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Journal articles on the topic 'Tlp15'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 8 March 2025

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1

Wang, Jinlan, Zheng Zhang, Fen Chang, and Deling Yin. "Bioinformatics analysis of the structural and evolutionary characteristics for toll-like receptor 15." PeerJ 4 (May 25, 2016): e2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2079.

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important role in the innate immune system. TLR15 is reported to have a unique role in defense against pathogens, but its structural and evolution characterizations are still poorly understood. In this study, we identified 57 completed TLR15 genes from avian and reptilian genomes. TLR15 clustered into an individual clade and was closely related to family 1 on the phylogenetic tree. Unlike the TLRs in family 1 with the broken asparagine ladders in the middle, TLR15 ectodomain had an intact asparagine ladder that is critical to maintain the overall shape of ectodomain. The conservation analysis found that TLR15 ectodomain had a highly evolutionarily conserved region on the convex surface of LRR11 module, which is probably involved in TLR15 activation process. Furthermore, the protein–protein docking analysis indicated that TLR15 TIR domains have the potential to form homodimers, the predicted interaction interface of TIR dimer was formed mainly by residues from the BB-loops andαC-helixes. Although TLR15 mainly underwent purifying selection, we detected 27 sites under positive selection for TLR15, 24 of which are located on its ectodomain. Our observations suggest the structural features of TLR15 which may be relevant to its function, but which requires further experimental validation.
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2

Pan, Yuan, Yuting Jiang, Yingli Cui, Jihong Zhu, and Yang Yu. "Truncated Lactoferricin Peptide Controls Cervical Cancer Cell Proliferation via lncRNA-NKILA/NF-κB Feedback Loop." Protein & Peptide Letters 29, no. 3 (March 2022): 268–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866528666211206144110.

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Background: Lactoferricin peptide (LP) has been reported to control cancer cell proliferation. NF-κB interacting lncRNA (NKILA) is a tumor suppressor in several cancers. Objective: We aimed to explore the potential function of the truncated LP (TLP) in the prevention of cervical cancer cell proliferation. Methods: Bioinformatics analysis via PPA-Pred2 showed that 18-aa N-terminus of truncated lactoferricin peptide (TLP18, FKCRRWQWRMKKLGAPSI) shows higher affinity with nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) than LP. The effects of LP and TLP18 on cervical cancer cells SiHa and HeLa and the related mechanisms were explored by investigating NF-κB and lncRNA-NKILA. Results: TLP18 shows an inhibitory rate up to 0.4-fold higher than LP on the growth of cervical cancer cells (P<0.05). NKILA siRNA promoted cell growth whether LP or TLP18 treatment (P<0.05). TLP18 treatment increases the level of lncRNA-NKILA and reduces the level of NF-κB up to 0.2-fold and 0.6-fold higher than LP (P<0.05), respectively. NKILA siRNA increased the levels of NF-κB, cleaved caspase-3, and BAX (P<0.05). TLP18 increased apoptotic cell rate up to 0.2-fold higher than LP, while NKILA siRNA inhibited cell apoptosis cell growth even LP or TLP18 treatment. Conclusion: Truncated Lactoferricin peptide controls cervical cancer cell proliferation via lncRNA- NKILA/NF-κB feedback loop.
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3

Elgamoudi, Bassam A., Ekaterina P. Andrianova, Lucy K. Shewell, Christopher J. Day, Rebecca M. King, Taha, Hossinur Rahman, Lauren E. Hartley-Tassell, Igor B. Zhulin, and Victoria Korolik. "The Campylobacter jejuni chemoreceptor Tlp10 has a bimodal ligand-binding domain and specificity for multiple classes of chemoeffectors." Science Signaling 14, no. 664 (January 5, 2021): eabc8521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.abc8521.

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Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen that is a common cause of enteritis in humans. We identified a previously uncharacterized type of sensory domain in the periplasmic region of the C. jejuni chemoreceptor Tlp10, termed the DAHL domain, that is predicted to have a bimodular helical architecture. Through two independent ligand-binding sites in this domain, Tlp10 responded to molecular aspartate, isoleucine, fumarate, malate, fucose, and mannose as attractants and to arginine, galactose, and thiamine as repellents. Tlp10 also recognized glycan ligands when present as terminal and intermediate residues of complex structures, such as the fucosylated human ganglioside GM1 and Lewisa antigen. A tlp10 mutant strain lacking the ligand-binding sites was attenuated in its ability to colonize avian caeca and to adhere to cultured human intestinal cells, indicating the potential involvement of the DAHL domain in host colonization and disease. The Tlp10 intracellular signaling domain interacted with the scaffolding proteins CheV and CheW, which couple chemoreceptors to intracellular signaling machinery, and with the signaling domains of other chemoreceptors, suggesting a key role for Tlp10 in signal transduction and incorporation into sensory arrays. We identified the DAHL domain in other bacterial signal transduction proteins, including the essential virulence induction protein VirA from the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Together, these results suggest a potential link between Tlp10 and C. jejuni virulence.
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4

Higgs, Rowan, Paul Cormican, Sarah Cahalane, Brenda Allan, Andrew T. Lloyd, Kieran Meade, Tharappel James, David J. Lynn, Lorne A. Babiuk, and Cliona O'Farrelly. "Induction of a Novel Chicken Toll-Like Receptor following Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 3 (March 2006): 1692–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.74.3.1692-1698.2006.

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ABSTRACT Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of highly conserved molecules that initiate the innate immune response to pathogens by recognizing structural motifs expressed by microbes. We have identified a novel TLR, TLR15, by bioinformatic analysis of the chicken genome, which is distinct from any known vertebrate TLR and thus appears to be avian specific. The gene for TLR15 was sequenced and is found on chromosome 3, and it has archetypal TIR and transmembrane domains and a distinctive arrangement of extracellular leucine-rich regions. mRNA for TLR15 was detected in the spleen, bursa, and bone marrow of healthy chickens, suggesting a role for this novel receptor in constitutive host defense. Following in vivo Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection, quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated significant upregulation of TLR15 in the cecum of infected chickens. Interestingly, similar induction of TLR2 expression following infection was also observed. In vitro studies revealed TLR15 upregulation in chicken embryonic fibroblasts stimulated with heat-killed S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Collectively, these results suggest a role for the TLR in avian defense against bacterial infection. We hypothesize that TLR15 may represent an avian-specific TLR that has been either retained in chicken and lost in other taxa or gained in the chicken.
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5

Greer-Phillips, Suzanne E., Bonnie B. Stephens, and Gladys Alexandre. "An Energy Taxis Transducer Promotes Root Colonization by Azospirillum brasilense." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 19 (October 1, 2004): 6595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.19.6595-6604.2004.

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ABSTRACT Motility responses triggered by changes in the electron transport system are collectively known as energy taxis. In Azospirillum brasilense, energy taxis was shown to be the principal form of locomotor control. In the present study, we have identified a novel chemoreceptor-like protein, named Tlp1, which serves as an energy taxis transducer. The Tlp1 protein is predicted to have an N-terminal periplasmic region and a cytoplasmic C-terminal signaling module homologous to those of other chemoreceptors. The predicted periplasmic region of Tlp1 comprises a conserved domain that is found in two types of microbial sensory receptors: chemotaxis transducers and histidine kinases. However, the function of this domain is currently unknown. We characterized the behavior of a tlp1 mutant by a series of spatial and temporal gradient assays. The tlp1 mutant is deficient in (i) chemotaxis to several rapidly oxidizable substrates, (ii) taxis to terminal electron acceptors (oxygen and nitrate), and (iii) redox taxis. Taken together, the data strongly suggest that Tlp1 mediates energy taxis in A. brasilense. Using qualitative and quantitative assays, we have also demonstrated that the tlp1 mutant is impaired in colonization of plant roots. This finding supports the hypothesis that energy taxis and therefore bacterial metabolism might be key factors in determining host specificity in Azospirillum-grass associations.
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6

IBITOYE, E. B., I. H. LOKMAN, M. N. M. HEZMEE, Y. M. GOH, A. A. JIMOH, D. O. ISHOLA, M. I. NUR MAHIZA, and A. B. Z. ZUKI. "THE IMMUNE MODULATING POTENTIAL OF SUPPLEMENTING COBB500 BROILER CHICKENS WITH CRICKET AND SHRIMP CHITIN AND CHITOSAN." FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology 9, no. 3 (December 28, 2023): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/jaat.2023.0903.18.

