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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tithes, France, 18th century'
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Macdonald, Simon James Stuart. "British communities in late eighteenth-century Paris." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609294.
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Nadeau, Martin. "Theatre et esprit public : le role du Theatre-Italien dans la culture politique parisienne a l'ere des revolutions (1770-1799)." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37795.
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Taking as a case study the Theatre-Italien, here considered both as a particular theatrical practice and as a specific stage in Paris---one of the most popular at the time---this dissertation asks what role this theatre played in the novel competition of discourses which characterized political culture in the era of Revolutions. All too often, historians have overestimated print culture as the main medium through which discourses were produced in the eighteenth century, and this despite the fact that theatre played a fundamental role in the public life of this period. Furthermore, when theatre is studied, historians emphasize too often the written form of the plays.<br>The dissertation's structure seeks to underline the specificity of the cultural practice represented by the theatre. The discrepancies between the meaning of a play written by a particular author and the same play as it is performed on stage are emphasized. Political messages emerge out of the language of the actors and actresses without any possibility to control them, so that the players become, in effect, co-authors of the play. Similarly, the variety of the nature of the audience and the way in which it becomes at once judge, co-author and co-actor make the public, neither intangible nor invisible, but simply gathered, a crucial feature of this cultural practice which allows us to argue that theatre was actually a very bad instrument of propaganda. Instead, theatre can be seen at the time to be a public scene of immediate political debate. The conflicting opinions expressed there turn theatre not into the minor of political reality intended by various regimes confronted to the diversity of the polity---what some people have called "a school for the people"---but rather as the mirror of the reality experienced by a large number of Parisians at the time. It is in this sense that we relate the theatrical practices studied with the concept of public spirit, expressing the people's understanding of the general interest, instead of that of public opinion, expressing the unified message imposed by a dominant political group.
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Baysted, Stephen John Xavier. "From 'Le cri de la nature' to 'Pygmalion' : a study of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's philosophy of music and aesthetic and reform of opera." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2742.
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The thesis sets Rousseau's philosophy of music and aesthetic of opera against the wider philosophical backcloth of eighteenth-centuryF rance and in contraposition to the more scopic music-theoredcabl ackdrop,o f which Rameau'sw ritings are takena s a paradigm. The first half of the thesis contends that the philosophy of music is fashioned upon a trinary model which mirrors the philosophy of nature and history. The first sector is an ideal, hypothetical state; the second (the 'fall) is the moment when the ideal state is ruptured, when societal and cultural institutions - and history - commence; the third, is the 'actual state', the culmination of the process of history. It is argued that relativism is at work between the second and third sectorsa nd Rousseaua ssignsa rigorous systemo f value to the processo f history and all points alongi t, the processi tself, taken as a whole, is seena s a degeneratives lide awayf rom nearperfection to imperfection. 7111sce condh alf of the thesis explores the ramifications of the trinary model and the effect the degenerativep rocessh as upon the voice, music and opera. The voice is consideredt he unique phenomenon that connects all sectors of the trinary structure: though objectified and endowed with an ontology, it is not immune to the degenerativep rocess. At the fall-state,t he voice begins to rupture and two entities - melody and language - gradually emerge. Over time, melody and speech are forced further apart until neither bears much resemblance to the other. With the invention of harmony, melody degeneratesh: armony begins to overshadowm elody, until in the eighteenthc entury- consummatedin the music and theoreticalp ostulationso f Rameau- melody is subjugated and subsumed entirely within the harmonic domain of musical production. The impact upon opera is more complex and the concluding chapters explore the radical and largely reform-driven aesthetico f opera. Roussea&sf inal dramaticw ork Py gmalion(1 762)i s considered not simply as an outcome of this aesthetic, but as an embodiment of the philosophy of music itself; the animateds tatuee nunciatesR ousseau'sv ision of the origin of human expression.
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Bouagada, Habib. "Orientalism in translation: The one thousand and one nights in 18th century France and 19th century England." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26857.
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The objective of this study is to show how translation contributes to the "Orientalist" project and to the past and present knowledge of the Orient as it has been shaped by different disciplines such as anthropology, history and literature. In order to demonstrate this, I have decided to compare the Arabic text Alf Leyla wa Leyla (The One Thousand and One Nights) with the French translation by Antoine Galland (1704-1706) and the English translation by Sir Richard Burton (1885).
According to Edward Said, the Orientalist project or Orientalism is mainly a French and British cultural enterprise that has produced a wide-ranging wealth of knowledge about an Orient that has been represented as an undifferenciated entity with despotism, splendour, cruelty, or even sensuality being its main attributes.
I have chosen these translations because they come from places with a long Orientalist tradition. In 18th century France, the age of the Belles infideles, Galland is a man of the Enlightenment who appears to be a precursor of Orientalism as embodied in Montesquieu's Lettres persanes and Votaire's zadig. A century later, Burton's The Arabian Nights, backed by a deep knowledge of Islam, is published. Burton is an official in the service of the British Empire---an empire that takes pride in having the highest number of Muslim subjects.
The evolution of Alf Leyla wa Leyla and its translations is followed by an analysis of the shifts applied to the representations of Oriental elements found in it (social and religious practices). These shifts as well as the annotations that refer to Arabo-Islamic culture are related to Galland and Burton's intellectual development and to the socio-historical context of their respective translations.
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Robichaud, Marc. "Making hospitals "worthy of their purpose" : hospitals and the hospital reform movement in the généralité of Rouen (1774-1794)." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84543.
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The eighteenth century was a period ripe with challenges for hospitals in France. Denounced as ineffective, inefficient and even inhumane institutions, hospitals found themselves at the centre of a growing debate over the administration of health care and welfare. Although dismissing the hospital's traditional role as a refuge for the poor, the indigent and the sick, many reformers believed that this institution still could play a valuable social role. Thus, while contemporaries lashed out against the large, "abuse-ridden," hopitaux generaux and hotels-Dieu , small hospitals were seen in a more favourable light. For the growing number of contemporaries who argued that hospitalisation should be reserved exclusively for the sick, hospitals containing a small number of beds were promoted as better disposed and better equipped to meeting the health-care needs of the community. At the same time, contemporaries began calling for the decentralization of health care and welfare services. Instead of focusing these services in large regional poor-relief institutions, reformers argued that the poor and the sick would be better served by receiving assistance in their own community, either in small parish hospitals, or within their own home (secours a domicile).<br>This dissertation examines how hospitals and hospital services in the late eighteenth-century generalite of Rouen responded to this growing hospital reform movement. It shows that many of the policies adopted by the region's hospital administrators reflected the contents of the larger "national" debate on health care and welfare reform. More importantly, the military was behind many of the changes affecting hospital services in this region During the eighteenth century, military hospitals became a model to emulate towards making the "reformed" hospital a reality. However, imposing military-style health standards on the region's civilian hospitals proved to be a complicated process, one that often involved a great deal of negotiation and compromise.
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Boucher, François-Emmanuël. "L'Héritage du christianisme en France 1750-1848." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38465.
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From the Enlightenment to the Romantic period, many writers transformed Christianity into a religion of temporal salvation. Whether they manifest, in their writings, a will to destroy it (Voltaire, Helvetius, d'Holbach, etc.) or to surpass it (Leroux, Lamennais, Hugo, etc.), all refer to its dogmas as a paradigm of argumentation from which they suggest a new explanation of the world and, most important, they all propose a transformation of the society. The goal of my thesis is to offer a new analysis of this period that spreads from 1750 to 1848. In my hypothesis, I stipulate that before 1789, the philosophers of the Enlightenment never undertook a real "de-Christianisation" and that at the turn of the century, the writers did not return exactly to Christianity. Far from taking the position that the argumentation had transformed itself in a manner that radically differed during this historical period that preceded and followed the French Revolution, my goal is to show that a same will to ameliorate the human condition on earth was manifested in comparable ways throughout these different discourses. The thought of these authors is rather a testimony of a new "sacralisation" of which finality is now on a temporal level: sin is not necessary and, more importantly, it is possible to abolish it through social reformations. This desire of a better world is the most important message that Christianity passed on to the thinkers of this period. By viewing human existence in this way, modernity could be defined not as the end, but rather as the inheritance of Christianity or, to say it all, as its humanization.
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Allard, Julie 1977. ""Nous faisons chaque jour quelques pas vers le beau simple" : transformations de la mode française, 1770-1790." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79280.
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This thesis analyses the simplification of fashion in the French "beau monde" at the end of the eighteenth century. It reveals that the simplified fashion of the 1770s and 1780s was the result of a new feeling for nature. New perceptions of the body led physicians to plead for a new fashion, more respectful of the natural characters of the body. On the aesthetic level, natural simplicity was meant to be the only way to recover original truth and energy. Moreover, anglomania, by way of sustained exchanges with England, contributed to the development of a simpler and more egalitarian fashion. This new feeling for nature reflects profound changes in the French society at the end of the century. The idea of nature, defined according to the values and ideals of a rising bourgeoisie, conveyed a bourgeois spirit no longer restricted to a narrow social group.
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Maire, Claude. "Commerce et marché du fer à Paris d'environ 1740 à environ 1815." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74009.
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Bycroft, Michael Trevor. "Physics and natural history in the eighteenth century : the case of Charles Dufay." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648547.
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Kim, Minchul. "Democracy and representation in the French Directory, 1795-1799." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15874.
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Democracy was no more than a marginal force during the eighteenth century, unanimously denounced as a chimerical form of government unfit for passionate human beings living in commercial societies. Placed in this context this thesis studies the concept of ‘representative democracy' during the French Revolution, particularly under the Directory (1795–1799). At the time the term was an oxymoron. It was a neologism strategically coined by the democrats at a time when ‘representative government' and ‘democracy' were understood to be diametrically opposed to each other. In this thesis the democrats' political thought is simultaneously placed in several contexts. One is the rapidly changing political, economic and international circumstances of the French First Republic at war. Another is the anxiety about democratic decline emanating from the long-established intellectual traditions that regarded the history of Greece and Rome as proof that democracy and popular government inevitably led to anarchy, despotism and military government. Due to this anxiety the ruling republicans' answer during the Directory to the predicament—how to avoid the return of the Terror, win the war, and stabilize the Republic without inviting military government—was crystalized in the notion of ‘representative government', which defined a modern republic based on a firm rejection of ‘democratic' politics. Condorcet is important at this juncture because he directly challenged the given notions of his own period (such as that democracy inevitably fosters military government). Building on this context of debate, the arguments for democracy put forth by Antonelle, Chaussard, Français de Nantes and others are analysed. These democrats devised plans to steer France and Europe to what they regarded as the correct way of genuinely ending the Revolution: the democratic republic. The findings of this thesis elucidate the elements of continuity and those of rupture between the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
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Laponce, Jean. "The Jesuits and science in eighteenth-century France : an analysis of scientific writings in the Journal de Trévoux." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30101.
