Journal articles: 'Titanium'

1

Kemmitt, Tim, Najeh I. Al-Salim, Graeme J. Gainsford, and William Henderson. "Titanium Amino Alcohol Complexes from α-Titanic Acid: X-Ray Crystal Structure of Titanium Bis[2,2´-(methylimino)diethanolate]." Australian Journal of Chemistry 52, no. 10 (1999): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch99089.

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A method for producing amino alcohol complexes of titanium from hydrated titania (α-titanic acid) is described. Thus hydrated titania was completely converted into triethanolamine and diethanolamine complexes during reaction at 120°C for 6 h. This represents a synthetic method for titanium sol–gel precursors which are free from chlorine-containing impurities. Products were characterized with assistance from 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and electrospray mass spectrometry. A single-crystal X-ray structure of titanium bis[2,2´- (methyl-imino)ethanolate], tetragonal, space group P4 – 2 1 c, is presented. The titanium centre is coordinated by an N2O4 donor set which can be most closely described as a bifacially capped tetrahedral geometry.

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Markowska-Szczupak, Agata, Maya Endo-Kimura, Oliwia Paszkiewicz, and Ewa Kowalska. "Are Titania Photocatalysts and Titanium Implants Safe? Review on the Toxicity of Titanium Compounds." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 2065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102065.

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Titanium and its compounds are broadly used in both industrial and domestic products, including jet engines, missiles, prostheses, implants, pigments, cosmetics, food, and photocatalysts for environmental purification and solar energy conversion. Although titanium/titania-containing materials are usually safe for human, animals and environment, increasing concerns on their negative impacts have been postulated. Accordingly, this review covers current knowledge on the toxicity of titania and titanium, in which the behaviour, bioavailability, mechanisms of action, and environmental impacts have been discussed in detail, considering both light and dark conditions. Consequently, the following conclusions have been drawn: (i) titania photocatalysts rarely cause health and environmental problems; (ii) despite the lack of proof, the possible carcinogenicity of titania powders to humans is considered by some authorities; (iii) titanium alloys, commonly applied as implant materials, possess a relatively low health risk; (iv) titania microparticles are less toxic than nanoparticles, independent of the means of exposure; (v) excessive accumulation of titanium in the environment cannot be ignored; (vi) titanium/titania-containing products should be clearly marked with health warning labels, especially for pregnant women and young children; (vi) a key knowledge gap is the lack of comprehensive data about the environmental content and the influence of titania/titanium on biodiversity and the ecological functioning of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

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Zhang, Jun, and Sheng Ru Qiao. "A New Route to Synthesis of Titanium Silicalite-1 by Ball-Milling." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.475.

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Titanium Silicalite-1 (TS-1) was successfully synthesized from amorphous silica and titania powders by using a ball-milling method. In this method, amorphous fumed silica and anatase titania powders were ground in a planetary ball mill to produce a silica-titania precursor. The obtained precursor was then hydrothermally treated where TPABr was used as a template to obtain titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1). The XRD and UV-vis spectra indicate that the titanium in anatase with octahedral coordination is incorporated into the silica-titania precursor and the final TS-1 framework with a tetrahedral coordination. SEM image shows that TS-1 synthesized in this work appears in a shape of elongated prism with a dimension of about 3μm×1μm×0.2μm. This method gives a simple new approach to the synthesis of TS-1 using inexpensive silicon source, titanium source and template.

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4

Ji, Jin Gou, Bin Yang, Xiao Yu Yuan, Zhi Ning Xia, Chao Hui Shi, and Huan Liu. "Nanometer Anatase Titania Synthesis by Reverse Titration Method and Evaluation of their Photocatalytic Activity." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 1079–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.1079.

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The nanometer titanium dioxide (TiO2) was prepared by reverse titration method with titanium trichloride and titanium tetrachloride at low temperature. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and laser diffraction particle size analyzer, the photocatalytic activity of the samples was also evaluated. The results showed that the prepared TiO2 was nanometer anatase titania with an average particle size of 56.39 nm and the zeta potential of +39.42 mV. The nanometer anatase titania had the best photocatalytic activity than the TiO2 prepared by reverse titration or forward titration with titanium tetrachloride and a good stability.

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5

Vyboishchik, Alexander, and Mikhail Popov. "Production of Pigments on the Basis of Titanium Tetrachloride." MATEC Web of Conferences 346 (2021): 01037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134601037.

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The article describes the manufacture of titanium dioxide, or titania, on the basis of titanium tetrachloride. The main technological requirements for the production of titania are listed, the most prospective raw materials for the chlorination method are given, the description of the technological process for the yield of titania is described.

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Vyboishchik, Alexander, and Mikhail Popov. "Production of Pigments on the Basis of Titanium Tetrachloride." MATEC Web of Conferences 346 (2021): 02037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134602037.

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The article describes the manufacture of titanium dioxide, or titania, on the basis of titanium tetrachloride. The main technological requirements for the production of titania are listed, the most prospective raw materials for the chlorination method are given, the description of the technological process for the yield of titania is described.

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7

Xie, Yi Bing, Li Min Zhou, Chuan Jun Huang, Yang Liu, and Jian Lu. "Preparation and Electrochemical Capacitance of Ruthenium Oxide-Titania Nanotube Composite." Materials Science Forum 614 (March 2009): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.614.235.

