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Journal articles on the topic 'Titanium suboxide'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Schwarzer-Fischer, Eric, Anne Günther, Sven Roszeitis, and Tassilo Moritz. "Combining Zirconia and Titanium Suboxides by Vat Photopolymerization." Materials 14, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092394.

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A recently developed multi-ceramic additive manufacturing process (multi-CAMP) and an appropriate device offer a multi-material approach by vat photopolymerization (VPP) of multi-functionalized ceramic components. However, this process is limited to ceramic powders with a certain translucency for visible light. Electrically conductive ceramic powders are therefore ruled out because of their light-absorbing behavior and dark color. The goal of the collaborative work described in the article was to develop a material combination for this multi-material approach of the additive vat photopolymerization method which allows for combining electrical conductivity and electrical insulation plus high mechanical strength in co-sintered ceramic components. As conductive component titanium suboxides are chosen, whereas zirconia forms the mechanically stable and insulation part. Since titanium suboxides cannot be used for vat photopolymerization due to their light-absorbing behavior, titania is used instead. After additive manufacturing, the two-component parts are co-sintered in a reducing atmosphere to transform the titania into its suboxides and, thus, attaining the desired property combination. The article describes the challenges of the co-processing of both materials due to the complex optical properties of titania. Furthermore, the article shows successfully co-sintered testing parts of the material combination of zirconia/titanium suboxide which are made by assembling single-material VPP components in the green state and subsequent common thermal treatment. The results of microstructural and interface investigations such as electrical measurements are discussed.

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2

Eder, Dominik, and Reinhard Kramer. "Stoichiometry of “titanium suboxide”." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 5, no. 6 (February 3, 2003): 1314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b210004e.

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3

Wang, Yaye, Randall “David” Pierce, Huanhuan Shi, Chenguang Li, and Qingguo Huang. "Electrochemical degradation of perfluoroalkyl acids by titanium suboxide anodes." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 1 (2020): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ew00759h.

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Effective degradation of eight perfluoroalkyl acids by electrooxidation on titanium suboxide anodes is correlated to their respective molecular structures, offering insight into their degradation behaviors.

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4

Wang, Yaye, Randall “David” Pierce, Huanhuan Shi, Chenguang Li, and Qingguo Huang. "Correction: Electrochemical degradation of perfluoroalkyl acids by titanium suboxide anodes." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 8, no. 2 (2022): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ew90044g.

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5

Liang, Jiabin, Shijie You, Yixing Yuan, and Yuan Yuan. "A tubular electrode assembly reactor for enhanced electrochemical wastewater treatment with a Magnéli-phase titanium suboxide (M-TiSO) anode and in situ utilization." RSC Advances 11, no. 40 (2021): 24976–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra02236a.

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6

Martinez, Miranda, and Anil R. Chourasia. "Characterization of Ti/SnO2 Interface by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy." Nanomaterials 12, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12020202.

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The Ti/SnO2 interface has been investigated in situ via the technique of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thin films (in the range from 0.3 to 1.1 nm) of titanium were deposited on SnO2 substrates via the e-beam technique. The deposition was carried out at two different substrate temperatures, namely room temperature and 200 °C. The photoelectron spectra of tin and titanium in the samples were found to exhibit significant differences upon comparison with the corresponding elemental and the oxide spectra. These changes result from chemical interaction between SnO2 and the titanium overlayer at the interface. The SnO2 was observed to be reduced to elemental tin while the titanium overlayer was observed to become oxidized. Complete reduction of SnO2 to elemental tin did not occur even for the lowest thickness of the titanium overlayer. The interfaces in both the types of the samples were observed to consist of elemental Sn, SnO2, elemental titanium, TiO2, and Ti-suboxide. The relative percentages of the constituents at the interface have been estimated by curve fitting the spectral data with the corresponding elemental and the oxide spectra. In the 200 °C samples, thermal diffusion of the titanium overlayer was observed. This resulted in the complete oxidation of the titanium overlayer to TiO2 upto a thickness of 0.9 nm of the overlayer. Elemental titanium resulting from the unreacted overlayer was observed to be more in the room temperature samples. The room temperature samples showed variation around 20% for the Ti-suboxide while an increasing trend was observed in the 200 °C samples.