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Despite voluminous research concerning French society during the eighteenth century the scientific practices of the Society of Jesus in France during that period remain a relatively neglected subject. That obscurity has been compounded by a historical tradition originating in the impassioned polemics of the Enlightenment which depicts the Jesuits, with varying degrees of emphasis, as a bastion of resistance to intellectual progress of all sorts.
Such interpretations - alternating between censure and neglect - are challenged in this thesis. Through an analysis of scientific reviews in the Journal de Trévoux - a monthly periodical published by the Jesuits in France between 1701 and 1762 - it is argued that the latter took a serious and constructive interest in scientific affairs during the period in question. The emphasis placed here on the Journal de Trévoux is justified by the importance of that enterprise to the intellectual life of its time, and by the wealth of evidence it offers concerning Jesuit attitudes to science.
The possibilities of such an investigation are vast. Research has therefore been confined initially to the question of how Jesuit writers responded to Newton's system of the world as described in the Principia and in multitudes of subsequent works by Newtonian authors. It is clear that this response evolved more or less in step with developments in French scientific culture generally. However, a persistent resistance on the part of Jesuit writers to the theoretical and methodological complexity of Newtonian science is also apparent. Such thinking, it is argued here, owed much to a culture of rhetoric cherished by the Jesuits which emphasized diversity and accessibility.
Given evidence of a resistance on the part of the Jesuits to one of the fundamental characteristics of eighteenth century science, a further effort is made here to discern what the Jesuits considered to be the defining qualities of a vibrant scientific culture. In this case an analysis of diverse scientific and philosophical reviews identifies: a sustained enthusiasm for intellectual curiosity {outside the theological domain); a conviction that scientific progress was an evolutionary as opposed to revolutionary process; and finally, an emphasis on the importance of necessary social conditions for such progress to occur.
Though definitive conclusions are elusive at this stage, on the basis of such findings it is argued that the French Jesuits reflected a strong affinity for Baconian ideas in their approach to science. According to such an argument it is therefore possible to contextualize the scientific attitudes in the Journal de Trévoux within a more general intellectual tradition. Such a conclusion supports one of the fundamental premises of this thesis - that Jesuit contributions to French scientific culture during the eighteenth century must not be marginalized in accounts of that period — and it illuminates an avenue for further research.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of<br>Graduate
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Rege, Adeline. "Les voyages en Europe de l’architecte Simon-Louis Du Ry : Suède, France, Hollande, Italie (1746-1777)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040173.
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De 1746 à 1756, l’architecte allemand d’origine huguenote Simon-Louis Du Ry voyagea en Suède, en Hollande, en France et en Italie pour apprendre son métier. Il retourna en Italie de 1776 à 1777. Lors de ses périples, Simon-Louis Du Ry a entretenu une intense correspondance avec sa famille. Il a tenu un journal de son second tour d’Italie. Ces manuscrits sont une source très précieuse pour l’histoire de la mobilité des artistes à l’époque Moderne. L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser et d’éditer les récits de voyage de Simon-Louis Du Ry. Nous considérons le voyage comme une pratique individuelle obéissant à des contraintes sociales et matérielles, et comme un mode de perception du monde, des autres, du savoir et de soi-même. L’enjeu est de prendre en compte le voyageur en tant qu’individu, mais aussi l’environnement dans lequel il organise ses déplacements. Après avoir décrit ces périples (itinéraires, modes de transport et d’hébergement, activités du voyageur…), nous les comparons aux modèles de voyage en vogue à l’époque qu’étaient le Grand Tour, le voyage savant, et le voyage artistique. Nous nous attachons aussi à étudier la manière dont Simon-Louis Du Ry a relaté ses pérégrinations, ainsi que l’influence que ces voyages eurent non seulement sur la carrière de cet architecte, mais aussi sur son milieu d’origine, c’est-à-dire le landgraviat de Hesse-Cassel au siècle des Lumières. L’édition critique des récits de voyage de Du Ry que nous proposons est accompagnée d’un apparat critique constitué de notes et de trois index : toponymique, biographique et thématique<br>From 1746 to 1756, Simon-Louis du Ry, the German architect with Huguenot roots, traveled to Sweden, Holland, France, and Italy to learn a trade. He returned to Italy from 1776 to 1777. During his travels, Simon-Louis du Ry maintained an intense correspondence with his family. He kept a diary of his second trip to Italy and these manuscripts are a very valuable source for the history of the mobility of artists in the Modern era. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse and edit Simon-Louis Du Ry’s travel writings. We consider travel an individual experience which is limited by material and social issues, and a way of understanding the world, others, knowledge and oneself. Our challenge is to take account of the traveler as a person, but also of the environment in which he organizes his travels. After describing these journeys (including routes, transport and accommodation, and traveler’s activities), we compare them with the travel patterns in vogue at that time: the Grand Tour, the scholar’s travel, and the artist’s travel. We aim to explore how Simon-Louis Du Ry has described his travels and the influence that his journeys have had, not only on his architectural career, but also on his cultural background, i.e. the landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel during the Enlightenment. The critical examination of Du Ry’s travel books that we offer is accompanied by a critical apparatus consisting of notes and of three indexes: geographical names, biographical names, and subjects
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Vendrix, Philippe Pierre 1964. "Quelques aspects de l'historiographie musicale en France a l'epoque baroque (French text)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276706.
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L'historiographie musicale trouve dans la France de l'epoque baroque un champ ideal de developpement. Ce phenomene est lie a la conjonction de differents facteurs: le modele fourni par l'histoire generale, l'heritage humaniste, les mouvements polemiques, les tentatives de refonte de l'histoire de l'Eglise. Les musicographes, de Salomon de Caus (1615) a Jacques Bonnet-Bourdelot (1715), etablissent les fondements d'une critique historique et l'appliquent dans des ouvrages qui annoncent l'expansion de la musicologie a l'age des Lumieres.
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Monette, Isabelle. "Récritures de récits criminels en France sous l'Ancien Régime." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79966.
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Three original stories are the basis for our study of rewriting during the French Ancien Regime: the story of Thibaud de la Jacquiere, that of the "sorcier Gaufridy" and that of the Marquise de Ganges, which Sade will rewrite as a novel. Having all originated from a "canard", they appear in the 1679 edition of the Histoires tragiques of Francois de Rosset, and two of them can also be found in Francois Gayot de Pitaval's Causes celebres. Each of these stories was rewritten by different authors at least three times. Using Gerard Genette's theory of the narrative, we will analyse the processes of transformation that the rewriting operates in the text, as well as the changes it imposes to its original meaning. The number of rewritings of each text---up to five for the Marquise de Gange---is a testament to the importance of textual reappropriation as much as it shows the relevance of a study which brings to light the role of rewriting in the survival of these stories.
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Parker, Mark M. (Mark Mason). "Transposition and the Transposed Modes in Late-Baroque France." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331880/.
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The purpose of the study is the investigation of the topics of transposition and the transposed major and minor modes as discussed principally by selected French authors of the final twenty years of the seventeenth century and the first three decades of the eighteenth. The sources are relatively varied and include manuals for singers and instrumentalists, dictionaries, independent essays, and tracts which were published in scholarly journals; special emphasis is placed on the observation and attempted explanation of both irregular signatures and the signatures of the minor modes. The paper concerns the following areas: definitions and related concepts, methods for singers and Instrumentalists, and signatures for the tones which were identified by the authors. The topics are interdependent, for the signatures both effected transposition and indicated written-out transpositions. The late Baroque was characterized by much diversity with regard to definitions of the natural and transposed modes. At the close of the seventeenth century, two concurrent and yet diverse notions were in evidence: the most widespread associated "natural" with inclusion within the gamme; that is, the criterion for naturalness was total diatonic pitch content, as specified by the signature. When the scale was reduced from two columns to a single one, its total pitch content was diminished, and consequently the number of the natural modes found within the gamme was reduced. An apparently less popular view narrowed the focus of "natural tone" to a single diatonic pitch, the final of the tone or mode. A number of factors contributed to the disappearance of the long-held distinction between natural and transposed tones: the linking of the notion of "transposed" with the temperament, the establishment of two types of signatures for the minor tones (for tones with sharps and flats, respectively), the transition from a two-column scale to a single-column one, and the recognition of a unified system of major and minor keys.
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Handa, Satoko. "Saving 'the Age of Innocence' Catholicism, Revolution and representations of childhood in France, 1762-1830 /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41508919.
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McCluskey, Phil. "French military occupations of Lorraine and Savoie, 1670-1714." Thesis, St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/712.
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Musgrave, Elizabeth Caroline. "The building industries of eastern Brittany, 1600-1790." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670351.
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Affolter, Andreas. "Verhandeln mit Republiken : die Ambassade des Marquis d’Avaray und die französisch-eidgenössischen Beziehungen im frühen 18. Jahrhundert." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE4044.
