Journal articles: 'Titanium, Effects of heat on; Titanium – Testing'

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Cremasco, Alessandra, Itamar Ferreira, and R. Caram. "Effect of Heat Treatments on Mechanical Properties and Fatigue Resistance of Ti-35Nb Alloy Used as Biomaterial." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.68.

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Titanium alloys form the most versatile class of metallic materials used as biomaterials. Among them it is foreseen that the  type titanium alloy will be a prominent one for orthopedic applications. Aim of the present work was to prepare and characterize a  type titanium alloy containing 35 wt.% Nb. Samples were cooled from the  phase temperatures at different rates. This work includes the effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and hardness, tensile and fatigue properties in air at room temperature. The results showed that microstructure of slow cooled samples are formed by precipitates of  and  phases in a  matrix. After rapid cooling, the microstructure consists of  phase and ” martensite. Mechanical testing showed that the elastic modulus and Vickers hardness of slow cooled samples were significantly higher than that obtained by rapid cooling. On the other hand, it was observed that slow cooled samples showed higher tensile strength and lower ductility. The rapid cooled sample showed fatigue resistance higher than that of slow cooled samples.

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Chien, Philip Y.-H., Jorge N. R. Martins, Laurence J. Walsh, and Ove A. Peters. "Mechanical and Metallurgical Characterization of Nickel-Titanium Wire Types for Rotary Endodontic Instrument Manufacture." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 8367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238367.

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This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of ambient temperature and post-manufacture heat-treatment on the mechanical behavior of nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires. Four types of commercial NiTi variants (Stock NiTi, heat treated “Blue”, “Gold”, “Superflex”, all Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) were stressed in a tensile testing machine in a temperature-controlled water bath at three different temperatures. Stress and strain values were extrapolated from the raw data, and 2-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons were performed to compare the differences of the mechanical constants. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests established the martensitic transformation starting (Ms), finishing (Mf) and austenitic (reverse-martensitic) starting (As) and finishing (Af) points. Austenitic modulus of elasticity and transformation stress values increased with temperature for all NiTi groups. The martensitic modulus of elasticity, maximum transformation strain and ultimate tensile stress were not significantly affected by temperature changes. Stock NiTi and Gold wire samples presented with clearly delineated austenitic and martensitic transformations in the DSC experiments. Differences in manufacturing/heat treatment conditions and ambient temperature affect the mechanical behavior of nickel-titanium and may have clinical implications. Further improvements to the experimental setup could be considered to provide more accurate measurements of strain.

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Sarswat, Prashant, Taylor Smith, Sayan Sarkar, Arun Murali, and Michael Free. "Design and Fabrication of New High Entropy Alloys for Evaluating Titanium Replacements in Additive Manufacturing." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 3001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13133001.

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High entropy alloys (HEAs) were prepared using the powder bed fusion (PBF) technique. Among titanium free alloys AlCoCrFeNiMn, CoCr1.3FeMnNi0.7, AlCoCrFeNi1.3, and AlCoCr1.3FeNi1.3 have been further investigated. A cost comparison was done for these four alloys as well as the titanium-based alloys AlCoCrFeNiTi and AlCo0.8CrFeNiTi. Such a comparison was done in order to evaluate the performance of the titanium-free alloys as the estimated cost of these will be less than for Ti-based HEAs. Hence, we have chosen four titanium free alloys and two titanium-based alloys for further processing. All these alloys were fabricated and subsequently characterized for phase, purity and performance. Scanning electron microscopy-based images were captured for microstructure characterization. EIS-based tests and potentiodynamic scans were performed to evaluate corrosion current. Hardness tests were performed for mechanical properties evaluation. Additional testing using factorial design tests was performed to evaluate the effects of various parameters to create better PBF-based HEA samples. EBSD tests, accelerated corrosion tests (mass loss), chemical analysis after degradation, microstructure analysis before and after degradation, and mechanical property comparison for finalized samples and other similar tests were executed. The details about all these HEAs and subsequent laser processing as well as behavior of these HEAs have been included in this study. It has been observed that some of the selected alloys exhibit good performance compared to Ti-based alloys, especially with respect to improvements in elastic constant and hardness relative to commercially pure Ti.