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A well-aligned titania nanotube array grown on titanium sheet was fabricated by an anodization process in hydrofluoric acid-phosphoric acid-ethylene glycol aqueous electrolyte. Electroactive ruthenium oxide was filled into independent titania nanotubes or deposited on the surface of planar titanium sheet by an electrodeposition-oxidation process. Electrochemical capacitances of these well-designed ruthenium oxides were investigated for supercapacitor applications. Accordingly, ruthenium oxide-titania/titanium (RuO2-TiO2/Ti) nanocomposite exhibits a much higher specific capacitance, power and energy density than ruthenium oxide/titanium (RuO2/Ti) in sulphate acid electrolyte. The utilization efficiency of RuO2 is intensively improved by introducing a novel electrode substrate with a nanotube array structure. Such a superior performance of RuO2-TiO2/Ti nanocomposite is ascribed to its highly accessible reaction sites of well-tailored RuO2 on TiO2 nanotubes.

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8

Asif Mammadov, Asif Mammadov, Gunel Pashazade, Afarida Gasymova, and Ulviya Sharifova. "Production of Iron, Titanium Dioxide Modofocations and Titanium." Chemistry and Chemical Technology 14, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht14.02.227.

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9

Uekawa, Naofumi, Naoya Endo, Keisuke Ishii, Takashi Kojima, and Kazuyuki Kakegawa. "Characterization of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Obtained by Hydrolysis Reaction of Ethylene Glycol Solution of Alkoxide." Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/102361.

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Transparent and stable sols of titanium oxide nanoparticles were obtained by heating a mixture of ethylene glycol solution of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TIP) and a NH3aqueous solution at 368 K for 24 h. The concentration of NH3aqueous solution affected the structure of the obtained titanium oxide nanoparticles. For NH3aqueous solution concentrations higher than 0.2 mol/L, a mixture of anatase TiO2nanoparticles and layered titanic acid nanoparticles was obtained. The obtained sol was very stable without formation of aggregated precipitates and gels. Coordination of ethylene glycol to Ti4+ions inhibited the rapid hydrolysis reaction and aggregation of the obtained nanoparticles. The obtained titanium oxide nanoparticles had a large specific surface area: larger than 350 m2/g. The obtained titanium oxide nanoparticles showed an enhanced adsorption towards the cationic dye molecules. The selective adsorption corresponded to presence of layered titanic acid on the obtained anatase TiO2nanoparticles.

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10

Štengl, Václav, Jiří Henych, Martin Šťastný, and Martin Kormunda. "Fast and Straightforward Synthesis of Luminescent Titanium(IV) Dioxide Quantum Dots." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3089091.

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The nucleus of titania was prepared by reaction of solution titanium oxosulphate with hydrazine hydrate. These titania nuclei were used for titania quantum dots synthesis by a simple and fast method. The prepared titanium(IV) dioxide quantum dots were characterized by measurement of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), high-resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The optical properties were determined by photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The prepared titanium(IV) dioxide quantum dots have the narrow range of UV excitation (365–400 nm) and also a close range of emission maxima (450–500 nm).

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11

ZHANG, YUNHUAI, FU HU, PENG XIAO, and XIAOYAN FAN. "PREPARATION OF HIGH-ORDERLY TIO2 NANOTUBES IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS AND ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 18n19 (July 30, 2007): 3506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207044858.

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High-orderly nanotubes of titania were fabricated by anodic oxidation of pure titanium substrate in different electrolytes containing fluoride. Different morphological nanotubes of titania were obtained through controlling the different pH value of inorganic electrolytes, and it was found that nanotubes of titanium oxide would not formed when pH value was above 6. The morphological and structural properties of nanotublar products were characterized by SEM. The synthesized nanotubes of titania in organic electrolytic solutions containing fluoride was of 60 μm in length. The experiments demonstrated the length and orderliness of nanotubes of titanium oxide in organic solutions were much better than those in inorganic solutions.

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12

Chien, Wen Chen, Shyue Ming Jang, and Yu Cheng Lin. "Synthesis of Titania in a Spinning Disk Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 1264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.1264.

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In this study, titania powders were prepared from 0.02M titanium tetrachloride and 0.08M sodium hydroxide in a high gravity rotary reactor. The preparation was combined with a precipitation, washing/centrifugation, hydrothermal and drying steps. The prepared titania powders were characterized by TGA, SEM, TEM, FTIR, and UV-vis analysis。TGA curves show that the titania yield was found to increase with rising hydrothermal time. TEM analysis show that the prepared titania crystalline in solution has a flake-like shape with a primary size 5~15nm and narrow size distribution. SEM images show that the primary titania crystalline aggregates to large secondary powders with a size 5~20μm。FTIR and UV-vis spectra show that the prepared precursor is titanium hydroxide that was transferred into titanium dioxide after hydrothermal process under a suitable temperature and time.

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13

Ermolaev, Kushnir, Sapoletova, and Napolskii. "Titania Photonic Crystals with Precise Photonic Band Gap Position via Anodizing with Voltage versus Optical Path Length Modulation." Nanomaterials 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040651.

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Photonic crystals based on titanium oxide are promising for optoelectronic applications, for example as components of solar cells and photodetectors. These materials attract great research attention because of the high refractive index of TiO2. One of the promising routes to prepare photonic crystals based on titanium oxide is titanium anodizing at periodically changing voltage or current. However, precise control of the photonic band gap position in anodic titania films is a challenge. To solve this problem, systematic data on the effective refractive index of the porous anodic titanium oxide are required. In this research, we determine quantitatively the dependence of the effective refractive index of porous anodic titanium oxide on the anodizing regime and develop a model which allows one to predict and, therefore, control photonic band gap position in the visible spectrum range with an accuracy better than 98.5%. The prospects of anodic titania photonic crystals implementation as refractive index sensors are demonstrated.