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La thèse examine les relations franco-suisses au début du XVIIIe siècle en s’interrogeant sur les pratiques et les canaux de négociation d’un côté, et celles du statut des acteurs de l’autre. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une histoire diplomatique renouvelée s’appuyant sur les acquis de l’histoire culturelle et sociale. Une première partie traite des relations entre les souverains : les autorités suisses et le roi de France. Face à l’asymétrie entre le roi et les cantons, leurs relations peuvent non seulement être décrites selon un modèle de relation entre souverains (inégaux), mais aussi selon un modèle patron-client. Une deuxième partie analyse les relations personnelles de l’ambassadeur français en Suisse. Il y est démontré comment les pratiques de communication entre l’ambassadeur et ses interlocuteurs suisses étaient façonnées par la culture politique différente des cantons qui n’acceptaient pas tous dans la même mesure les relations personnelles entre magistrats et diplomates étrangers. La troisième partie examine les canaux de communication et de négociation entre la Cour de France et les autorités suisses. Grâce à la présence de nombreux diplomates accrédités en Suisse et en s’appuyant sur leurs sujets séjournant aux cours étrangères en tant qu’officiers ou diplomates au service d’un prince étranger, les cantons pouvaient pratiquer une « diplomatie sans diplomates » qui ne coûtait presque rien. En dernier lieu, l’analyse des négociations du renouvellement d’alliance entre le roi de France et le canton de Berne soulève le problème des négociations avec une république aux temps modernes<br>The thesis examines the Franco-Swiss relations in the early 18th century and probes into both the practices and channels of negotiation as well as the status of the actors. As a contribution to the flourishing ‘new diplomatic history’, it draws on the methods and innovations of cultural and social history. The first part discusses the relations between two unequal sovereigns: the Swiss authorities and the French king. Given the asymmetry between the king and the cantons, their relations can not only be described as relations between (unequal) sovereigns but also as patron-client ties. The second part examines the personal relations of the French ambassador in Switzerland and shows how the different political cultures of the cantons shaped the communicative practices between the ambassador and his Swiss interlocutors. In the third part, the channels of communication and negotiation between the French court and the Swiss authorities are analysed. Thanks to the presence of numerous foreign diplomats accredited in Switzerland and relying on the services of Swiss subjects staying at foreign courts as officers and diplomats serving a foreign prince, the Swiss republics were able to practice “diplomacy without diplomats”, thus economizing on the expenses associated with maintaining a formal diplomatic body. In the final part, the analysis of the negotiations for the renewal of the alliance between the French king and the Republic of Berne provides a case study of what it meant to negotiate with a polyarchy in the early modern period
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Tesdahl, Eugene Richard Henry. "BONDS OF MONEY, BONDS OF MATRIMONY?: FRENCH AND NATIVE INTERMARRIAGE IN 17th & 18th CENTURY NOUVELLE FRANCE AND SENEGAL." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?miami1049988625.
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Grant, Sarah. "Representations of the princesse de Lamballe (1749-1792) : the portraiture, patronage and politics of a royal favourite at the court of Marie-Antoinette." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1797d7c6-5c22-44a9-8ab3-adfcddfd43fc.
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This thesis examines the portraiture and patronage of Marie Thérèse Louise de Savoie-Carignan, the princesse de Lamballe (1749-1792). It is the first comprehensive and detailed study to be undertaken of the princess's activities as patron. Lamballe was Marie-Antoinette's longest-serving confidante and Superintendent of the Queen's Household. Through close formal analysis of the portraits combined with careful consideration of the sitter's personal circumstances and the wider cultural and historical context, the thesis challenges scholarly assumptions that the princess had only negligible influence as a sitter and patron. As a case study of an independent, professionally ambitious and childless widow, it identifies a wider range of motives and cultural meanings than has previously been ascribed to female court patronage of this period. The first chapter demonstrates that the early depictions of Lamballe as a docile and grieving princess were largely dictated by her father-in-law, an identity the princess subsequently discarded when she assumed a professional role at court. Chapter two examines portraits executed during the princess's rise to political and social prominence and shows that her attachment to the queen and the length of time she spent in her company and service, together with her publicly visible roles as freemason and salonnière, made her a figure of considerable renown and influence and thereby a highly significant patron at the French court. This was enhanced by the princess's international reputation as a talented amateur artist in her own right and by her financial and social support of aspiring artists and art institutions. The princess's engagement with the cult of sentiment and advocacy of women artists is allied to the sorority encouraged by Marie-Antoinette within the women of her select circle. Complementary chapters on the princess's previously unknown anglophile inclinations (discussed in Chapter three) and her private collections, library, and musical and literary patronage (considered in Chapter four) further reveal that Lamballe was an informed and cultivated female patron who operated at the very centre of Marie-Antoinette's circle.
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Delaney, Monique. ""Le Canada est un païs de bois" : forest resources and shipbuilding in New France, 1660-1760." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84504.
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The colonial contribution to the French naval shipbuilding industry in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, explored within the context of the forest from which the resources for the industry were taken, was a remarkably successful venture that came to an end with the onset of war. In the past, the end of the French naval shipbuilding industry in New France has been attributed to the action or inaction of France that resulted in the inefficient use of forest resources. Issues of interest in, organization or support of colonial efforts by France, however, were nevertheless, limited by the immutable realities of the colonial forest environment. This thesis argues that the success of the industry, considered within the appropriate context, is a consequence of colonial persistence in the face of constraints imposed by the colonial forest environment---despite these other significant issues.<br>The official correspondence, written by colonial officials in New France, record colonial efforts to supply France with timber and detail the development of a naval shipbuilding industry in the colony. These documents provide source material for a case study that demonstrates the constraints imposed by the colonial forests on the experience of colonists, timber suppliers and shipbuilders. The colonial forest was not the same as the forests in France. A simple transfer of knowledge and practice from one forest to another was insufficient to deal with the differences in climate, forest age, tree species and the extent to which human activity affected the different forests. These differences challenged the way in which colonists could use forest resources for their own needs, for export to France and for naval construction. To consider this use of resources, without considering the differences between the available materials in the colony and those available in France, is to look at the story removed from the setting in which it took place. The unique forest in the colony was the setting in which colonial shipbuilding took place. Any study of the development of this industry, or any other industry that relied on forest resources, must give consideration to the constraints and realities of that forest.
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Abel, Jonathan 1985. "Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte, Comte De Guibert: Father of the Grande Armée." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700071/.
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Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte, comte de Guibert (1743-1790) dedicated his life and career to creating a new doctrine for the French army. Little about this doctrine was revolutionary. Indeed, Guibert openly decried the anarchy of popular participation in government and looked askance at the early days of the Revolution. Rather, Guibert’s doctrine marked the culmination of an evolutionary process that commenced decades before his time and reached fruition in the Réglement of 1791, which remained in force until the 1830s. Not content with military reform, Guibert demanded a political and social constitution to match. His reforms required these changes, demanding a disciplined, service-oriented society and a functional, rational government to assist his reformed military. He delved deeply, like no other contemporary writer, into the linkages between society, politics, and the military throughout his career and his writings. Guibert exerted an overwhelming influence on military thought across Europe for the next fifty years. His military theories provided the foundation for military reform during the twilight of the Old Regime. The Revolution, which adopted most of Guibert’s doctrine in 1791, continued his work. A new army and way of war based on Guibert’s reforms emerged to defeat France’s major enemies. In Napoleon’s hands, Guibert’s army all but conquered Europe by 1807. As other nations adopted French methods, Guibert’s influence spread across the Continent, reigning supreme until the 1830s. This dissertation adopts a biographical approach to examine Guibert’s life and influence on the creation of the French military system that led to Napoleon’s conquest of Europe. As no such biography exists in Anglophone literature, such a work will fill a crucial gap in understanding French military success to 1807. It examines the period of French military reform from 1760 to the creation and use of Napoleon’s Grande Armée from 1803 to 1807, illustrating the importance of Guibert’s systemic doctrine in the period. Moreover, the work argues that Guibert belongs in the ranks of authors whose works exerted a primary influence on the French Enlightenment and Revolution by establishing Guibert as a “Great Man” of the Republic of Letters between 1770 and his death in 1790.
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Gulliver, Michael Stuart. "DEAF space, a history : the production of DEAF spaces Emergent, Autonomous, Located and Disabled in 18th and 19th century France." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/684e15c4-9ab0-4f41-8f75-3faa42d4a1ee.
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Abel, Jonathan 1985. "Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte, comte de Guibert: Father of the Grande Armée." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc67951/.
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The eighteenth century was a time of intense upheaval in France. The death of Louis XIV in 1715 and the subsequent reign of Louis XV saw the end of French political and martial hegemony on the continent. While French culture and language remained dominant in Europe, Louis XV's disinterested rule and military stagnation led to the disastrous defeat of the French army at the hands of Frederick the Great of Prussia in the Seven Years War (1756-1763). The battle of Rossbach marked the nadir of the French army in the Seven Years War. Frederick's army routed the French infantry that had bumbled its way into massed Prussian cavalry. Following the war, two reformist elements emerged in the army. Reformers within the government, chiefly Etienne François, duc de Choiseul, sought to rectify the army's poor performance and reconstitute France's military establishment. Outside the traditional army structure, military thinkers looked to military theory to reinvigorate the army from within and without. Foremost among the latter was a young officer named Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte de Guibert, whose 1772 Essai général de tactique quickly became the most celebrated work of theory in European military circles. The Essai provided a new military constitution for France, proposing wholesale reform to create an army that could face the Prussian juggernaut. His star quickly rising, Guibert became the toast not only of literary Paris but all of Europe. Guibert exerted an overwhelming influence on military theory across Europe for the next fifty years. His military theories laid the foundation for the French army of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras. As other nations adopted French methods, Guibert's influence spread across the continent, reigning supreme until the 1830s. Guibert's importance to military theory is analogous to Voltaire's influence on European literature and culture, an area in which Guibert was not unfamiliar. Guibert was also a celebrated lover of women, most notably Julie de Lespinasse and possibly a young Germaine de Staël. To date, no work has been produced that provides a clear picture of the man, his place in society, his work, and his legacy. For these reasons, a study of Guibert's life and his career is a valuable contribution to French history.
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Rege, Adeline. "Les voyages en Europe de l’architecte Simon-Louis Du Ry : Suède, France, Hollande, Italie (1746-1777)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040173.
