ? um receptor padr?o de reconhecimento de mol?culas envolvidas na resposta imune inata contra fatores ex?genos e end?genos de estresse. Os co-receptoes do CD14 mais importantes s?o TLR2, TLR4 (Toll-like Receptors), que s?o receptores transmembrana que mediam a resposta inflamat?ria por endotoxinas, e ativam a via do fator nuclear kappa B (NF-kappa B). O fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-α) ? outra citocina relevante no ?mbito do processo de inflama??o. Mas, al?m de seu papel protetor na imunidade inata, essas citocinas pr?-inflamat?rias podem exercer tamb?m efeitos patog?nicos. Em 2006, foi avaliada a influ?ncia do polimorfismo de nucleot?deo ?nico (SNP) -260C>T CD14 em uma amostra de 85 pacientes criticamente enfermos. Com uma distribui??o aleat?ria de gen?tipos para as caracter?sticas cl?nicas, como tempo de interna??o do paciente na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), idade e tempo de perman?ncia hospitalar, foi observado que os pacientes -260TT CD14 apresentaram maiores ?ndices de sobreviv?ncia quando comparados com os portadores do alelo -260C CD14. Em 2009 foi testado uma amostra de 514 pacientes em estado cr?tico se o gen?tipo -260TT CD14 ocorreria mais frequentemente entre os sobreviventes do que entre os pacientes falecidos. Este estudo publicado mostrou que os resultados de 2006 se confirmaram com uma maior robustez. O SNP -260C>T CD14 foi um fator protetor para a sobreviv?ncia em pacientes gravemente doentes: houve uma frequ?ncia superior de sobreviventes homozigotos -260TT CD14. Estes resultados surgiram com a hip?tese de a maior frequ?ncia do gen?tipo -260TT CD14 em pacientes de UTI sobreviventes seria, possivelmente, explicada por um efeito de sinaliza??o na imunidade inata. Naquele momento (2009), a literatura atual estava sugerindo que a an?lise de uma s?rie de marcadores gen?ticos polim?rficos poderia ser mais informativa do que a an?lise de um ?nico polimorfismo. Ciente destas informa??es buscou-se a analisar SNPs em outros genes que codificam prote?nas com a??es sin?rgicas com o CD14 para verificar se eles tamb?m poderiam ser informativos no desfecho dos pacientes com condi??es cr?ticas de sa?de. Verificou-se a heran?a de variantes nos genes TLR2, TLR4, e TNF-α, os quais poderiam atuar em sinergia com o SNP -260C>T CD14 durante a condi??o cr?tica. Foram obtidos resultados que mostraram que SNPs 2029C>T e 2258G>A do TLR2, 896A>G e 1196C>T do TLR4 e o - 308G>A do TNF-α, isoladamente, n?o desempenham um papel significantemente not?vel no desfecho da doen?a cr?tica. No entanto, ao se realizar uma an?lise combinada com a heran?a do -260C>T CD14, foi detectado uma taxa de sobreviv?ncia significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes duplo homozigoto -260TT CD14/-308GG TNF-α. Na an?lise ajustada com o duplo gen?tipo as principais vari?veis cl?nicas preditoras de mortalidade, foram observadas que o duplo gen?tipo -260TT CD14/-308GG TNF-α foi um fator importante de prote??o para a sobreviv?ncia. Conectado ao efeito ben?fico do -260TT CD14, o gen?tipo -308GG TNF-α foi protetor contra a relatada superexpress?o de TNF-α causada por alelo -308A TNF-α. Em conclus?o, os resultados ap?iam a hip?tese de que a intera??o entre os SNPs funcionais - 260TT CD14 e -308GG TNF-α pode estar influenciando o desfecho de pacientes criticamente enfermos

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30

Powell, Robert. "Analysis of HIV-1 tat-TAR RNA interactions in vivo." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239314.

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Бевз, Т., Г. Мартинюк, С. Куляс, О. Попович, and Л. Медведєва. "Особливості клінічного перебігу та прогнозу хронічного гепатиту С при поліморфізмі гену TLR4." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/64380.

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Згідно офіційної статистики, в Україні станом на 1 січня 2014 р. близько 3% наслення хворі на ВГС. Приблизно у 85% всіх інфікованих розвивається хронічний гепатит С, що призводить до розвитку цирозу печінки у 20% (протягом 20 років) і гепатоцелюлярної карциноми у 7% пацієнтів. Відсутність специфічної імунопрофілактики; побічні ефекти та стійкість до лікування, яке є високовартісним – все це диктує необхідність пошуку нових шляхів оптимізації діагностики та лікування хворих на хронічний вірусний гепатит С.
The clinical investigation discusses the connection between TLR4-polymorphysm and the liver fibrosis progression degree, HCV viral load among patients with chronic HCV-hepatitis for diagnostics and treatment improvement in such individuals.

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Bunse, Mario. "RNAi-mediated knockdown of the endogenous TCR improves safety of immunotherapy with TCR gene-modified T cells." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17155.

