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Journal articles on the topic 'Titanocene dichloride'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Deally, Anthony, Frauke Hackenberg, Grainne Lally, and Matthias Tacke. "Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Achiral Indole-Substituted Titanocene Dichloride Derivatives." International Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2012 (June 12, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/905981.

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Six new titanocene compounds have been isolated and characterised. These compounds were synthesised from their fulvene precursors using Super Hydride (LiBEt3H) followed by transmetallation with titanium tetrachloride to yield the corresponding titanocene dichloride derivatives. These complexes are bis-[((1-methyl-3-diethylaminomethyl)indol-2-yl)methylcyclopentadienyl] titanium (IV) dichloride (5a), bis-[((5-methoxy-1-methyl,3-diethylaminomethyl)indol-2-yl)methylcyclopentadienyl] titanium (IV) dichloride (5b), bis-[((1-methyl,3-diethylaminomethyl)indol-4-yl)methylcyclopentadienyl] titanium (IV) dichloride (5c), bis-[((5-bromo-1-methyl)indol-3-yl)methylcyclopentadienyl] titanium (IV) dichloride (5d), bis-[((5-chloro-1-methyl)indol-3-yl)methylcyclopentadienyl] titanium (IV) dichloride (5e), and bis-[((5-fluoro-1-methyl)indol-3-yl)methylcyclopentadienyl] titanium (IV) dichloride (5f). All six titanocenes 5a–5f were tested for their cytotoxicity through MTT-based in vitro tests on CAKI-1 cell lines using DMSO and Soluphor P as solubilising agents in order to determine their IC50 values. Titanocenes 5a–5f were found to have IC50 values of 10 (±2), 21 (±3), 29 (±4), 140 (±6), and 450 (±10) μM when tested using DMSO.

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2

Bousrez, G., I. Déchamps, J. L. Vasse, and F. Jaroschik. "Reduction of titanocene dichloride with dysprosium: access to a stable titanocene(ii) equivalent for phosphite-free Takeda carbonyl olefination." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 20 (2015): 9359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt03979c.

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3

Guk, Dmitry A., Karina R. Gibadullina, Roman O. Burlutskiy, Kirill G. Pavlov, Anna A. Moiseeva, Viktor A. Tafeenko, Konstantin A. Lyssenko, Erik R. Gandalipov, Alexander A. Shtil, and Elena K. Beloglazkina. "New Titanocene (IV) Dicarboxylates with Potential Cytotoxicity: Synthesis, Structure, Stability and Electrochemistry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 7, 2023): 3340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043340.

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The search for new anticancer drugs based on biogenic metals, which have weaker side effects compared to platinum-based drugs, remains an urgent task in medicinal chemistry. Titanocene dichloride, a coordination compound of fully biocompatible titanium, has failed in pre-clinical trials but continues to attract the attention of researchers as a structural framework for the development of new cytotoxic compounds. In this study, a series of titanocene (IV) carboxylate complexes, both new and those known from the literature, was synthesized, and their structures were confirmed by a complex of physicochemical methods and X-ray diffraction analysis (including one previously unknown structure based on perfluorinated benzoic acid). The comprehensive comparison of three approaches for the synthesis of titanocene derivatives known from the literature (the nucleophilic substitution of chloride anions of titanocene dichloride with sodium and silver salts of carboxylic acids as well as the reaction of dimethyltitanocene with carboxylic acids themselves) made it possible to optimize these methods to obtain higher yields of individual target compounds, generalize the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, and determine the substrate frames of each method. The redox potentials of all obtained titanocene derivatives were determined by cyclic voltammetry. The relationship between the structure of ligands, the reduction potentials of titanocene (IV), and their relative stability in redox processes, as obtained in this work, can be used for the design and synthesis of new effective cytotoxic titanocene complexes. The study of the stability of the carboxylate-containing derivatives of titanocene obtained in the work in aqueous media showed that they were more resistant to hydrolysis than titanocene dichloride. Preliminary tests of the cytotoxicity of the synthesised titanocene dicarboxilates on MCF7 and MCF7-10A cell lines demonstrated an IC50 ≥ 100 μM for all the obtained compounds.

