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Journal articles on the topic 'Titanium nitride'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Deniz, G., Şaduman Şen, and Uğur Şen. "Structural Characterization of Titanium Nitride Coatings on AISI M2 Steel." Materials Science Forum 554 (August 2007): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.554.219.

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In this work, some surface properties of AISI M2 steel were improved by a thermoreactive deposition process. Gas nitriding was realized on AISI M2 steel at 550°C for 2 h in an ammoniac atmosphere and then, titanizing treatment performed on pre-nitrided steel in the powder mixture consisting of ferro-titanium, ammonium chloride and alumina at 1000°C for 1-4 h. Structural characterization of titanium nitride layer formed on the surface of AISI M2 steel was carried out by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe and Xray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The hardness measurements of titanium nitride layer were conducted under 10 g loads by using Vickers microhardness indenter. Structural analysis studies showed that titanium nitride layers formed on the AISI M2 steel samples were smooth, compact and homogeneous. XRD analysis show that the coating layer formed on the steel samples includes TiN, Fe6Mo7N2, C0.7N0.3Ti, C0.3N0.7Ti and V2N phases. The hardness of titanium nitride layers formed on the steel samples is between 2040±186 and 2418±291 HV0.01. The thickness of titanium nitride layer formed on the steel samples ranged from 3.86±0.43 9m to 6.13±0.47 9m, depending on treatment time.

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2

Lisiecki, Aleksander. "Mechanism of Laser Surface Modification of the Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Nitrogen Atmosphere Using a High Power Diode Laser." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.411.

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The influence of the nitrogen content in argon/nitrogen gas mixture on mechanism of titanium nitrides formation during laser surface processing of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V with high power diode laser was investigated. The phase composition and microhardness on cross-section of surface layers were analyzed and described. It was found that the nucleation of TiN dendrites in nitrogen rich atmosphere (at least 75 % of N2) takes place on the liquid/gas boundary as a result of the reaction between molten titanium and gaseous nitrogen. The subsequent growth of titanium nitride dendrites (crystallization) proceeds into the liquid metal (weld pool), perpendicularly to the top surface. High length of the titanium nitride dendrites up to 180÷250 μm in the surface layer produced in pure nitrogen atmosphere indicates also very rapid rate of dendrites growth in the molten titanium. The tendency to form titanium nitrides during laser surface processing of the investigated titanium alloy falls dawn with the decrease of nitrogen content in the gas mixture.

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3

Luther, B. P., S. E. Mohney, and T. N. Jackson. "Titanium and titanium nitride contacts to n-type gallium nitride." Semiconductor Science and Technology 13, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 1322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/13/11/017.

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4

Mizukami, Hideo, Tomoyuki Kitaura, and Yoshihisa Shirai. "Dissolution Behavior of a Titanium Nitride Sponge in Titanium Alloy Melt." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 10005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032110005.

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The dissolution behaviors of titanium nitride titanium sponges in titanium alloy melt were examined. A titanium nitride sponge was produced using nitrogen gas. The titanium nitride sponge featured a porous structure. Porous structures at both the surface layer and inside were formed at intervals of about 5.0 × 10-5 m. When the titanium nitride sponge was immersed into a titanium alloy melt, the melt permeated into the pores. The dissolution rate of the titanium nitride sponge in the titanium alloy melt depends on the temperature of the melt. Higher melt temperatures corresponded to higher dissolution rates. However, the concentration of nitrogen in the titanium nitride sponge had no influence on the dissolution rate. Dissolution model of the titanium nitride sponge into the titanium alloy melt were proposed. These models considered the structure of the sponge; thus, the behavior of the dissolution sponges was predicted and confirmed.

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5

Liu, An Min, Yu Fan, Pei Zhi Li, Kun Chen, Ke Pu, and Chong Hao Zhang. "A Comparison of Gas Nitriding and Laser Nitriding on Industrial Pure Iron and Ti-Induced Iron." Materials Science Forum 934 (October 2018): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.934.79.

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Overview of Gas nitriding on the surface of industrial pure iron and laser gas nitriding, research under different nitriding process, the phase, organization and mechanical properties of the nitride layer that is the difference. Plasma sprayed titanium on industrial pure iron surface, the laser nitriding experiments were carried out on the titanium surface. The formation of iron and nitrogen compounds is induced by the combination of titanium nitride. The difference between gas nitriding and laser nitriding is analyzed. The results show that: (1) after gas nitriding, the nitrides formed on the surface of pure iron are mainly ε-Fe2-3N and γ′-Fe4N, the surface hardness is 158 HV, and the increase is 32%. (2) in the 500 W laser power, laser nitriding formed on the surface of Titanium metal layer of pure iron, but not the formation of iron and nitrogen compound, the surface hardness of 168 HV, increased by 46%. (3) under the condition of 500 W laser power, the industrial pure iron was nitrided by laser, without the formation of iron and nitrogen compounds, but the surface hardness of the sample was increased by 20%.