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Vo, Phuong, Mohammad Jahazi, and Steve Yue. "Recrystallization during Beta Working of IMI834." Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (February 2006): 965–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.965.

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The microstructure evolution of near-alpha IMI834 titanium alloy during hot working in the beta phase temperature regime has been investigated with regard to the effects of deformation and heat treatments. Typical cogging conditions were simulated through compression testing at temperatures of 1025°C-1100°C, strain rates of 0.01s-1-1s-1, and post- deformation heat treatments up to 4h. An analysis of flow behaviour and as-deformed microstructures revealed mechanisms of dynamic recovery and recrystallization in operation during deformation. However, complete grain refinement was not achieved through dynamic recrystallization and subsequent heat treatment was required for microstructure homogenization through metadynamic recrystallization and grain growth. The mechanisms of dynamic and metadynamic recrystallization are considered through quantitative measures of beta grain size and available literature models.

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Sambale, Franziska, Frank Stahl, Ferdinand Rüdinger, Dror Seliktar, Cornelia Kasper, Detlef Bahnemann, and Thomas Scheper. "Iterative Cellular Screening System for Nanoparticle Safety Testing." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/691069.

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Nanoparticles have the potential to exhibit risks to human beings and to the environment; due to the wide applications of nanoproducts, extensive risk management must not be neglected. Therefore, we have constructed a cell-based, iterative screening system to examine a variety of nanoproducts concerning their toxicity during development. The sensitivity and application of various cell-based methods were discussed and proven by applying the screening to two different nanoparticles: zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. They were used as benchmarks to set up our methods and to examine their effects on mammalian cell lines. Different biological processes such as cell viability, gene expression of interleukin-8 and heat shock protein 70, as well as morphology changes were investigated. Within our screening system, both nanoparticle suspensions and coatings can be tested. Electric cell impedance measurements revealed to be a good method for online monitoring of cellular behavior. The implementation of three-dimensional cell culture is essential to better mimicin vivoconditions. In conclusion, our screening system is highly efficient, cost minimizing, and reduces the need for animal studies.

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Faizan, Ahmad, Jason Longaray, Jim E. Nevelos, and Geoffrey H. Westrich. "Effects of corrosion and cleaning method on taper dimensions: an in vitro investigation." HIP International 30, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120700018825448.

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Purpose: Taper corrosion related revisions have recently been reported in the orthopaedic literature. Cleaning procedure of the trunnions during hip revision is not standardised. The purpose of this bench top investigation was to understand the alterations in the trunnion dimensions and surface roughness characteristics as a result of corrosion product build-up. Methods: 8 titanium alloy trunnions and CoCr femoral heads assemblies were cyclically tested in a mechanical simulator. Following disassembly of the tested constructs, the trunnions were cleaned using 2 methods. The trunnion dimensions were measured using coordinate measuring machine, and surface roughness was measured using white light interferometry. The trunnions were reassembled with ceramic femoral heads and titanium sleeves following cleaning. Head/sleeve pull-off testing was conducted to understand the effects of cleaning methods on the pull-off strength. Results: Grade 4 corrosion was observed on all trunnions after mechanical testing. The aggressive cleaning methods had a larger impact on the surface roughness when compared to the light cleaning method. The aggressive cleaning method also decreased the taper cone angle. The pull-off strength was not affected by the cleaning method and the pull-off values were approximately 50% of the assembly loads. Conclusions: The study suggests that trunnion cleaning method may alter the surface roughness and taper cone angle of the existing trunnion. However, the effects of these changes on the pull-off strength did not reach statistical significance. Complex corrosion testing under cyclic loading conditions are warranted to understand the long-term effects of these changes.