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4

Fianu, Godfred D., Kyle C. Schipper, and Robert A. Flowers II. "Catalytic carbonyl hydrosilylations via a titanocene borohydride–PMHS reagent system." Catalysis Science & Technology 7, no. 16 (2017): 3469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy01088e.

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Catalytic amounts of titanocene(iii) borohydride, generated under mild conditions from commercially available titanocene dichloride, in concert with a stoichiometric hydride source is shown to effectively reduce aldehydes and ketones to their respective alcohols in aprotic media.

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5

Horáček, Michal, Jan Merna, Róbert Gyepes, Jan Sýkora, Jiří Kubišta, and Jiří Pinkas. "Titanocene and ansa-titanocene complexes bearing 2,6-bis(isopropyl)phenoxide ligand(s). Syntheses, characterization and use in catalytic dehydrocoupling polymerization of phenylsilane." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 76, no. 1 (2011): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2010133.

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Aryloxychloro and bis(aryloxy) titanocenes of general formula L2TiCl2–x(OAr′)x where L = η5-C5H5 (x = 1 (1) and 2 (2)), L2 = SiMe2(η5-C5H4)2 (x = 1 (3) and 2 (4)), and Ar′ = 2,6-(CHMe2)2C6H3 were prepared by the reaction of corresponding titanocene dichloride with LiOAr′ and characterized by spectroscopic methods and compound 3 by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The bulky aryloxy ligand in 1 and 3 exerts a hindered rotation around the Ti–O bond on the 1H NMR time scale, resulting in its dynamic behavior in CDCl3 solution. Variable temperature NMR measurements proved the rotation barrier in 3 (ΔG‡298 = 13.9 ± 0.3 kcal/mol) to be lower than that in 1 (ΔG‡298 = 14.7 ± 0.2 kcal/mol) as a consequence of the more open titanocene shell in the ansa-structure of 3. The catalytic behavior of complexes 1–4, [(η5-C5H5)2TiCl2] and [{SiMe2(η5-C5H4)2}TiCl2], was examined in dehydrocoupling polymerization of phenylsilane under comparable conditions, showing a remarkable higher activity for the titanocene complexes with regards to the ansa-titanocene ones. The order of catalytic activities 2 ~ 1 > [(η5-C5H5)2TiCl2] >> [{SiMe2(η5-C5H4)2}TiCl2] ~ 3 ~ 4 reveals the aryloxy ligands to have an enhancing effect on activity in the titanocene series.

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6

Wu, Ya, Xiu Wang, Yanlong Luo, Jing Wang, Yajun Jian, Huaming Sun, Guofang Zhang, Weiqiang Zhang, and Ziwei Gao. "Solvent strategy for unleashing the Lewis acidity of titanocene dichloride for rapid Mannich reactions." RSC Advances 6, no. 19 (2016): 15298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra27094d.

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7

Zhu, Xuyang, Chun Chen, Binxun Yu, Ya Wu, Guofang Zhang, Weiqiang Zhang, and Ziwei Gao. "Titanocene dichloride and poly(o-aminophenol) as a new heterogeneous cooperative catalysis system for three-component Mannich reaction." Catalysis Science & Technology 5, no. 9 (2015): 4346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cy00793c.

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8

Petrov, Pavel A., Taisiya S. Sukhikh, Vladimir A. Nadolinny, Artem S. Bogomyakov, Yuliya A. Laricheva, and Alexandr V. Piskunov. "Di-tert-butylcatecholate derivatives of titanocene." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 17 (2019): 6636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj00771g.

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9

Gao, Li Ming, and Enrique Meléndez. "Cytotoxic Properties of Titanocenyl Amides on Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7." Metal-Based Drugs 2010 (May 4, 2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/286298.