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6

Lelątko, Józef, Marlena Freitag, Jan Rak, Tadeusz Wierzchoń, and Tomasz Goryczka. "Structure of Nitride and Nitride/Oxide Layers Formed on NiTi Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 186 (March 2012): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.186.259.

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The present work summarises the results, which were obtained from studies carried out on the structure of the nitride and nitride-oxide surface layers with use of the electron transmission microscopy. The layers were formed using glow discharge technique at relatively low temperature (300°C). It has been shown that low temperature nitriding or nitriding/oxiding process produced a thin layer ~30 nm thick. They were formed from titanium nitride as well as titanium oxides. The structure revealed that nanoparticles were surrounded by high amount of amorphous phase. Especially, electron microscopy was useful method for studying the phase boundary between the layer and the NiTi matrix. During deposition process, which was carried out at temperature above 300°C, the intermediate layer of Ni3Ti intermetallic phase appeared between titanium oxides and/or nitrides. Lowering deposition temperature down to 300°C or below resulted in absence of such sublayer. Moreover, thickness, structure of layers, absence of sublayer formed during glow discharge process, can significantly influence deformation during inducing of the shape memory or superelasticity effect.

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7

Perillo, P. M. "Corrosion Behavior of Coatings of Titanium Nitride and Titanium-Titanium Nitride on Steel Substrates." CORROSION 62, no. 2 (February 2006): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3278263.

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8

Petrova, Larisa, Vladimir Alexandrov, Viktor Vdovin, and Pyotr Demin. "Hardening of a quick-speed steel tool through nitration process with nitrogen controlled potential." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2022, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2223-4608-2022-1-3-10.

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The study of the gas nitriding method, which allows obtaining high-quality diffuse layers in high-speed steel P6M5 on the basis of an internal nitrogen hardening zone with no brittle nitride zone, has been viewed. Research results of phase composition of nitrided steel with a change in the nitrogen potential of the atmosphere during dilution of ammonia are presented. Nitrided tool increased resistance during drilling constructional steel and titanium alloy, which is due to precipitation hardening treatment of the internal nitrogenization zone using tungsten nitrides, is given.

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9

Narula, Chaitanya K., Brian G. Demczyk, Paul Czubarow, and Dietmar Seyferth. "Preparation of Silicon Nitride-Titanium Nitride and Titanium-Titanium Nitride Composites from (CH3)3SiNHTiCl3-Coated Si3N4 and Ti Particles." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 78, no. 5 (May 1995): 1247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08477.x.

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10

Gogotsi, Yu G., and G. Grathwohl. "Creep of silicon nitride-titanium nitride composites." Journal of Materials Science 28, no. 16 (1993): 4279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01154933.

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11

Ovsepyan, S. V., Yu R. Kolobov, M. V. Akhmedzyanov, S. S. Manokhin, and E. V. Filonova. "Investigation of the nitride phase in a heat-resistant alloy of the Ni – Co – W – Ti system, hardened by internal nitration." Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment 2 (2021): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2021-2-63-71.

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In a high-temperature alloy of the Ni – Co – Cr – W – Ti system grade VZh171, using X-ray spectral analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the composition of the particles of the hardening phase — nitrides after internal nitriding and subsequent heat treatment was studied. It was found that the particles differ on it chemical composition: the main constituent element, titanium or chromium, is proportionally replaced by other alloy components. The nitride compositions near the surface and in the center of the sample differ in the titanium to chromium ratio. After annealing, this difference is smaller, and the chromium content also decreases. It was found that the nitrides formed during nitriding are compounds in which the main forming element, titanium or chromium, is proportionally replaced by other alloy components. The nitride compositions near the surface and in the center of the sample differ in the titanium to chromium ratio. After annealing, this difference is smaller, and the chromium content also decreases.

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12

Grant, Lauren N., Balazs Pinter, Takashi Kurogi, Maria E. Carroll, Gang Wu, Brian C. Manor, Patrick J. Carroll, and Daniel J. Mindiola. "Molecular titanium nitrides: nucleophiles unleashed." Chemical Science 8, no. 2 (2017): 1209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc03422e.