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This study explored the potential impacts of cricket-derived chitin and chitosan on the immune systems of Cobb500 broilers. One hundred and fifty broiler chicks of the Cobb500 strain were randomly assigned to any one of the five dietary groups in order to accomplish this. While the first set of birds (group 1) were only served the basal diet with no supplementation, the second to fifth sets of birds (groups 2 to 5) were served a diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg of the following: cricket-chitin, cricket-chitosan, shrimp-chitin, and shrimp-chitosan. The bursa and spleen were weighed relative to the body weight, and qPCR was used to determine the spleen's relative expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), toll-like receptor 15 (TLR15), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes. After 42 days of dietary cricket-chitin, the bulk of the index immunological organs increased (P<0.05). At day 21, TLR4, TLR15, IL-1β, and iNOS expression were unaffected by chitin and chitosan, but at day 42, they were down-regulated (P<0.05). However, during day 21, dietary shrimp-derived chitosan enhanced (P<0.05) the relative expression of TLR4, TLR15, and IL-1β, whereas the expression of TLR15 was lowered (P<0.05) but that of TLR4 was increased by cricket-chitin and shrimp-chitin. According to our findings, feeding broiler chicks with 500 mg/kg of shrimp chitosan and cricket-derived chitin can positively boost their immunity.
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Peñafiel Jaramillo, Maria, Carlos Belezaca Pinargote, Evelyn Sánchez-Sepúlveda, Hayron Fabricio Canchignia Martínez, Humberto Prieto-Encalada, and Nicolás Cruz Rosero. "Activación de resistencia sistémica inducida en vid “Thompson Seedless”, en respuesta Pseudomonas veronii R4." Ciencia y Tecnología 9, no. 1 (May 20, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18779/cyt.v9i1.111.

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El objetivo principal fue evaluar el mecanismo de RSI en “Thompson Seedless”, al estímulo de los genes (Lox2, Tlp1, Npr1, Eir1). Se verifico la activación de genes de defensa para hojas y raíces, demostrando la activación sistémica por inoculación de P. veronii R4 en ‘Thompson Seedless’. Mediante q-PCR observamos la expresión del gen Lox2 en hojas de vid, con aumento progresivo hasta (12 h de post inoculación) de muestreo, al analizar este mismo gen en raíces no existió estímulo alguno. Los niveles transcripcionales de los genes Eir1 y Tlp1, fueron estimulados solo en raíces al ser expuestas por R4. Los niveles de estímulo del gen Tlp1 se relaciona con la habilidad que tiene R4 en desarrollar el complejo de simbiosis inducido por la vía del etileno (ET). Los niveles de estímulo del gen Npr1 fueron constitutivos en hojas y raíces, no encontrando diferencias signi cativas entre plantas tratadas con PBS o R4. Los resultados demuestran que R4, en contacto con raíces de ‘Thompson Seedless’, estimulan la expresión de los genes Eir1, Lox2, Tlp1 a 5 min, 6 y 12 h de post inoculación, permitiendo establecer la efectividad de RSI dirigida por la cepa R4 en “Thompson Seedless” con riendo un estado de prealerta.
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Peñafiel Jaramillo, Maria, Carlos Belezaca Pinargote, Evelyn Sánchez-Sepúlveda, Hayron Fabricio Canchignia Martínez, Humberto Prieto-Encalada, and Nicolás Cruz Rosero. "Activación de resistencia sistémica inducida en vid “Thompson Seedless”, en respuesta Pseudomonas veronii R4." Ciencia y Tecnología 9, no. 1 (May 20, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18779/cyt.v9i1.161.

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El objetivo principal fue evaluar el mecanismo de RSI en “Thompson Seedless”, al estímulo de los genes (Lox2, Tlp1, Npr1, Eir1). Se verifico la activación de genes de defensa para hojas y raíces, demostrando la activación sistémica por inoculación de P. veronii R4 en ‘Thompson Seedless’. Mediante q-PCR observamos la expresión del gen Lox2 en hojas de vid, con aumento progresivo hasta (12 h de post inoculación) de muestreo, al analizar este mismo gen en raíces no existió estímulo alguno. Los niveles transcripcionales de los genes Eir1 y Tlp1, fueron estimulados solo en raíces al ser expuestas por R4. Los niveles de estímulo del gen Tlp1 se relaciona con la habilidad que tiene R4 en desarrollar el complejo de simbiosis inducido por la vía del etileno (ET). Los niveles de estímulo del gen Npr1 fueron constitutivos en hojas y raíces, no encontrando diferencias signi cativas entre plantas tratadas con PBS o R4. Los resultados demuestran que R4, en contacto con raíces de ‘Thompson Seedless’, estimulan la expresión de los genes Eir1, Lox2, Tlp1 a 5 min, 6 y 12 h de post inoculación, permitiendo establecer la efectividad de RSI dirigida por la cepa R4 en “Thompson Seedless” con riendo un estado de prealerta.
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9

Peñafiel Jaramillo, Maria, Carlos Belezaca Pinargote, Evelyn Sánchez-Sepúlveda, Hayron Fabricio Canchignia Martínez, Humberto Prieto-Encalada, and Nicolás Cruz Rosero. "Activación de resistencia sistémica inducida en vid “Thompson Seedless”, en respuesta Pseudomonas veronii R4." Ciencia y Tecnología 9, no. 1 (May 20, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18779/cyt.v9i1.204.

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El objetivo principal fue evaluar el mecanismo de RSI en “Thompson Seedless”, al estímulo de los genes (Lox2, Tlp1, Npr1, Eir1). Se verifico la activación de genes de defensa para hojas y raíces, demostrando la activación sistémica por inoculación de P. veronii R4 en ‘Thompson Seedless’. Mediante q-PCR observamos la expresión del gen Lox2 en hojas de vid, con aumento progresivo hasta (12 h de post inoculación) de muestreo, al analizar este mismo gen en raíces no existió estímulo alguno. Los niveles transcripcionales de los genes Eir1 y Tlp1, fueron estimulados solo en raíces al ser expuestas por R4. Los niveles de estímulo del gen Tlp1 se relaciona con la habilidad que tiene R4 en desarrollar el complejo de simbiosis inducido por la vía del etileno (ET). Los niveles de estímulo del gen Npr1 fueron constitutivos en hojas y raíces, no encontrando diferencias signi cativas entre plantas tratadas con PBS o R4. Los resultados demuestran que R4, en contacto con raíces de ‘Thompson Seedless’, estimulan la expresión de los genes Eir1, Lox2, Tlp1 a 5 min, 6 y 12 h de post inoculación, permitiendo establecer la efectividad de RSI dirigida por la cepa R4 en “Thompson Seedless” con riendo un estado de prealerta.
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10

Guerrero, Javier. "Con tinta sangre del corazón." Taller de Letras, NE (2020): 15–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/tl15-41.

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11

Manuel, Olivares, Pizarro Fernando, and Ruz Manuel. "Inhibition of Iron Absorption by Zinc: Effect of Physiological and Pharmacological Doses: TL015." Pediatric Research 60, no. 5 (November 2006): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200611000-00027.

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12

Li, Yanyan, Qianqian Xu, Tingting Zhang, Mengying Gao, Qiuling Wang, Zongxi Han, Yuhao Shao, Deying Ma, and Shengwang Liu. "Host Avian Beta-Defensin and Toll-Like Receptor Responses of Pigeons following Infection with Pigeon Paramyxovirus Type 1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 18 (July 10, 2015): 6415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01413-15.

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ABSTRACTThe high morbidity and mortality in pigeons caused by pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) highlights the need for new insights into the host immune response and novel treatment approaches. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are key components of the innate immune system. In this study, three novel avian β-defensins (AvBDs 2, 7, and 10) were characterized in pigeons and shown to possess direct antiviral activity against PPMV-1in vitro. In addition, we evaluated the mRNA expression of these AvBDs and other immune-related genes in tissues of 2-month-old infected pigeons at 3 and 7 days postinfection. We observed that the expression of AvBD2 in the cecal tonsil, lungs, and proventriculus, as well as the expression of AvBD10 in the spleen, lungs, proventriculus, and kidneys, was upregulated in infected pigeons. Similarly, the expression of both Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7 was increased in the spleen, trachea, and proventriculus, while TLR15 expression was increased only in the lungs of infected pigeons. In addition, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was upregulated in the spleen, the bursa of Fabricius, the trachea, and the proventriculus of infected pigeons. Furthermore, we observed a high correlation between the expression of AvBD2 and the expression of either TLR7 or TLR15, as well as between AvBD10 expression and either TLR3 or TLR7 expression in respective tissues. The results suggest that PPMV-1 infection can induce innate host responses characterized by the activation of TLRs, particularly TLR3 and TLR7, AvBDs (2 and 10), and iNOS in pigeons.
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Boyd, Amy C., Marylene Y. Peroval, John A. Hammond, Michael D. Prickett, John R. Young, and Adrian L. Smith. "TLR15 Is Unique to Avian and Reptilian Lineages and Recognizes a Yeast-Derived Agonist." Journal of Immunology 189, no. 10 (October 12, 2012): 4930–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1101790.