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14

Ota, Akinori, Masahiro Yamazaki, and Hiroshi Izui. "Effects of Raw Powder Morphology and Size on Tensile Properties of SPS-Consolidated TiB/Ti Composites." Key Engineering Materials 520 (August 2012): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.520.276.

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Titanium matrix composites (TMC) exhibit excellent specific strength and corrosion resistance. TiB whiskers can be formed in titanium by solid-state reaction between titanium and TiB2 powders. The formation of TiB whiskers results in the improvement of tensile strength, Young's modulus and Vickers hardness. In this study, TiB reinforced pulverized or gas atomized pure titaniums were fabricated by spark plasma sintering. We focus on the effects of the powder morphology and size on the tensile properties of TiB/Ti composites. We will investigate the sintering performance and microstructures of TiB/Ti composites.

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15

El Khalloufi, Mohammed, Olivier Drevelle, and Gervais Soucy. "Titanium: An Overview of Resources and Production Methods." Minerals 11, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121425.

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For several decades, the metallurgical industry and the research community worldwide have been challenged to develop energy-efficient and low-cost titanium production processes. The expensive and energy-consuming Kroll process produces titanium metal commercially, which is highly matured and optimized. Titanium’s strong affinity for oxygen implies that conventional Ti metal production processes are energy-intensive. Over the past several decades, research and development have been focusing on new processes to replace the Kroll process. Two fundamental groups are categorized for these methods: thermochemical and electrochemical. This literature review gives an insight into the titanium industry, including the titanium resources and processes of production. It focuses on ilmenite as a major source of titanium and some effective methods for producing titanium through extractive metallurgy processes and presents a critical view of the opportunities and challenges.

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16

Stanec, Zlatko, Jasna Halambek, Krešimir Maldini, Martin Balog, Peter Križik, Zdravko Schauperl, and Amir Ćatić. "Titanium Ions Release from an Innovative Titanium-Magnesium Composite: an in Vitro Study." Acta Stomatologica Croatica 50, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15644/asc50/1/6.

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17

Cao, Y., Li Ping Wang, Bo Zhang, Qiang Lin, Xu Dong Li, C. Y. Bao, Ji Yong Chen, L. Yang, and Xing Dong Zhang. "The Effect of Microporous Structure on Bone-Bonding Ability of Titanium." Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (April 2005): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.211.

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The three different structures of titanium oxide film were prepared: (1) The commercial pure titanium was treated with heating in air at 700°C for half hour and gotten a dense rutile film on titanium (HS Samples); (2) The commercial pure titanium was treated by chemically treating and gotten a layer of amorphous titania gel on the Ti surface (TS Samples); (3) After chemically treating, the samples were heated in air at 700 °C for half hour, and gotten nano-particles coalesced microporous titanium oxide (rutile) film on titanium surface (XS sample). The dense rutile and amorphous titania gel did not induce apatite formation on their surfaces in SBF solution for 48 hours, whereas the nano-particles coalesced microporous rutile structure induced apatite formation on their surfaces. Mechanical test and histological examination were investigated after the samples implanted in dogs limbs for 3 months. The results of push-out test are 12.96, 29.48 and 35.83 MPa respectively for HS, TS and XS sample. Histological results showed that TS sample and XS sample contacted the bone directly, without any intervening fibrous tissue, and there was a fibrous tissue layer between the bone and HS samples.

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18

Mitrofanova, Galina, Valentina Marchevskaya, and Anastasiya Taran. "Flotation separation of titanite concentrate from apatite-nepheline-titanite ores of anomalous zones of the Khibiny deposits." Записки Горного института 256 (November 10, 2022): 560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2022.81.

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Titanium raw materials are widely used for the synthesis of various functional materials – sorbents of radionuclides and rare earth elements, various additives, filler pigments, etc. Since most of titanium concentrates are imported, in line with the import substitution program, production of titanite concentrate from apatite-nepheline ores of the Khibiny deposits is a promising trend for supplying national industry with titanium raw materials. The article presents the results of laboratory studies of flotation separation of titanite concentrate from apatite-nepheline-titanite ores extracted from the upper ore horizon of the Koashvinskoye deposit, where titanite-enriched ores are concentrated. Recovery of titanite concentrate was accomplished using two reagent modes – a mixture of alkyl hydroxamic and carboxylic acids with the addition of distilled tall oil and a mixture of tall oils with the addition of polyalkyl benzene sulfonic acids. The results of the research showed that the first flotation mode, which allows a selective recovery of titanite into the concentrate (titanite content in the concentrate was 93.5 %) is the most efficient. It was shown that flotation separation of titanite concentrate is preferable compared to the chemical method based on sulfuric acid leaching.

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Yang, Yan Hua, Ting Lei, and Lin Yong Feng. "A New Technology for Preparing Rich-Titanium Material by Hydrometallurgy." Advanced Materials Research 997 (August 2014): 688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.688.

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This paper studies on a new technology for preparing rich-titanium material with titanic slag of electric furnace by hydrometallurgy. Under the condition of temperature 120°C, pressure 0.2MPa, 2h duration holding pressure, NaOH concentration 60～100 g/L, high pressure alkaline leaching can destroy the sosloid structure and selectively remove SiO2 and Al2O3 in the Electro-titanium slag, Then rich titanium product of TiO2＞90% was prepared from electro-titanium slag of TiO280~87%by using acid leaching and washing, on the condition that temperature>80°C, time 2h, acid concentration 25g/L.

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20

Alhmoud, Lina, Abdul Raouf Al Dairy, Hossam Faris, and Ibrahim Aljarah. "Prediction of Hysteresis Loop of Barium Hexaferrite Nanoparticles Based on Neuroevolutionary Models." Symmetry 13, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13061079.