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A new titanocenyl amide containing flavone as pendant group has been synthesized by reaction of titanocenyl carboxylic acid chloride and 7-Aminoflavone and structurally characterized by spectroscopic methods. This species and eight previously synthesized titanocenyl amide complexes have been tested in breast adenocarcinoma cancer cell line, MCF-7. The functionalization of titanocene dichloride with amides enhances the cytotoxic activity in MCF-7. Two sets of titanocenyl amides can be identified, with IC50<100 μM and IC50>100 μM. The most cytotoxic species is Cp(CpCO-NH-C6H4-(CH2)2CH3)TiCl2 with an IC50 of 24(2) μM, followed by Cp(CpCO-NH-C6H4-Br)TiCl2, IC50 of 46(4) μM and Cp(CpCO-NH-C6H4-OCF3)TiCl2, IC50 of 49(6) μM. There is no correlation between the nature of the para substituent on the phenyl ring and the cytotoxic properties on MCF-7 cell line.

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10

Bruni, Pia S., and Stefan Schürch. "Mass Spectrometric Evaluation of β-Cyclodextrins as Potential Hosts for Titanocene Dichloride." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 9789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189789.

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Bent metallocene dichlorides (Cp2MCl2, M = Ti, Mo, Nb, …) have found interest as anti-cancer drugs in order to overcome the drawbacks associated with platinum-based therapeutics. However, they suffer from poor hydrolytic stability at physiological pH. A promising approach to improve their hydrolytic stability is the formation of host-guest complexes with macrocyclic structures, such as cyclodextrins. In this work, we utilized nanoelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to probe the interaction of titanocene dichloride with β-cyclodextrin. Unlike the non-covalent binding of phenylalanine and oxaliplatin to β-cyclodextrin, the mixture of titanocene and β-cyclodextrin led to signals assigned as [βCD + Cp2Ti–H]+, indicating a covalent character of the interaction. This finding is supported by titanated cyclodextrin fragment ions occurring from collisional activation. Employing di- and trimethylated β-cyclodextrins as hosts enabled the elucidation of the influence of the cyclodextrin hydroxy groups on the interaction with guest structures. Masking of the hydroxy groups was found to impair the covalent interaction and enabling the encapsulation of the guest structure within the hydrophobic cavity of the cyclodextrin. Findings are further supported by breakdown curves obtained by gas-phase dissociation of the various complexes.

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11

Zheng, Shaohua, Yajun Jian, Shan Xu, Ya Wu, Huaming Sun, Guofang Zhang, Weiqiang Zhang, and Ziwei Gao. "N-Donor ligand activation of titanocene for the Biginelli reaction via the imine mechanism." RSC Advances 8, no. 16 (2018): 8657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra01208c.

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Stable titanocene dichloride (Cp₂TiCl₂) was activated by the N-donor ligand urea to form [(MeO)₂Ti(NHCONH₂)]⁺, which catalyzed the Biginelli reaction to produce 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones.

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12

Wang, Jingdai, Jizhong Chen, and Yongrong Yang. "Solubility of titanocene dichloride in supercritical propane." Fluid Phase Equilibria 220, no. 2 (June 2004): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2004.03.011.

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13

Anu, Shamma Gupta, O. P. Vermani, and A. K. Narula. "Aroylhydrazone Derivatives of Titanocene and Zirconocene Dichloride." Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry 25, no. 5 (June 1995): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15533179508218260.

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14

Strašák, Tomáš, Jan Čermák, Jan Sýkora, Jiří Horský, Zuzana Walterová, Florian Jaroschik, and Dominique Harakat. "Carbosilane Metallodendrimers with Titanocene Dichloride End Groups." Organometallics 31, no. 19 (September 24, 2012): 6779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om300559y.

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15

Strašák, Tomáš, Jindřich Karban, Lucie Červenková Št'astná, Lucie Maixnerová, Anna Březinová, Martin Bernard, and Radek Fajgar. "Synthesis of substituted titanocene dichloride derivatives by hydrosilylation." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 768 (October 2014): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.06.009.

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16

Berget, Patrick E., and Neil E. Schore. "Recycling Titanocene Dichloride from the Petasis Methylenation Reaction." Organometallics 25, no. 2 (January 2006): 552–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om0508381.