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14

Yuan, Jun-Hui, Alessandro Cresti, Kan-Hao Xue, Ya-Qian Song, Hai-Lei Su, Li-Heng Li, Nai-Hua Miao, Zhi-Mei Sun, Jia-Fu Wang, and Xiang-Shui Miao. "TlP5: an unexplored direct band gap 2D semiconductor with ultra-high carrier mobility." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 3 (2019): 639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05164j.

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15

Vegge, Christina S., Lone Brøndsted, Yi-Ping Li, Dang D. Bang, and Hanne Ingmer. "Energy Taxis Drives Campylobacter jejuni toward the Most Favorable Conditions for Growth." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 16 (June 19, 2009): 5308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00287-09.

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ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni is a serious food-borne bacterial pathogen in the developed world. Poultry is a major reservoir, and C. jejuni appears highly adapted to the gastrointestinal tract of birds. Several factors are important for chicken colonization and virulence, including a taxis mechanism for environmental navigation. To explore the mechanism of chemotaxis in C. jejuni, we constructed mutants with deletions of five putative mcp (methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein) genes (tlp1, tlp2, tlp3, docB, and docC). Surprisingly, the deletions did not affect the chemotactic behavior of the mutants compared to that of the parental strain. However, the tlp1, tlp3, docB, and docC mutant strains displayed a 10-fold decrease in the ability to invade human epithelial and chicken embryo cells, hence demonstrating that the corresponding proteins affect the host interaction. l-Asparagine, formate, d-lactate, and chicken mucus were identified as new attractants of C. jejuni, and we observed that chemical substances promoting tactic attraction are all known to support the growth of this organism. The attractants could be categorized as carbon sources and electron donors and acceptors, and we furthermore observed a correlation between an attractant's potency and its efficiency as an energy source. The tactic attraction was inhibited by the respiratory inhibitors HQNO (2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide) and sodium azide, which significantly reduce energy production by oxidative phosphorylation. These findings strongly indicate that energy taxis is the primary force in environmental navigation by C. jejuni and that this mechanism drives the organism toward the optimal chemical conditions for energy generation and colonization.
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Ramasamy, Kannaki T., Maddula R. Reddy, Prem C. Verma, and Shanmugam Murugesan. "Expression analysis of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) toll-like receptors and molecular characterization of avian specific TLR15." Molecular Biology Reports 39, no. 8 (June 15, 2012): 8539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-012-1709-6.

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17

Liao, Jinghang, Shucheng Qi, Hong Huang, Hongmei Liao, Yixin Cui, Zhi Liu, Wei Qian, and Hongli Dong. "Thaumatin-like Gene TLP1b Confers to Seed Oil Content and Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 5 (February 24, 2025): 1930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26051930.

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The synergistic optimization of yield and abiotic/biotic resistance is of great significance in plant breeding. However, the genomic mechanisms underlying the selection for environmental adaptation and yield-related traits remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified a thaumatin-like protein (TLP), AtTLP1b, which was shown to pleiotropically regulate seed oil content and resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by gene knockout and overexpressing experiments in Arabidopsis. The oil composition oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), linolenic acid (C18:3) and eicosenoic acid (C20:1) were altered significantly in overexpressing and knockout lines. RNA-seq analysis revealed that overexpression of AtTLP1b significantly downregulated the expression levels of genes involved in wax, suberin synthesis, oxylipin metabolism and plant–pathogen interaction. Furthermore, more than half of the genes involved in the circadian rhythm–plant pathway were differentially expressed in the overexpressing lines. We propose that AtTLP1b primarily inhibits fatty acid synthesis and plant immune responses via the circadian rhythm–plant pathway. Our findings suggest that AtTLP1b plays a vital role in simultaneous improvement of seed oil content and resistance to S. sclerotiorum and provides a valuable resource for molecular breeding.
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MORALEJO, Daniel H., Kenichi SOGAWA, Kaichun WEI, Suwen WEI, Takahisa YAMADA, Claude ZPIRER, Norifumi UEDA, and Kozo MATSUMOTO. "Mapping of the Gene for Rat Telomerase Protein Component 1(Tlp1) to Chromosome 15." Experimental Animals 47, no. 2 (1998): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1538/expanim.47.141.

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Janardan, Neelanjana, Rajesh K. Harijan, Rikkert K. Wierenga, and Mathur R. N. Murthy. "Crystal Structure of a Monomeric Thiolase-Like Protein Type 1 (TLP1) from Mycobacterium smegmatis." PLoS ONE 7, no. 7 (July 26, 2012): e41894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041894.

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Liu, Yanhong, Ge Xue, Shuang Li, Yajie Fu, Jingwen Yin, Runxiang Zhang, and Jianhong Li. "Effect of Intermittent and Mild Cold Stimulation on the Immune Function of Bursa in Broilers." Animals 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2020): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081275.

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Cold stress causes growth performance to decrease and increases production costs. Cold adaptation can enhance immune function and alleviate the negative impact caused by the stress condition. The study investigated the effect of intermittent and mild cold stimulation on the immune function of the bursa of Fabricius in broilers. A total of 400 healthy one-day-old broilers were divided into the control group (CC) and cold stimulation (CS) groups. The CC group was raised at a conventional raising temperature of broilers, while the CS groups were raised at 3°C below the temperature of the CC for three-, four-, five-, or six-hour periods at one-day intervals from 15 to 35 days of age (D35), denoted CS3, CS4, CS5, and CS6, respectively. Subsequently, they were raised at 20°C from 36 to 49 days of age (D49). The expression levels of TLRs, cytokines, and AvBDs were determined to access the immune function of bursa in broilers. After 21-day IMCS (at D36), the expression levels of TLR1, TLR15 and TLR21, interleukin (IL)-8, and interferon (IFN)-γ, as well as AvBD8 in CS groups, were lower than those in CC (p < 0.05). The expression levels of TLR3, TLR4 and TLR7, were decreased in the CS3, CS5, and CS6 groups (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in both the CC and CS4 groups (p > 0.05). When the IMCS ended for 14 days (at D49), the expression levels of TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, TLR15, and TLR21, and IL-8, as well as AvBD2, AvBD4 and AvBD7 in CS groups, were lower than those in CC (p < 0.05). In addition to CS4, the expression levels of TLR1, IFN-γ, and AvBD8 in CS3, CS5, and CS6 were still lower than those in CC (p < 0.05). We concluded that the intermittent and mild cold stimulation could regulate immunoreaction by modulating the production of TLRs, cytokines, and AvBDs in the bursa, which could help broilers adapt to low ambient temperature and maintain homeostasis.
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Xu, Bo, Hong Gao, Dan Li, Chunxiao Hu, and Jianping Yang. "Nebulized dexmedetomidine improves pulmonary shunt and lung mechanics during one-lung ventilation: a randomized clinical controlled trial." PeerJ 8 (June 5, 2020): e9247. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9247.