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Durch den Transfer der Gene des heterodimeren T-Zellrezeptors (TZR) mithilfe viraler Vektoren können T-Zellen programmiert werden, ein ausgewähltes Antigen spezifisch zu erkennen. In klinischen Studien wurden solche T-Zellen bereits mit Erfolg zur Immuntherapie von Krebs und viralen Infektionen eingesetzt. Genmodifizierte T-Zellen unterscheiden sich jedoch von normalen T-Zellen, weil sie neben den beiden zelleigenen auch die zwei übertragenen TZR-Gene exprimieren. Diese Situation erlaubt die Bildung vier verschiedener TZR-Heterodimere: der zelleigene TZR, der übertragene TZR und zwei gemischte TZR, bestehend aus je einer übertragenen und einer zelleigenen TZR-Kette. Gemischte TZR bergen das Risiko von Nebenwirkungen, weil sie durch Zufall gesundes Körpergewebe erkennen und so Autoimmunität auslösen könnten. In dieser Arbeit wurden deshalb virale Vektoren entwickelt, die gleichzeitig mit der Übertragung von neuen TZR-Genen den zelleigenen TZR durch RNA Interferenz (RNAi) unterdrücken. Mikro-RNA (miRNA), die in den Vektor MP71 eingefügt wurden, reduzierten den zelleigenen TZR in Maus-T-Zellen um mehr als 85%. Dies hatte zur Folge, dass beide Ketten des übertragenen P14-TZR in gleicher Menge auf der Zelloberfläche exprimiert wurden und die Bildung von gemischten TZR reduziert wurde. In einem Mausmodell der adoptiven T-Zelltherapie verhinderte die Unterdrückung des zelleigenen TZR die Entstehung von Autoimmunität, die andernfalls durch gemischte TZR verursacht wurde. Im Gegensatz dazu führte die Anwendung von gentechnisch optimierten P14-TZR-Genen weder zur angeglichenen Oberflächenexpression der P14-TZR Ketten noch zu weniger Autoimmunität im Mausmodell. Ein anderes Tierexperiment zeigte, dass die miRNA die Funktion der genmodifizierten T-Zellen nicht beeinträchtigte. Schließlich wurde ein viraler Vektor entwickelt und getestet, der die Expression des zelleigenen TZR in menschlichen T-Zellen effektiv unterdrückte und die Bildung von gemischten TZR reduzieren konnte.
T cells can be genetically modified using viral vectors. The transfer of genes encoding both chains of the heterodimeric T cell receptor (TCR) programs T cells to specifically react towards an antigen of choice. Such TCR gene-modified T cells were already successfully applied in clinical studies to treat cancer and viral infections. However, in contrast to nonmanipulated T cells these cells express the transferred TCR in addition to the endogenous TCR and this situation allows the assembly of four different TCR heterodimers: the endogenous TCR, the transferred TCR, and two mixed TCR dimers, composed of one endogenous and one transferred TCR chain. The formation of mixed TCR dimers represents a safety issue because they may by chance recognize self-antigens and thereby cause autoimmune side effects. To overcome this problem, an RNAi-TCR replacement vector was developed that simultaneously silences the endogenous TCR and expresses an RNAi-resistant therapeutic TCR. The expression of miRNA encoded by a retroviral MP71 vector in transduced mouse T cells reduced the surface levels of the endogenous TCR by more than 85%. The knockdown of the endogenous TCR in turn resulted in equal surface expression levels of both transferred P14 TCR chains and prevented the formation of mixed TCR dimers. Accordingly, the development of lethal mixed TCR dimer-dependent autoimmunity (TI-GVHD) in a mouse model of adoptive T cell therapy was dramatically reduced by the knockdown of the endogenous TCR. In contrast, the usage of genetically optimized TCR genes neither resulted in equal surface levels of both P14 TCR chains nor in reduced autoimmunity. A second mouse model demonstrated that the in vivo functionality of the transduced T cells was not negatively influenced by the expression of the miRNA. Finally, an RNAi-TCR replacement vector for human T cells was developed that effectively reduced the expression of the endogenous TCR and prevented the formation of mixed TCR dimers.

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Oliveira, Naila Francis Paulo de. "Analise de metilação no promotor dos genes IL8, TLR2 e TLR4 em celulas epiteliais da mucosa bucal e celulas do tecido gengival de individuos fumantes e não fumantes com periodontite cronica." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288545.