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7

Zuo, Xiaodan, Qiaoyuan Deng, Tao Yang, Jiaqi Liu, Huatang Cao, Hong Jiang, Feng Wen, and Yutao Pei. "Effect of titanium suboxide on the formation of anatase and rutile phases during annealing of C-Doped Ti–O thin film deposited by DC magnetron sputtering." Functional Materials Letters 13, no. 05 (May 28, 2020): 2051021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604720510212.

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C-doped Ti–O films with different titanium suboxide contents are prepared by DC magnetron sputtering deposition at different sputtering powers. The films with different phases are formed after annealing at 873[Formula: see text]K in air. The structure of the films is characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The optical properties and surface roughness of the films are investigated by UV–vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Photocatalytic activity of the thin films is studied by degrading the methyl orange solution under xenon lamp (300[Formula: see text]W) irradiation. The results show that the C-doped Ti–O thin films with higher titanium suboxide contents ([Formula: see text]%) tend to form the rutile phase after annealing, whereas the films with a lower titanate content ([Formula: see text]%) are easy to form anatase phase by annealing.

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8

Teng, Jie, Guoshuai Liu, Jiabin Liang, and Shijie You. "Electrochemical oxidation of sulfadiazine with titanium suboxide mesh anode." Electrochimica Acta 331 (January 2020): 135441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135441.

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9

Shmychkova, Olesia, Tatiana Luk'yanenko, Valentina Knysh, and Alexander Velichenko. "Titanium Suboxide-Based Composite Electrocatalysts: Physico-Chemical and Semiconductor Properties." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 33 (October 9, 2022): 2448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02332448mtgabs.

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Titanium dioxide is one of the main products of chemical industry. Due to its optical properties, it is most widely used in the paint and varnish industry and the production of pigments. Its sensory, adsorption, optical, electrical, and catalytic properties are widely recognized as the objects of close attention of researchers [1]. Due to its high chemical inertness, lack of toxicity and low cost, titanium dioxide is increasingly used as a photocatalyst, while it has a number of significant disadvantages: low quantum efficiency of the process due to weak separation of the electron-hole pair, limited absorption spectrum in the ultraviolet region, which makes it impossible to use the energy of sunlight [2,3]. Scientists in all leading countries of the world are engaged in solving these problems. It is known that nanosized TiO2 particles (<50 nm) have the highest photocatalytic activity; therefore, the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles is one of the ways to reduce the degree of charge recombination and increase the active surface area of the oxide [4]. We propose to use a combined electrochemical-pyrolytic method of nanotube synthesis. This method will allow one to create a porous developed surface of the matrix for electrodeposition of catalytic layers of platinum and palladium; and their subsequent heat treatment at different partial pressures of oxygen will allow one to design composites with different composition. The high number of cationic vacancies in the matrix and the deficiency of oxygen ions will significantly increase the mobility of platinum and palladium atoms during heat treatment, and the resulting composite will have practically metal conductivity, high catalytic activity, selectivity and extended service life. Naked Ti/TiO2 contain a significant amount of X-ray amorphous compounds on the surface, which are most likely hydrated titanium oxides. The main crystalline phase is titanium dioxide in the allotropic anatase form. Metallic titanium is present on the surface in trace amounts. Thermal treatment of this material at a temperature of 500 ºC for 3 hours in an air atmosphere leads to an increase in the proportion of the crystalline phase. The content of metallic titanium increases significantly, reaching about a third. A partial electrochemical reduction of nanotubes allows one to obtain more electrically conductive titanium suboxides. After cathodic reduction of nanotubes for one hour, a galvanic coating with metallic platinum is uniformly deposited on the surface of the material. Thermal treated Ti/TiO2 nanotubes is an n-type semiconductor with a flat-band potential equal to –0.589 V and a carrier concentration of 6×1020 cm-3. Such a high concentration of carriers is obviously due to the small thickness of the oxide film and its nonstoichiometry, as a result of which the surface is not very depleted in electrons, since titanium metal acts as their donor. An original technique was developed for the deposition of platinized Ti/TiO2 nanotubes, including the stage of thermal treatment of the coating in an air atmosphere. It has been shown that the deposition of platinum on the previously reduced surface of nanotubes allows one to obtain composite coatings with a higher electrical conductivity, and the heat treatment of such a coating is characterized by the content of a larger fraction of TiO2, increased adhesion to the current collector, and an increase in the crystallinity of the coating. At the same time, the internal stresses of the coating are reduced by several times. References V.R.A. Ferreira, P.R.M. Santos, C.I.Q. Silva, M.A. Azenha. Latest developments on TiO2-based photocatalysis: a special focus on selectivity and hollownes for enhanced photonic efficiency, Appl. Catal., A, 623, 118243 (2021). S. Palmas, L. Mais, M. Mascia, A. Vacca. Trend in using TiO2nanotubes as photoelectrodes in PEC processes for wastewater treatment, Curr. Opin. Electrochem., 28, 100699 (2021). E. Brillas. A critical review on ibuprofen removal from synthetic waters, natural waters, and real wastewaters by advanced oxidation processes, Chemosphere, 286, 131849 (2022). M. Bellardita, A. Di Paola, L. Palmisano, F. Parrini, G. Buscarino, R. Amadelli, Preparation and photoactivity of samarium loaded anatase, brookite and rutile catalysts, Appl. Catal., B, 104, 291-299 (2011).