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17

Berget, Patrick E., and Neil E. Schore. "Recycling Titanocene Dichloride from the Petasis Methylenation Reaction." Organometallics 25, no. 9 (April 2006): 2398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om060184b.

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18

MARAGOUDAKIS, MICHAEL E., PLATON PERISTERIS, ELEFTHERIA MISSIRLIS, ALEXIS ALETRAS, PARASKEVI ANDRIOPOULOU, and GEORGE HARALABOPOULOS. "Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Anthracyclines and Titanocene Dichloride." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 732, no. 1 Inhibition of (September 1994): 280–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb24743.x.

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19

K�pf-Maier, P., and S. Gerlach. "Pattern of toxicity by titanocene dichloride in mice." Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 111, no. 3 (June 1986): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00389240.

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20

Erxleben, Andrea, James Claffey, and Matthias Tacke. "Binding and hydrolysis studies of antitumoural titanocene dichloride and Titanocene Y with phosphate diesters." Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 104, no. 4 (April 2010): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.11.010.

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21

SLIFIRSKI, J., G. HUCHET, and F. TEYSSANDIER. "TITANOCENE-DICHLORIDE AS A METALORGANIC SOURCE FOR TITANIUM CARBIDE." Le Journal de Physique IV 02, no. C2 (September 1991): C2–625—C2–631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1991275.

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22

Martínez, Antonio Rosales, María Castro Rodríguez, Ignacio Rodríguez-García, Laura Pozo Morales, and Roman Nicolay Rodríguez Maecker. "Titanocene dichloride: A new green reagent in organic chemistry." Chinese Journal of Catalysis 38, no. 10 (October 2017): 1659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2067(17)62894-8.

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23

Bastaki, Maria, Eleftheria Missirlis, Nicolaos Klouras, George Karakiulakis, and Michael E. Maragoudakis. "Suppression of angiogenesis by the antitumor agent titanocene dichloride." European Journal of Pharmacology 251, no. 2-3 (January 1994): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(94)90408-1.

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24

Köpf-Maier, P., U. Brauchle, and A. Heussler. "Transplacental passage of titanium after treatment with titanocene dichloride." Toxicology 48, no. 3 (March 1988): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(88)90106-0.

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25

Chalmpes, Nikolaos, Georgios Asimakopoulos, Maria Baikousi, Athanasios B. Bourlinos, Michael A. Karakassides, and Dimitrios Gournis. "Hypergolic Synthesis of Inorganic Materials by the Reaction of Metallocene Dichlorides with Fuming Nitric Acid at Ambient Conditions: The Case of Photocatalytic Titania." Sci 3, no. 4 (December 3, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci3040046.

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Hypergolic materials synthesis is a new preparative technique in materials science that allows a wide range of carbon or inorganic solids with useful properties to be obtained. Previously we have demonstrated that metallocenes are versatile reagents in the hypergolic synthesis of inorganic materials, such as γ-Fe2O3, Cr2O3, Co, Ni and alloy CoNi. Here, we go one step further by using metallocene dichlorides as precursors for the hypergolic synthesis of additional inorganic phases, such as photocatalytic titania. Metallocene dichlorides are closely related to metallocenes, thus expanding the arsenal of organometallic compounds that can be used in hypergolic materials synthesis. In the present case, we show that hypergolic ignition of the titanocene dichloride–fuming nitric acid pair results in the fast and spontaneous formation of titania nanoparticles at ambient conditions in the form of anatase–rutile mixed phases. The obtained titania shows good photocatalytic activity towards Cr(VI) removal (100% within 9 h), with the latter being dramatically enhanced after calcination of the powder at 500 °C (100% within 3 h). Notably, this performance was found to be comparable to that of commercially available P25 TiO2 under identical conditions. The cases of zirconocene, hafnocene and molybdocene dichlorides are discussed in this work, which aims to show the wider applicability of metallocene dichlorides in the hypergolic synthesis of inorganic materials (ZrO2, HfO2, MoO2).