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Mao, Jian Wei, Yuan Fei Han, Wei Jie Lu, and Li Qiang Wang. "Investigation of the Effect of Argon Arc Welding Parameters on Properties of Thin Plate of In Situ Titanium Matrix Composites." Materials Science Forum 849 (March 2016): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.849.436.

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The weldability of in-situ titanium matrix composites (TMCs) was studied using the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The effects of GTAW on the microstructure of fusion zone and heat-affected zone were discussed, and the changes of TiB whisker reinforcements in the welded joint were investigated by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD analysis and tension testing at room temperature. Research results show that the GTAW process is a suitable welding method for in-situ TMCs. Under reasonable welding parameters, the welded joints display goo weld seam formation, and TiB whiskers show distinctly smaller sizes and uniform distribution with a special network structure. The maximum tensile strength of welded joints can reach 92% of the base metal under optimum welding parameters.

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Qi, Yun Lian, Li Ying Zeng, Wei Liu, Hua Mei Sun, Yu Du, She Wei Xin, Wei Li Tan, and Si Yuan Zhang. "Effect of Extrusion Temperature and Thermal Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-1300 Alloy Tube." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1181.

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Effects of extrusion temperature and heat treatment process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-1300 titanium alloy tube billets were studied by tensile testing and microstructure observation, and the relationship among the thermal processing technique and microscopic structure and mechanical properties of the billets were also investigated. The results showed that the transverse structure of Ti-1300 alloy after extrusion in the a+b two-phase region was uniform and fine. And the longitudinal structure could be seen that the extrusion processing streamline was broken uniformly. Ti-1300 alloy extruded at a+b two-phase has a good match of the strength and ductility, and the ductility of two-phase extrusion is obviously better than that of β single-phase extrusion, especially for the reduction of area.

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Zhai, Hui, and Yujin Zhai. "Optimization Design of Ferry Material Performance Test System Based on Artificial Intelligence." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (April 30, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2114377.

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Lead titanate in titanium-titanium mine and lead (solid solution optimized ferroelectric) is one of the most widely used multifunctional material systems, and they are outside the field (such as light, electricity, and heat) Structure, domain, and phase evolution characteristics are important for ferroelectric, piezoelectric, photoelectric, and memory applications. Functional materials are those high-tech materials with excellent electrical, magnetic, optical, and thermal functions, special physical, and chemical and biological effects, capable of completing functional interconversion, mainly used to manufacture various functional components and are widely used in various high-tech fields. This paper mainly analyzes iron and electrical materials and artificial intelligence technology by studying the characteristics of ferroelectric materials and research status at home and abroad and using artificial intelligence technology and the calculation of ferroelectric materials for artificial intelligence technology and Dexie optimization model. Artificial intelligence is a new technical science that studies and develops theories, methods, technologies, and application systems for simulating, extending, and expanding human intelligence. For artificial intelligence before the optimization of the hardware and software of the ferroelectric material performance test system, the optimized system is performed; the optimized system is subjected to safety testing; all test results show that the performance test of the ferroelectric material after optimization. The system data is well operating, and the artificial intelligence technology is suitable for optimization of the performance test system of ferroelectric material.

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Muhammad Irfan, Badaruddin Soomro, Bilal Waseem, Sumaira Nosheen, and Abdul Karim Aziz. "Microstructural effects of the substrate on adhesion strength and mechanical properties of TiN Thin Films." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 022–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2020.1.2.0037.

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Microstructure of base material plays an important role in adhesion strength and mechanical properties of Titanium Nitride (TiN) coating especially to increase the lifecycle of parts when in practical use. Present study covers the influence of grain size/microstructure of plain carbon steel (tailored via heat treatment) on TiN thin films deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. Strong effect of grain size (microstructure) on adhesion strength of TiN thin films on annealed, normalized and quenched substrates have been observed. Mechanical characterization of TiN films e.g. Elastic modulus (E), Hardness (Hv), Stiffness (S) etc. have been studied via nano-indentation technique. TiN thin films failure investigation has been performed with Micro scratch testing under progressive load. Film exfoliation under critical loads has been corroborated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that TiN films deposited on fine microstructure substrate possess excellent mechanical properties and good adhesion strength as compared to coarser microstructure substrate. Insights of this study might be helpful in designing engineered thin films on optimized microstructures.