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Orientador: Ana Paula de Souza Pardo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: A doença periodontal crônica é caracterizada pela inflamação e destruição dos tecidos periodontais, podendo levar à perda dos dentes. Está claro que a periodontite é influenciada pela genética do hospedeiro, constituição do biofilme bucal e o hábito de fumar. Sabe-se que a interleucina 8 (IL-8) é a principal molécula atrativa de neutrófilos. Essas células são as primeiras a chegar aos locais inflamados e além de realizar fagocitose, participam também da destruição do tecido periodontal. Sabe-se também que os patógenos que causam a periodontite são reconhecidos por proteínas receptoras de membrana denominadas receptores Toll-like (TLR), que uma vez acionados iniciam a resposta imune inata. IL8 e TLRs são expressos constitutivamente por células bucais e estão superexpressos na periodontite. Em particular, a IL-8 está ainda aumentada em indivíduos com periodontite crônica fumantes. A expressão gênica é controlada por diferentes mecanismos, incluindo a metilação de DNA. A metilação em dinucleotídeos CpG presentes em promotores de genes inibe a expressão do gene, podendo silenciar por completo a expressão gênica. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o padrão de metilação no DNA nas regiões promotoras dos genes IL8, TLR2 e TLR4 em células bucais e sanguíneas de indivíduos com periodontite crônica fumantes e não fumantes. Também, analisar os níveis de transcritos destes genes quando encontrado diferença no padrão de metilação entre os grupos, a fim de associar o padrão de metilação com a transcrição gênica. Amostras de DNA foram purificadas de células da mucosa bucal, de tecido gengival e tecido sanguíneo de indivíduos saudáveis e com periodontite crônica fumantes e não fumantes. A metilação no gene IL8 foi investigada pela transformação com bissulfito de sódio seguida pela técnica de PCR Específica para Metilação. A análise de metilação nos genes TLR2 e TLR4 foi realizada utilizando o método de Digestão Enzimática Sensível à Metilação. Após o tratamento pelo bissulfito de sódio (IL8) ou digestão enzimática (TLRs), DNA foi amplificado por PCR, submetido à eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida 10% corado pelo SYBR Gold. Os níveis de transcritos foram analisados utilizando PCR Quantitativo. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de x2 e Kruskal-Wallis para metilação e expressão gênica, respectivamente. A correlação entre metilação versus expressão foi realizada a partir do teste de coeficiente não linear de Spearman. Os resultados indicam que para células epiteliais da mucosa bucal, a frequência de desmetilação no gene da IL8 é maior no grupo periodontite crônica, independente do hábito de fumar, em comparação ao grupo saudável (p<0,0001). Não foram detectadas diferenças no padrão de metilação no tecido gengival e sanguíneo entre os grupos. Foram encontrados maiores níveis de transcritos de IL-8 no grupo periodontite em comparação ao grupo saudável (p=0,007), entretanto, não há relação entre o padrão de metilação e expressão gênica (p>0,05). Para o gene TLR2, não foram detectadas diferenças no padrão de metilação entre os grupos em nenhum tecido estudado (p>0,05). Para o gene TLR4, foi encontrada massiva desmetilação na mucosa bucal e para tecido gengival a desmetilação foi ainda maior, principalmente dentro do grupo periodontite (p=0,03).
Abstract: Chronic periodontal disease is characterized by inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissues, culminating in teeth loss. It is clear that periodontitis is influenced by host genetic, biofilm, and smoking habit. There are some important molecules involved on the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Interleukin (IL-8) is responsible for inducing chemotaxis, which is the directed migration of neutrophil to a site of inflammation. Neutrophil contributes to the elimination of the infecting bacteria and tissue destruction. Infecting bacteria are recognized by transmembrane receptors called Toll-like receptors (TLR), which recognized molecular pattern of microorganisms. The recognition of a variety of microorganisms components by individual TLRs induces innate immune responses. IL8 and TLRs are constitutively expressed by buccal cells and they are upregulated during periodontitis. Genetic transcription is regulated by different pathways, including DNA methylation. Methylation in CpG dinucleotides of gene promoters downregulates the levels of transcription and may even silence the gene transcription completely. So, the objective of this study was to analyze the pattern of DNA methylation in the promoter region of IL8, TLR2 and TLR4 genes in oral cells and blood tissue from healthy subjects and subjects with chronic periodontitis smokers and non-smokers. We also investigated the levels of mRNA expressed when different methylation status were found amoung groups. DNA samples were purified from buccal mucosa, gingival tissue and blood tissue of healthy subjects and subjects with chronic periodontitis smokers and non-smokers. Methylation of IL8 gene was investigated using sodium bisulphite modification followed by Methylation Specific PCR. Methylation analysis of TLRs genes were performed using Specific Methylation-Sensitive Restriction Enzymes. After sodium bisulphate modification (IL8) or enzymatic digestion (TLR2 and TLR4), DNA was amplified by PCR and the results were visualized after electrophoresis on 10% polyacrylamide gels stained by SYBR Gold. Levels of mRNA were analised using Real Time PCR. The statistical analysis was performed using the test of x2 and Kruskal-Wallis test for methylation status and gene expression, respectively. The correlation among methylation status versus gene expression was performed using no linear coefficient test of Spearman. The results indicate that frequency of IL8 gene demethylation is higher in individuals with chronic periodontitis, independent of smoking habit, than healthy group (p<0.0001). Differences were not detected in the methylation status in gingival tissue and blood tissue among the groups. Higher levels of IL-8 mRNA are expressed in periodontitis group than healthy group (p=0.007), however, we did not observe a relationship between IL8 gene methylation and gene expression. No significant difference was observed for TLR2 gene promoter among groups in all studied tissues (p>0.05). TLR4 gene promoter showed massive demethylation in oral mucosa and for gingival tissue it was even higher, mainly in periodontitis group (p=0.03).
Doutorado
Histologia e Embriologia
Doutor em Biologia Buco-Dental

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Hotblack, A. C. "Characterising the role of dendritic cells in TCR gene therapy." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1537265/.

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Adoptive transfer of T cell receptor (TCR) gene-modified T cells is a promising field of tumour immunology. However whilst these cells can potently control tumour growth, this occurs in only a subset of patients. In order to devise new strategies to improve the anti-tumour response we need a clear understanding of the mechanisms by which transferred T cells are activated to kill tumours. Whilst dendritic cells (DC) are required to activate and control T cell function in adaptive immune responses it is not known whether control of tumours by adoptively transferred T cells depends on similar interactions with endogenous DC. To address this the CD11c.DTR model was used to transiently deplete DC in mice with established B16.F10 sub-cutaneous tumours after having been treated with TCR-transduced T cells. Unexpectedly we found that depletion of CD11c+ cells facilitates enhanced expansion and effector-phenotype differentiation of the transferred T cells. This appears to be mediated by depletion of a DC population with regulatory capabilities. However depletion of DC in the closely related CD11c.DOG model fails to promote accumulation of TCR-transduced T cells. Indeed, in this model DC depletion leads to less T cell infiltration into tumours. These contrasting results following depletion likely reflect the heterogeneous CD11c+/DC compartment in the tumour, where different populations contribute pro- or anti-inflammatory roles. Nonetheless these data suggest that TCR-transduced T cells interact with the endogenous immune system, although the exact nature of this interaction requires further investigation.