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26

Pellny, Paul-Michael, Vladimir V. Burlakov, Wolfgang Baumann, Anke Spannenberg, Michal Horáček, Petr Štěpnička, Karel Mach, and Uwe Rosenthal. "Facile Functionalizations of Permethyltitanocene Dichloride to Chiral Persubstituted Titanocene Complexes." Organometallics 19, no. 14 (July 2000): 2816–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om000069f.

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27

Boyles, John R., Michael C. Baird, Barbara G. Campling, and Nidhi Jain. "Enhanced anti-cancer activities of some derivatives of titanocene dichloride." Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 84, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0162-0134(00)00203-8.

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28

Claffey, James, Helge Müller-Bunz, and Matthias Tacke. "Benzyl-substituted titanocene dichloride anticancer drugs: From lead to hit." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 695, no. 18 (August 2010): 2105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.05.025.

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29

Ceballos-Torres, Jesús, Isabel del Hierro, Sanjiv Prashar, Mariano Fajardo, Sanja Mijatović, Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić, Goran N. Kaluđerović, and Santiago Gómez-Ruiz. "Alkenyl-substituted titanocene dichloride complexes: Stability studies, binding and cytotoxicity." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 769 (October 2014): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.06.031.

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30

Zhang, Zhigang, Pin Yang, Maolin Guo, and Hongfei Wang. "Effect of titanocene dichloride coordination on Watson-Crick base pairing." Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 63, no. 3 (August 1996): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-0134(95)00214-6.

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31

Christodoulou, CV, AG Eliopoulos, LS Young, L. Hodgkins, DR Ferry, and DJ Kerr. "Anti-proliferative activity and mechanism of action of titanocene dichloride." British Journal of Cancer 77, no. 12 (June 1998): 2088–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1998.352.

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32

Köpf-Maier, P. "Glucocorticoid induction of cleft palate after treatment with titanocene dichloride?" Toxicology 37, no. 1-2 (October 1985): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(85)90117-9.

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33

Deally, Anthony, Frauke Hackenberg, Grainne Lally, Helge Müller-Bunz, and Matthias Tacke. "Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Studies of Silyl-Substituted Titanocene Dichloride Derivatives." Organometallics 31, no. 16 (July 2, 2012): 5782–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om300227h.

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34

Lukešová, Lenka, Michal Horáček, Róbert Gyepes, Ivana Císařová, Petr Štěpnička, Jiří Kubišta, and Karel Mach. "Low-Valent Titanocene Products from Attempted Syntheses of Titanocene Bearing Dimethyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silyl Groups." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 70, no. 1 (2005): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20050011.

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Reduction of silyl-substituted titanocene dichloride [TiCl2{η5-C5Me4(SiMe2CH2CH2CF3)}2] (1) with one molar equivalent of magnesium afforded a mixture of products, thus precluding the isolation of the possibly formed titanocene [Ti{(η5-C5Me4(SiMe2CH2CH2CF3)}2]. The presence of isolable monochloride [TiCl{η5-C5Me4(SiMe2CH2CH2CF3)}2] (2) in the mixture indicates that the mangnesium is consumed in concurrent reactions, that produce various titanocene compounds of which some were obtained by the reduction of 1 with excess magnesium. Those include the trinuclear TiIII-MgII-TiIII hydride-bridged complex [Ti{η5-C5Me4- (SiMe2CH2CH2CF3)}2(μ-H)2]2Mg (3) and a dimeric dinuclear Ti-Mg complex 4 containing the [TiIII(μ-H)2Mg(μ-X)]2 core where, however, the nature of the bridging moiety X remains unknown. The reduction of 1 with excess magnesium in the presence of bis(trimethylsilyl)ethyne afforded the product of C-H activation [Ti{η5-C5Me4(SiMe2CH2CH2CF3)}- {η5:η1-C5Me3(CH2)(SiMe2CH2CH2CF3)}] (5) in 47% yield. This compound reacted rapidly with tert-butylethyne to give the TiIII-acetylide complex [Ti(η1-C≡CCMe3){η5-C5Me4- (SiMe2CH2CH2CF3)}2] (6). All the reductions of 1 at molar ratios Mg:Ti ≥ 1 gave mixtures, where a good deal of the reduction products remained in the mother liquors unidentified. The structures of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and, for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, further corroborated by ESR spectra.