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De 1746 à 1756, l’architecte allemand d’origine huguenote Simon-Louis Du Ry voyagea en Suède, en Hollande, en France et en Italie pour apprendre son métier. Il retourna en Italie de 1776 à 1777. Lors de ses périples, Simon-Louis Du Ry a entretenu une intense correspondance avec sa famille. Il a tenu un journal de son second tour d’Italie. Ces manuscrits sont une source très précieuse pour l’histoire de la mobilité des artistes à l’époque Moderne. L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser et d’éditer les récits de voyage de Simon-Louis Du Ry. Nous considérons le voyage comme une pratique individuelle obéissant à des contraintes sociales et matérielles, et comme un mode de perception du monde, des autres, du savoir et de soi-même. L’enjeu est de prendre en compte le voyageur en tant qu’individu, mais aussi l’environnement dans lequel il organise ses déplacements. Après avoir décrit ces périples (itinéraires, modes de transport et d’hébergement, activités du voyageur…), nous les comparons aux modèles de voyage en vogue à l’époque qu’étaient le Grand Tour, le voyage savant, et le voyage artistique. Nous nous attachons aussi à étudier la manière dont Simon-Louis Du Ry a relaté ses pérégrinations, ainsi que l’influence que ces voyages eurent non seulement sur la carrière de cet architecte, mais aussi sur son milieu d’origine, c’est-à-dire le landgraviat de Hesse-Cassel au siècle des Lumières. L’édition critique des récits de voyage de Du Ry que nous proposons est accompagnée d’un apparat critique constitué de notes et de trois index : toponymique, biographique et thématique<br>From 1746 to 1756, Simon-Louis du Ry, the German architect with Huguenot roots, traveled to Sweden, Holland, France, and Italy to learn a trade. He returned to Italy from 1776 to 1777. During his travels, Simon-Louis du Ry maintained an intense correspondence with his family. He kept a diary of his second trip to Italy and these manuscripts are a very valuable source for the history of the mobility of artists in the Modern era. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse and edit Simon-Louis Du Ry’s travel writings. We consider travel an individual experience which is limited by material and social issues, and a way of understanding the world, others, knowledge and oneself. Our challenge is to take account of the traveler as a person, but also of the environment in which he organizes his travels. After describing these journeys (including routes, transport and accommodation, and traveler’s activities), we compare them with the travel patterns in vogue at that time: the Grand Tour, the scholar’s travel, and the artist’s travel. We aim to explore how Simon-Louis Du Ry has described his travels and the influence that his journeys have had, not only on his architectural career, but also on his cultural background, i.e. the landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel during the Enlightenment. The critical examination of Du Ry’s travel books that we offer is accompanied by a critical apparatus consisting of notes and of three indexes: geographical names, biographical names, and subjects
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Bruce, Peter 1946. "Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois dans son Théâtre Prérévolutionnaire." Phd thesis, Dept. of French Studies, Faculty of Arts, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12695.
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Kong, Elodie. "Les financiers et l'art en France dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIème siècle." Thesis, Lille 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL30015.
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Notre étude vise à interroger le goût artistique des financiers du xviiie siècle, à travers l'analyse de leurs comportements face aux différents acteurs du monde de l'art. qu'ils soient financiers collectionneurs, financiers amateurs, financiers artistes, ou encore financiers mécènes, ces manieurs d'argent, parfois jalousés, parfois adulés pour leur fortune, évoluent dans une sphère complexe, où rivalité et excentricité mondaine se mêlent aux codes de bienséance et de magnificence de la société nobiliaire. sévèrement critiqués au xviiie siècle, les financiers du siècle des lumières sont pleinement réhabilités dans la société, grâce, peut-être, à leur conformisme avec les us et coutumes de leurs contemporains. cherchant à égaler leurs semblables dans le paraître, nous pouvons nous interroger sur la manière dont les financiers, qu'ils soient fermiers généraux, receveurs des finances ou encore trésoriers, collectionnent leurs œuvres. ainsi, existe-t-il une manière ' financière ' de collectionner<br>Our study aims at questioning the artistic taste of the financiers of the eighteenth century, through the analysis of their behaviors vis-a-vis the different actors of the world of art. Whether financial collectors, financial amateurs, financial artists, or financial sponsors, these money handlers, sometimes jealous, sometimes adulated for their fortune, evolve in a complex sphere, where rivalry and eccentricity mundane mingle with the codes of decency And the magnificence of the noble society. Severely criticized in the eighteenth century, the financiers of the age of enlightenment were fully rehabilitated in society, perhaps thanks to their conformity with the habits and customs of their contemporaries. Seeking to equal their fellows in appearance, we may question the manner in which the financiers, whether general farmers, receivers of finance, or even treasurers, collect their works. Thus, is there a 'financial' way of collecting
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Lewis, Erik Braeden. "The Countess of Counter-revolution: Madame du Barry and the 1791 Theft of Her Jewelry." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822775/.
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Jeanne Bécu, an illegitimate child from the Vaucouleurs area in France, ascended the ranks of the Ancien régime to become the Countess du Barry and take her place as Royal Mistress of Louis XV. During her tenure as Royal Mistress, Jeanne amassed a jewel collection that rivaled all private collections. During the course of the French Revolution, more specifically the Reign of Terror, Jeanne was forced to hatch a plot to secure the remainder of her wealth as she lost a significant portion of her revenue on the night of 4 August 1789. To protect her wealth, Jeanne enlisted Nathaniel Parker Forth, a British spy, to help her plan a fake jewel theft at Louveciennes so that she could remove her economic capital from France while also reducing her total wealth and capital with the intent of reducing her tax payments. As a result of the theft, her jewelry was transported to London, where she would travel four times during the French Revolution on the pretext of recovering her jewelry. This thesis examines her actions while abroad during the Revolution and her culpability in the plot. While traveling to and from London, Jeanne was able to move information, money, and people out of France. Jeanne was arrested and charged with aiding the counter-revolution, for which the Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced her to death. Madame du Barry represented the extravagance and waste of Versailles and of Bourbon absolutism, and this symbolic representation of waste was what eventually inhibited Jeanne’s success.
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Doyle, Charles James. "The judicial reaction in south-eastern France, 1794-1800." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:59cc347e-6a12-4540-8d81-65018e2170da.
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The thesis investigates and analyses the hitherto neglected phenomenon of political reaction within the judiciary of south-eastern France during the period between the Thermidorian Reaction and the advent of the Consulate. The character, objectives and effects of the 'reaction judiciaire1 are studied through a series of different perspectives. The first task is to highlight the discrepancy between the concepts of the social and political effects of a revamped judicial system formulated during the Year III and the corrupt abuse of judicial power by reactionary provincial judges. Indeed, the study constantly seeks to explore the conceptual as well as the practical damage inflicted on the Directorial regime by the supposed trustees of the post-Terrorist republican settlement. Emphasis is placed upon the collaboration between the southern judges and the counter-revolutionary elements within the local community, especially in the discussion of the origins of the judicial reaction. The changes of technique and of objective which the judiciary experienced are explored in full. It is described from its beginnings as a weapon of retribution for the aggrieved local community against the former agents of the Terror to its role in the subversion of regional jacobinism to its support for the period of unchecked counter-revolution during the Year V and finally to its function as a 'rearguard' defender of arrested counter- revolutionaries during the period of the Second Directory. In addition, due consideration is given to the motivation of individual judges who operated the reaction. It is hoped that the thesis has provided a model for the study of the causes, techniques and aims of political reaction from within an independent state power. Furthermore, it is hoped that the work is seminal in its suggestion that judicial reaction and its many ramifications had both a direct and indirect bearing upon the fall of the Directory.
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Janin, Françoise. "La France face aux Deux-Siciles (1734-1792) : les impasses de la grandeur." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE4028.
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La présente étude trouve son point de départ dans le sentiment de malaise et de déception que la France éprouve vis-à-vis des Deux-Siciles entre 1734 et 1792, alors qu’un Bourbon, cousin du roi de France, est roi des Deux-Siciles. En effet, malgré sa puissance, la France ne parvient guère à s’imposer face aux Deux-Siciles, ni sur la scène politique européenne, ni à un niveau plus local, méditerranéen, côtier, où se jouent des intérêts économiques assez mineurs pour les Français. Cette thèse, qui étudie les relations entre la France et les Deux-Siciles du seul point de vue de la France, vise en premier lieu, à travers un parcours chronologique initial, à retracer les conflits et à faire apparaître les pierres d’achoppement qui attestent la difficulté et la dégradation de la relation bilatérale, qui expliquent le mélange de déception et d’irritation ressenti et qui mettent en même temps sur la piste des erreurs d’appréciation commises par les serviteurs du roi de France. Se plaçant, précisément, du point de vue de ces acteurs, l’étude a ensuite pour ambition de saisir ces erreurs d’appréciation, et donc de montrer comment la prétendue victime est, à bien des égards, l’auteur de son propre malheur : comment, en d’autres termes, le tour pris par les relations entre la France et les Deux-Siciles renvoie, à un niveau plus profond que celui des événements, à un constant défaut de lecture des réalités napolitaines et siciliennes. Ce constat établi, il s’agit, enfin, de comprendre pourquoi le roi de France, qui dispose pourtant de représentants nombreux, n’est pas en mesure de parvenir à une meilleure appréciation de la situation et donc à une action plus profitable et plus incisive sur ce partenaire a priori plus faible que lui<br>The starting point of this thesis is the sense of discomfort and disappointment that France feels vis-à-vis the Two Sicilies between 1734 and 1792 when a Bourbon king, a cousin of the king of France, rules the Two Sicilies. Despite its power, France is unable to assert itself over the Two Sicilies on the European stage or at a local scale, that is on the coast, where French economic interests are rather low. The purpose of this thesis is to study the relationship between France and the Two Sicilies from the French point of view. First, conflicts and stumbling blocks are presented in chronological order. This analysis shows the difficulties and the deterioration of the bilateral relationship, that explain French disappointment and annoyance and that put us on the track of misconceptions prevalent among many French king’s servants. Then the study focuses on these misconceptions and shows how the alleged victim is the author of his own misfortune. In other words it shows how beyond all the incidents, France fails to understand Neapolitan and Sicilian realities. After that, this study investigates the reasons why the French king and his many representatives are unable to improve the knowledge of the situation and therefore to carry out an appropriate policy
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Riall, Ernest. "Making fashionable furniture in England and France during the 'age of elegance'." Thesis, Bucks New University, 2010. http://bucks.collections.crest.ac.uk/10115/.
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The primary aim of this thesis has been to describe the complex influences governing the production of fashionable furniture in C18th England and France in order to reassess the connection between material practices, the cultures in which they reside and the philosophical ideas from which they emerge. This has been achieved by detailing the factors influencing the design and production of late C18th furniture in England and France and developing a comparative model developed around the Harewood Library Table by Thomas Chippendale and The Wallace Collection F302 Secrétaire á abattant by Riesener, in order to isolate, identify and interpret differences between them. This innovative case study sits at the heart of this thesis and describes in detail how these pieces were designed and constructed and how they relate to the wider cultures from which they emerged. The result of this is apparent in a number of outcomes. Firstly, the thesis offers a definitive summary of the key characteristics of Chippendale’s and Riesener’s work which will better enable practitioners (conservators, curators, collectors, etc.) to identify pieces made by these makers, analyze their condition and help conserve these important pieces of furniture: furniture history currently is over‐dependent on much more subjective approaches to this process of identification. Secondly, the thesis examines different aspects of furniture making in England and France (literature on the workshops, information on economic conditions, evidence relating to tools and materials etc.) and integrates them in such a way as to provide an authoritative account of the complex processes involved in the commissioning of such fashionable furniture. The thesis not only helps us better understand furniture making in England and France at a structural level during this key period of transition but also provides an original and systematic approach to writing a history around such material cultures, demonstrating how important it is to the full(est) comprehension of history that such fashionable objects be understood. Where other frequently more privileged objects (written documents, paintings and sculptures etc.) have been seen to provide valuable historical insights, this thesis argues that fashionable furniture can now be seen to provide its own unique perspectives on the time and on the society in which it was created.