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Davíðsdóttir, Svava, Baldur Geir Gunnarsson, Kjartan Björgvin Kristjánsson, Béatrice A. Ledésert, and Dagur Ingi Ólafsson. "Study of Corrosion Resistance Properties of Heat Exchanger Metals in Two Different Geothermal Environments." Geosciences 11, no. 12 (December 7, 2021): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11120498.

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Geothermal fluids harnessed for electricity production are generally corrosive because of their interaction with the underground. To ensure the longevity and sustainability of geothermal Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) powerplants, the choice of heat exchanger material is essential. The performance of heat exchangers is affected by corrosion and scaling due to the geothermal fluids, causing regular cleaning, part replacement, and in the worst cases, extensive repair work. The properties of geothermal fluids vary between geothermal settings and even within geothermal sites. Differences in exposure conditions require different material selection considerations, where factors such as cost, and material efficiency are important to consider. This work studies in-situ geothermal exposure testing of four metals at two geothermal locations, in different geological settings. Four corrosion-resistant materials were exposed for one month at Reykjanes powerplant in Iceland and four months at Chaunoy oil field in France as material candidates for heat exchangers. The tested alloys were analysed for corrosion with macro- and microscopic techniques using optical and electron microscopes, which give an indication of the different frequencies of repairs and replacement. Inconel 625 showed no effects at Reykjanes and cracks at Chaunoy. The others (316L, 254SMO, and titanium grade 2) showed either corrosion or erosion traces at both sites.

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Astapov, Alexey, Lev Rabinskiy, and Olga Tushavina. "Oxidation Resistance of a Si–TiSi2–MoSi2–TiB2–CaSi2 Coating on a Cf/C–SiC Substrate in High-Speed High-Enthalpy Air Plasma Flows." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 7, 2021): 2637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102637.

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The results of a study on the development and testing of a heat-resistant coating in a Si–TiSi2–MoSi2–TiB2–CaSi2 system to protect Cf/C–SiC composites from oxidation and erosional entrainment in high-speed flows are presented here. The coating was formed using firing fusion technology on the powder composition. Oxidation resistance tests were carried out under static conditions in air at 1650 °C and under conditions of interaction with high-speed air plasma flows, with Mach numbers M = 5.5–6.0 and enthalpy 40–50 MJ/kg. The effectiveness of the protective action of the coating was confirmed at surface temperatures of Tw = 1810–1820 °C for at least 920–930 s, at Tw = 1850–1860 °C for not less than 510–520 s, at Tw = 1900–1920 °C for not less than 280–290 s, and at Tw = 1940–1960 °C for not less than 100–110 s. The values of the rate of loss of the coating mass and the rate constant of heterogeneous recombination of atoms and ions of air plasma on its surface were estimated. The performance of the coating was ensured by the structural-phase state of its main layer, and the formation and evolution on its surface during operation of a passivating heterogeneous oxide film. This film, in turn, is composed of borosilicate glass with titanium and calcium liquation inhomogeneities, reinforcing TiO2 microneedles and in situ Si2ON2 fibers. It was shown that at Tw ≥ 1850–1860 °C, the generation of volatile silicon monoxide was observed at the “oxide layer–coating” interface, followed by the effects of boiling and breakdown degradation of the oxide film, which significantly reduced the lifespan of the protective action of the coating.

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Nehme, Gabi N., and Saeed Ghalambor. "Towards minimizing wear by improving antiwear additives and surface characteristics using reduced phosphorus plain ZDDP oil under boundary lubrication." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68, no. 1 (February 8, 2016): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2015-0109.