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Reactivity studies of a rare example of a molecular titanium nitride are presented. A combination of theory and NMR spectroscopy provide a description of the bonding in the these nitrides, the role of the counter cation, K⁺, as well as the origin of their highly downfield ¹⁵N NMR spectroscopic shifts.

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13

Dion, I., C. Baquey, B. Candelon, and J. R. Monties. "Hemocompatibility of Titanium Nitride." International Journal of Artificial Organs 15, no. 10 (October 1992): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889201501009.

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The left ventricular assist device is based on the principle of the Maillard-Wenkel rotative pump. The materials which make up the pump must present particular mechanical, tribological, thermal and chemical properties. Titanium nitride (TiN) because of its surface properties and graphite because of its bulk characteristics have been chosen. The present study evaluated the in vitro hemocompatibility of TiN coating deposited by the chemical vapor deposition process. Protein adsorption, platelet retention and hemolysis tests have been carried out. In spite of some disparities, the TiN behavior towards albumin and fibrinogen is interesting, compared with the one of a reference medical grade elastomer. The platelet retention test gives similar results as those achieved with the same elastomer. The hemolysis percentage is near to zero. TiN shows interesting characteristics, as far as mechanical and tribological problems are concerned, and presents very encouraging blood tolerability properties.

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14

Milošev, Ingrid, Hans-Henning Strehblow, Boris Navinšek, and Peter Panjan. "Titanium Nitride by XPS." Surface Science Spectra 5, no. 2 (April 1998): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1247863.

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15

Mooney, Ted. "Restoring titanium nitride finish." Metal Finishing 93, no. 9 (September 1995): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0576(95)92023-4.

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16

Drake, Simon R., Kevin D. Sanderson, Michael B. Hursthouse, and K. M. Abdul Malik. "Titanium amide molecular precursors for titanium nitride." Polyhedron 13, no. 2 (January 1994): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)86588-2.

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17

Lei, Hai Yan, Ping Feng, Xiao Ming Zhang, and Teng Biao Zheng. "Effect of TiN Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti(C, N)-Based Cermets." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.536.

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The effect of titanium nitride addition on the microstructure, porosity and mechanical properties of Ti(C, N)-based cermets were investigated in this work. Results show that cermets have typical core-rim microstructure, the grain size of hard phase refines and the porosity increases with the addition of titanium nitride content. The transverse rupture strength reaches maximum at about 15wt.% titanium nitride. The hardness declines with the incremental titanium nitride content.

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18

Wei, Binbin, Fangwang Ming, Hanfeng Liang, Zhengbing Qi, Wenshen Hu, and Zhoucheng Wang. "All nitride asymmetric supercapacitors of niobium titanium nitride-vanadium nitride." Journal of Power Sources 481 (January 2021): 228842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228842.

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19

Ahmadi, Eltefat, Sheikh Abdul Rezan, Norlia Baharun, Sivakumar Ramakrishnan, Ahmad Fauzi, and Guangqing Zhang. "Chlorination Kinetics of Titanium Nitride for Production of Titanium Tetrachloride from Nitrided Ilmenite." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 48, no. 5 (June 16, 2017): 2354–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-017-1011-z.

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20

Chen, Long, Tamás I. Korányi, and Emiel J. M. Hensen. "Transition metal (Ti, Mo, Nb, W) nitride catalysts for lignin depolymerisation." Chemical Communications 52, no. 60 (2016): 9375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc04702e.

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21

NARULA, C. K., B. G. DEMCZYK, P. CZUBAROW, and D. SEYFERTH. "ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Silicon Nitride-Titanium Nitride and Titanium-Titanium Nitride Composites from (CH3)3SiNHTiCl3-Coated Si3N4 and Ti Particles." ChemInform 26, no. 40 (August 17, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199540029.

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22

Anderson, Mark S. "Room-Temperature Synthesis of Titanium Nitride Using Metastable Nitrogen." Coatings 12, no. 8 (August 14, 2022): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081177.

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The room-temperature synthesis of titanium nitride (TiN) is presented using the reaction of metastable nitrogen (MSN) with a titanium metal surface. The MSN is generated in a nitrogen glow discharge with plasma-ion filtering using a commercial direct analysis in real time (DART) source. The MSN is flowed over a titanium substrate at ambient pressure producing TiN surfaces that are ultra-clean and suitable for plasmonic applications. This is demonstrated using surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRA), producing a 100-fold signal enhancement. Nitriding using MSN could find general applications in producing nitrided surfaces with small-scale structures.