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Stoiani, Raquel. ""Da espada à águia: construção simbólica do poder e legitimação política de Napoleão Bonaparte"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-11062006-221202/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar alguns pontos da construção simbólica do poder de napoleão bonaparte, em sua relação direta com um projeto de personalização do poder e de legitimação política, captando seu significado em meio ao universo de práticas e representações políticas de fins do século XVIIIe início do XIX.Privilegiamos alguns de seus aspectos, como a estruturação de uma imagem pública em associação com o fortalecimento e legalização de seu governo, procurando entendê-los no interior do conflito entre inovação e conservação, ou seja, de distanciamento ou aproximação dos modelos e convenções de construção simbólica do poder já utilizados durante o antigo regime. Para tanto, observamos os elementos de propaganda implícitos na fabricação da imagem napoleônica e na legitimação de seu poder, buscando perceber igualmente a dinâmica de sua elaboração e as repercussões desta imagem no imaginário coletivo. deparamo-nos, assim, com diversos "Bonapartes" e "Napoleões", ficções sociais construídas pelo uso de um conjunto de criações culturais.<br>The purpose of this work is to analyze some points of the symbolic construction of Napoleon Bonaparte's power, In its direct relationship with a personalizing project of power and of political legitimation, catching its meaning in a universe of political practices and representations in the end of the 18th and early 19th centuries. We give privilege to some of its aspects, like the structure of the public image associated with the empowerment and legalization of his government, trying to understand them within the inner conflict between innovation and conservation, i.e., the distancing or approaching of the models and conventions of power's symbolic construction already used during the Ancien Regime. To this, we observe the elements of propaganda that are implicit in the construction of the Napoleonic image and in the legitimation of his power, aiming to realize equally the dynamics of its formation and the repercussions of this image in the collective imaginary. We face, therefore, several "Bonaparte" and "Napoleons", social fictions built by the lise of a set of cultural creations.
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Murphree, David Wayne. "James Mill and Dugald Stewart on Mind and Education." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/47602.
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Late 18th Britain was experiencing the beginnings of social unrest fueled in part by the American and French Revolutions. The established two class social system was being challenged by the emergence of a middle class seeking something more than traditional agricultural work. While they subscribed to very different philosophies of mind, both Stewart and Mill saw the solution to potential social chaos in a revised educational system that would open the doors to a peaceful development of that middle class. What the new educational system should look like was a direct function of the theory of mind held by the two protagonists. Employing an enlarged Foucaultian framework, this dissertation examines the various forces at work in transforming British society as it prepares for the unanticipated forthcoming industrial revolution.<br>Ph. D.
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Ma, Li. "Les représentations de l'art de gouverner chinois dans les périodiques de langue française de la seconde partie du XVIIIe siècle." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MON30062.
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Le dix-huitième siècle ouvre une nouvelle ère dans l’histoire des échanges culturels franco-chinois. La Chine apparaît non seulement comme un pays mystérieux, qui inspire les auteurs de fiction, mais encore, aux yeux des philosophes, comme une nation qui mérite d’être étudiée. Cette étude porte sur un domaine jusqu’à présent peu exploré dans les travaux sur les échanges culturels entre la France et la Chine, à savoir la presse. Notre enquête se propose d’étudier les représentations de l’art de gouverner chinois dans les périodiques de langue française dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle et le rôle joué par ceux-ci dans la diffusion de représentations de la Chine dans la société française<br>The eighteenth century opens a new era in the history of Franco-Chinese cultural exchanges. China appears not only as a mysterious country, which inspired the authors of fiction, but also, in the eyes of the philosophers, as a nation deserves to be studied. This study focuses on a field so far little discovered in the works on cultural exchanges between France and China, namely the press. Our investigation intends to consider the representations of the Chinese art of governing in French-language periodicals in the second half of the 18th century and the role played by them in the dissemination of representations of China in French society
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Levin, Suzanne Michelle. "Shades of Cato and Brutus: Classical References in the Révolutions de Paris and the Rise of Republicanism, June-October 1791." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1338322217.
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Margrave, Christie L. "Women and nature in the works of French female novelists, 1789-1815." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6391.
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On account of their supposed link to nature, women in post-revolutionary France were pigeonholed into a very restrictive sphere that centred around domesticity and submission to their male counterparts. Yet this thesis shows how a number of women writers – Cottin, Genlis, Krüdener, Souza and Staël – re-appropriate nature in order to reclaim the voice denied to them and to their sex by the society in which they lived. The five chapters of this thesis are structured to follow a number of critical junctures in the life of an adult woman: marriage, authorship, motherhood, madness and mortality. The opening sections to each chapter show why these areas of life generated particular problems for women at this time. Then, through in-depth analysis of primary texts, the chapters function in two ways. They examine how female novelists craft natural landscapes to expose and comment on the problems male-dominant society causes women to experience in France at this time. In addition, they show how female novelists employ descriptions of nature to highlight women's responses to the pain and frustration that social issues provoke for them. Scholars have thus far overlooked the natural settings within the works of female novelists of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Yet, a re-evaluation of these natural settings, as suggested by this thesis, brings a new dimension to our appreciation of the works of these women writers and of their position as critics of contemporary society. Ultimately, an escape into nature on the part of female protagonists in these novels becomes the means by which their creators confront the everyday reality faced by women in the turbulent socio-historical era which followed the Revolution.
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Isaac, Catherine. "Construire en province au XVIIIe siècle : les ingénieurs des États de Languedoc." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20103.
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Le XVIIIe siècle, période clé pour l’histoire des ingénieurs, voit la création des grands corps et de leurs écoles (Ponts et Chaussées, Génie), et la naissance de la figure de l’ingénieur moderne. Avec Jean-Rodolphe Perronet comme figure de proue, l’ingénieur des Ponts et chaussées personnifie cette évolution, en se distinguant à la fois de l’architecte et du militaire, employé par la puissance publique au service du bien commun. Dans les années 1990, les travaux relatifs à l’histoire des ingénieurs prennent un essor considérable, avec les publications d’Anne Blanchard, Antoine Picon, Hélène Vérin, ou encore Janis Langins. Avant la Révolution française, le corps des Ponts et chaussées ne se déploie pas sur tout le territoire, les ingénieurs des pays d’États conservent leur indépendance jusqu’à la fusion opérée en 1791. Ceux-ci ont peu retenu l’attention, hormis leur évocation par Fernand de Dartein dans ses études sur les ponts remarquables en Bourgogne et en Languedoc, et les articles de Joseph Letaconnoux sur leurs homologues bretons. Cette recherche prend pour objet les ingénieurs civils au service de la province de Languedoc (personnes exerçant des fonctions d’ingénieurs aux différents niveaux de l’administration des travaux publics de la province de Languedoc). Elle est délimitée dans l’espace par les frontières de la province et dans le temps par le XVIIIe siècle.Si quelques publications ont été consacrées à certaines activités de ces ingénieurs comme les constructions de routes (Jérôme Slonina), de ponts (Fernand de Dartein déjà cité), ou la cartographie (François de Dainville), aucune n’a traité de ces ingénieurs en tant que tels. C’est l’ambition de la présente thèse. En premier lieu, cette recherche se concentre sur l’organisation, le recrutement, la formation, les réseaux et la vie quotidienne de ces ingénieurs. En second lieu, elle s’attache à leurs savoirs, aux travaux dans le cadre des sociétés savantes, aux voyages d’études et à la création des écoles de ponts et chaussées en Languedoc. Enfin en troisième lieu, en s’appuyant sur un corpus d’œuvres centré sur les ponts, elle examine la mise en œuvre de ces savoirs dans la construction et aux relations avec les entrepreneurs. En tirant profit de sources inédites, et en revisitant d’autres déjà connues, cette thèse vise à proposer une vision axée sur le parcours des hommes et la constitution, l’acquisition, la transmission des savoirs des ingénieurs languedociens du XVIIIe siècle, qui ne semble pas exister à ce jour<br>When it comes to the history of engineers in France, the eighteenth century is key. Schools were founded for military (École du Génie) or civil (Ponts et chaussées) engineering corps, resulting in the advent of the modern civil engineer, a child of the Age of Enlightenment, who distinguished himself from both the architect and the military engineer.In the 1990s research on engineer history flourished and works published by Anne Blanchard, Antoine Picon, Hélène Vérin or Janis Langins became standard reference books.During the Old Regime, the Corps des Ponts et chaussées was not deployed over the entire country. Several provinces (pays d’États) were granted a relative autonomy for public work administration, thereby hiring their own engineers. Except for some paragraphs in Fernand de Dartein’s books about Languedoc and Burgundy engineers, and an article by Joseph Letaconnoux on Brittany ones, precious few studies have been conducted about them.This research deals with the civil engineers who were at the service of the Province of Languedoc in the eighteenth century. Some books and papers were published about their activities, such as roadwork (Jérôme Slonina), bridgework (Fernand de Dartein), or cartography (François de Dainville). The present essay aims at addressing the engineers as such. It focuses firstly on their organisation, their recruitment, their training, their networking and their day-to-day life. It studies in a second part their academic activities, their travels, and the foundation and deployment of engineering schools in the province. Finally, it analyses how they used their skills and competencies for their construction works, and their relationships with the entrepreneurs. It seeks to draw a global picture of the build-up, capture, transmission of technical knowledge by the eighteenth-century Languedoc engineers
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Carlisle, Tara McDermott. "Adélaide Labille-Guiard and Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun: Portraitists in the Age of the French Revolution." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332771/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the portraiture of Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun and Adélaide Labille-Guiard within the context of their time. Analysis of specific portraits in American collections is provided, along with an examination of their careers: early education, Academic Royale membership, Salon exhibitions, and the French Revolution. Discussion includes the artists' opposing stylistic heritages, as well as the influences of their patronage, the French art academy and art criticism. This study finds that Salon critics compared their paintings, but not with the intention of creating a bitter personal and professional rivalry between them as presumed by some twentieth-century art historians. This thesis concludes those critics simply addressed their opposing artistic styles and that no such rivalry existed.
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Zakaria, Riad. "Les sociabilités élitaires à Lyon au XVIIIe siècle." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2051.