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10

Gong, Yafeng, Yinghua He, An Li, Yi Wang, Jiehua Liu, and Tao Qi. "Palladium-ytterbium bimetallic electrocatalysts supported on carbon black, titanium suboxide, or poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-functionalized titanium suboxide towards methanol oxidation in alkaline media." Ionics 24, no. 10 (February 28, 2018): 3085–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2506-6.

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11

JEE, Hyeok, Ji-won JANG, and Hye-Won SEO*. "Effect of Nitrogen Plasma Treatment on Titanium Suboxide Thin Films." New Physics: Sae Mulli 69, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 1303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/npsm.69.1303.

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12

Haerudin, Hery, Stephan Bertel, and Reinhard Kramer. "Surface stoichiometry of ‘titanium suboxide’ Part IVolumetric and FTIR study." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 94, no. 10 (1998): 1481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a707714i.

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13

Roy, Anshuman, Sung Heum Park, Sarah Cowan, Ming Hong Tong, Shinuk Cho, Kwanghee Lee, and Alan J. Heeger. "Titanium suboxide as an optical spacer in polymer solar cells." Applied Physics Letters 95, no. 1 (July 6, 2009): 013302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3159622.

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14

Kuroda, Yoshiyuki, Hikaru Igarashi, Takaaki Nagai, Teko W. Napporn, Koichi Matsuzawa, Shigenori Mitsushima, Ken-ichiro Ota, and Akimitsu Ishihara. "Templated Synthesis of Carbon-Free Mesoporous Magnéli-Phase Titanium Suboxide." Electrocatalysis 10, no. 5 (June 25, 2019): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12678-019-00544-3.

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15

Withers, James, John Laughlin, Yasser Elkadi, Jay DeSilva, and Raouf O. Loutfy. "The Electrolytic Production of Ti from a TiO₂ Feed (The DARPA Sponsored Program)." Key Engineering Materials 436 (May 2010): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.436.61.