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Neuroevolutionary models are used to predict magnetic hysteresis for barium hexaferrites (to predict magnetic hysteresis for barium hexaferrites). Magnetic hysteresis for a specific set of samples of barium hexaferrite doped with titanium were measured experimentally at room temperature and reported before. Neural networks are trained using these experimental data in order to generate magnetization and predict magnetic hysteresis for various concentrations of titanum. We present the prediction for various methods of neural calculations and the deviations from actual data results were negligible. Finally, the predictions of magnetic hysteresis are summerized for the titanume concentration between 0.0 and 1.0.

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21

Balakrishnan, A., Byoung Cheon Lee, Taik Nam Kim, and B. B. Panigrahi. "Strength and Reliability Performance of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titania Treated Ti6Al4V Alloy Using Sol-Gel Precursor." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1161.

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In this study hydroxyapatite (HA) was coated by sol-gel method on Ti6Al4V alloy substrates: on micropolished surface and after titania (titanium oxide) treatment. Former shows the cracks and poor bonding of HA whereas latter shows coating without cracks and higher bonding strength. The higher bonding strength of HA coating in titania treated sample could be attributed to the increased roughness by titanium oxide layer.

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22

Lacki, Piotr, and Konrad Adamus. "Numerical Simulation of Welding Thin Titanium Sheets." Key Engineering Materials 549 (April 2013): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.549.407.

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Different titanium grades are used in aircraft construction because of titaniums unique properties. These materials are mostly joined by different welding methods. Electron beam welding technology is often used in the aircraft industry to join structural elements made of titanium alloys. The goal of the work is a numerical analysis of the electron beam welding process applied to joining thin titanium sheets. The analysis was performed using finite element method, FEM. Temperature distribution, size of heat affected zone (HAZ), depth and width of fusion zone were determined for the assumed heat source model. Thermo-mechanical (TMC) simulation of the electron beam welding process using FEM is presented in the paper. The joining of two sheets, one made of commercially pure titanium Grade 2 and the other made of titanium alloy Grade 5 (Ti6Al4V), is analysed in the work. For the sheet welding process distributions of temperature, effective stress, and sheet deformation were calculated.

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Xie, Yi Bing, Li Min Zhou, and Hai Tao Huang. "Biosensor Application of Enzyme-Functionalized Titania/Titanium Composite." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.645.

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Highly-ordered titania nanotube array has been fabricated by a potentiostatic anodization process in acidic fluoride electrolyte. Calcination at high temperature is followed to achieve crystallization from amorphous to anatase phase. The approach of embedding bioactive enzymes inside titania tubule channels has been applied for bioactivation modification of titania/titanium. The electropolymerization process is applied by using conductive pyrrole monomer to achieve surface immobilization of enzymes to improve interfacial connection. Characterizations including field emission scanning electron microscopy, nano-indentation and linear sweep voltammetry measurements have been performed to fully evaluate the surface morphology, nanomechanical and electrochemical properties of this composite. Molecule detection application has been investigated by applying such an enzyme-titania/titanium composite.

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Szczodrowski, Karol, Alicja Chruścińska, Justyna Barzowska, Krzysztof Przegiętka, Krzysztof Anders, Ryszard Piramidowicz, and Marek Grinberg. "Influence of Ti4+ on the long lasting luminescence of Sr2SiO4:Eu2+." RSC Advances 5, no. 80 (2015): 65236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra09999d.

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The Sr₂Si_0.95Ti_0.05O₄:Eu²⁺ phosphor was synthesized using titanium modified silica SBA-15 or titania as titanium precursors via a solid state synthesis method.

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Jang, Jum Suk, Eun Sun Kim, Hyun Gyu Kim, Sang Min Ji, Youngkwon Kim, and Jae Sung Lee. "Nitrogen-doped titanium oxide microrods decorated with titanium oxide nanosheets for visible light photocatalysis." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 6 (June 2010): 1096–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0133.

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Nitrogen-doped titania with a unique two-level hierarchical structure and visible light photocatalytic activity is reported. Thus, nitrogen-doped titanium oxide microrods decorated with N-doped titanium oxide nanosheets were synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction in NH4OH and postcalcination. During the calcination, the in situ incorporation of nitrogen atoms of ammonium ion into titania lattice was accompanied by the structural evolution from titanate to anatase titania. The morphological and structural evolution was monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and adsorption isotherms. The N-doping brought visible light absorption, and the material exhibited high photocatalytic activity in the decomposition of Orange II under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 400 nm), especially when it was loaded with 1 wt% Pt as a cocatalyst.

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Shayganpour, Amirreza, Alberto Rebaudi, Pierpaolo Cortella, Alberto Diaspro, and Marco Salerno. "Electrochemical coating of dental implants with anodic porous titania for enhanced osteointegration." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (November 20, 2015): 2183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.224.

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Clinical long-term osteointegration of titanium-based biomedical devices is the main goal for both dental and orthopedical implants. Both the surface morphology and the possible functionalization of the implant surface are important points. In the last decade, following the success of nanostructured anodic porous alumina, anodic porous titania has also attracted the interest of academic researchers. This material, investigated mainly for its photocatalytic properties and for applications in solar cells, is usually obtained from the anodization of ultrapure titanium. We anodized dental implants made of commercial grade titanium under different experimental conditions and characterized the resulting surface morphology with scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer. The appearance of nanopores on these implants confirm that anodic porous titania can be obtained not only on ultrapure and flat titanium but also as a conformal coating on curved surfaces of real objects made of industrial titanium alloys. Raman spectroscopy showed that the titania phase obtained is anatase. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that by carrying out the anodization in the presence of electrolyte additives such as magnesium, these can be incorporated into the porous coating. The proposed method for the surface nanostructuring of biomedical implants should allow for integration of conventional microscale treatments such as sandblasting with additive nanoscale patterning. Additional advantages are provided by this material when considering the possible loading of bioactive drugs in the porous cavities.