Full textAbstract:
La thèse de doctorat d’histoire moderne Les Sociabilités élitaires à Lyon au XVIIIe siècle a pour sujet principal les interactions entre les groupes sociaux dominants à Lyon au siècle des Lumières. Lyon est une ville réputée être « sans noblesse », où l’activité commerciale est puissante. Néanmoins, l’aristocratie est tout de même présente, bien que minoritaire, et on la retrouve évidemment dans les quartiers les plus luxueux de la cité rhodanienne. Les catégories élitaires de Lyon au XVIIIe siècle qui ont été retenues sont : le clergé, la noblesse (épée, robe, cloche), les officiers royaux (nobles, du tiers état), les bourgeois, les membres des professions libérales, les négociants, les marchands. L’idée maîtresse de cette étude est donc d’exminer les liens entre les groupes d’élites, comment elles se croisent, s’unissent, se répartissent. Ce travail de recherche se sert essentiellement de la méthode de la prosopographie pour parvenir à des résultats statistiques permettant d’élaborer une réflexion analytique. Nous nous sommes appuyé pour cela sur les stratégies matrimoniales (première partie), sur les sociabilités culturelles (deuxième partie) et sur les localisations résidentielles (troisième partie). Nous nous sommes ainsi intéressé dans un premier chapitre aux comportements démographiques, aux mariages (à travers les phénomènes d’endogamie, d’exogamie, d’hypergamie et d’hypogamie notamment), à la parenté spirituelle et à l’influence du rang dans la fratrie. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous avons abordé les sociétés de culture, la vie religieuse, les loges maçonniques, le théâtre et diverses institutions urbaines (institutions d’enfermement, compagnies militaires, etc.). Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre, nous avons examiné la répartition spatiale de ces élites en séparant le territoire de la ville entre le côté de Fourvière, le côté de Saint-Nizier nord et le côté de Saint-Nizier sud. Ainsi, chaque partie soulève des problèmes particuliers. À propos des stratégies matrimoniales, nous nous sommes posé la question : dans quelle mesure ces groupes sont-ils endogames ? Quand la stricte endogamie, trop souvent admise a priori se trouve transgressée, entre quels groupes des liens d’alliance se tissent-ils ? Dans le domaine les sociabilités culturelles, nous avons tenté de voir quels groupes sont affiliés à quelles sociétés ou institutions et avons essayé de déterminer s’il existait des rapports entre eux au sein de celles-ci. A fortiori, nous nous sommes attaché à montrer si certaines catégories sont plus ou moins exclues par certaines d’entre elles. Pour répondre à ces questionnements, nous avons établi des banques de données sommant les listes de membres des loges maçonniques, des rectorats d’hôpitaux, des bureaux des sociétés de bienfaisance, des cercles littéraires, etc. Enfin, en ce qui concerne les localisations résidentielles, nous avons cherché dans quelle mesure peut-on faire correspondre l’habitat d’un groupe à une volonté ségrégative ? Quelles sont les formes de commensalité ? Quelles sont les caractéristiques des espaces de mixité sociale ? Cette étude se propose donc de prolonger les travaux de Maurice Garden, essentiellement voués aux couches populaires, par une prosopographie spécifiquement consacrée aux élites<br>The principal subject of the thesis Les Sociabilités élitaires au XVIIIe siècle deals with interactions between the dominant social groups in Lyon during the Enlightenment century. Lyon has the reputation of being a city “without nobility”, where commercial activity is powerful. However, the aristocracy is present, even if it is in minority, and we can find it obviously in the most luxurious districts of the city of the Rhône. The Lyon’s elite categories of the 18th century are: clergymen, the nobility (according to french sense : épée, robe, cloche), officers (nobles, or belonging to the Third Estate), bourgeois, liberal professions, traders, merchants. Therefore, the main idea of this study is to see the links between these elite groups, how they cross and/or unite each other, and how they share the Lyon territory. This work of research essentially uses the prosopographical method to reach statistic results enabling to produce an historical reflection about the question of the sociabilities of the elites from Lyon in this period. To reach this goal, we focused on the matrimonial strategies (first part), the cultural sociabilities (second part) and residential localizations (third part). Thus, we are interested in the first chapter by demographic behaviour, weddings (with especially the phenomenons of endogamy, exogamy, hypogamy, hypergamy), spiritual kinship and influence of the rank inside the siblings. In the second chapter, we are interested by cultural societies, religious life, masonic lodges, theatre and different urban institutions (imprisonment institutions, military companies, and so on.). Finally, in the third chapter, we are interested by the spatial distribution of these elites, the area of the city beeing divided between the Fourvière side, the North Saint-Nizier side and the South Saint-Nizier side. Thus, each part gives rise to special problems. About the matrimonial problems, we could question : how far these groups are endogamous? When strong endogamy rule, which is too often a priori supposed is transgressed, between which groups alliance connections are developed? About the cultural sociabilities, we try to see which groups are associated to which societies or institutions and we try to see if there is links between them inside these ones. A fortiori, we try to show if some categories are more or less excluded of some of them. To answer these questionings, we have made databases with the lists of the members of the masonic lodges, the hospital boards, the councils of charity societies, literary circles, an so on. At last, about the residential localizations, we could wonder to which extent we could manage to make a correspondence between the accommodations of a group to a segregative will? What are the commensalité forms? What are the characteristics of the social diversity spaces? So, this work has a new perspective, because if Maurice Garden looked into the situation of the lower classes of Lyon in the 18th century, there was a lack in the historiographical research on the elites
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Klasa, Michael Gerhard. "State and Empire Before and During the Napoleonic Era: The effects of liberal revolutions in France, Spain, and Portugal at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/7212.
Full textAbstract:
This master thesis deals in general with the effects of liberal revolutions in France, Spain, and
Portugal at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, to explain the changes in
political systems in the Iberian Peninsula. For this, the definitions of streams of thought, ideas
and concepts according to their historicity are being considered, in order to understand the
meaning ascribed to them at the time. For that reason, the first chapter is about the change
from absolutism to liberalism. The two concepts and streams of thought are explained and
compared and the theoretical part of the thesis is started with this. At the end of this part a
small amount of information on constitutional monarchism is given with this special form of
monarchy being the following system of government after the absolute monarchism.
In this connection, the following chapter deals with the concept definitions at around 1780 –
1815 as to be named the concept of (nation) “state”, the concept of “empire”, and the concepts
of “peace” and “war”. In this stage, the historicity of each idea was analyzed, from the origin
to the time of this study.
In a third part of the thesis a case study is made showing the situation in and the political
relations between France, Spain, and Portugal in these times. The first subchapter deals with
France and the precursors of the French Revolution, the second one with the absolute
monarchy of Spain, and the third describes the circumstances in Portugal.
The fourth chapter of the thesis is the most important one as it is describing and analyzing the
turning point, meaning the switch, to new governmental forms with the help of liberal
revolutions. The reasons why it came to the French Revolution are covered in this part, too,
with this event being the starting signal for a number of revolutions all over the continent. The
questions of What changed?, How did it affect France?, How did it affect Spain?, and How
did it affect Portugal? are answered and similarities and differences are shown at the end.
In the conclusion, the remnants of the ‘new’ ideas that can still be found today are discussed
and a parallel is drawn that even nowadays revolutions or even wars are taking place to
change existing political systems as seen in the Arabic world, for example. To come to an end
of the thesis, this is combined with a profound personal opinion on the topic in which the
subjective opinion of the author is evaluating the processes in the three discussed countries.<br>Esta dissertação tem por objeto a contextualização e análise dos efeitos das revoluções liberais
na França, Espanha e Portugal, nos finais do século XVIII e inícios do século XIX, visando
explicar as mudanças nos sistemas políticos da Península Ibérica. Para isso, consideramos
muito importante apoiar o nosso estudo na definição preliminar dos conceitos base e das
correntes de pensamento político de acordo com sua historicidade, com o fim de compreender
o significado que lhes é atribuído no momento. Por essa razão, o primeiro capítulo é dedicado
à distinção entre o regime do absolutismo e do liberalismo. Os dois conceitos e correntes de
pensamento são explicados e comparados, sendo iniciada a tese com esta abordagem teórica.
No final desta parte, são realçadas as principais caraterísticas da monarquia constitucional
enquanto uma forma especial de monarquia que sucedeu ao sistema de governo da monarquia
absoluta.
Neste alinhamento, o capítulo seguinte debruça-se sobre definições conceituais relevantes, no
período de 1780-1815, como o conceito de (nação) "Estado", de "império", e os conceitos de
"paz" e de "guerra". Neste capótulo, foi realçada a historicidade de cada um destes conceitos,
desde a origem até ao tempo do nosso estudo.
No terceiro capítulo da tese é executado o estudo de caso mostrando a evolução das relações
políticas entre França, Espanha e Portugal no período histórico definido. O primeiro
subcapítulos é dedicado à França e aos antecedentes directos da Revolução Francesa, o
segundo reporta-se à caraterização da monarquia absoluta em Espanha, e a terceira descreve
as vicissitudes políticas de Portugal.
O quarto capítulo da tese é o mais importante, sendo dedicado à descrição e análise do ponto
de viragem, ou seja, a mudança e a rutura consumadas, com a emergência de novas formas de
governo, por efeito das revoluções liberais. As principais razões pelas quais ocorreu esta
mudança das estruturas políticas no período subsequente à Revolução Francesa são abordadas
nesta parte, considerando que este evento foi o ponto de partida para uma série de revoluções
em todo o continente europeu. Procuramos responder a algumas questões: O que mudou?,
Como isso afetou a França? , Como isso afetou a Espanha? e Como isso afetou Portugal? As
respostas às questões, bem como as semelhanças e as diferenças são apresentadas no final.
Na conclusão, o remanescente das «novas» ideias revolucionárias que podem ainda hoje ser
descortinadas são discutidas, considerando que num plano paralelo as revoluções dos nossos
dias, ou mesmo guerras, ocorrem igualmente com o intuito de mudar os sistemas políticos
existentes, como se tem observado mais recentemente no mundo árabe, por exemplo. No fecho deste estudo é apresentada uma opinião pessoal sustentada sobre o tema, na qual a
opinião subjetiva do autor perspetiva uma avaliação dos processos políticos nos três países
abordados.