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DARPA instituted an Initiative in Titanium in 2003 to produce titanium, alternatively to the Kroll process, in a billet form for under $4/lb. This DARPA sponsored program has gone into Phase II consisting of utilizing ore/TiO2 as a feed. The TiO2 is carbothermically reduced to a suboxide-carbide (Ti:O:C) which is used anodically to resupply the titanium content in an electrolysis process that deposits titanium in a powder morphology. The deposited powder is uniquely stripped from the cathodes and harvested in a separate stream that permits continuous electrolytic processing to produce titanium at an estimated cost about ½ the Kroll process. Oxygen contents less than 500 ppm are achievable with particle sizes in the desired range for powder metallurgy applications. The process has been demonstrated on a continuous basis and is in the stage of scaling-up to 500 lbs/day.

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16

Tamaki, Yukimichi, Yu Kataoka, In-Kee Jang, and Takashi Miyazaki. "Bone Regenerative Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on a Micro- Structured Titanium Processed by Wire-Type Electric Discharge Machining." Open Materials Science Journal 4, no. 1 (June 22, 2010): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874088x010040100113.

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A new strategy with bone tissue engineering by mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on titanium implant has been drawn attention. The surface scaffold properties of titanium surface play an important role in bone regenerative potential of cells. The surface topography and chemistry are postulated to be two major factors increasing the scaffold properties of titanium implants. This study aimed to evaluate the osteogenic gene expression of mesenchymal stem cells on titanium processed by wire-type electric discharge machining. Some amount of roughness and distinctive irregular features was observed on titanium processed by wire-type electric discharge machining. The thickness of suboxide layer was concomitantly grown during the processing. Since the thickness of oxide film and micro-topography allowed an improvement of mRNA expression of cells, titanium processed by wire-type electric discharge machining is a promising candidate for mesenchymal stem cell based functional restoration of implants.

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17

Zhao, Huiru, Yi Wang, Qinghu Tang, Li Wang, Hui Zhang, Can Quan, and Tao Qi. "Pt catalyst supported on titanium suboxide for formic acid electrooxidation reaction." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, no. 18 (June 2014): 9621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.088.

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18

Wang, Yi, Huiru Zhao, Qinghu Tang, Hui Zhang, Chang Ming Li, and Tao Qi. "Electrocatalysis of titanium suboxide-supported Pt–Tb towards formic acid electrooxidation." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 3 (January 2016): 1568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.11.056.

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19

Wang, Yi, Yong Qin, Guicun Li, Zuolin Cui, and Zhikun Zhang. "One-step synthesis and optical properties of blue titanium suboxide nanoparticles." Journal of Crystal Growth 282, no. 3-4 (September 2005): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.05.030.

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20

Alipour Moghadam Esfahani, Reza, Holly M. Fruehwald, Nadia O. Laschuk, Mason T. Sullivan, Jacquelyn G. Egan, Iraklii I. Ebralidze, Olena V. Zenkina, and E. Bradley Easton. "A highly durable N-enriched titanium nanotube suboxide fuel cell catalyst support." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 263 (April 2020): 118272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118272.

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21

Sabirovas, Tomas, Simonas Ramanavicius, Arnas Naujokaitis, Gediminas Niaura, and Arunas Jagminas. "Design and Characterization of Nanostructured Titanium Monoxide Films Decorated with Polyaniline Species." Coatings 12, no. 11 (October 24, 2022): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111615.

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The fabrication of nanostructured composite materials is an active field of materials chemistry. However, the ensembles of nanostructured titanium monoxide and suboxide species decorated with polyaniline (PANI) species have not been deeply investigated up to now. In this study, such composites were formed on both hydrothermally oxidized and anodized Ti substrates via oxidative polymerization of aniline. In this way, highly porous nanotube-shaped titanium dioxide (TiO2) and nano leaflet-shaped titanium monoxide (TiOx) species films loaded with electrically conductive PANI in an emeraldine salt form were designed. Apart from compositional and structural characterization with Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Raman techniques, the electrochemical properties were identified for each layer using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Based on the experimentally determined EIS parameters, it is envisaged that TiO-based nanomaterials decorated with PANI could find prospective applications in supercapacitors and biosensing.