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23

Asai, H., F. Ueno, N. Iwase, H. Sato, N. Mizunoya, T. Kimura, K. Endo, T. Takahashi, and Y. Sugiura. "Titanium nitride-molybdenum metallizing method for aluminum nitride." IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 13, no. 2 (June 1990): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/33.56185.

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24

Glaser, A., S. Surnev, F. P. Netzer, N. Fateh, G. A. Fontalvo, and C. Mitterer. "Oxidation of vanadium nitride and titanium nitride coatings." Surface Science 601, no. 4 (February 2007): 1153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2006.12.010.

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25

Berg, Günter, Christoph Friedrich, Erhard Broszeit, and Christina Berger. "Development of chromium nitride coatings substituting titanium nitride." Surface and Coatings Technology 86-87 (December 1996): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(96)03042-3.

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26

Ali, Md Azahar, Kunal Mondal, Yifei Wang, Huawei Jiang, Navreet K. Mahal, Michael J. Castellano, Ashutosh Sharma, and Liang Dong. "In situ integration of graphene foam–titanium nitride based bio-scaffolds and microfluidic structures for soil nutrient sensors." Lab on a Chip 17, no. 2 (2017): 274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6lc01266c.

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27

Diroll, Benjamin T., Alexandra Brumberg, Ariel A. Leonard, Shobhana Panuganti, Nicolas E. Watkins, Shelby A. Cuthriell, Samantha M. Harvey, et al. "Photothermal behaviour of titanium nitride nanoparticles evaluated by transient X-ray diffraction." Nanoscale 13, no. 4 (2021): 2658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr08202c.

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Metal nitrides are a promising non-toxic, inexpensive, and durable material for photothermal applications. The photothermal properties of titanium nitride are measured using time-resolved X-ray diffraction following optical excitation.

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28

Lv, Yanan, and Dong Chen. "A molecular dynamics study of nanoscale titanium nitrides formation in ferrite." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 10 (January 31, 2020): 2050099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920500992.

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Molecular dynamics simulation was adopted to investigate the nanoscale titanium nitride formation at the early formation stage in high-strength low-alloy steel. During the cluster formation process, the nitride clusters were formed through the atom aggregation. The atomic interactions of titanium and nitride atoms were revealed and the cluster property was discussed. The nanoscale titanium nitride clusters own a wide composition, and the cluster formation mechanism was concluded.

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29

Wu, Feng, Dian Li Qu, Zhi Jian Li, Xin Wei Li, and Na Xu. "Research on the Synthesis of Titanium Nitride by Carbothermal Reduction Nitriding with Anatase and Flake Graphite." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.477.

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Using anatase and flake graphite as starting material, titanium nitride was prepared by carbothermal reduction nitriding method under nitrogen gas pressure 0.05 MPa and flow rate 0.3 m3/h, at 1673K(1400°C).The proportion of nc and nTiO2 are 1.5:1,2.0:1,2.2:1 and 2.5:1. The phase composition and microstructure of titanium nitride were investigated by XRD and SEM. The results show that: titanium nitride can be prepared with anatase and flake graphite by carbothermal reduction nitriding method. When the proportion of nc and nTiO2 is 2.2:1 the quantity of titanium nitride is the most. Because the reacting temperature is low and the contact area of the anatase and flake graphite is small the large grain size and uniform grain size titanium nitride can not be obtained.

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30

TAN, GUOQIANG, HONGYAN MIAO, MIN DONG, and HUIJUN REN. "EFFECTS OF CARBON SOURCE ON THE TITANIUM NITRIDE POWDER SYNTHESIZED BY CARBON THERMAL REDUCTION." International Journal of Nanoscience 05, no. 04n05 (August 2006): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x06004814.

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Glucose, carbamide and petroleum coke as carbon sources are separately added to butyl titanate and ethanol system. The initial powder containing titanium source and carbon source is prepared by sol–gel method. IR analysis of the initial powder shows that: glucose-butyl titanate system and carbamide-butyl titanate system form water-soluble compounds. After being dried, they form Ti 2 O 3 and C mixed powder. Petroleum coke-butyl titanate system forms TiO 2 powder with nanometer size in carbon. Regarding initial powder as a raw material, titanium nitride powder is prepared by carbon thermal reduction. The XRD analysis shows that the titanium nitride powder is formed after the initial powder prepared in petroleum coke-butyl titanate system is kept at 1350°C for 5 h. The added Fe 2 O 3 accelerates the synthesis of titanium nitride; the initial powder prepared in glucose-butyl titanate is kept at 1400°C for 5 h and then synthesizes the titanium nitride powder. Fe 2 O 3 does not accelerate the synthesis of titanium nitride. The initial powder prepared in carbamide-butyl titanate system is found to form volatile material in N 2, but no titanium nitride powder is found.