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Rocha-Rangel, Enrique, David Hernández-Silva, Eduardo Terrés-Rojas, and Enrique Martínez-Franco. "Alumina-based composites strengthened with titanium and titanium carbide dispersions." Epitoanyag - Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 62, no. 3 (2010): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2010.15.

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Tsyryatieva, A. V. "Effect of titanosilicate additives on the strength of a self-cleaning cement stone." Transaction Kola Science Centre 11, no. 3-2020 (November 25, 2020): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2020.3.4.045.

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The possibility of modifying cement composite by titanosilicate additive, consisting of the mixture of silicon and titanium oxides (TSP —titanosilicate precipitate), obtained by coprecipitation during the interaction of titanite with hydrochloric acid was studied. The properties of the modified TSP cement composite and mechanically prepared mixtures of titanium dioxide (anatase) with silica and titanium dioxide (rutile) with silica are compared. It has been shown that titanosilicate additives in cement compositions increase the compressive strength and give the surface self-cleaning properties.

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Sadovskaya, Lyubov’ Yu, Tatsiana V. Sviridova, Mariya V. Morozova, and Dmitriy V. Sviridov. "Synthesis of nanodispersed titanium dioxide via pH-controlled polymerization of titanium acid." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Chemistry, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-257x-2019-1-32-37.

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The possibility of synthesis of highly photoactive nanosized titania employing ion exchange to exert control over polycondensation of titanium acid in aqueous medium has been demonstrated. The resultant spherical TiO2 nanoparticles exhibits extra high light-induced oxidation activity remaining for some time even after termination of UV illumination. The nanodispersed titania readily penetrate into the surface pores and can be used for deposition of photocatalytic coatings by impregnation technique.

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Mîndroiu, M., and M. Popescu. "Fabrication of Ag/TiO2 nanotube array as active electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 17, no. 3 (September 25, 2022): 999–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2022.173.999.

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Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were fabricated onto titanium substrates with and without titania nanotubes arrays (TiO2 NTs) using electrochemical and chemical techniques, respectively, to create nanostructured electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The active surface area of the catalyst is determined by the Ag NPs' structure and the presence of TiO2 nanotubes on the titanium substrate. The electrocatalytic activity was improved by chemically synthesizing Ag NPs onto a titanium electrode that had been precoated with TiO2 nanotubes.

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Noguchi, Shinnosuke, Toru Tokutome, and Shinji Iwamoto. "Nitrification of Nb-Modified Titanias Prepared by the Solvothermal Method and their Photocatalytic Activities under Visible-Light Irradiation." Key Engineering Materials 596 (December 2013): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.596.43.

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Niobium modified titania samples were prepared by thermal reaction of titanium tetraisopropoxide and niobium pentaethoxide in 1,4-butanediol at 300 °C (solvothermal method), and the products were nitrified in an NH3 flow at 600 °C. The physicochemical property of the thus-obtained N-and Nb-co-doped titanias and visible-light response photocatalytic activity of FeOx-loaded N-and Nb-co-doped titanias were investigated. The N-and Nb-co-doped titanias had larger absorptions in the visible-light range as compared to the only N-doped titania samples. In ESR spectra of the Nb-modified TiO2 samples annealed at 300 °C after the nitrification, signals due to Ti3+ and oxygen vacancies, which accelerate the recombination of the photo-generated electrons and holes, were clearly observed. On the other hand, for the N-and Nb-co-doped titanias annealed at 500 °C, the signals due to Ti3+ and oxygen vacancies decreased significantly. Actually, the FeOx-loaded N-and Nb-co-doped samples annealed at 500 °C exhibited a higher photocatalytic activity for a photocatalytic decomposition of acetaldehyde under visible-light irradiation.

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Mogal, Sajid I., Manish Mishra, Vimal G. Gandhi, and Rajesh J. Tayade. "Metal Doped Titanium Dioxide: Synthesis and Effect of Metal Ions on Physico-Chemical and Photocatalytic Properties." Materials Science Forum 734 (December 2012): 364–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.734.364.

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Titanium dioxide (Titania; TiO2) is one of the most widely used metal oxide semiconductor in the field of photocatalysis for removal of pollutants. It has been noted that titanium dioxide is a research friendly material as its physico-chemical and catalytic properties can be easily altered as per specific application. Since many years, researchers have tried to modify the properties of titanium dioxide by means of doping with metals and non-metals to improve its performance for photocatalytic degradation (PCD) applications. The doping of various metal ions like Ag, Ni, Co, Au, Cu, V, Ru, Fe, La, Pt, Cr, Ce, etc. in titanium dioxide have been found to be influencing the band gap, surface area, particle size, thermal property, etc. and therefore the photocatalytic activity in PCD. Moreover, photocatalytic activity of doped titanium dioxide has been observed in visible light range (i.e., at wavelength >400 nm). In this review, different synthesis route for doping of metal ions in titanium dioxide have been emphasised. The effect of metal dopant on the structural, textural and photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide has been reviewed.

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Partch, Richard E., Yuming Xie, S. T. Oyama, and Egon Matijević. "Preparation and properties of uniform coated colloidal particles. VIII. Titanium nitride on silica." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 8 (August 1993): 2014–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.2014.