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22

Caloudova, Hana, Jana Blahova, Jan Mares, Lukas Richtera, Ales Franc, Michaela Garajova, Frantisek Tichy, et al. "The effects of dietary exposure to Magnéli phase titanium suboxide and titanium dioxide on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Chemosphere 293 (April 2022): 133689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133689.

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23

Pei, Shuzhao, Han Shi, Jinna Zhang, Shengli Wang, Nanqi Ren, and Shijie You. "Electrochemical removal of tetrabromobisphenol A by fluorine-doped titanium suboxide electrochemically reactive membrane." Journal of Hazardous Materials 419 (October 2021): 126434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126434.

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24

Shi, Huanhuan, Yaye Wang, Chenguang Li, Randall Pierce, Shixiang Gao, and Qingguo Huang. "Degradation of Perfluorooctanesulfonate by Reactive Electrochemical Membrane Composed of Magnéli Phase Titanium Suboxide." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 24 (November 15, 2019): 14528–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04148.

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25

Lee, Chang Mook, and Jaewu Choi. "Nonlinear thickness and oxidation-dependent transparency and conductance of sputtered titanium suboxide nanofilms." Optical Materials Express 6, no. 6 (May 11, 2016): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.6.001837.

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26

Lee, Jae Hyun, Shinuk Cho, Anshuman Roy, Hee-Tae Jung, and Alan J. Heeger. "Enhanced diode characteristics of organic solar cells using titanium suboxide electron transport layer." Applied Physics Letters 96, no. 16 (April 19, 2010): 163303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3409116.

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27

Yang, Xuan, Guo Jiuji, Zhu Zhaowu, Hui Zhang, and Tao Qi. "Doping effects on the electro-degradation of phenol on doped titanium suboxide anodes." Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 26, no. 4 (April 2018): 830–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2017.12.007.

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28

Yuan, Y., J. Zhang, and L. Xing. "Effective electrochemical decolorization of azo dye on titanium suboxide cathode in bioelectrochemical system." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16, no. 12 (May 25, 2019): 8363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02417-0.

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29

Tsoureas, Nikolaos, Jennifer C. Green, F. Geoffrey N. Cloke, Horst Puschmann, S. Mark Roe, and Graham Tizzard. "Trimerisation of carbon suboxide at a di-titanium centre to form a pyrone ring system." Chemical Science 9, no. 22 (2018): 5008–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sc01127c.

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Bis(pentalene)dititanium Ti₂(μ:η⁵,η⁵-Pn^†)₂ trimerises carbon suboxide (OCCCO) to form [{Ti₂(μ:η⁵,η⁵-Pn^†)₂}{μ-C₉O₆}], which contains a 4-pyrone core, via the monoadduct [Ti₂(μ:η⁵,η⁵-Pn^†)₂ (η²-C₃O₂)].

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30

Alipour Moghadam Esfahani, Reza, and E. Bradley Easton. "Enhancing the Stability and Performance of Mo-Doped Titanium Suboxide Fuel Cell Catalyst Supports." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 38 (May 1, 2020): 1690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-01381690mtgabs.

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31

Seo, Jung Hwa, Heejoo Kim, and Shinuk Cho. "Build-up of symmetry breaking using a titanium suboxide in bulk-heterojunction solar cells." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 14, no. 12 (2012): 4062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cp40299h.

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32

Nagao, Masanori, Sayaka Misu, Jun Hirayama, Ryoichi Otomo, and Yuichi Kamiya. "Magneli-Phase Titanium Suboxide Nanocrystals as Highly Active Catalysts for Selective Acetalization of Furfural." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 2539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b19520.

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33

Kumar, Sanjay, Yoshitsugu Kojima, and Gautam Kumar Dey. "Tailoring the hydrogen absorption desorption's dynamics of Mg MgH2 system by titanium suboxide doping." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 34 (August 2017): 21841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.128.