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Purpose – This study aims to examine the effect of the antiwear resistance of plain zinc-dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) oil in the presence of Titanium-fluoride/iron-fluoride/polytetrafluoroethylene (TiF3/FeF3/PTFE) in the time to tribofilm breakdown and extent of wear under extreme boundary lubrication using a contact load of 317 Newton and a rotational speed of 700 rpm to simulate the cold start of a car engine. The mechanism of tribofilm formation and breakdown was followed carefully by monitoring the friction coefficient for different surface roughnesses over the duration of several reproducible tests that were performed in a ball on cylinder tribometer. Design/methodology/approach – The heating time of the cylinder dipped in the specified lubricant blend then set for one minute before testing and the break in period of 2 minutes to cool the contacting metal to metal surfaces during tribological testing played important roles in minimizing friction and wear, and are directly proportional to the durability and time for breakdown of the tribofilm. This article addresses the improvement of water drop contact angles for different surfaces during heat treatment and the tribological enhancement of antiwear additives when optimum concentration of fluorinated catalysts and PTFE is used in connection with reduced surface roughness and break in period. Findings – Design of Experiment software, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and nanoindentation were used in this study to evaluate the antiwear resistance films when using 0.05 per cent phosphorus ZDDP plain oil with 0.5 weight per cent TiF3 + 0.5 weight per cent FeF3 + 2 weight per cent PTFE and when applying 2 minutes break in time to cool down the contacting bodies when temperature rises. Results indicated that the coated film on the thermally treated surfaces that is reflected as white patches on the SEM images is a function of the antiwear additives contribution; it is also shown to have positive influence on the friction and wear performances during tribological testing. Originality/value – This research involved the study of lubricant and surface interactions with antiwear additives under boundary lubrication and extreme pressure loading. Several researchers studied these effects and submitted articles to the journal. This is the first time that a break in period was used with surface conditions to simulate car stops in heavy traffic conditions.

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Jagatia, M., and Z. M. Jin. "Analysis of elastohydrodynamic lubrication in a novel metal-on-metal hip joint replacement." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 216, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954411021536397.

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Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis was carried out in this study for a novel metal-on-metal hip prosthesis, which consists of a cobalt-chrome alloy femoral head articulating against a cobalt-chrome alloy acetabular insert connected to a titanium fixation shell through a taper. Finite element models were developed to investigate the effect of the pelvic bone and the load on the predicted contact pressure distribution between the two bearing surfaces under dry conditions. The finite element method was used to develop elasticity models for both the femoral and the acetabular components; it was found that the elastic deformation of the acetabular insert was mainly dependent on the load, rather than the detailed pressure distribution. A modified solution methodology was accordingly developed to couple the elasticity models for both the femoral and the acetabular surfaces with the Reynolds equation and to solve these numerically by the finite difference method. It was found that a load increase from 500 to 2500 N had a negligible effect on the predicted maximum contact pressure and the minimum film thickness, due to the relatively flexible and accommodating structure of the acetabular insert. Furthermore, the predicted minimum film thickness was shown to be significantly greater than the simple estimation based on the assumption of semi-infinite solids (mono-block design) using the Hamrock and Dowson formula. The effects of the viscosity of the lubricant and the radial clearance between the femoral and the acetabular components on the predicted lubricating film thickness were investigated under both in vitro simulator testing and in vivo walking conditions.

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de Toledo Leonardo, Renato, Edson Alves de Campos, Katia Cristina Keine, Milton Carlos Kuga, Flávia Angélica Guiotti, Carolina Andolfatto, Norberto Batista de Faria-Júnior, and Andrea Abi Rached Dantas. "Fracture Resistance of Teeth Submitted to Several Internal Bleaching Protocols." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 15, no. 2 (2014): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1512.