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Spherical silica particles, dispersed in ethanol/water solutions, were first coated with titania by hydrolysis of added titanium isopropoxide. The coating thickness could be readily adjusted by the ratio of titanium alkoxide concentration to the amount of silica. The coated cores prepared as above were then treated with ammonia in a temperature-programmed reaction to produce a shell of titanium nitride. After nitridation, the powders of the high specific surface area showed electrical conductivity, which depended on the thickness of the coatings.

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34

Martinez, Ana Maria, Karin Sende Osen, Egil Skybakmoen, Ole Sigmund Kjos, Geir Martin Haarberg, and Kevin Dring. "New Method for Low-Cost Titanium Production." Key Engineering Materials 436 (May 2010): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.436.41.

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The present work deals with the investigation of an electrolytic method for titanium production that uses TiO2 enriched titania slag as raw material. The process involves two steps: i) carbothermal reduction of the slag to form titanium oxycarbide powder; and ii) electrolysis in a molten chloride-based electrolyte using a titanium oxycarbide consumable anode. Electrochemical studies show the stability of the different Ti species in the equimolar NaCl-KCl melt at 850oC. These results, together with previous work about the anodic oxidation mechanism of a consumable titanium oxycarbide anode in molten chlorides, allow us to optimize the anode and cathode voltages in the electrolysis experiments. The results show that best quality titanium deposits are obtained when the reduction occurs in a single electrochemical step, i.e. directly from di-valent titanium species to Ti metal. Then, the complete conversion of the Ti(III) ions released from the consumable oxycarbide anode to Ti(II) species by adding Ti sponge to the electrolyte, must be fulfilled.

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35

Li, Xiaolin, Liang Zhang, and Yinyong Sun. "Titanium-Modified MIL-101(Cr) Derived Titanium-Chromium-Oxide as Highly Efficient Oxidative Desulfurization Catalyst." Catalysts 10, no. 9 (September 20, 2020): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10091091.

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A titanium-chromium-oxide catalyst was prepared by a facile calcination of titanium-modified MIL-101(Cr). The resulting material, possessing a surface area of 60 m2 g−1 and a titania content of 50.0 wt%, can be directly used as the catalyst for oxidative desulfurization (ODS) reaction of dibenzothiophene (DBT). This novel ODS catalyst can remove 900 ppm sulfur-containing compounds in a reaction time of 30 min at 60 °C. The experimental results showed that the specific activity increased with the titanium content. The specific activity of the catalyst with 50%Ti reached 129 μmol/m2, which was much higher than that of reported Ti-based catalysts.

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36

Vasylyeva, H., M. Tsyba, Yu Kylivnyk, and V. Yakovlev. "The Influence of Chemical Modificate of Surface of Titanium Phosphate on its Ability to Sorb Strontium Ions From Aqueous Solutions." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 17, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.17.4.548-551.

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The influence of chemical modificate of surface of titanium phosphate on its ability to sorb of strontium ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. The samples of titanium phosphate were modificated by NH4OH solution and irradiate by Bremsstrahlung gamma rays. It was shown, that phosphate titanium’s ability to sorb of strontium ions from aqueous solutions is increasing after modificated.

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37

Bastow, T. J. "47,49Ti NMR in Metals, Inorganics, and Gels." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 55, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2000): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2000-1-251.

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Some recent progress in solid state 47,49Ti NMR is described and reviewed. The metallic-state work described covers metals such as hep titanium, TiB2 , a number of intermetallics such as TiAl2 and TiAl3· The inorganic work covers the various titanium oxide based materials including the TiO2 polymorphs, anatase, rutile and brookite. The gel work covers the evolution of crystalline titania from gels formed by hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide. Some complementary data from 17O and 13C NMR and powder X-ray diffraction is also included.

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38

Vishnu, Jithin, and Geetha Manivasagam. "Nature-Inspired Nanoflower Structures on Titanium Surface via Alkali Treatment for Biomedical Applications." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 52 (August 10, 2021): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.52.20.

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Titanium based metallic biomaterials for orthopedic implant applications are often associated with biocompatibility problems which can be ameliorated via proper surface modification strategies. Improving the hydrophilic nature of the titanium surface offers an effective strategy to sort out such limitations by intensifying the cellular activity. Development of titania as well as titanate layers on the titanium surface via alkali treatment represents an effective strategy to improve the hydrophilicity of native titanium surface. Inspired from nature, in the present work, we report the formation of three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical nanoflowers resembling Gomphrena globosa flowers developed on commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) surface via a facile alkali treatment technique. X-ray diffraction studies evidenced anatase and rutile phases of TiO2 confirming the development of titania on the surface. In addition to the TiO2 phase, presence of titanate (Na2Ti3O7) has also been observed as alkali treatment was conducted in NaOH solution. The hydrophilicity of the Ti surface has been enhanced after the alkali treatment as evidenced from wettability studies using static contact angle measurements. This increase in hydrophilicity is due to the enrichment of the surface by TiO2 and titanate and increased roughness of nanoflower surface based on classical Wenzel law. In addition, the alkali-treated surface demonstrated an increased polar surface energy beneficial for biocompatible surfaces.

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39

Li, Yankun, Rui Luo, Quanming Zhao, Tao Guo, Jieshi Wu, Zhi Peng, Bo Wang, Ruisheng Xu, and Chuan Ye. "Preparation and characterization of cobalt–titanium dioxide on the surfaces of titanium implants." Materials Express 12, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2022.2234.