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34

Böhm, Leonard, Johannes Näther, Martin Underberg, Norbert Kazamer, Lisa Holtkotte, Ulrich Rost, Gabriela Marginean, et al. "Pulsed electrodeposition of iridium catalyst nanoparticles on titanium suboxide supports for application in PEM electrolysis." Materials Today: Proceedings 45 (2021): 4254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.507.

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35

Lee, Byoung Hoon, Jessica Coughlin, Geunjin Kim, Guillermo C. Bazan, and Kwanghee Lee. "Efficient solution-processed small-molecule solar cells with titanium suboxide as an electric adhesive layer." Applied Physics Letters 104, no. 21 (May 26, 2014): 213305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4880095.

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36

Teng, Jie, Shijie You, Fang Ma, Xiaodong Chen, and Nanqi Ren. "Enhanced electrochemical decontamination and water permeation of titanium suboxide reactive electrochemical membrane based on sonoelectrochemistry." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 69 (December 2020): 105248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105248.

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37

Zheng, Zhilin, Wangchang Geng, Yi Wang, Yun Huang, and Tao Qi. "NiCo2O4 nanoflakes supported on titanium suboxide as a highly efficient electrocatalyst towards oxygen evolution reaction." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 1 (January 2017): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.11.187.

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38

Kim, J. S., H. Jee, Y. H. Yu, and H. W. Seo. "Titanium dioxide and suboxide thin films grown with controlled discharge voltage in reactive direct-current sputtering." Thin Solid Films 672 (February 2019): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2018.12.045.

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39

Rai, Amritesh, Amithraj Valsaraj, Hema C. P. Movva, Anupam Roy, Rudresh Ghosh, Sushant Sonde, Sangwoo Kang, et al. "Air Stable Doping and Intrinsic Mobility Enhancement in Monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide by Amorphous Titanium Suboxide Encapsulation." Nano Letters 15, no. 7 (June 26, 2015): 4329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00314.

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40

Liu, Guoshuai, Hao Zhou, Jie Teng, and Shijie You. "Electrochemical degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by macro-porous titanium suboxide anode in the presence of sulfate." Chemical Engineering Journal 371 (September 2019): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.249.

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41

Aghashahi, Nooshin, Mohammad Reza Mohammadizadeh, and Parviz Kameli. "Variable range hopping conduction mechanisms in reduced rutile TiO₂." Physica Scripta 97, no. 4 (March 21, 2022): 045408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac576b.

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Abstract In this study, obtained samples via reducing Rutile TiO2 by Mg are analyzed to determine the titanium suboxide phases and the dominant structural phase in each sample. By increasing the heat treatment temperature or the amount of reducing agent (Mg), the amount of suboxide phases Ti n O2n−1 (1 ≤ n < 10) with the lower n values increases, and TiO is the main phase in the samples with a low electrical resistivity. The hopping conduction mechanism is also investigated in the temperature range of 11.5–300 K, and the characteristic parameters describing the conduction mechanism are determined and discussed. For samples with a low electrical resistivity, the nearest neighbor hopping (NNH) conduction mechanism governs the charge transport properties below 220 K, and a transition from the NNH to the Mott-variable range hopping (VRH) conduction regimes is observed at ∼65 K. In addition, the Efros-Shklovskii (ES)-VRH conduction process governs at low temperatures below 18 K, and the last crossover from the Mott-VRH to the ES-VRH models illustrates the strong electron-electron Coulomb interaction, which leads to the Coulomb gap (∼1 meV) at low temperatures. According to the obtained hopping parameters, the low resistivity samples are close to the metal-insulator transition. For samples with a high electrical resistivity, the hopping conduction relations are not fitted to the resistivity-temperature curves, and probably it is related to the resistive switching behavior of the material, which changes the nature and conductivity properties, and is depicted in the current-voltage (I-V) curve.