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ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of teeth submitted to several internal bleaching protocols using 35% hydrogen peroxide (35HP), 37% carbamide peroxide (37CP), 15% hydrogen peroxide with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (15HPTiO2) photoactivated by LED-laser or sodium perborate (SP). Materials and methods After endodontic treatment, fifty bovine extracted teeth were divided into five groups (n = 10): G1—unbleached; G2—35HP; G3—37CP; G4—15HPTiO2 photoactivated by LED-laser and G5—SP. In the G2 and G4, the bleaching protocol was applied in 4 sessions, with 7 days intervals between each session. In the G3 and G5, the materials were kept in the pulp teeth for 21 days, but replaced every 7 days. After 21 days, the teeth were subjected to compressive load at a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min, applied at 135° to the long axis of the root using an eletromechanical testing machine, until teeth fracture. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests (á = 5%). Results The 35HP, 37CP, 15HPTiO2 and SP showed similar fracture resistance teeth reduction (p > 0.05). All bleaching treatments reduced the fracture resistance compared to unbleached teeth (p < 0.05). Conclusion All bleaching protocols reduced the fracture resistance of endodontically-treated teeth, but there were no differences between each other. Clinical significance There are several internal bleaching protocols using hydrogen peroxide in different concentrations and activation methods. This study evaluated its effects on fracture resistance in endodontically-treated teeth. How to cite this article de Toledo Leonardo R, Kuga MC, Guiotti FA, Andolfatto C, de Faria-Júnior NB, de Campos EA, Keine KC, Dantas AAR. Fracture Resistance of Teeth Submitted to Several Internal Bleaching Protocols. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(2):186-189.

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Garbiak, Małgorzata, and Pawel Kaczmarek. "Cyclic Oxidation Behaviour of Heat Resistance Cast Steel." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.288.

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The oxidation behaviour of niobium and titanium enriched, heat resistant cast steel 30Ni-18Cr has been evaluated under cyclic conditions. Cyclic testing was carried out in the air, at temperature of 800, 900 and 1000°C. The alloys underwent oxidation in 5 cycle tests. Characterization of the corrosion products was performed using SEM and X-ray examinations. The cross section and the surface of tested alloys were examined. It has been found that the oxidation resistance of cast steel 30Ni-18Cr in thermal cycling is higher when niobium or especially titanium are added to chemical composition of the alloy. The formation of scale rich in titanium oxides TiO2 was contributed to better oxidation behaviour.

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Nisogi, Kenta, Satoshi Okano, Sengo Kobayashi, Kensuke Kuroda, and Takeaki Okamoto. "Effects of Titanium Surface Wettability on Osteoblast Behavior In Vitro." Materials Science Forum 985 (April 2020): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.985.64.

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Surface wettability is thought to influence the osteoconductivity of bone-substituting materials; however, the effects of surface wettability on osteoblast behavior are not well understood. In this study, we prepared both an as-polished pure titanium with a water contact angle (WCA) of 57° and heat-treated pure titanium with more hydrophobic surface and WCAs of 68°-98°. The effects of the surface wettability of pure titanium on osteoblast behaviors were evaluated by in vitro assays. Compared with the as-polished titanium, the proliferation rate of osteoblast increased on heat-treated titanium. This suggested that surface wettability affects osteoblast behaviors, meaning osteoconductivity is influenced by surface wettability.

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Rao, Nageswara, and Geetha Manivasagam. "Mechanical Behaviour of Beta Titanium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 964–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.964.

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Beta titanium alloys have several attractive features; this has resulted in this group of alloys receiving much attention since 1980’s. Among the attributes which distinguish them for their superiority over other structural materials are (i) high strength to which they can be heat treated, resulting in high strength to weight ratio (ii) high degree of hardenability which enables heat treatment in large section sizes to high strength levels (iii) excellent hot and cold workability, making them as competitive sheet materials etc. The standard heat treatment consists of solution treatment in beta or alpha plus beta phase field followed by aging. However, certain aging treatments can render the materials in a state of little or no ductility; the designer has to be aware of this behaviour and has to keep away from such treatments while working with the materials. Such unfavourable aging treatments may adversely affect not only the static properties such as reduction in area and elongation in a tensile test, but also dynamic properties such as impact toughness. Results of fractographic studies are in line with those of mechanical testing. The authors would present the foregoing analysis, based primarily on the wide-ranging researches they carried out on beta titanium alloy Ti15-3 and to some extent data published by researchers on other grades of beta titanium alloys. An attempt is made to explain the mechanisms underlying the embrittlement reactions that take place in beta titanium alloys under non-optimal aging treatments.