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31

Subramanian, B., C. V. Muraleedharan, R. Ananthakumar, and M. Jayachandran. "A comparative study of titanium nitride (TiN), titanium oxy nitride (TiON) and titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN), as surface coatings for bio implants." Surface and Coatings Technology 205, no. 21-22 (August 2011): 5014–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.05.004.

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32

Ryan, James G., Stephen B. Brodsky, Tomio Katata, Makoto Honda, Naohiro Shoda, and Hideaki Aochi. "Collimated Sputtering of Titanium and Titanium Nitride Films." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 11 (November 1995): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400045553.

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Collimated sputtering is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) method where a collimator is inserted between a conventional “full-face-erosion” sputtering target and a substrate (Figure 1). The collimator is a plate of hexagonal cells that acts as a filter to remove obliquely incident atoms before they arrive at the substrate. Only material with a nearly normal incidence trajectory may pass through the collimator and deposit on the substrate. Collimated sputtering was initially evaluated for conductor-level depositions in order to improve the filling of recessed features. Although the method has been successfully used to fill damascene structures, depositing thick conductor films is inefficient because most of the sputtered material is captured by the collimator, causing the collimator to clog quickly, necessitating frequent replacement.A more common use of collimated sputtering is associated with the deposition of thin “liner” films. For example, thin, collimated aluminum alloy films have been used as underlayers for aluminum reflow processes. Also, collimated Ti/TiN films are used as contact/adhesion layers for chemically vapor-deposited (CVD) W metallization. Collimation provides better bottom and sidewall coverage for small, high aspect-ratio features than conventionally sputtered films do.Coliimated sputtered films often exhibit unique properties because the angle of incidence of depositing atoms is controlled. Collimated AlMg alloys have superior electromigration resistance compared to noncollimated AlMg films. Collimated TiN films appear to exhibit denser grain structures when compared to films deposited with higher amounts of obliquely incident flux (Figure 2).

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33

Carmalt, Claire J., Anne C. Newport, Ivan P. Parkin, Andrew J. P. White, and David J. Williams. "Titanium imido complexes as precursors to titanium nitride." Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, no. 21 (October 1, 2002): 4055–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b204027c.

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34

Dabhade, V. V., T. R. Rama Mohan, and P. Ramakrishnan. "Sintering behavior of titanium–titanium nitride nanocomposite powders." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 453, no. 1-2 (April 2008): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.11.187.

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35

FILONENKO, N. Yu, O. I. BABACHENKO, and H. A. KONONENKO. "INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF DEFORMATION AND HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL ON THE PHASE COMPOSITION OF STEEL." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 6 (February 20, 2022): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.281221.75.817.

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In this paper, the phase composition of steel alloyed additionally with aluminum, nitrogen, titanium after deformation and heat treatment of steel is analyzed. The purpose of this work is to determine the phase composition of steel alloyed additionally with aluminum, nitrogen, titanium, the phase forming sequence during crystallization, morphology of multilayer inclusions. Research methods: Microstructural, X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction analyses are used to determine the structural state of alloys. Research results: It is shown that during additional doping after crystallization the formation of multilayer inclusions, oxides, nitrides and carbonitrides occurs. It is testified that during the crystallization of steel the multiphase inclusions, in the center of which there is a metastable oxide (Al, Ti)2(O, N)3 surrounded by nitride (Ti, Fe) N, are formed from the melt. After further heating of the steel to a temperature of (1 533±10) K and hot plastic deformation with a degree of 50 % (HPD), the oxide (Al, Ti)2(O, N)3 is not revealed in the steel as a structural component. In the center of the multilayer inclusions the phase (Ti, Al) N surrounded by titanium nitride (Ti, Fe) N is observed. After heating and exposure at (1 123±10) K, individual inclusions of titanium nitride TiN, (Ti, Fe) N are observed.

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36

Nakai, Masaaki, Mitsuo Niinomi, Toshikazu Akahori, Naofumi Ohtsu, H. Nishimura, Hiroyuki Toda, Hisao Fukui, and Michiharu Ogawa. "Hard-Ceramic Layer Formed on Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr and Ti-6Al-4V ELI during Gas Nitriding." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 1509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.1509.