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Sublime, Jérôme. "Les commissaires des classes de la marine en France (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010684.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail étudie une catégorie socio-professionnelle méconnue de l'époque moderne : les commissaires aux classes et ceux qui en faisaient fonction de 1668 à 1795. Il retrace l'évolution de cet office au cours de la période, en mettant au jour les modifications apportées par les différents secrétaires d'État : ceux-ci cherchent à mieux circonscrire les charges dévolues aux commissaires, s'appuyant sur les nombreux rapports, correspondances et mémoires rédigés dans les ports, en temps de guerre comme en temps de paix. Mais au-delà de la fonction, souvent protéiforme (de la levée des classes aux inspections de bâtiments), il y a les hommes mêmes, des hommes de terrain, souvent commissaires de père en fils, qui tissent auprès des gens de mer de véritables réseaux (familiaux, professionnels) qui compensent leur image ambivalente. Critiqués, ils jouent pourtant dans les quartiers qu'ils ont en charge un rôle de modérateur social jusqu’ici largement ignoré. L'étude se propose de montrer comment au fil des ans ces hommes de plume se sont mués en agents d’administration. Elle met également en évidence la naissance de dynasties constituant et s’intégrant à des clientèles plus vastes, conscientes tout autant de leurs devoirs que de leurs prérogatives vis-à-vis de l'épée. Deux études de cas, l’une présentant l’émergence d’une de ces dynasties et l’autre analysant un procès en prévarication, illustrent les thèses avancées. Le volume II présente un dictionnaire biographique de 440 responsables des classes, permettant de mieux se représenter la réalité tant numérique que sociologique de ces cadres de l'administration maritime<br>This study analyses a widely unknown 18th century socio-professional category: the commissaires des classes. The French government's system of naval conscription created by Colbert in 1668 divided the realm into several districts, each one directed by an officier des classes. Although they are a reliable source on the French seamen, no one ever wondered who they were, what their social background was and how they managed to fulfill the government's requests concerning naval conscription. The Secretaries of State for the Navy tried to turn them from simple clerks to officers of administration. Thus emerged many unofficial functions, such as: social appeasement, financial help for seamen and closer relations with the littoral authorities (municipalities, merchants, ship-owners) than ever suspected. Their image proved to be ambivalent: they were loathed because they embodied the Royal Law but also praised for their social work. Difficulties in wartime forced them to rise to the occasion. The study of their work through their letters and reports to the Ministry, their administrative production (registration rolls) and the up to now widely unused personal files kept in the National Archives also revealed that they built dynasties of administrators intimately linked with clientelist networks within the maritime districts and at the Court. Acting as a lobby group, these families were keen on keeping their privileges and on preserving their interests in spite of the numerous reforms held by the Ministers throughout the 18th century. A biographical dictionary of 440 officers of classes completes this study, revealing the sociological reality of this administrative key group
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Baker, William C. "Capital Ships, Commerce, and Coalition: British Strategy in the Mediterranean Theater, 1793." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699881/.
Full textAbstract:
In 1793, Great Britain embarked on a war against Revolutionary France to reestablish a balance of power in Europe. Traditional assessments among historians consider British war planning at the ministerial level during the First Coalition to be incompetent and haphazard. This work reassesses decision making of the leading strategists in the British Cabinet in the development of a theater in the Mediterranean by examining political, diplomatic, and military influences. William Pitt the Younger and his controlling ministers pursued a conservative strategy in the Mediterranean, reliant on Allies in the region to contain French armies and ideas inside the Alps and the Pyrenees. Dependent on British naval power, the Cabinet sought to weaken the French war effort by targeting trade in the region. Throughout the first half of 1793, the British government remained fixed on this conservative, traditional approach to France. However, with the fall of Toulon in August of 1793, decisions made by Admiral Samuel Hood in command of forces in the Mediterranean radicalized British policy towards the Revolution while undermining the construct of the Coalition. The inconsistencies in strategic thought political decisions created stagnation, wasting the opportunities gained by the Counter-revolutionary movements in southern France. As a result, reinvigorated French forces defeated Allied forces in detail in the fall of 1793.
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Demême-Thérouin, Amandine. "De l’influence des femmes de lettres des XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles sur la sphère culturelle de leur pays : étude comparative entre la France et l’Espagne." Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0074.
Full textAbstract:
Si une curiosité intellectuelle vous amène à vous questionner sur la femme et son influence dans la sphère littéraire, scientifique et artistique, osez ouvrir les premières pages de cette thèse. La France et l’Espagne, deux pays dominant le monde du XVIe siècle au XVIIIe siècle, sont comparées pour mettre en lumière les ressemblances et différences de l’impact culturel des femmes de l’époque. Si les hommes dominent dans la sphère publique, les femmes vont surmonter les épreuves et s’émanciper du foyer pour parvenir à montrer les talents de leur esprit. Elles vont marquer la littérature dans des genres divers selon les pays et apporter à la société un regard féminin sur le monde qui les entoure et une analyse propre aux sentiments du coeur. S’illustrant comme salonnières, elles s’enrichissent d’une compagnie très hétéroclite afin de partager, créer et juger les oeuvres proposées. De plus, les femmes sont touchées par les sciences puisqu’elles vulgarisent, traduisent et écrivent pour favoriser le progrès, et éclairent un public large du plus novice au plus savant. Dans le domaine artistique, les femmes aiment débattre et s’engagent dans les querelles académiques. Elles apportent également un soutien aux artistes féminines et éveillent la fibre artistique de leurs contemporaines.Mécènes, elles collaborent avec les artistes afin de les promouvoir et les révéler au public. Durant ces trois siècles, vous découvrirez dans cet ouvrage, les marches qu’ont gravies les femmes pour s’élever et défendre leur sexe mais aussi les limites et les écueils auxquels elles se sont confrontées<br>If you are interested in women’s influence on literature, science and arts, read the first pages of this thesis. France and Spain were the two leading countries in the world from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The similarities and differences in the cultural involvement of women are compared. Men were predominant in the public field while women had to overcome obstacles to escape from their household assignation and develop the abilities of their minds. They influenced literature in various ways according to the different countries and had a feminine view on the world around them with a more sensitive approach. As « salonnières » they were surrounded by a variety of companions to share, create and judge the works that were offered for their appreciation.More over, women were involved in sciences. They popularized, translated and wrote to promote progress and enlighten a wide range of people, whether ignorant or learned ones. In the field of arts, women loved debating and taking part in academic arguments. They also supported women artists and awakened their talents. They played a part as patrons to reveal them to the public. As you read,you will discover the steps that women had to climb over three centuries to improve their status and defend their gender but also the odds and obstacles they were confronted with
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Marie, Laurence. "L'acteur peintre de la nature. Esthétique du tableau et premières théories du jeu théâtral au XVIIIème siècle (France, Angleterre, Allemagne)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040147.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse entend montrer comment la naissance de la théorie du jeu théâtral au XVIIIe siècle contribue à la mise en cause du modèle mimétique classique au profit d'un nouveau modèle expressif. Considérant trois aires culturelles (la France, l'Angleterre et l'Allemagne), elle adopte une démarche chronologique, qui vise à souligner les changements dans la façon d’entendre le parallèle entre l'acteur, le peintre et l’orateur. Il apparaît ainsi que la théorie du jeu tire sa légitimité d'une réhabilitation du spectacle visuel, qui donne lieu à une esthétique du tableau scénique mettant en lumière la spécificité du jeu. En ce sens, elle ne se constitue pas en rupture avec les traités d’actio, mais par une réinterprétation visuelle de leurs principes, en faveur d'une éloquence corporelle naturelle libérée des codes de la rhétorique. Dès lors, sous l’influence du sensualisme, la place centrale accordée au corps de l'acteur créateur conduit à une série d'expérimentations théoriques et pratiques qui portent sur la production et la réception du sentiment au théâtre, et qui sont alimentées par les échanges d'un pays à l'autre. Ces réflexions hybrides participent à la redéfinition des arts de la représentation en termes de relation esthétique entre un sujet créateur et un sujet récepteur, et au passage d'une conception imitative à une approche expressive du sentiment. La diffusion, par David Garrick, d'une certaine image de Shakespeare, dont la dramaturgie contrevient aux règles de la poétique classique, joue un rôle important dans le développement de la théorie du jeu visuel et dans la définition du théâtre comme texte et représentation<br>This work shows how the birth of acting in the eighteenth century calls into question the classical mimetic model in favour of a new expressive model. It examines three cultural areas: France, England, and Germany. It also adopts a chronological approch in order to analyse the changes undergone by the parallel between the actor, the painter and the orator. It then appears that acting theory draws its legitimacy from a rehabilitation of visual spectacle, which provokes the settling of an aesthetic of the stage paintng putting into light acting’s specificity. In that sense, acting theory does not emerge against writings on oratory action; on the contrary, it rises thanks to a visual re-interpreting of their principles freed from rhetorical codes. Hence, through the influence of sensualism, the major place given to the creative actor's body leads to theoretical and practical experimentations that concern the way to produce and to receive feelings, and which are nourished by multiple exchanges between the three countries. These hybrid reflections help redefine the art of representation as an aesthetic relation between a creating subject and a receiving subject. It contributes to the transition from an imitative conception of feeling to an expressive one. David Garrick’s spreading of a certain image of Shakespeare, whose dramaturgy offends the classical poetics rules, plays an important role in the development of a theory of visual acting an in the redefinition of theatre as text and representation
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Sheu, Ling-Ling. "Marivaux, juge et témoin de son temps d'après ses journaux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212277.
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Herbert, Flora. "L'estampe et ses transferts : gravures françaises et copies allemandes (1650-1750)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040065.