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Background Dexmedetomidine (Dex), a selective a2-adrenergic receptor agonist, has been previously reported to attenuate intrapulmonary shunt during one-lung ventilation (OLV) and to alleviate bronchoconstriction. However, the therapeutic effects of nebulized Dex on pulmonary shunt and lung mechanics during OLV have not been evaluated. Here we determine whether nebulized dexmedetomidine improved pulmonary shunt and lung mechanics in patients undergoing elective thoracic surgery in a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods One hundred and twenty-eight patients undergoing elective thoracoscopic surgery were included in this study and randomly divided into four groups: 0.9% saline (Placebo group), 0.5 µg/kg (Dex0.5 group), 1 µg/kg (Dex1 group) and 2 µg/kg (Dex2group) dexmedetomidine. After bronchial intubation, patients received different nebulized doses of dexmedetomidine (0.5 µg/kg, 1 µg/kg and 2 µg/kg) or 0.9% saline placebo during two-lung ventilation(TLV). OLV was initiated 15 min after bronchial intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with intravenous infusion of cisatracurium and propofol. Bispectral Index values were maintained within 40–50 by adjusting the infusion of propofol in all groups. Arterial blood gas samples and central venous blood gas samples were taken as follows: 15 min after bronchial intubation during two-lung ventilation (TLV15), after 30 and 60 min of OLV (OLV30and OLV60, respectively) and 15 min after reinstitution of TLV (ReTLV). Dynamic compliance was also calculated at TLV15, OLV30, OLV60 and ReTLV. Results Dex decreased the requirement of propofol in a dose-dependent manner(P = 0.000). Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) displayed no significant difference among groups (P = 0.397 and 0.863). Compared with the placebo group, Dex administered between 0.5 and 2 µg/kg increased partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) significantly at OLV30 and OLV60(P = 0.000); however, Dex administered between 1 and 2 µg/kg decreased pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) at OLV30 and OLV60(P = 0.000). Compared with the placebo group, there were significant increases with dynamic compliance (Cdyn) after OLV in Dex0.5, Dex1 and Dex2group(P = 0.000). Conclusions. Nebulized dexmedetomidine improved oxygenation not only by decreasing pulmonary shunt but also by improving lung compliance during OLV, which may be effective in managing OLV.
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Wang, Baikui, Altaf Hussain, Yuanhao Zhou, Zihan Zeng, Qi Wang, Peng Zou, Li Gong, Pengwei Zhao, and Weifen Li. "Saccharomyces boulardii attenuates inflammatory response induced by Clostridium perfringens via TLR4/TLR15-MyD8 pathway in HD11 avian macrophages." Poultry Science 99, no. 11 (November 2020): 5356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.045.

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Zhou, Zuoyong, Zhiying Wang, Liting Cao, Shijun Hu, Ze Zhang, Bo Qin, Zhili Guo, and Kui Nie. "Upregulation of chicken TLR4, TLR15 and MyD88 in heterophils and monocyte-derived macrophages stimulated with Eimeria tenella in vitro." Experimental Parasitology 133, no. 4 (April 2013): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2013.01.002.

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Alwi, Yun, Ahmad Yani, and Ubaidillah Ubaidillah. "Studi Karakteristik Morfologis Aksesi Rumput Benggala (Panicum Maximum) yang Tumbuh di Wilayah Kota Jambi." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 22, no. 3 (October 31, 2022): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v22i3.3028.

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This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of accession of Bengal grass that grows in the city of Jambi. The research was conducted in two stages, namely the field observation stage to obtain qualitative data and quantitative data related to the characteristics of Bengal grass. The results of the observation phase were validated to obtain four accessions that had the same morphological characteristics. There were four accessions which were then planted in polybags in a greenhouse, namely Tlp1, Dns2, Jlt1 and Ktb2 as treatments with repeated 10 times. The design used was a completely randomized design. The parameters observed were plant height, leaf length, leaf width, internode length, number of internodes, stem circumference and leaf color. The results showed that the Jlt1 accession was an accession that had different characteristics (P <0.05) compared to other accessions.
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Lu, Yang, Aimie J. Sarson, Joshua Gong, Huaijun Zhou, Weiyun Zhu, Zhumei Kang, Hai Yu, Shayan Sharif, and Yanming Han. "Expression Profiles of Genes in Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Signaling of Broilers Infected with Clostridium perfringens." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 11 (September 23, 2009): 1639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00254-09.

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ABSTRACT Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in detecting microbial pattern molecules for activation of the host immune response. We investigated possible roles of TLRs in the chicken response to Clostridium perfringens infection by examining the expression of TLR genes and other genes involved in TLR-mediated signaling within the spleens and ilea of C. perfringens-challenged broilers. Upregulation of a tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducing factor homolog in challenged chickens compared to naïve chickens was observed, regardless of the incidence of necrotic enteritis. In addition, the members of the TLR2 subfamily were found to be most strongly involved in the host response to C. perfringens challenge, although the expression of TLR4 and TLR7 was also upregulated in spleen tissues. While the combination of TLR1.2, TLR2.1, and TLR15 appeared to play a major role in the splenic response, the expression of TLR2.2 and TLR1.1 was positively correlated to the expression of adaptor molecules MyD88, TRAF6, TRIF, and receptor interacting protein 1 in the ileal tissues, demonstrating a dynamic spatial and temporal innate host response to C. perfringens.
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Nakayama, Jun-ichi, Motoki Saito, Hideo Nakamura, Akira Matsuura, and Fuyuki Ishikawa. "TLP1: A Gene Encoding a Protein Component of Mammalian Telomerase Is a Novel Member of WD Repeats Family." Cell 88, no. 6 (March 1997): 875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81933-9.

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Sarkar, Purabi, Christy Lite, Praveen Kumar, Mukesh Pasupuleti, N. T. Saraswathi, Mariadhas Valan Arasu, Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi, Aziz Arshad, and Jesu Arockiaraj. "TL15 of Arthrospira platensis sulfite reductase scavenges free radicals demonstrated in oxidant induced larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) model." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 166 (January 2021): 641–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.222.

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Alves Damasceno, Flavio, Leonardo Shiassi, Tadayuki Yanagi Junior, Jairo Alexander Osorio Saraz, and Jofran Luiz De Oliveira. "Evaluación térmica de tejas ecologicas en modelos físicos de galpones avicolas." DYNA 83, no. 197 (June 30, 2016): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v83n197.48653.

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<p>En países con climas tropicales, como Brasil, las altas temperaturas asociadas con altas humedades relativas en el verano contribuyen como un factor de estrés en la producción animal. El calor excesivo dentro de una instalación avícola causa una reducción en el consumo de alimento y en la producción, y aumento en la mortalidad de las aves. Conociendo que el 75% de la carga de calor radiante dentro de una instalación viene desde el techo, es necesario estudiar alternativas que pueden minimizar esta radiación. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el ambiente térmico dentro de los modelos físicos de instalaciones de pollos de engorde construidos a escala reducida (1:10), donde el confort térmico se evaluó por el índice de humedad y de globo negro (BGHI) y la carga de calor radiante (RHL). Cinco modelos construidos fueron evaluados con diferentes materiales para techos. Basados en los resultados, se puede concluir que los techos construidos con tejas de cerámica (TB30), placas de fibra natural pintadas de blanco con en el lado externo (TFVP15) y placas de fabricadas con envases larga vida reciclado (TLV15), proporcionan los mejores ambientes térmicos.</p>
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Hasianna, Stella T., July Ivone, Sifa D. Shinta, and R. Zahra Nadhira. "The Use of Torbangun Leaf Powder (Coleus amboinicus L) in Increasing Prolactin in Breastfeedings Wistar Rats and Bodyweight of the Litters." Journal of Medicine and Health 3, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/jmh.v3i1.3145.

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Research on local herbs that have the effect of increasing breast milk production isneeded to help mothers with insufficient breastmilk. This research was conducted to determinethe effect of torbangun (Coleus amboinicus L) leaf powder in increasing prolactin inbreastfeeding Wistar rats and the bodyweight of the litters. Thirty breastfeeding Wistar rats weredivided into 5 groups with 5 litters each. The treatments given were 108 mg, 216 mg, and 432 mgtorbangun leaf powder (TLP), with domperidone as the positive control, and CMC 10% as thenegative control. The treatment was given 3 times/day for 14 days. Tukey's HSD means testshowed a significant difference in prolactin levels between the negative control (NC), TLP1, andTLP2 groups and the TLP3 and positive control (PC) groups with all of them having p = 0.000.There was no difference in the increase in body weight of litters between treatment groups (p =0.866). In conclusion, torbangun leaves increase the prolactin levels in breastfeeding rats buthave no difference in the increase in body weight of litters between treatment groups. Keywords: torbangun leaves; prolactin; bodyweight; breastfeeding
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Suklek, Anutian, Autchara Kayan, Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn, and Chaiwat Boonkaewwan. "Isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the expression of toll-like receptors in Betong chickens." July-2020 13, no. 7 (2020): 1372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1372-1375.