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Prioli, Renato Alves [UNESP]. "Caracterização da variabilidade de genes relacionados à fisiologia do sistema imune em equinos da raça mangalarga." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92578.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a padronização de metodologia alternativa de genotipagem do SNP AY_731081:g.1900T>C do gene CD14 equino por PCR-RFLP, bem como a caracterização em equinos da raça Mangalarga deste e de outros dois polimorfismos, o AY_005808: c.1530A>G do TLR4 e o AX_463789: g.133T>C do Cε, a fim de promover o embasamento necessário para futuras pesquisas visando associação entre marcadores de DNA e características relacionadas à fisiologia do sistema imune na raça. Para tanto, foram utilizados 151 animais Mangalarga, de ambos os sexos e de idades variadas, representativos da população do estado de São Paulo. O método de PCR-RFLP mostrou-se adequado para a genotipagem do SNP AY_731081: g.1900T>C do gene CD14 equino. Entretanto, tal polimorfismo provavelmente não ocorre em equinos Mangalarga, impossibilitando estudos de associação com o marcador na raça. Os parâmetros genético-populacionais obtidos para os polimorfismos AY_005808:c.1530A>G do gene TLR4 e o AX_463789:g.133T>C do gene Cε demonstraram a possibilidade de realização de pesquisas visando a associação entre os marcadores e características relacionadas ao sistema imune na raça Mangalarga
The objective of this work was to contribute to the molecular characterization of the equine Mangalarga, aiming at future studies on the association of DNA polymorphisms and traits associated with the immune system physiology of this equine breed. An alternative PCR-RFLP genotyping method was developed for the SNP AY_731081:g.1900T>C, in the gene CD14. Furthermore, this SNP plus the AY_005808: c.1530A>G, in the gene TLR4, and the AX_463789: g.133T>C, in the gene Cε, were used to analyze 151 Mangalarga individuals. The analyzed horses are representative of the São Paulo State population and consisted of male and female animals of several ages. The PCR-RLP method has been demonstrated to be suitable for equine genotyping using the SNP AY_731081: g.1900T>C of the gene CD14. However, this polymorphism is apparently absent in the Mangalarga breed. The population genetic data obtained for the polymorphisms AY_005808:c.1530A>G, of the gene TLR4, and the AX_463789:g.133T>C, in the gene Cε, indicated the feasibility of these SNPs for further studies aiming at the association of molecular markers with traits related to the immune system of the Mangalarga horse breed

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Skaggs, Hollie Suzanne. "IMPLICATIONS FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE HEAT SHOCK TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND THE TRANSLOCATED PROMOTER REGION PROTEIN." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/503.

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The heat-shock response is one of the many complex physiological systems that organisms have developed in order to protect their cells against stress. This response is initiated by the binding of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) to the promoters of genes containing heat-shock elements (HSEs,) which results in the expression of several proteins, among them the proteo-protective inducible heat-shock protein (hsp70i). Due to HSF1s critical role in this process, an active area of research is trying to understand of how HSF1 executes its function. Considering the rapidity with which the field of cell biology is expanding, in particular the sub-field of nuclear compartmentalization, this study seeks to understand how nuclear structure affects the function of HSF1. Specifically, this study investigates the potential role for the interaction between HSF1 and the translocated promoter region protein (Tpr,) a structural component of the nuclear pore, an interaction initially identified by yeast two-hybrid analysis, in the transcription of hsp70i. Due to Tprs location and its putative function in nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking, this works seeks to answer to the question, Does Tpr play a role in the export of HSF1-driven mRNAs? In a similar vein, heat-shock transcription factor 2 (HSF2,) a less well-understood member of the heat-shock transcription factor family, also interacts with Tpr in the yeast two-hybrid assay. HSF2 has recently been shown to have an active role during mitosis, when the hsp70i gene is being bookmarked for potential expression that might be needed in early G1, when most genes are unable to be expressed. This body of work also seeks to answer the question of, Does the Tpr/HSF2 interaction have a role in positioning the gene in relation to the nuclear pore after mitosis? This study was performed using both novel and standard in vivo and in vitro molecular biology techniques. It ultimately aims to clarify the less understood, although much broader, subject of how does transcription occur in the three-dimensional space of the nucleus.

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Andersson, Anna. "Hur pojkar och flickor tar och får ordet i klassrummet. : Ur ett genusperspektiv." Thesis, Södertörn University College, Lärarutbildningen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2977.

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The text is about behaviour and appearance of boys and girls in the classroom in a gender perspective. How are the boys and girls placed in the classroom, and does this affect them in any way? How boys and girls are called on to speak. Is the teacher fare in the allocation of speech? There are a lot of differences between the genders, boys and girls are placed in a special way. In the two schools that I have done the research in shows that boys and girls are placed girl-boy-girl-boy so the boys can get more done during the class with the girls placed next to them. How and in what way they get the attention and the direction to talk is also a situation where they get treated differently. The boys often got to speak before the girls if there were waving there hands heavily for example and sometimes got to speak even if a girl already where speaking. The boys spoke whenever they felt like, even if it wasn’t there turn. This study is written to help teachers and for others to get a good look of the classroom in gender perspective.

Keywords: gender differences, gender, classroom

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Andrade, Alexandre Dorth de. "Regulação da expressão de genes da família Wfdc (Whey-acidic protein four disufide core) por estímulo inflamatório no epidídimo de camundongos potenciais funções imunológicas e reprodutivas /." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/191002.