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Titanium and its alloys are widely used in orthopedic implant materials due to their excellent mechanical properties and good biocompatibilities. However, titanium lacks biological activity and is prone to complications, such as loosening and sinking after implantation. Modifying the surface of titanium can improve its biological activity. In this study, we prepared a cobalt–titania (Co–TiO2) coating on a titanium surface by means of micro-arc oxidation technology. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron energy spectrometry (XPS) and automatic scratch tests were used to check the bond strength of the coating. The surface morphology and structure of the modified coating were characterized; the results showed that when the micro-arc oxidation electrolyte solution contained cobalt gluconate, cobalt was successfully introduced into the titanium surface, the coating exhibited a porous morphology, the elemental cobalt was evenly distributed in the coating, and the introduced cobalt did not change the surface morphology and phase composition of the coating. The scratch tests showed that the coating was strongly bonded with the substrate. In conclusion, Co–TiO2 coatings can be prepared on the surfaces of titanium implants by micro-arc oxidation. The coatings showed good surface characteristics and potential clinical application value.

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40

Zhang, Jun, and Sheng Ru Qiao. "Mechanochemical Assisted Synthesis of Titanium Silicalite-1." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.693.

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Titanium Silicalite-1 (TS-1) zeolite was successfully synthesized through a mechanochemical assisted processing. In this method, an amorphous silica-titania precursor was firstly prepared through a mechanochemical treatment. TS-1 was then synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment of the silica-titania precursor with tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) as the template. The results of the XRD, UV-vis, and FT-IR spectrum indicated that the titanium atom was incorporated into the amorphous silica-titania precursor during the grinding, and was also retained in the final TS-1 framework after the hydrothermal treatment. SEM image showed that the TS-1 appeared in a shape of elongated prism. The catalytic performance of TS-1 was examined by phenol hydroxylation with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The results indicated that TS-1 synthesized by this method exhibited a good activity.

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41

Rahmani, Ramin, Merilin Rosenberg, Angela Ivask, and Lauri Kollo. "Comparison of Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of TiO2/Ag Ceramics and Ti6Al4V-TiO2/Ag Composite Materials Using Combined SLM-SPS Techniques." Metals 9, no. 8 (August 8, 2019): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9080874.

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In present work, the combination of spark plasma sintering (SPS) and selective laser melting (SLM) techniques was introduced to produce composite materials where silver-doped titania (TiO2) ceramics were reinforced with ordered lattice structures of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. The objective was to create bulk materials with an ordered hierarchical design that were expected to exhibit improved mechanical properties along with an antibacterial effect. The prepared composite materials were evaluated for structural integrity and mechanical properties as well as for antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli. The developed titanium–silver/titania hybrids showed increased damage tolerance and ultimate strength when compared to ceramics without metal reinforcement. However, compared with titania/silver ceramics alone that exhibited significant antibacterial effect, titanium-reinforced ceramics showed significantly reduced antibacterial effect. Thus, to obtain antibacterial materials with increased strength, the composition of metal should either be modified, or covered with antibacterial ceramics. Our results indicated that the used method is a feasible route for adding ceramic reinforcement to 3D printed metal alloys.

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42

Goenharto, Sianiwati, and Achmad Sjafei. "Breket titanium (Titanium bracket)." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v38.i3.p120-123.

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43

Sadovnikov, Alexey A., Alexander E. Baranchikov, Vladimir Kozik, Lyudmila P. Borilo, Sergey A. Kozyukhin, and Vladimir K. Ivanov. "One Step Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Fluorinated Titania Photocatalyst." Key Engineering Materials 670 (October 2015): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.670.177.

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Microwave-assisted high temperature hydrolysis of titanium oxysulfate, in the presence of ammonium fluoride, allows synthesizing nanocrystalline titanium dioxide photocatalysts possessing photocatalytic activity as high as the commercial photocatalyst Evonik Aeroxide® TiO2 P 25. Dye-sensitized reactions play an important role in organic dye discoloration in the presence of fluorinated titania.

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44

Sun, Tao, and Min Wang. "Characteristics and Chemical Stability of the Bioactive Titania Layer Formed on Ti, Ti-6Al-4V and NiTi SMA through a Low Temperature Oxidation Process." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 1403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1403.

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To improve the biocompatibility and bioactivity of titanium and titanium alloys, a titanium oxide layer was synthesized on Ti, Ti-6Al-4V and NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) using a H2O2-oxidation and hot water aging technique. The surface of these metals before and after the oxidation treatment was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Because of the synthetic titanium oxide surface layer, the Al and V contents on the surface of as-oxidized Ti-6Al-4V decreased significantly. Similarly, the Ni content on the surface of as-oxidized NiTi SMA was also significantly reduced. Potentiodynamic polarization curves indicated that the synthetic titania layer was more chemically stable than the spontaneous titania film on the metals. Among the three metals, the oxide layer on Ti was the most stable chemically. The in vitro bioactivity of as-oxidized metals was assessed through incubation in simulated body fluid (SBF). Compared to as-oxidized Ti-6Al-4V and NiTi SMA, as-oxidized Ti was the most bioactive.

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45

Einollahzadeh-Samadi, M., R. S. Dariani, and A. Paul. "Tailoring morphology, structure and photoluminescence properties of anodic TiO2nanotubes." Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, no. 4 (July 20, 2017): 1133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576717007968.