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42

Wang, Yaye, Lei Li, Yifei Wang, Huanhuan Shi, Lu Wang, and Qingguo Huang. "Electrooxidation of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid on porous Magnéli phase titanium suboxide Anodes: Impact of porous structure and composition." Chemical Engineering Journal 431 (March 2022): 133929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.133929.

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43

Skopp, A., N. Kelling, M. Woydt, and L. M. Berger. "Thermally sprayed titanium suboxide coatings for piston ring/cylinder liners under mixed lubrication and dry-running conditions." Wear 262, no. 9-10 (April 2007): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.11.012.

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44

Ertekin, Zeliha, Nuran Özçiçek Pekmez, and Kadir Pekmez. "One-step electrochemical deposition of thin film titanium suboxide in basic titanyl sulfate solution at room temperature." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 24, no. 4 (March 21, 2020): 975–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04555-9.

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45

Jagminas, Arūnas, Arnas Naujokaitis, Paulius Gaigalas, Simonas Ramanavičius, Marija Kurtinaitienė, and Romualdas Trusovas. "Substrate Impact on the Structure and Electrocatalyst Properties of Molybdenum Disulfide for HER from Water." Metals 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10091251.

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Abstract:

It is expected that utilization of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-based nanostructured electrocatalysts might replace the Pt-group electrodes most effectively applied for hydrogen evolution reaction from water. Therefore, in the past two decades, various approaches have been reported for fabrication of nanostructured MoS2-based catalysts, but their applications in practice are still missing due to lower activity and stability. We envisaged that the knowledge about the peculiarities of MoS2 nanoplatelets attachment to various conductive substrates by hydrothermal processing could be helpful for fabrication of more active and stable working electrodes. Therefore, in this study, the hydrothermal syntheses at the Mo, Ti, Al, anodized Ti, and hydrothermally designed titanium suboxide substrates were performed; the electrodes obtained were characterized; and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity was tested. In this way, MoS2-based HER catalyst possessing a surprising stability and a low Tafel slope was designed via attachment of nanoplatelet-shaped MoS2 species to the nanotube-shaped anatase-TiO2 surface.

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46

Wang, Sheng-Dan, Li-Xing He, Li Zhou, Shang-De Xian, and Jian-Hua Liu. "Electrochemical activation of peroxymonosulfate with titanium suboxide anode for 4-chlorophenol degradation: Influencing factors, kinetics, and degradation mechanism." Separation and Purification Technology 291 (June 2022): 120964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120964.

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Kim, Min-Cheol, Namchul Cho, Tae Jun Kang, Nguyen The Manh, Young-Woo Lee, and Kyung-Won Park. "Synthesis of highly conductive titanium suboxide support materials with superior electrochemical durability for proton exchange membrane fuel cells." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 707, no. 1 (August 12, 2020): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2020.1743462.

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Jin, Sung H., Gwang H. Jun, Soon H. Hong, and Seokwoo Jeon. "Conformal coating of titanium suboxide on carbon nanotube networks by atomic layer deposition for inverted organic photovoltaic cells." Carbon 50, no. 12 (October 2012): 4483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.05.027.

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D'Isanto, Fabiana, Federico Smeacetto, Hans-Peter Martin, Richard Sedlák, Maksym Lisnichuk, Andreas Chrysanthou, and Milena Salvo. "Development and characterisation of a Y2Ti2O7-based glass-ceramic as a potential oxidation protective coating for titanium suboxide (TiOx)." Ceramics International 47, no. 14 (July 2021): 19774–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.03.316.

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Alipour Moghadam Esfahani, Reza, Luis Miguel Rivera Gavidia, Gonzalo García, Elena Pastor, and Stefania Specchia. "Highly active platinum supported on Mo-doped titanium nanotubes suboxide (Pt/TNTS-Mo) electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFC." Renewable Energy 120 (May 2018): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.12.077.

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