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Background and Aim: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise microbial sensing receptors present on cell surfaces that are capable of detecting pathogens. The present study aims to examine the expression of TLRs within the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of the Betong chickens. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were harvested from 12 Betong (KU line) chickens. Hematological values were calculated. PBMC was isolated from the blood utilizing a Histopaque solution and stored in a RPMI1640 culture medium. Cell viability was investigated using a Trypan Blue dye exclusion test. DNA was extracted from PBMC and the expression of the DNA's TLRs was examined using a polymerase chain reaction. Results: Hematological values were determined from the blood samples collected in this study obtained from healthy Betong chickens. PBMC that was isolated from the Betong chickens possessed cell viability higher than 95% (95.37±1.06). From the examination of TLRs gene expression, results revealed instances of TLR1.1, TLR1.2, TLR2.1, TLR2.2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR 7, TLR15, and TLR21 that were present in the PBMC of Betong chickens. Conclusion: PBMC isolated from the blood of healthy Betong chickens possessed excellent cell quality. All chicken TLRs were discovered within the PBMC of Betong chickens. Hence, PBMC stands out as one of the premier sources for in vitro studies of chicken immune response.
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Bescucci, Danisa M., Tony Montina, Valerie F. Boras, and G. Douglas Inglis. "Infection by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 Modulates Immune Responses, the Metabolome, and the Function of the Enteric Microbiota in Neonatal Broiler Chickens." Pathogens 11, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111257.

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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium incites salmonellosis in many different species including chickens and human beings. Acute salmonellosis was studied in neonatal broiler chicks by orally inoculating 2-day-old chicks with S. Typhimurium DT104. The temporal impact of disease (1, 2, and 4 days post-inoculation) on the structure and function of the enteric microbiota, on the bird’s immune response in the ileum, cecum, and colon, and on the metabolome of digesta, breast muscle, liver, serum, and hippocampus were examined. Substantive histopathologic changes were observed in the small and large intestine, including the colon of chicks inoculated with S. Typhimurium, and increased in magnitude over the experimental time period. A variety of inflammatory genes (IFNγ, IL8, IL10, INOS, MIP1β, TGFβ2, TLR4, and TLR15) were temporally regulated. In addition, the metabolome of ileal digesta, breast muscle, liver, serum, and hippocampus was temporally altered in infected chicks. Although the structure of bacterial communities in digesta was not affected by S. Typhimurium infection, metabolomic analysis indicated that the function of the microbiota was changed. Collectively, the study findings demonstrate that infection of neonatal chicks by S. Typhimurium imparts a temporal and systemic impact on the host, affecting the immune system, the metabolome, and the function of the enteric microbiota.
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Machuca, Mayra A., Yu C. Liu, Simone A. Beckham, Menachem J. Gunzburg, and Anna Roujeinikova. "The crystal structure of the tandem-PAS sensing domain of Campylobacter jejuni chemoreceptor Tlp1 suggests indirect mechanism of ligand recognition." Journal of Structural Biology 194, no. 2 (May 2016): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2016.02.019.

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Kim, Min Jung, Byung-Kook Ham, Hwa Ran Kim, In-Ju Lee, Young Jin Kim, Ki Hyun Ryu, Young In Park, and Kyung-Hee Paek. "In vitro and in planta Interaction Evidence between Nicotiana tabacum Thaumatin-Like Protein 1 (TLP1) and Cucumber mosaic virus Proteins." Plant Molecular Biology 59, no. 6 (December 2005): 981–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-005-2619-y.

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34

Kanungpean, Doungjit, Tsutomu Kakuda, and Shinji Takai. "Participation of CheR and CheB in the chemosensory response of Campylobacter jejuni." Microbiology 157, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 1279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.047399-0.

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Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and a commensal bacterium of the intestinal tracts of animals, especially poultry. Chemotaxis is an important determinant for chicken colonization of C. jejuni. Adaptation has a crucial role in the gradient-sensing mechanism that underlies chemotaxis. The genome sequence of C. jejuni reveals the presence of genes encoding putative adaptation proteins, CheB and CheR. In-frame deletions of cheB, cheR and cheBR were constructed and the chemosensory behaviour of the resultant mutants was examined on swarm plates. CheB and CheR proteins significantly influence chemotaxis but are not essential for this behaviour to occur. Increased mobility of two methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs), DocC and Tlp1, during SDS-PAGE was detected in the mutants lacking functional CheB in the presence of CheR, presumably resulting from stable methylation of receptors. In vitro studies using tissue culture revealed that deletion of cheR resulted in hyperadherent and hyperinvasive phenotypes, while deletion of cheB resulted in nonadherent, noninvasive phenotypes. Furthermore, the ΔcheBR mutant showed significantly reduced ability to colonize chick caeca. Our data suggest that modification of chemoreceptors by the CheBR system is involved in regulation of chemotaxis in C. jejuni although CheB is apparently not controlled by phosphorylation.
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Thavhana, M. P., T. L. Nedambale, L. J. Shai, and M. L. Mphaphathi. "44 Exploring the use of silver and diamond nanoparticles on sperm cell invitro and chicken embryo in ovo." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab44.

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In poultry industry, chick viability is a crucial factor determining profitability from fertilized egg to placement at the farm. However, decreases in fertility and hatchability have been observed. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) due to their antimicrobial properties and growth-promoting ability, and diamond nanoparticles (D-NPs) due to their biocompatibility properties. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of silver and diamond nanoparticles on chicken embryo oxidative status, biochemical indices, and expression of immune-related genes and on sperm cell viability. The experiment was conducted in Ross 308 chicken embryos and Ross 308 cockerels. One hundred and fifty fertilized eggs were divided randomly into 5 groups (5×30). Fertilized eggs were injected with 50 mg/L Ag-NPs at volumes of 100μL (group 1), 200μL (group 2) or 50 mg/L D-NPs at volumes of 100μL (group 3) or 200μL (group 4), or received no nanoparticles (control; group 5) and incubated at 37°C and 55% humidity for 20 days. Then, chicken blood was collected and centrifuged to evaluate alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, urea, and free haemoglobin. Chicken embryo liver was used to evaluate antioxidant capacity (TAC) and chicken embryo spleen was used to evaluate expression of the immune-related genes interleukin-1β (IL-1β), toll-like receptor (TLR)4, TLR2, and TLR15. Semen was randomly divided into 1 control and 8 treatment groups and treated with 50 mg/L Ag-NPs: group A (0.1ppm), group B (1ppm), group C (5ppm), group D (10ppm) or 50 mg/L D-NPs: group E (1ppm), group F (5ppm), group G (10ppm), and group H (20ppm). Sperm viability was analysed using prestoblue metabolic assay. Data were analysed using PROC in GLM procedure of SAS 2014 (SAS Institute Inc.). Decrease in sperm cell viability was recorded in a dose-dependent manner. Sperm cell viability decreased (P&lt;0.005) as the concentration of Ag-NP or D-NP increased. Addition of 100μL of Ag-NPs increased the growth rate of chicken embryo but not 200μL of Ag-NPs or addition of D-NPs. Increases in ALP, ALT, LDH, glucose and urea enzyme were observed in a dose-dependent manner in both Ag-NPs and D-NPs. Addition of 50 mg/L Ag-NPs or 50 mg/L D-NPs increased (P&lt;0.001) TAC of chicken embryo as the volume increased. Additions of 200μL of Ag-NPs, 100μL of D-NPs, and 200μL of D-NPs were haemolytic (P&lt;0.001) but addition of 100μL of Ag-NPs was not. Additions of 100 or 200μL of Ag-NPs or 100μL of D-NPs downregulated IL-1β and 200μL of D-NPs upregulated IL-1β compared with the untreated control group. Additions of 100 or 200μL of Ag-NPs or 200μL of D-NPs induced expression of TLR4 and TLR15. Furthermore, addition of Ag-NPs did not result in expression of TLR2. We concluded that administration of 50 mg/L Ag-NPs and 50 mg/L D-NPs in ovo improve immune status and administration of 100μL of Ag-NPs improved the growth rate of chicken embryo. However, toxicity associated with 50 mg/L Ag-NPs and 50 mg/L D-NPs remains a concern and need to be addressed before use.
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Thavhana, M. P., T. L. Nedambale, L. J. Shai, and M. L. Mphaphathi. "44 Exploring the use of silver and diamond nanoparticles on sperm cell invitro and chicken embryo in ovo." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab44.