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The surface of Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr (TNTZ) subjected to gas nitriding at 1023–1223 K was investigated in comparison with the conventional biomedical titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Ti64). After gas nitriding, the microstructures near the surface of these alloys were observed by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In both alloys, two titanium nitrides (TiN and Ti2N) are formed and the α phase precipitated by gas nitriding. Furthermore, oxygen impurity in the gas nitriding atmosphere reacts with the titanium nitrides; thus, TiO2 is formed at the outermost titanium nitride layer. The surface hardening was also evaluated by Vickers hardness measurement. The Vickers hardness near the surface of TNTZ and Ti64 increases significantly by gas nitriding.

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37

KIUCHI, Masato, Akiyoshi CHAYAHARA, Yuji HORINO, Atsushi KINOMURA, Yoshiaki MOKUNO, Kanenaga FUJII, Hiroshi NAGASAKA, Naoki TSUCHIYA, and Yoshio MINAMI. "Erosion of Titanium Nitride Coatings." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 43, no. 12 (1992): 1237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.43.1237.

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38

Matthews, A. "Titanium Nitride PVD Coating Technology." Surface Engineering 1, no. 2 (January 1985): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sur.1985.1.2.93.

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39

Kiuchi, Masato, and Akiyoshi Chayahara. "Titanium nitride for transparent conductors." Applied Physics Letters 64, no. 8 (February 21, 1994): 1048–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.110966.

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40

Yokoyama, N., K. Hinode, and Y. Homma. "LPCVD Titanium Nitride for ULSIs." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 138, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2085535.

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41

Savrun, Ender. "Novel Titanium Nitride-Alumina Composites." Materials and Processing Report 5, no. 6 (September 1990): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08871949.1990.11752378.

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42

Pivkina, A., P. J. van der Put, Yu Frolov, and J. Schoonman. "Reaction-bonded titanium nitride ceramics." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 16, no. 1 (January 1996): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0955-2219(95)00108-5.

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43

White, G. V., K. J. D. Mackenzie, and J. H. Johnston. "Carbothermal synthesis of titanium nitride." Journal of Materials Science 27, no. 16 (January 1, 1992): 4287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00541554.

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White, G. V., K. J. D. Mackenzie, I. W. M. Brown, M. E. Bowden, and J. H. Johnston. "Carbothermal synthesis of titanium nitride." Journal of Materials Science 27, no. 16 (January 1, 1992): 4294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00541555.

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White, G. V., K. J. D. Mackenzie, I. W. M. Brown, and J. H. Johnston. "Carbothermal synthesis of titanium nitride." Journal of Materials Science 27, no. 16 (January 1, 1992): 4300–4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00541556.

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Milošev, Ingrid, Hans-Henning Strehblow, Boris Navinšek, and Peter Panjan. "Titanium Zirconium Nitride by XPS." Surface Science Spectra 6, no. 3 (July 1999): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1247920.

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47

Simard-Normandin, M., L. Weaver, D. Vacca, D. Rogers, A. Vitkin, and T. Tiedje. "Analytical microscopy of titanium nitride." Canadian Journal of Physics 69, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1991): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p91-049.

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We report on microscopy tools for the in-situ analysis of TiN in microelectronic devices. Scanning tunnelling microscopy and Raman microprobe spectroscopy are compared with scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

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48

Konyashin, Igor, and German Fox-Rabinovich. "Nanograined Titanium Nitride Thin Films." Advanced Materials 10, no. 12 (August 1998): 952–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4095(199808)10:12<952::aid-adma952>3.0.co;2-o.

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49

Partch, Richard E., Yuming Xie, S. T. Oyama, and Egon Matijević. "Preparation and properties of uniform coated colloidal particles. VIII. Titanium nitride on silica." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 8 (August 1993): 2014–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.2014.

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Spherical silica particles, dispersed in ethanol/water solutions, were first coated with titania by hydrolysis of added titanium isopropoxide. The coating thickness could be readily adjusted by the ratio of titanium alkoxide concentration to the amount of silica. The coated cores prepared as above were then treated with ammonia in a temperature-programmed reaction to produce a shell of titanium nitride. After nitridation, the powders of the high specific surface area showed electrical conductivity, which depended on the thickness of the coatings.

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50

Brat, T. "Characterization of titanium nitride films sputter deposited from a high-purity titanium nitride target." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 5, no. 6 (November 1987): 1741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.583630.

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