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Orientador: Erick José Ramo da Silva
Resumo: O epidídimo é responsável por transformar os espermatozoides imaturos em células funcionalmente competentes, capazes de adquirir motilidade progressiva e de reconhecer e fertilizar o oócito. Além disso, o epidídimo é primordial para proteger e armazenar o gameta masculino antes da ejaculação. Alterações da fisiologia epididimária podem afetar a sua função, causando infertilidade masculina. A inflamação do epidídimo, conhecida como epididimite, é uma das doenças mais prevalentes do trato urogenital masculino, sendo um fator relevante de infertilidade masculina. Sua principal etiologia envolve a invasão de bactérias, como Escherichia coli, via ascensão retrógrada pela uretra. O epidídimo expressa constitutivamente diversos componentes do sistema imunológico inato, incluindo os receptores do tipo Toll (TLRs), como o TLR4, que é ativado pelo lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de bactérias Gram-negativas, além de proteínas com atividade antimicrobiana, como os inibidores da protease do tipo WFDC (Whey-acidic protein four disufide core), indicando que este órgão está em constante estado de alerta para combater infecções bacterianas. Além da ação antimicrobiana e inibidora de protease, as proteínas WFDC apresentam ação anti-inflamatória, imunomoduladora e sobre a função espermática, sendo proteínas multifuncionais no trato reprodutor masculino. Neste estudo, testamos a hipótese de que a expressão de genes Wfdc no epidídimo é modificada por estímulos inflamatórios, como parte da resposta tecid... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The epididymis is responsible for transforming immature sperm into functionally competent cells capable of acquiring progressive motility and recognizing and fertilizing the oocyte. In addition, the epididymis is paramount for protecting and storing the male gamete before ejaculation. Changes in epididymal physiology may affect sperm maturation, transport or storage, causing male infertility. Epididymal inflammation, known as epididymitis, is one of the most prevalent diseases of the male urogenital tract, being a relevant factor of male infertility. Its main etiology involves the invasion of bacteria, such as E. coli, through retrograde ascension through the urethra. The epididymis constitutively expresses several elements of the innate immune system, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), like the TLR4, which is activated by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria, as well as proteins with antimicrobial activity, like the WFDC (Whey-acidic difulfide core)-type protease inhibitors, indicating that this organ is constantly alert to fight bacterial infections. In addition to antimicrobial and protease inhibitory activities, WFDC proteins show anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and reproductive functions, being multifunctional proteins in the male reproductive tract. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Wfdc gene expression in the epididymis is modified by inflammatory stimuli as part of tissue defense mechanisms to microbial aggression. For that, we char... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Laboucarié, Thomas. "Régulation de l’expression des gènes par le coactivateur transcriptionnel SAGA en réponse aux nutriments." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT005/document.

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La régulation de l’expression des gènes joue un rôle fondamental dans la réponse et l’adaptation des cellules à leur environnement. L'expression des gènes peut être régulée à plusieurs étapes distinctes, mais un niveau de contrôle critique est l’initiation de la transcription. Celle-ci implique le recrutement séquentiel de nombreux régulateurs différents, dont les complexes co-activateurs. De nombreuses études ont démontré et caractérisé leurs fonctions dans la transcription. Cependant, il est moins bien compris comment les co-activateurs sont directement régulés par les conditions environnementales. Des travaux précédents de mon laboratoire de thèse ont montré, dans la levure fissipare Schizosaccharomyces pombe, que le complexe co-activateur SAGA contrôle l’expression des gènes en réponse aux nutriments et contribue ainsi à l’équilibre entre la prolifération cellulaire et la différenciation sexuelle. L’objectif de mon travail de thèse a été de comprendre comment le complexe SAGA répond à la disponibilité en nutriments et régule l’expression des gènes de différenciation. Pour cela, j’ai combiné des approches de génétique, de biochimie et de protéomique quantitative. Des analyses d’interactions génétiques m’ont permis de montrer que SAGA, par l’intermédiaire de sa sous-unité acétyltransférase Gcn5, contrôle l’équilibre entre prolifération et différenciation en aval des voies de signalisation TORC1 et TORC2. Puis, des études biochimiques ont établi que les voies de signalisation TORC1 et TORC2 contrôlent SAGA via la phosphorylation différentielle d’une sous-unité architecturale du complexe, nommée Taf12. En effet, lorsque les nutriments sont présents, TORC1 active la phosphatase PP2A, via la kinase Greatwall, pour déphosphoryler Taf12. Au contraire, la carence en nutriments active la voie de signalisation TORC2-AKT, qui permet la phosphorylation de Taf12, afin de moduler l’intensité de la réponse de différenciation. Nous avons également identifié d’autres sous-unités de SAGA qui sont différentiellement phosphorylées en fonction du niveau en nutriments et qui pourraient donc également contribuer à la régulation de SAGA. Notamment, nous avons observé que les sous-unités Ada3 et Sgf29, impliquées dans la régulation de l’activité de Gcn5, sont également phosphorylées dans les conditions carencées en nutriments. Enfin, j’ai observé que TORC2 et Gcn5 contrôlent la transition G2/M de façon synergique, suggérant que SAGA et les voies de signalisation des kinases TOR interagissent fonctionnellement dans le contrôle d’autres processus. Mon travail révèle que SAGA est une cible directe des voies de signalisation qui détectent les nutriments et établit un nouveau mécanisme par lequel TORC1 et TORC2 convergent pour contrôler l’expression génique et le destin cellulaire
The regulation of gene expression plays a fundamental role in the ability of cells to respond to external changes. One critical level of regulation is transcription, which is controlled by large complexes with many distinct activities. Little is known about how these activities integrate developmental or environmental signals to regulate transcription. We are using S. pombe as a model system to address this issue, in the context of cell fate control by nutrient availability. Previous work in the lab has established that, in this yeast, the SAGA co-activator complex controls whether cells proliferate or not in response to nutrients. Following up on these observations, we determined which nutrient-sensing signaling pathways regulate SAGA activities. A comprehensive genetic approach demonstrated that SAGA functions downstream of the TOR kinase-containing complexes, TORC1 and TORC2. In parallel, quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of the SAGA complex revealed that the Taf12 subunit is differentially phosphorylated, depending on nutrient levels. In agreement with our genetic analyses, Taf12 phosphorylation depends on the PP2A phosphatase, which we found is activated by TORC1 when nutrients are present. Conversely, upon nutrient starvation, TORC2 is activated allowing the AKT kinase to phosphorylate Taf12. We are now testing the in vivo roles of these modifications as well as their impact on SAGA functions at nutrient-regulated promoters. Altogether, our results contribute to a better understanding of the control of transcription by signal transduction pathways

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Olausson, Maria, and Camilla Lindström. ""Vilken snygg overall och sen tar vi dina coola vantar." : En observationsstudie om pedagogers bemötande av barn i förskolan ur ett genusperspektiv." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Education, Psychology and Sport Science, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-5492.