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In poultry industry, chick viability is a crucial factor determining profitability from fertilized egg to placement at the farm. However, decreases in fertility and hatchability have been observed. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) due to their antimicrobial properties and growth-promoting ability, and diamond nanoparticles (D-NPs) due to their biocompatibility properties. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of silver and diamond nanoparticles on chicken embryo oxidative status, biochemical indices, and expression of immune-related genes and on sperm cell viability. The experiment was conducted in Ross 308 chicken embryos and Ross 308 cockerels. One hundred and fifty fertilized eggs were divided randomly into 5 groups (5×30). Fertilized eggs were injected with 50 mg/L Ag-NPs at volumes of 100μL (group 1), 200μL (group 2) or 50 mg/L D-NPs at volumes of 100μL (group 3) or 200μL (group 4), or received no nanoparticles (control; group 5) and incubated at 37°C and 55% humidity for 20 days. Then, chicken blood was collected and centrifuged to evaluate alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, urea, and free haemoglobin. Chicken embryo liver was used to evaluate antioxidant capacity (TAC) and chicken embryo spleen was used to evaluate expression of the immune-related genes interleukin-1β (IL-1β), toll-like receptor (TLR)4, TLR2, and TLR15. Semen was randomly divided into 1 control and 8 treatment groups and treated with 50 mg/L Ag-NPs: group A (0.1ppm), group B (1ppm), group C (5ppm), group D (10ppm) or 50 mg/L D-NPs: group E (1ppm), group F (5ppm), group G (10ppm), and group H (20ppm). Sperm viability was analysed using prestoblue metabolic assay. Data were analysed using PROC in GLM procedure of SAS 2014 (SAS Institute Inc.). Decrease in sperm cell viability was recorded in a dose-dependent manner. Sperm cell viability decreased (P&lt;0.005) as the concentration of Ag-NP or D-NP increased. Addition of 100μL of Ag-NPs increased the growth rate of chicken embryo but not 200μL of Ag-NPs or addition of D-NPs. Increases in ALP, ALT, LDH, glucose and urea enzyme were observed in a dose-dependent manner in both Ag-NPs and D-NPs. Addition of 50 mg/L Ag-NPs or 50 mg/L D-NPs increased (P&lt;0.001) TAC of chicken embryo as the volume increased. Additions of 200μL of Ag-NPs, 100μL of D-NPs, and 200μL of D-NPs were haemolytic (P&lt;0.001) but addition of 100μL of Ag-NPs was not. Additions of 100 or 200μL of Ag-NPs or 100μL of D-NPs downregulated IL-1β and 200μL of D-NPs upregulated IL-1β compared with the untreated control group. Additions of 100 or 200μL of Ag-NPs or 200μL of D-NPs induced expression of TLR4 and TLR15. Furthermore, addition of Ag-NPs did not result in expression of TLR2. We concluded that administration of 50 mg/L Ag-NPs and 50 mg/L D-NPs in ovo improve immune status and administration of 100μL of Ag-NPs improved the growth rate of chicken embryo. However, toxicity associated with 50 mg/L Ag-NPs and 50 mg/L D-NPs remains a concern and need to be addressed before use.
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Woods, Dori C., Jeffrey S. Schorey, and A. L. Johnson. "Toll-like receptor signaling in hen ovarian granulosa cells is dependent on stage of follicle maturation." REPRODUCTION 137, no. 6 (June 2009): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0320.

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The recent identification of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling within ovarian granulosa cells has broad implications for ovarian physiology. Functions of TLRs within granulosa cells of the laying hen are of particular interest due to the method of transovarian transmission of Salmonella enteritidis, which results in egg contamination. This study utilized hen granulosa cells to evaluate the expression and function of Gallus TLR-signaling at distinct stages of follicular maturity. Data presented herein demonstrate the presence of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR15 mRNAs in undifferentiated granulosa cells from prehierarchal follicles and differentiated granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles, together with mRNAs encoding adaptor proteins and signaling components required for TLR signaling gene. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LH, in vitro, led to the differential regulation of TLRs based on the stage of follicle maturation, with the largest (F1) follicle granulosa cells having the most rapid response. Furthermore, treatment with LPS resulted in attenuation of agonist-induced progesterone synthesis in undifferentiated, but not differentiated, granulosa cells. Additionally, undifferentiated granulosa cells were significantly more sensitive to LPS-induced apoptosis than differentiated granulosa cells from the F1 follicle. Together, these data provide evidence for a complete and functional TLR signaling pathway in hen granulosa cells, with effects on steroidogenesis and cell viability dependent upon stage of maturation. These differences may reflect the susceptibility of granulosa cells at early stages of maturation to undergo apoptosis in response to select pathogenic stimuli, thus attenuating transovarian transmission, whereas granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles are comparably resistant to LPS-mediated apoptosis.
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Ying, ShiJia, JiaJia Guo, ZiChun Dai, HuanXi Zhu, JianNing Yu, WeiMing Ma, JiaYi Li, Muhammad Faheem Akhtar, and ZhenDan Shi. "Time course effect of lipopolysaccharide on Toll-like receptors expression and steroidogenesis in the Chinese goose ovary." Reproduction 153, no. 5 (May 2017): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-17-0011.

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The ovary of Chinese goose is easily infected by microorganisms because of the mating behaviour in water, which causes decreased laying performance. This study investigated the time course effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the steroidogenesis and mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of key pattern recognition receptor, in the breeding goose ovary. The laying geese were treated intravenously with LPS for 0, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h, and all birds were slaughtered approximately 8 h after oviposition. The expression levels of TLRs in the white and yellowish follicles, and granulosa and theca layers of hierarchical follicles were examined by real-time PCR. All 10 members of avian TLR family were differentially expressed among the different follicular tissues. Moreover, at 24 and 36 h after LPS treatment, the hierarchical follicle morphological structure was altered, but the expression levels of TLRs were still higher than the control. Furthermore, during LPS treatment period, the expression pattern of TLRs 2A and 4 genes was similar to that of TLR15 in the white follicles, TLRs 1B, 5 and 15 in the yellowish follicles, TLRs 7 and 15 in the granulosa layer, and TLRs 1A, 2B, 3, 7 and 15 in the theca layer, which had a negative correlation with the kinetics of plasma P4 and E2 concentrations. In conclusion, the mechanism by which pathogen infection inhibited goose follicular growth and further decreased egg production may involve a gradually enhanced inflammatory response and reduced endocrine function. This may be due to stimulated TLRs in the ovary.
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Zhang, Yu, Yang Chen, Tiantian Gu, Qi Xu, Guoqiang Zhu, and Guohong Chen. "Effects of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection on egg production and the immune response of the laying duck Anas platyrhynchos." PeerJ 7 (January 25, 2019): e6359. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6359.

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Persistent colonization of the avian reproductive tract by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) negatively affects egg production and contaminates the egg. The immune function of the ovary and oviduct is essential for protection from infection and for the production of wholesome eggs. However, the immune response of laying ducks during SE infection is not well-understood. In this study, ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were infected with SE and were systematically monitored for fecal shedding during a 13-week period. We also assessed bacterial distribution in the reproductive tract and classified infected ducks as resistant or susceptible based on the presence of tissue lesions and on SE isolation from fecal samples. We found that infected animals had persistent, but intermittent, bacterial shedding that resulted in the induction of carrier ducks. Laying rate and egg quality were also decreased after SE infection (P < 0.05). SE readily colonized the stroma, small follicle, isthmus, and vagina in the reproductive tracts of susceptible ducks. Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) levels were higher in susceptible ducks compared with resistant birds (P < 0.05); T-lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+) displayed the opposite trend. qRT-PCR analysis was used to examine expression profiles of immune response genes in the reproductive tract of infected ducks. The analysis revealed that immune genes, including toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4-5, TLR15, TLR21), NOD-like receptors (NOD1, NLRX1, NLRP12), avian β-defensins (AvβD4-5, AvβD7, AvβD12), cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ), and MyD88 were markedly upregulated in the reproductive tracts of SE-infected ducks (all P < 0.05); TLR3, TLR7, NLRC3, NLRC5, and TNF-α were significantly downregulated. These results revealed that SE infection promoted lower egg production and quality, and altered the expression of TLRs, NLRs, AvβDs, and cytokine family genes. These findings provide a basis for further investigation of the physiological and immune mechanisms of SE infection in laying ducks.
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Kogut, Michael H., Kenneth J. Genovese, Haiqi He, Christina L. Swaggerty, and Yiwei Jiang. "Modulation of Chicken Intestinal Immune Gene Expression by Small Cationic Peptides as Feed Additives during the First Week Posthatch." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 9 (July 17, 2013): 1440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00322-13.