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35

Vatsa, Garima, O. P. Pandey, and S. K. Sengupta. "Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Toxicity Studies of Titanocene Chelates of Isatin-3-Thiosemicarbazones." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 3, no. 3-4 (2005): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/bca.2005.151.

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The reactions of bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) dichloride with a new class of thiosemicarbazone (LH2), derived by condensing isatin with different N(4)-substituted thiosemicarbazides, have been studied and products of type [Cp2Ti(L)] have been isolated. On the basis of various physico-chemical and spectral studies, five coordinate structures have been assigned to these derivatives. Toxicity studies of titanocene complexes at tbur different concentrations have been carried out against snailLymnaea acuminata. The effect of most potent compounds on the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which inhibits the activity of enzyme, possibly by the formation of enzyme-inhibitor complex, was also studied.

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36

Abeysinghe, P. Manohari, and Margaret M. Harding. "Antitumour bis(cyclopentadienyl) metal complexes: titanocene and molybdocene dichloride and derivatives." Dalton Transactions, no. 32 (2007): 3474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b707440a.

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37

Tacke, Matthias, Lorcan T. Allen, Laurence Cuffe, William M. Gallagher, Ying Lou, Oscar Mendoza, Helge Müller-Bunz, Franz-Josef K. Rehmann, and Nigel Sweeney. "Novel titanocene anti-cancer drugs derived from fulvenes and titanium dichloride." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 689, no. 13 (July 2004): 2242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.04.015.

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38

Ceballos-Torres, Jesús, Santiago Gómez-Ruiz, Goran N. Kaluđerović, Mariano Fajardo, Reinhard Paschke, and Sanjiv Prashar. "Naphthyl-substituted titanocene dichloride complexes: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro studies." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 700 (March 2012): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.12.015.

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39

Yang, Fanglong, Gang Zhao, and Yu Ding. "Nucleophilic reactions of propargyl acetates mediated by titanocene dichloride and magnesium." Tetrahedron Letters 42, no. 15 (April 2001): 2839–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00309-4.

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40

Deng, Chunqiang, and Lixin Zhou. "Theoretical study on the interaction of titanocene dichloride with deoxyguanosine monophosphate." Inorganica Chimica Acta 370, no. 1 (May 2011): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2011.01.033.

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41

Lümmen, Gerd, Herbert Sperling, Hans Luboldt, Thomas Otto, and Herbert Rübben. "Phase II trial of titanocene dichloride in advanced renal-cell carcinoma." Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 42, no. 5 (September 10, 1998): 415–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002800050838.

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42

Köpf-Maier, P., U. Brauchle, and A. Henssler. "Organ distribution and pharmacokinetics of titanium after treatment with titanocene dichloride." Toxicology 51, no. 2-3 (October 1988): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(88)90157-6.

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43

Slifirski, Joël, and Francis Teyssandier. "Thermodynamic approach to the OMCVD of titanium carbide from titanocene dichloride." Chemical Vapor Deposition 2, no. 6 (November 1996): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.19960020608.

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44

Ravera, Mauro, Elisabetta Gabano, Sara Baracco, and Domenico Osella. "Electrochemical evaluation of the interaction between antitumoral titanocene dichloride and biomolecules." Inorganica Chimica Acta 362, no. 4 (March 2009): 1303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2008.06.022.

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45

Stephan, Douglas W. "Titanium/magnesium complexes: intermediates in the reduction of titanocene dichloride by magnesium." Organometallics 11, no. 2 (February 1992): 996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om00038a081.