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Syftet med studien var att observera pedagogers verbala och icke verbala bemötande av flickor och pojkar. Vi ville ta reda om bemötandet av flickor och pojkar skiljde sig åt utifrån de traditionella könsmönstren. Vi har gjort en kvalitativ studie som bygger på observationer som har gjorts på tre olika förskolor i södra Sverige. I observationerna som vi genomförde låg huvudfokus på pedagogerna. Observationerna har gjorts med videokamera och vi förde även anteckningar. Vårt resultat visar på att pedagogernas bemötande av flickor respektive pojkar inte var så utpräglat enligt de traditionella könsmönstren, dock fann vi skillnader utifrån bemötandet av pedagogerna gentemot flickor och pojkar. Flickorna får till övervägande delen klara sig själva i tamburen då det gäller av- och påklädning. Vissa pojkar fick mer närhet samtidigt som flickorna i högre grad inte fick det. När det gäller tillsägelser fanns skillnader då pojkarna fick mer direkta tillsägelser, medan flickorna fick mer resonerande tillsägelser. Det förekom även tillfällen då pedagogerna utmanade tankarna om att det inte går att resonera med pojkar, då pedagogen vid en konfliktsituation löste den genom att resonera med både flickan och pojken utan att skuldbelägga någon av dem. Ett annat exempel var då en pedagog blev tillfrågad av barnen om utomhusaktiviteter. Pedagogen gjorde då ingen skillnad på barnen utifrån kön, utan föreslog att de kunde plocka fram grävskopan och öppna "byggen". Övervägande delen av resultatet visar på att det kan ha skett en förändring av pedagogernas bemötande när det gäller de tidigare fasta könsrollerna i samhället.

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Pakalnienė, Jolita. "Genų, koduojančių penktą chemokino ir trečią Toll-like receptorius, polimorfizmų reikšmė erkinio encefalito viruso infekcijos metu." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140930_085230-33015.

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Erkinis encefalitas (EE) – pati dažniausia ir sunkiausia virusinė nervų sistemos infekcija Lietuvoje, kuria per metus vidutiniškai suserga 400 žmonių. Užsikrėtus EE virusu (EEV), galima besimptomė arba klinikinius požymius sukelianti ligos eiga, turinti platų požymių spektrą – nuo lengvos, meningitinės ligos formos iki sunkaus encefalito. Nors mirštamumas nuo EE yra nedidelis, svarbiausia problema – ilgai trunkantis sveikimo laikotarpis ir ilgalaikiai liekamieji reiškiniai, kurie būdingi 26–46 proc. persirgusiųjų. Neaišku, kodėl užsikrėtę identiško virulentiškumo virusu, vieni žmonės perserga besimptome arba lengva EE forma, o kitiems atsiranda sunkus nervų sistemos pažeidimas. Manoma, kad didelę reikšmę turi žmogaus genetiniai veiksniai. Nesant specifinio priešvirusinio EE gydymo, šios sunkios centrinės nervų sistemos infekcijos patogenezės ir genetinių rizikos veiksnių tyrimai yra ypač svarbūs, siekiant nustatyti galimas veiksmingo gydymo paieškos kryptis ateityje. Šio darbo tikslas – nustatyti CCR5 ir TLR3 genų polimorfizmų paplitimą tarp EE sirgusių asmenų ir šių genų polimorfizmų reikšmę polinkiui sirgti EE bei skirtingoms EE klinikinėms formoms išsivystyti. Šis darbas yra didžiausias iki šiol atliktas genetinių veiksnių reikšmės EEV infekcijos metu tyrimas ir pirmasis tokio pobūdžio vaikų tyrimas. Tyrimo rezultatai patvirtino hipotezę, kad nefunkcionuojantis CCR5 ir funkcionuojantis TLR3 yra reikšmingi simptominės EE formos išsivystymo veiksniai, užsikrėtus EEV.
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most common and severe viral infection of the central nervous system in Lithuania, with the average number of 400 cases per year. The clinical spectrum of TBE virus infection varies considerably from asymptomatic to mild meningitis or severe encephalitis. Although the mortality of TBE is relatively low, as many as 26–46% of the patients experience long-lasting sequelae. No specific treatment for TBE exists. A most intriguing question is why certain individuals respond with seve¬re clinical symptoms after infection with TBEV while the majority either remains asymptomatic or develops only mild disease. Studies of host genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases aim to in¬crea¬se our understanding of why some individuals are more susceptable than others. Knowledge of genetic susceptibility may be used in develope¬ment of new therapeutic means and also to recognize individuals who are at increased risk of severe symptoms if infected with a pathogen. The aim of this study – to establish the prevalence of the polymorphisms in CCR5 and TLR3 genes in TBE patients and their role in susceptibility to clinical TBE and disease severity. This study is the largest study on the host genetic risk factors predis¬posing to TBEV infection, and the first study of such kind performed in the pediatric population. The results of this study confirmed that a non¬func¬tional CCR5 protein and a functional TLR3 receptor are associated with the clinical expression... [to full text]

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Bethune, Michael T., Marvin H. Gee, Mario Bunse, Mark S. Lee, Eric H. Gschweng, Meghana S. Pagadala, Jing Zhou, et al. "Domain-swapped T cell receptors improve the safety of TCR gene therapy." ELIFE SCIENCES PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622825.