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Cette thèse de doctorat propose une réflexion sur les phénomènes de copies en matière d’estampe à travers la production d’éditeurs-graveurs allemands de la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle et de la première moitié du siècle suivant. Parmi les principaux acteurs du monde de la gravure en Allemagne après la fin de la guerre de Trente ans, certains, à commencer par la famille des Küsel à Augsbourg, se sont largement investis dans la réalisation et l’édition de copies gravées. Parmi les modèles utilisés par ces graveurs, l’estampe française du XVIIe siècle tient une place centrale. Remises dans leur contexte historique, technique et artistique, ces copies permettent d’aborder un rapport à la reproduction et diffusion des images différent d’aujourd’hui. Trois niveaux de transferts sont dans ce cadre interrogés. Le premier se réfère à la pratique même du copiste, qui transfère son modèle sur une plaque à graver. Le deuxième niveau de transfert concerne plus spécifiquement les translations qui s’opèrent d’un pays à un autre. Enfin, le troisième interroge la manière dont le désir de s’approprier l’original se reporte sur la copie. Il s’agit ainsi de replacer ces phénomènes de copies dans leurs contextes de production respectifs mais aussi d’étudier ce qu’implique cette pratique, tout en tenant compte pour cela du rôle joué par son public<br>This doctoral thesis presents a study of the phenomenon of print copying, study based on the production of German publishers and engravers in the second half of the seventeenth century and the first half of the following century. Some of the main producers of engravings in Germany after the end of the Thirty Years War, starting with the Küsel family in Augsburg, were very much involved in creating and publishing engraved copies. The French seventeenth century printing was a central element in the models used by these engravers. When these copies are placed in their historical, technical and artistic background, they enable us to address a different way of looking at the copying and publishing of pictures, compared withtoday. We shall, therefore, analyze three levels of transfers. The first one relates to the actual technique of the copyist who transfers the model onto an engraving plate. The second one focuses more specifically on the exchanges generated from one country to another. Finally, the third one raises the issue of how the desire to appropriate the original is transferred onto the copy. We shall thus place these phenomena of print copies in their respective backgrounds but also analyze what is implied by this practice, taking into account the role played by its audience
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Urbain, Ruano Elise. "La mode du négligé et le portrait français : de la "sprezzatura" au "naturel" le "négligé", 1670-1790." Thesis, Lille 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL3H006.
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Le choix des vêtements représentés dans un portrait est rarement anodin, et ceci est particulièrement vrai à l’époque moderne. Les significations de nombreux attributs et costumes officiels ont été largement étudiées et commentées, mais qu’en est-il des portraits en négligé ? À partir des années 1670, le sens du terme « négligé » prend une nouvelle acception moins péjorative et qualifie des vêtements confortables, opposés à la grande parure. Il s’agit de déterminer les circonstances qui amènent à une revalorisation du point de vue sur le négligé et expliquer son succès dans le portrait. La question est posée dans le cadre des relations entre la France et l’Angleterre faites d’alternance de périodes d’assimilation et de rejet dont les effets sur les pratiques artistiques ne sont plus à démontrer.Au XVIIIe siècle, le terme « négligé » désigne aussi bien des vêtements que des styles artistiques en peinture ou littérature, ou encore une attitude totalement artificielle liée chez les femmes au rituel codifié de la toilette : il concerne les pratiques sociales d’élites caractérisées par un souci constant de la représentation. Par certains aspects, le négligé évoque la « sprezzatura » de Baldassare Castiglione, mais au cours du XVIIIe siècle il est rapproché de, ou opposé à, l’idée de « naturel ». Enfin, la diffusion des modes négligées est à lier au rejet des codes de la parure, contribuant au brouillage de la hiérarchie sociale d’Ancien Régime et permettant une affirmation individuelle au détriment de l’identité de groupe. De nouvelles clefs de lecture sont ainsi données pour des portraits dans lesquels la représentation des vêtements ne paraissait pas significative<br>The choice of clothing depicted in a portrait is often meaningful, and this is especially true in the Early Modern Period and the Enlightment. The meanings of many official attributes and costumes have been extensively studied and commented on, but what about portraits « en négligé » ? From the 1670s onwards, the meaning of the French « négligé » took on a new, less pejorative meaning and qualified comfortable clothing, opposed to great adornment. This study aims at determining the circumstances that lead to a revaluation of the point of view on the « négligé » and explaining its wide use in portraits, in the context of relations between France and England, which are alternating periods of assimilation and rejection, the effects of which on artistic practices are no longer to be demonstrated. In the eighteenth century, the term « négligé » refers to clothing as well as artistic styles in painting or literature, or a totally artificial attitude linked, for women, to the codified ritual of the toilet : it concerns the social practices of elites, characterized by a constant concern for representation. In some ways, the « négligé » evokes the « sprezzatura » of Baldassare Castiglione, but during the eighteenth century it is associated to, or opposed to, the idea of « natural ». Finally, the « négligé » fashion is linked to the rejection of the codes of adornment, contributing to the blurring of the Ancien Regime social hierarchy, and allowing an individual affirmation at the expense of group identity. New reading keys are thus given for portraits in which the representation of clothing did not seem significant
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Kim, Svetlana. "L’Opéra-comique en Russie dans le dernier tiers du XVIIIe siècle : présence et influence du modèle français." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2064.
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À la fin du XVIIIe siècle, dans la vie musicale en Russie on constate un phénomène intéressant : l’essor du genre de l’opéra-comique français. En effet, pendant le dernier quart du XVIIIe siècle, ce genre est très présent sur certaines scènes–du théâtre populaire jusqu’au théâtre impérial. Ainsi, d’après différentes sources, entre 1764 et 1800 de nombreuses œuvres de compositeurs français, notamment celles de Duni, Dalayrac, Monsigny, Dezède, Philidor et Grétry y connaissent le succès. Pour quelle raison ce nouveau genre devient-il tellement populaire en Russie à cette époque ? Quellesprémisses socio-culturelles suscitent l’intérêt du public d’un pays profondément féodal pour les idées des Lumières ; idées qui aboutissent à la représentation réaliste de sentiments forts, voire des souffrances du peuple dans le nouveau genre ?La présence constante des œuvres françaises sur les scènes de Russie prédétermine l’émergence des premiers opéras-comiques russes. Bien qu’ils n’échappent pas à l’influence de l’opera buffa italien, joué abondamment sur les scènes russes, ces premiers opéras-comiques nationaux mettent en évidence des traits spécifiquement français, empruntés par certains compositeurs russes. Sans oublier pour autant l’influence italienne, il paraît important d’étudier le rôle déterminant de l’opéra-comique français, pris comme modèle par des compositeurs tels Pachkevitch, Fomine et Sokolovsky. Il s’agitdonc de se demander : comment ces compositeurs utilisent le modèle français et l’adaptent aux conditions et à la mentalité de leur pays ? Dans cette perspective, outre l’observation des conditions historiques et socio-culturelles présidant à l’apparition du nouveau genre en Russie au XVIIIe siècle, on procèdera à une comparaison des plus remarquables des opéras-comiques russes avec leurs prédécesseurs français, aux niveaux formel, musical et poétique<br>In the late 18th century there was an interesting phenomenon in the musical life in Russia : the rise of the genre of the French comic opera. Indeed, during the last quarter of the 18th century this kind of opera invaded theatrical scenes–from the popular theatre to the imperial court. Thus, according to different sources, between 1764 and 1800, approximately 100 opéras-comiques written by French composers, notably those by Duni, Grétry, Dalayrac, Monsigny, Dezède, Philidor were successfully represented there. Why did this new genre become so popular in Russia at this time? What sociocultural premises aroused the public interest of a deeply feudal country for Enlightenment ideas; ideas that led to the realistic representation of strong feelings, even sufferings of the third estate?The constant presence of French works on Russian stages predetermined the emergence of the first Russian comic operas. Although they did not escape the Italian opera buffa influence, played extensively on Russian stages, these first national comic operas highlighted specific French features, borrowed by some Russian composers. Without forgetting the Italian influence, it seems important to us to study the determining role of the French comic opera, taken as a model by composers such as Pashkevich, Fomin and Sokolovsky. So, it will be asked : how did these composers use the Frenchmodel and adapt it to the conditions and mentality of their country? In addition to the historical and socio-cultural conditions observing, who governed the new opera genre emergence in the eighteenth century Russia, we will compare the most remarkable Russian comic operas with their French predecessors at the formal, musical and poetic levels
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Philip, Marion. "La sexualité légitime comme privilège. Masculinités parisiennes à l’époque moderne (1600-1750)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUL065.
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La Réforme catholique a marqué le XVIIe siècle par sa promotion du sacrement du mariage. L’État mène une politique parallèle d’encadrement de la sexualité et du mariage garantissant l’autorité paternelle sur le destin matrimonial de ses dépendants. À l’austérité de ce siècle s’oppose la « libération sexuelle » du XVIIIe siècle, dont profitent majoritairement les hommes. La sexualité s’échappe progressivement des contraintes morales qui faisaient du mariage le seul lieu légitime de la sexualité. Ces évolutions ont façonné le rapport des hommes à la sexualité entre 1600-1750. Cette enquête permet de préciser cette chronologie. Elle prend appui principalement sur les archives de l’officialité diocésaine de Paris, qui documentent la sexualité de Parisiens issus de catégories sociales diverses : de clercs et de laïcs, de célibataires et d’hommes mariés. Ce corpus a été confronté à un ensemble de textes médicaux, moraux et juridiques, d’œuvres pornographiques, de chansons, de proverbes et d’iconographie. Trois axes guident cette étude. Elle montre d’abord que le mariage est un modèle attractif au XVIIe siècle, notamment parce qu’il permet d’accéder à une sexualité légitime qui n’entame pas les chances de salut, mais dont l’accès est de plus en plus contrôlé par des figures patriarcales (père, maître et capitaine). Elle analyse ensuite la fragilité des masculinités maritales, dont la puissance domestique est indexée à l’exercice d’une conduite sexuelle exemplaire. Elle décrit enfin le rapport qu’entretiennent les hommes célibataires, laïcs et ecclésiastiques, à la sexualité illégitime, ce qu’elle dit de leur relation aux femmes, mais aussi aux autres hommes<br>The Catholic Reformation in the 17th century is well known for its promotion of the sacrament of marriage. The State also conducted a policy of regulating sexuality and marriage, thereby protecting and asserting paternal authority over the matrimonial destiny of its dependents. This austerity sharply contrasts with the “sexual liberation” of the 18th century, which mainly benefited men. Sexuality would then gradually escape the moral constraints and legitimacy of marriage. These developments shaped men's relationship with sexuality between 1600-1750. This study establishes a clearer chronology for this shift. It mainly relies on Parisian’s Church Court’s archives, which documented the sexuality of Parisians from various social backgrounds: from clerics and lay people, to single and married men. These archives are looked at in correlation to a set of medical, moral and legal texts, pornographic writings, songs, proverbs and iconography. Three lines of inquiry are considered. Firstly, whilst marriage was an attractive ideal in the 17th century, because it gave people access to a legitimate sexuality which did not affect the chances of salvation, we argue that the patriarchal figures (such as father, master and captain) gradually increased their control of it. Secondly, by scrutinising the fragility of conjugal masculinities, we demonstrate how domestic power is indexed to the exercise of exemplary sexual conduct. Finally, the study delves deep into lay and ecclesiastical single men’s relation to illegitimate sexuality, and what it reveals about their relationship to women, but also to other men