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TiO2nanotube (TNT) structures were grown perpendicular to fluorine-doped tin-oxide-coated glass substrates by anodic oxidation of titanium films. The morphology, crystal structure and optical properties of the TNTs were shown to be dependent on the thickness of the titanium film, which acts as an electrode in electrochemical anodization. Field emission scanning electron microscopy measurements revealed that an increase in titanium thickness from 1.5 to 2.7 µm caused a considerable increase in both inner diameter and tube length, which in turn increases the porosity and the physical surface of the TNTs per unit area. Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering was used to infer the statistical lateral ordering of the TNTs over macroscopic length scales. X-ray diffraction data show an increase in the texture coefficient for the (004) plane as well as theI004/I101intensity ratio with titanium film thickness. All these factors lead to a significant improvement in the photoluminescence intensity from titania nanotubes, which is about five times more than from titania nanoporous materials under similar circumstances.

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46

Bachoura, Abdo, Ruriko Yoshida, Christian Lattermann, and Srinath Kamineni. "Late Removal of Titanium Hardware from the Elbow Is Problematic." ISRN Orthopedics 2012 (February 6, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/256239.

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A retrospective review of 21 patients that underwent bone screw removal from the elbow was studied in relation to the type of metal, duration of implantation, and the location of the screws about the elbow. Screw failure during extraction was the dependent variable. Five of 21 patients experienced hardware failure during extraction. Fourteen patients had titanium alloy implants. In four cases, titanium screws broke during extraction. Compared to stainless steel, titanium screw failure during removal was not statistically significant (P=0.61). Screw removal 12 months after surgery was more likely to result in broken, retained screws in general (P=0.046) and specifically for titanium alloy (P=0.003). Bone screws removed from the distal humerus or proximal ulna had an equal chance of fracturing (P=0.28). There appears to be a time-related association of titanium alloy bone screw failure during hardware removal cases from the elbow. This may be explained by titanium’s properties and osseointegration.

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47

Komasa, Satoshi, Tetsuji Kusumoto, Yoichiro Taguchi, Hiroshi Nishizaki, Tohru Sekino, Makoto Umeda, Joji Okazaki, and Takayoshi Kawazoe. "Effect of Nanosheet Surface Structure of Titanium Alloys on Cell Differentiation." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/642527.

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Titanium alloys are the most frequently used dental implants partly because of the protective oxide coating that spontaneously forms on their surface. We fabricated titania nanosheet (TNS) structures on titanium surfaces by NaOH treatment to improve bone differentiation on titanium alloy implants. The cellular response to TNSs on Ti6Al4V alloy was investigated, and the ability of the modified surfaces to affect osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow cells and increase the success rate of titanium implants was evaluated. The nanoscale network structures formed by alkali etching markedly enhanced the functions of cell adhesion and osteogenesis-related gene expression of rat bone marrow cells. Other cell behaviors, such as proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin deposition, and mineralization, were also markedly increased in TNS-modified Ti6Al4V. Our results suggest that titanium implants modified with nanostructures promote osteogenic differentiation, which may improve the biointegration of these implants into the alveolar bone.

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48

Withers, J. C., V. Shapovalov, R. Storm, and R. O. Loutfy. "There is Low Cost Titanium Componentry Today." Key Engineering Materials 551 (May 2013): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.551.11.

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In spite of titanium’s excellent combinations of lightweight, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance it has been excluded from many applications because of its high cost in fabricated componentry. The major cost to produce a titanium alloy component is the processing of the sponge into alloy plus the several processing steps for fabricating the final finished component. If low cost titanium is to become a reality, the cost of post sponge processing to final finished components must be dramatically reduced. Processing to convert sponge directly in one step to an alloyed near net shape low cost component has been demonstrated. The mechanical properties are equivalent to better than standard processed wrought titanium. Example, automotive components and other applications that confirm titanium componentry at substantially lower cost than standard processing will be provided.

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Saber, Osama, Hicham Mahfoz Kotb, Mostafa Osama, and Hassan A. Khater. "An Effective Photocatalytic Degradation of Industrial Pollutants through Converting Titanium Oxide to Magnetic Nanotubes and Hollow Nanorods by Kirkendall Effect." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030440.

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Controlling of morphology from nanoparticles to magnetic nanotubes and hollow nanorods are interesting for developing the photo-active materials and their applications in the field of photocatalysis and decontamination of aquatic effluents. In the current study, titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nanocomposites were prepared by different techniques to produce various morphologies. The nanoparticles of pure titanium dioxide were prepared by sol-gel technique. Magnetic nanotubes and hollow nanorods were prepared by combining titanium with di- and tri-valent iron through two stages: urea hydrolysis and solvent thermal technique. According to the Kirkendall effect, magnetic nanotubes were fabricated by unequal diffusion of Fe2+, Fe3+ and Ti4+ inside the nanocomposite to produce maghemite-titanian phase. In the same trend, hollow nanorods were synthesized by limited diffusion of both trivalent iron and tetravalent titanium producing amorphous structure of titanium iron oxides. The magnetic and optical properties showed that these nanotubes and hollow nanorods are magnetically active and optically more effective compared with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Therefore, the Naphthol green B dye completely disappeared after 45 min of UV light irradiation in presence of the hollow nanorods. The kinetic study confirmed the high performance of the hollow nanorods for the photocatalytic degradation of Naphthol green B compared with titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

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Tian, Tian. "Preparation and Antibacterial Bioactivity of Ti-Base Titania Nanotube Arrays." Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.435.

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A vertically aligned bioactivity titania nanotube arrays was fabricated on the surface of titanium substrate by anodization. The nanotubes were then treated with optical deposition of silver to make them antibacterial, and to inhibition growth of bacterial in the antibacterial test in vitro. It is shown that the present of silver particle inhibition the growth staphylococcus aureus. Such bioactivity titania nanotube arrays and associated hollow tube structure can be useful as a well-adhered antibacterial bioactive surface layer on titanium implant metals for orthopaedic and dental implants.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Titanium'

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