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T cells engineered to express a tumor-specific αβ T cell receptor (TCR) mediate anti-tumor immunity. However, mispairing of the therapeutic αβ chains with endogenous αβ chains reduces therapeutic TCR surface expression and generates self-reactive TCRs. We report a general strategy to prevent TCR mispairing: swapping constant domains between the α and β chains of a therapeutic TCR. When paired, domain-swapped (ds)TCRs assemble with CD3, express on the cell surface, and mediate antigen-specific T cell responses. By contrast, dsTCR chains mispaired with endogenous chains cannot properly assemble with CD3 or signal, preventing autoimmunity. We validate this approach in cell-based assays and in a mouse model of TCR gene transfer-induced graft-versus-host disease. We also validate a related approach whereby replacement of αβ TCR domains with corresponding γδ TCR domains yields a functional TCR that does not mispair. This work enables the design of safer TCR gene therapies for cancer immunotherapy.

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Hörtin, Matilda, and Niki Karimgholipour. "Man tar plats : en kvalitativ studie om könsskillnader i chefers uppfattningar om karriärmöjligheter." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-125676.

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Denna uppsats är en induktiv kvalitativ studie som avser att undersöka och belysa eventuella skillnader mellan kvinnliga och manliga chefers uppfattningar om karriärmöjligheter ur ett genusperspektiv. Metoden är semi-strukturerade intervjuer med sex chefer på två olika nivåer från tre olika avdelningar på ett statligt ägt företag. Datamaterialet behandlas med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och tre olika teman lyfts fram som fokusområden, där materialet återkopplas till tidigare forskning, begrepp och teori: uppfattningar om attityder och stöd från företaget, uppfattningar om strukturella faktorer, samt uppfattningar om kombinationen av familj och karriär. Resultatet tyder på att individuella skillnader är mer framträdande än könsskillnader, men det går att se tendenser till könsskillnader inom våra fokusområden: (1) att de kvinnliga cheferna tenderar att vara mindre nöjda med sina karriärmöjligheter samt verkar uppleva ett lägre stöd från företaget än de manliga cheferna, (2) att varken de kvinnliga eller manliga cheferna anser att det finns negativa attityder eller könsstrukturer på arbetsplatsen mot ett specifikt kön, men att det dock finns en indikation på att de manliga cheferna kan gynnas av att vara i minoritetsposition, och (3) att de kvinnliga cheferna verkar ha en större ansvarskänsla för och påverkas mer av familjen i sina karriärer än de manliga cheferna. Det diskuteras dock att det är svårt att avgöra om skillnaderna beror på faktiskt upplevda skillnader eller om de har sin grund i genusskillnader i form av beteenden, uppfattningar och värderingar.

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Pettersson, Klara, Josefin Andersson, Georgina Figueroa, and Sufola Mrong. "En individ tar form : - olika identitetsskapande processer under barn- och ungdomsåren." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Social and Welfare Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9151.

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Denna antologi tar upp barn och ungdomars livsvillkor i nutid och belyser identitetsskapande i olika sammanhang. Vi utgår ifrån att den identitetsskapande processen i stor utsträckning påverkas av social interaktion. Alla har vi belyst olika aspekter av vardagliga sociala sammanhang som kan vara betydelsefulla för barn och ungdomar. Våra fyra studier omfattar skolelevers identitetsutveckling från lågstadiet till gymnasiet.

Den första delen i antologin innefattar barn i åldrarna sju till åtta år och deras identitetsskapande tillsammans med andra barn och lärare i skolmiljön. Därefter behandlas högstadieelevers uppfattning om skolmiljöns betydelse för identitetsskapandet. Den tredje delen lyfter fram hur gymnasieungdomar och lärare resonerar kring grupptryck samt utanförskap och gemenskap. Avslutningsvis tas gymnasietjejers livsvillkor upp i en studie av identitet i relation till andras och egna förväntningar på hur en tjej ska vara.

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Börlin, Monica. "Riktiga män tar plats! : En undersökning av faktaböcker för barn ur ett genusperspektiv." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-104809.

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Detta är en undersökning om huruvida faktaböcker för barn är jämställda eller inte. Syftet är att undersöka moderna faktaböcker för barn ur ett genusperspektiv genom att studera böckernas texter på lexikal nivå och textnivå samt genom att studera bilderna. I tre olika nyligen utgivna faktaböcker varav en handlar om kroppen, en om rymden och en om dinosaurier, har jag räknat antal ord som syftar på kvinnor och män, analyserat vilka roller de orden får med hjälp av den systemisk-funktionella grammatikens ideationella metafunktion samt gett en snabb inblick i hur mycket kvinnor och män syns på böckernas bilder. Genom att göra detta hoppas jag få svar på huruvida faktaböckerna framställer en jämställd bild av kvinnor och män eller inte. Resultatet visar att ord som syftar på män används betydligt oftare än ord som syftar på kvinnor och dessutom beskrivs orden som syftar på män mer utförligt än orden som syftar på kvinnor. Ord som syftar på män får oftare rollen som förstadeltagare, alltså den aktiva i satsen, medan ord som syftar på kvinnor oftare får rollen som andradeltagare, alltså den som påverkas av skeendet i satsen. Bilderna visar att verkliga män som lever eller har levt ofta syns på foton och illustrationer, medan inga verkliga kvinnor som lever eller har levt syns på bild. Faktaböckerna presenterar därmed på en ojämställd bild där män framställs som aktiva samt synliggörs på bilder medan kvinnor framställs som mindre aktiva samt osynliggörs då de inte syns på bilder i lika hög grad som männen.