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46

Rehmann, Franz-Josef K., Laurence P. Cuffe, Oscar Mendoza, Dilip K. Rai, Nigel Sweeney, Katja Strohfeldt, William M. Gallagher, and Matthias Tacke. "Heteroaryl substitutedansa-titanocene anti-cancer drugs derived from fulvenes and titanium dichloride." Applied Organometallic Chemistry 19, no. 3 (2005): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.864.

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47

Potter, Gregory D., Michael C. Baird, Marina Chan, and Susan P. C. Cole. "Cellular toxicities of new titanocene dichloride derivatives containing pendant cyclic alkylammonium groups." Inorganic Chemistry Communications 9, no. 11 (November 2006): 1114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2006.07.019.

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48

McCarthy, Jackson S., Colin D. McMillen, Jared A. Pienkos, and Paul S. Wagenknecht. "Synthesis and characterization of a tert-butyl ester-substituted titanocene dichloride: t-BuOOCCp2TiCl2." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 76, no. 10 (September 4, 2020): 1562–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989020011834.

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Abstract:

Bis[η5-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)cyclopentadienyl]dichloridotitanium(IV), [Ti(C10H13O2)2Cl2], was synthesized from LiCpCOOt-Bu using TiCl4, and was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The distorted tetrahedral geometry about the central titanium atom is relatively unchanged compared to Cp2TiCl2. The complex exhibits elongation of the titanium–cyclopentadienyl centroid distances [2.074 (3) and 2.070 (3) Å] and a contraction of the titanium–chlorine bond lengths [2.3222 (10) Å and 2.3423 (10) Å] relative to Cp2TiCl2. The dihedral angle formed by the planes of the Cp rings [52.56 (13)°] is smaller than seen in Cp2TiCl2. Both ester groups extend from the same side of the Cp rings, and occur on the same side of the complex as the chlorido ligands. The complex may serve as a convenient synthon for titanocene complexes with carboxylate anchoring groups for binding to metal oxide substrates.

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49

Laasonen, Heli, Johanna Ikäheimonen, Mikko Suomela, J. Mikko Rautiainen, and Risto S. Laitinen. "Titanocene Selenide Sulfides Revisited: Formation, Stabilities, and NMR Spectroscopic Properties." Molecules 24, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020319.

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Abstract:

[TiCp2S5] (phase A), [TiCp2Se5] (phase F), and five solid solutions of mixed titanocene selenide sulfides [TiCp2SexS5−x] (Cp = C5H5−) with the initial Se:S ranging from 1:4 to 4:1 (phases B–E) were prepared by reduction of elemental sulfur or selenium or their mixtures by lithium triethylhydridoborate in thf followed by the treatment with titanocene dichloride [TiCp2Cl2]. Their 77Se and 13C NMR spectra were recorded from the CS2 solution. The definite assignment of the 77Se NMR spectra was based on the PBE0/def2-TZVPP calculations of the 77Se chemical shifts and is supported by 13C NMR spectra of the samples. The following complexes in varying ratios were identified in the CS2 solutions of the phases B–E: [TiCp2Se5] (51), [TiCp2Se4S] (41), [TiCp2Se3S2] (31), [TiCp2SSe3S] (36), [TiCp2SSe2S2] (25), [TiCp2SSeS3] (12), and [TiCp2S5] (01). The disorder scheme in the chalcogen atom positions of the phases B–E observed upon crystal structure determinations is consistent with the spectral assignment. The enthalpies of formation calculated for all twenty [TiCp2SexS5−x] (x = 0–5) at DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS level including corrections for core-valence correlation and scalar relativistic, as well as spin-orbit coupling contributions indicated that within a given chemical composition, the isomers of most favourable enthalpy of formation were those, which were observed by 77Se and 13C NMR spectroscopy.

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Niu, Hong-Ying, Hui-Juan Li, Jian-Ping Li, Yu Huang, Run-Ze Mao, De-Yang Li, Gui-Rong Qu, and Hai-Ming Guo. "Titanocene Dichloride as an Efficient Catalyst for One-Pot Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonates." Letters in Organic Chemistry 8, no. 9 (November 1, 2011): 674–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157017811799304359.

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