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ABSTRACTWe have been investigating modulation strategies tailored around the selective stimulation of the host's immune system as an alternative to direct targeting of microbial pathogens by antibiotics. One such approach is the use of a group of small cationic peptides (BT) produced by a Gram-positive soil bacterium,Brevibacillus texasporus. These peptides have immune modulatory properties that enhance both leukocyte functional efficiency and leukocyte proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA transcription activitiesin vitro. In addition, when provided as a feed additive for just 4 days posthatch, BT peptides significantly induce a concentration-dependent protection against cecal and extraintestinal colonization bySalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis. In the present studies, we assessed the effects of feeding BT peptides on transcriptional changes on proinflammatory cytokines, inflammatory chemokines, and Toll-like receptors (TLR) in the ceca of broiler chickens with and withoutS. Enteritidis infection. After feeding a BT peptide-supplemented diet for the first 4 days posthatch, chickens were then challenged withS. Enteritidis, and intestinal gene expression was measured at 1 or 7 days postinfection (p.i.) (5 or 11 days of age). Intestinal expression of innate immune mRNA transcripts was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Analysis of relative mRNA expression showed that a BT peptide-supplemented diet did not directly induce the transcription of proinflammatory cytokine, inflammatory chemokine, type I/II interferon (IFN), or TLR mRNA in chicken cecum. However, feeding the BT peptide-supplemented diet primed cecal tissue for increased (P≤ 0.05) transcription of TLR4, TLR15, and TLR21 upon infection withS. Enteritidis on days 1 and 7 p.i. Likewise, feeding the BT peptides primed the cecal tissue for increased transcription of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-18, type I and II IFNs) and inflammatory chemokine (CxCLi2) in response toS. Enteritidis infection 1 and 7 days p.i. compared to the chickens fed the basal diet. These small cationic peptides may prove useful as alternatives to antibiotics as local immune modulators in neonatal poultry by providing prophylactic protection againstSalmonellainfections.
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41

Li, Xinyun, Bin Xu, Junqiang Xu, Zuosen Li, Caiqian Jiang, Ying Zhou, Zhengan Yang, Minghua Deng, Junheng Lv, and Kai Zhao. "Tomato-Thaumatin-like Protein Genes Solyc08g080660 and Solyc08g080670 Confer Resistance to Five Soil-Borne Diseases by Enhancing β-1,3-Glucanase Activity." Genes 14, no. 8 (August 14, 2023): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14081622.

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Although thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are involved in resistance to a variety of fungal diseases, whether the TLP5 and TLP6 genes in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) confer resistance to the pathogenesis of soil-borne diseases has not been demonstrated. In this study, five soil-borne diseases (fungal pathogens: Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium dahliae; bacterial pathogens: Clavibacter michiganense subsp. michiganense and Ralstonia solanacearum) were used to infect susceptible “No. 5” and disease-resistant “S-55” tomato cultivars. We found that SlTLP5 and SlTLP6 transcript levels were higher in susceptible cultivars treated with the three fungal pathogens than in those treated with the two bacterial pathogens and that transcript levels varied depending on the pathogen. Moreover, the SlTLP5 and SlTLP6 transcript levels were much higher in disease-resistant cultivars than in disease-susceptible cultivars, and the SlTLP5 and SlTLP6 transcript levels were higher in cultivars treated with the same fungal pathogen than in those treated with bacterial pathogens. SlTLP6 transcript levels were higher than SlTLP5. SlTLP5 and SlTLP6 overexpression and gene-edited transgenic mutants were generated in both susceptible and resistant cultivars. Overexpression and knockout increased and decreased resistance to the five diseases, respectively. Transgenic plants overexpressing SlTLP5 and SlTLP6 inhibited the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) after inoculation with fungal pathogens, and the activities of POD, SOD, and APX were similar to those of fungi after infection with bacterial pathogens. The activities of CAT were increased, and the activity of β-1,3-glucanase was increased in both the fungal and bacterial treatments. Overexpressed plants were more resistant than the control plants. After SlTLP5 and SlTLP6 knockout plants were inoculated, POD, SOD, and APX had no significant changes, but CAT activity increased and decreased significantly after the fungal and bacterial treatments, contrary to overexpression. The activity of β-1,3-glucanase decreased in the treatment of the five pathogens, and the knocked-out plants were more susceptible to disease than the control. In summary, this study contributes to the further understanding of TLP disease resistance mechanisms in tomato plants.
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42

Thulasi Devendrakumar, Karen, Charles Copeland, Christopher Adamchek, Xionghui Zhong, Xingchuan Huang, Joshua M. Gendron, and Xin Li. "Arabidopsis Tubby domain‐containing F‐box proteins positively regulate immunity by modulating PI4Kβ protein levels." New Phytologist, August 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.19187.

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Summary The Tubby domain, named after the TUBBY protein in mice, binds to phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate. Arabidopsis has 11 Tubby domain‐containing proteins referred to as Tubby‐Like Proteins (TLPs). Of the 11 TLPs, 10 possess the N‐terminal F‐box domain, which can interact with SKP‐like proteins and form SKP1‐Cullin‐F‐box E3 ligase complexes. Although mice TUBBY has been extensively studied, plant TLPs' functions are scarcely detailed. In this study, we show that the Arabidopsis Tubby‐like protein 6 (TLP6) and its redundant homologs, TLP1, TLP2, TLP5, and TLP10, positively regulate Arabidopsis immune responses. Furthermore, in an immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry analysis to search for ubiquitination substrates of the TLPs, we identified two redundant phosphoinositide biosynthesis enzymes, phosphatidylinositol 4‐kinase β proteins (PI4Kβs), PI4Kβ1 and PI4Kβ2, as TLP interactors. Importantly, TLP6 overexpression lines fully phenocopy the phenotypes of the pi4kβ1,2 mutant, while TLP6 overexpression also leads to increased PI4Kβ2 ubiquitination and reduction in its protein level in a proteasome‐dependent manner. Most significantly, TLP6 overexpression does not further enhance the autoimmunity of the pi4kβ1,2 double mutant, supporting the hypothesis that TLP6 targets the PI4Kβs for ubiquitination and degradation. Thus, our study reveals a novel mechanism where TLPs promote plant immune responses by modulating the PI4Kβs protein levels.
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43

Neves, Fabiana, Antonio Muñoz-Mérida, André M. Machado, Tereza Almeida, Arnaud Gaigher, Pedro J. Esteves, L. Filipe C. Castro, and Ana Veríssimo. "Uncovering a 500 million year old history and evidence of pseudogenization for TLR15." Frontiers in Immunology 13 (December 20, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020601.

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IntroductionToll like receptors (TLRs) are at the front line of pathogen recognition and host immune response. Many TLR genes have been described to date with some being found across metazoans while others are restricted to specific lineages. A cryptic member of the TLR gene family, TLR15, has a unique phylogenetic distribution. Initially described in extant species of birds and reptiles, an ortholog has been reported for cartilaginous fish. MethodsHere, we significantly expanded the evolutionary analysis of TLR15 gene evolution, taking advantage of large genomic and transcriptomic resources available from different lineages of vertebrates. Additionally, we objectively search for TLR15 in lobe-finned and ray-finned fish, as well as in cartilaginous fish and jawless vertebrates.Results and discussionWe confirm the presence of TLR15 in early branching jawed vertebrates – the cartilaginous fish, as well as in basal Sarcopterygii – in lungfish. However, within cartilaginous fish, the gene is present in Holocephalans (all three families) but not in Elasmobranchs (its sister-lineage). Holocephalans have long TLR15 protein sequences that disrupt the typical TLR structure, and some species display a pseudogene sequence due to the presence of frameshift mutations and early stop codons. Additionally, TLR15 has low expression levels in holocephalans when compared with other TLR genes. In turn, lungfish also have long TLR15 protein sequences but the protein structure is not compromised. Finally, TLR15 presents several sites under negative selection. Overall, these results suggest that TLR15 is an ancient TLR gene and is experiencing ongoing pseudogenization in early-branching vertebrates.
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Liu, Rui, Zhengyan Yang, Tao Yang, Zi Wang, Xin Chen, Jing Zhu, Ang Ren, Liang Shi, Hanshou Yu, and Mingwen Zhao. "PRMT5 regulates the polysaccharide content by controlling the splicing of thaumatin-like protein in Ganoderma lucidum." Microbiology Spectrum, October 26, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.02906-23.