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46

Mancini, Stéphane. "Différenciation des lymphocytes T et recombinaison des gènes du TCR : quel rôle pour le pré-TCR dans la régulation du réarrangement des gènes codant pour la chaîne [alpha] du TCR ?" Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10116.

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Les genes codant pour les chaines alpha et beta du recepteur a l'antigene des cellules t (tcr) sont rearranges sequentiellement durant la differenciation intrathymique des lymphocytes t, caracterisee par l'expression de plusieurs molecules membranaires, dont cd4 et cd8. Le rearrangement des genes tcrb, codant pour la chaine beta, intervient durant le stade cd4 8 (dn), et permet l'expression d'un pre-tcr comprenant la chaine beta, ptalpha et le complexe cd3, responsable de la transduction des signaux d'activation. L'assemblage du pre-tcr induit la maturation des thymocytes jusqu'au stade cd4 +8 + (dp). Il est generalement admis que les genes tcra, codant pour la chaine alpha, sont rearranges a la transition dn/dp, apres signalisation par le pre-tcr. Ma these a pour objet l'etude de la regulation des rearrangements des genes tcra, et du role du pre-tcr dans ce processus. L'inactivation du gene codant pour ptalpha entraine chez la souris un blocage partiel de la differenciation des lymphocytes t au stade dn. Nous avons montre que le repertoire des chaines tcralpha exprimees chez ces animaux est essentiellement normal. Il semble donc que le pre-tcr ne soit pas requis pour le rearrangement et l'expression des genes tcra, et que ces evenements peuvent potentiellement se produire au stade dn. Nous avons poursuivi ces travaux en analysant le statut des genes tcra dans d'autres modeles de souris genetiquement modifiees ou la differenciation des thymocytes est bloquee au stade dn. Nous avons pu formellement demontrer, pour la premiere fois, la presence de rearrangements tcra des le stade dn, en absence de signaux issus de cd3, du pre-tcr ou du tcr. Enfin, nous avons etudie la reponse a l'irradiation des thymocytes de souris n'exprimant pas cd3. L'irradiation conduit a l'induction des rearrangements tcra et a la reprise de la differenciation a la fois par des voies p53 dependantes et independantes.

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47

Johansson, Anna. "Jämlikhet, kvinnlighet och igenkännande : en uppsats som tar kvinnors erfarenheter på allvar." Thesis, University of Gävle, Ämnesavdelningen för religionsvetenskap, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-3825.

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Detta är en uppsats som bland annat försöker ge förslag på hur man kan skapa ett jämlikt gudstjänstspråk som inte legitimerar mäns överordning och kvinnors underordning. För i dagens gudstjänst talar man om Gud och Jesus/Kristus med manliga ord som utesluter att Gud också har en kvinnlig sida. Trots att det står i bibeln att Gud skapade mannen och kvinnan till sin avbild. I den här uppsatsen har jag med hjälp av den hermeneutiska metoden försökt besvara frågan; Är jämlikhet något för Svenska Kyrkan?

Jag har valt att skriva uppsatsen ur ett feministteologiskt perspektiv eftersom denna, i likhet med den hermeneutiska metoden, utgår från erfarenheter. Eftersom det är i gudstjänstspråket som Svenska Kyrkans tro kommer till uttryck i tal och handling har jag valt att avgränsa mig till detta område. Uppsatsens främsta utgångspunkt är att det i kristendomen finns en jämlikhetstanke. Denna grundar sig på att Gud är både man och kvinna och att inkarnationens poäng är att Jesus blev människa och inte man. Uppsatsens källor består av relevant litteratur, Internet-publiceringar och intervjuer med tre präster.

Med hjälp av allt detta har jag kommit fram till att jämlikhet kan vara något för Svenska Kyrkan om de är villiga att släppa in kvinnlighet och möjligheten för kvinnor att känna igen sig i Gud och Jesus/Kristus.

Uppsatsförfattaren har senare bytt efternamn till "Lundqvist".

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48

Ribeiro, Henrique Quintas Teixeira. "Papel da via do TLR-4 dependente do MyD88 na inflamação do tecido adiposo subcutâneo de pacientes com câncer e caquexia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42134/tde-14032014-151741/.

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A caquexia associada ao câncer deflagra, entre outros sintomas, uma acentuada redução de peso, além de um estado sistêmico inflamatório. O tecido adiposo branco é um importante órgão endócrino, capaz de sintetizar mediadores pró-inflamatórios, que contribuem para tal inflamação sistêmica. Há uma relação direta entre o aumento da ativação da via do receptor Toll-like 4 (TLR-4) dependente do fator 88 de diferenciação mielóide (MyD88) e a inflamação, e portanto, foi objetivo do presente estudo examinar o papel desta via no TAB subcutâneo de pacientes com câncer e caquexia. Os dados obtidos apontam que a via do TLR-4 dependente do MyD88 mostrou estar afetada no TAB destes pacientes.
Cancer cachexia triggers, among other symptoms, severe weight loss, as well as chronic systemic inflammation. The white adipose tissue (WAT) is an important endocrine organ, capable of synthesising pro-inflammatory mediators, which contribute to systemic inflammation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are pointed out to be responsible for WAT catabolism activation, increasing lipolysis and also contributing to cachexia associated systemic inflammation. There is parallelism between increased activation of the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) dependent Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) pathway and inflammation, and thus, the objective of this study was to examine the role of one such pathway in the inflammation of subcutaneous WAT in cachectic cancer patients. The data show that MyD88 dependent TLR-4 pathway is affected during cachexia.

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Brzezinski, Jennifer Lynn. "THE ROLE OF T CELL RECEPTOR Vβ GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin997381866.

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K, C. Mahesh. "Characterization of Avian TLR3 Gene: Alternative Splicing and Cleavage Activity on Its Ectodomain." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492622101173632.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'TLR Genes'

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