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ABSTRACT In the current study, the silencing of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) decreased the polysaccharide content of Ganoderma lucidum compared to that of the wild-type (WT) strain. Furthermore, RNA-seq screening showed that the glycan degradation process-related gene thaumatin-like protein ( TLP ) was alternatively spliced in WT strains via retained introns, leading to the production of a longer TLP1 isoform and a shorter TLP2 isoform; however, only the TLP2 isoform was observed in PRMT5 i strains. Experiments examining the polysaccharide content of the TLP silencing, TLP1 overexpression (OE- TLP1 ), and TLP2 overexpression (OE- TLP2 ) transformants revealed that TLP2 plays a more important role than TLP1 in polysaccharide degradation. Through a combination of yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and surface plasmon resonance assays, we found that TLP2 directly physically interacted with phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), a key enzyme in polysaccharide synthesis, and thereby increased PGI activity. However, TLP1 failed to interact with PGI, and PGI activity was not affected. Further inspection showed that the polysaccharide content was decreased in the OE- TLP2 strains but not significantly changed in the OE- TLP1 strains compared with that in the WT strains. In addition, the polysaccharide content of the PRMT5-TLP -cosilenced strains was not significantly different from that of the WT strains. These results demonstrate that PRMT5 modulates TLP processing of pre-mRNA transcripts and thereby decreases the polysaccharide content. IMPORTANCE PRMT5 contributes to secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum . However, the mechanism through which PRMT5 regulates the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites remains unclear. In the current study, PRMT5 silencing led to a significant decrease in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides from G. lucidum through the action of the alternative splicing of TLP . A shorter TLP2 isoform can directly bind to PGI and regulated polysaccharide biosynthesis. These results suggest that PRMT5 enhances PGI activity by regulating TLP binding to PGI. The results of the current study reveal a novel target gene for PRMT5-mediated alternative splicing and provide a reference for the identification of PRMT5 regulatory target genes.
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45

Ko, Kyung Yeol, Wan Seok Song, Jeongho Park, Geun-Shik Lee, and Sung-il Yoon. "Structural analysis of the Toll-like receptor 15 TIR domain." IUCrJ 10, no. 3 (April 21, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252523002956.

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activate innate immunity in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The ectodomain of a TLR directly senses a PAMP and the intracellular TIR domain dimerizes to initiate a signaling cascade. The TIR domains of TLR6 and TLR10, which belong to the TLR1 subfamily, have been structurally characterized in a dimer, whereas those of other subfamilies, including TLR15, have not been explored at the structural or molecular level. TLR15 is a TLR unique to birds and reptiles that responds to virulence-associated fungal and bacterial proteases. To reveal how the TLR15 TIR domain (TLR15TIR) triggers signaling, the crystal structure of TLR15TIR was determined in a dimeric form and a mutational study was performed. TLR15TIR forms a one-domain structure in which a five-stranded β-sheet is decorated by α-helices, as shown for TLR1 subfamily members. TLR15TIR exhibits substantial structural differences from other TLRs at the BB and DD loops and αC2 helix that are involved in dimerization. As a result, TLR15TIR is likely to form a dimeric structure that is unique in its intersubunit orientation and the contribution of each dimerizing region. Further comparative analysis of TIR structures and sequences provides insights into the recruitment of a signaling adaptor protein by TLR15TIR.
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46

Voogdt, Carlos G. P., Mark E. Merchant, Jaap A. Wagenaar, and Jos P. M. van Putten. "Evolutionary Regression and Species-Specific Codon Usage of TLR15." Frontiers in Immunology 9 (November 13, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02626.

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47

RAHIM, ABDUL, SANJEEV KUMAR, JOWEL DEBNATH, RAMJI YADAV, ANANTA KUMAR DAS, and A. S. YADAV. "Fold changes in relative mRNA expression of immune response genes in lymphoid tissues of Rhode Island Red chicken." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 87, no. 6 (June 21, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v87i6.71331.

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Fold changes in relative mRNA expression of three immune response genes viz. IL1–β, iNOS and TLR15 were determined in bursa, spleen and thymus tissues of Rhode Island Red chicken. Total RNA was isolated from 12 birds, aged around 6–8 weeks. Relative quantification of mRNA expression was assessed by qRT-PCR. Fold expressions were determined using average threshold cycle (Ct) values employing 2(–∆∆Ct) method. There was wide variation in basal expression levels of immune response genes among different tissues. Basal mRNA expression of IL1–β, iNOS and TLR15 genes was several folds higher in bursa than in spleen and thymus. This investigation has generated important findings related to immune response genes expression which could pave way to further investigation in host-pathogen genetics and finally to develop breeding strategies for improvement of diseases resistance so as to have better protection and production in chicken.
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48

Zhao, Qi, Fulian Yao, Wei Li, Shuangjiang Liu, and Shuangyu Bi. "Identification of a dCache-type chemoreceptor in Campylobacter jejuni that specifically mediates chemotaxis towards methyl pyruvate." Frontiers in Microbiology 15 (May 9, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1400284.

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The foodborne pathogenic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni utilizes chemotaxis to assist in the colonization of host niches. A key to revealing the relationship among chemotaxis and pathogenicity is the discovery of signaling molecules perceived by the chemoreceptors. The C. jejuni chemoreceptor Tlp11 is encoded by the highly infective C. jejuni strains. In the present study, we report that the dCache-type ligand-binding domain (LBD) of C. jejuni ATCC 33560 Tlp11 binds directly to novel ligands methyl pyruvate, toluene, and quinoline using the same pocket. Methyl pyruvate elicits a strong chemoattractant response, while toluene and quinoline function as the antagonists without triggering chemotaxis. The sensory LBD was used to control heterologous proteins by constructing chimeras, indicating that the signal induced by methyl pyruvate is transmitted across the membrane. In addition, bioinformatics and experiments revealed that the dCache domains with methyl pyruvate-binding sites and ability are widely distributed in the order Campylobacterales. This is the first report to identify the class of dCache chemoreceptors that bind to attractant methyl pyruvate and antagonists toluene and quinoline. Our research provides a foundation for understanding the chemotaxis and virulence of C. jejuni and lays a basis for the control of this foodborne pathogen.
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Oven, Irena, Katarina Resman Rus, Daliborka Dušanić, Dušan Benčina, Calvin L. Keeler, and Mojca Narat. "Diacylated lipopeptide from Mycoplasma synoviae mediates TLR15 induced innate immune responses." Veterinary Research 44, no. 1 (October 17, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-44-99.

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50

Fiddaman, Steven R., Michal Vinkler, Simon G. Spiro, Hila Levy, Christopher A. Emerling, Amy C. Boyd, Evangelos A. Dimopoulos, et al. "Adaptation and Cryptic Pseudogenization in Penguin Toll-Like Receptors." Molecular Biology and Evolution 39, no. 1 (December 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab354.

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Abstract Penguins (Sphenisciformes) are an iconic order of flightless, diving seabirds distributed across a large latitudinal range in the Southern Hemisphere. The extensive area over which penguins are endemic is likely to have fostered variation in pathogen pressure, which in turn will have imposed differential selective pressures on the penguin immune system. At the front line of pathogen detection and response, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provide insight into host evolution in the face of microbial challenge. TLRs respond to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns and are frequently found to be under positive selection, despite retaining specificity for defined agonist classes. We undertook a comparative immunogenetics analysis of TLRs for all penguin species and found evidence of adaptive evolution that was largely restricted to the cell surface-expressed TLRs, with evidence of positive selection at, or near, key agonist-binding sites in TLR1B, TLR4, and TLR5. Intriguingly, TLR15, which is activated by fungal products, appeared to have been pseudogenized multiple times in the Eudyptes spp., but a full-length form was present as a rare haplotype at the population level. However, in vitro analysis revealed that even the full-length form of Eudyptes TLR15 was nonfunctional, indicating an ancestral cryptic pseudogenization prior to its eventual disruption multiple times in the Eudyptes lineage. This unusual pseudogenization event could provide an insight into immune adaptation to fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus, which is responsible for significant mortality in wild and captive bird populations.
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