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Aggerbeck, Martin, Alexis Herbreteau, Marleen Rombouts, Jo Verwimp, and Rajan Ambat. "Alkaline corrosion properties of laser-clad aluminum/titanium coatings." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 62, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-07-2013-1290.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the use of titanium as a protecting element for aluminum in alkaline conditions. Design/methodology/approach – Aluminum coatings containing up to 20 weight per cent Ti6Al4V were produced using laser cladding and were investigated using light optical microscope, scanning electron microscope – energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction, together with alkaline exposure tests and potentiodynamic measurements at pH 13.5. Findings – Cladding resulted in a heterogeneous solidification microstructure containing an aluminum matrix with supersaturated titanium (<1 weight per cent), Al3Ti intermetallics and large partially undissolved Ti6Al4V particles. Heat treatment lowered the titanium concentration in the aluminum matrix, changed the shape of the Al3Ti precipitates and increased the degree of dissolution of the Ti6Al4V particles. Corrosion testing showed significant localized dissolution of the aluminum matrix. Research limitations/implications – Increased titanium concentration and heat treatment gave improved alkaline corrosion properties. At pH 13.5, the Al3Ti phases were protected, while the aluminum matrix corroded. Practical implications – For alkaline corrosion-protection of aluminum in the automobile industry, titanium might be useful at pH values below 13.5 or by using other coating techniques. Originality/value – This is the first study testing the use of titanium as a protective element of aluminum in stringent alkaline conditions.

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Dezellus, O., M. Zhe, F. Bosselet, D. Rouby, and J. C. Viala. "Mechanical testing of titanium/aluminium–silicon interface: Effect of T6 heat treatment." Materials Science and Engineering: A 528, no. 6 (March 2011): 2795–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.12.036.

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Youn, Chang-Suk, and Dong-Geun Lee. "Effects of Post Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Cold-Rolled Ti/Cu Clad Sheet." Metals 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121672.

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Titanium and titanium alloys have excellent corrosion and heat resistance, but weak electric and thermal conductivity. The weak conductivity of titanium can be overcome by cladding with copper, which has high conductivity. Although titanium is expensive, it is selected as a material suitable for applications requiring corrosion resistance such as in heat exchangers. This study was to investigate the effect of post heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the Ti/Cu cold-rolled clad plate by using the interfacial diffusion bonding. A titanium clad by cold rolling should be heat-treated after the rolling process to improve the bonding properties through the diffusion of metals and removal of residual stress due to work hardening, despite the easy formation of intermetallic compounds of Ti and Cu. As a result post-treatment, the elongation was improved by more than two times from 21% to max. 53% by the Ti-Cu interface diffusion phenomenon and the average tensile strength of the 450 °C heat-treated specimens was 353 MPa. By securing high elongation while maintaining excellent tensile and yield strength through post-treatment, the formability of Ti-Cu clad plate can be greatly improved.

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INABA, Teruhiko, Toshiaki NISHIOKA, and Masaharu TOKIZANE. "The Effects of Vacuum Heat Treatments on Bonding Strength of Anodically Oxidized Titanium and a Titanium Alloy." Tetsu-to-Hagane 81, no. 6 (1995): 690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.81.6_690.

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Vasquez, Horacio, Horacio Gutierrez, Karen Lozano, and Gerardo Leal. "Titanium Dioxide Nanofibers through Forcespinning." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 10, no. 2 (June 2015): 155892501501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501501000215.

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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofibers with potential applications in the fabrication of dye sensitized solar cells, photocatalysts, gas sensors, and water treatment systems, among others, have been produced at large yield rates utilizing the Forcespinning® (FS) technology. This study presents the results of research performed to determine optimal processing parameters to create TiO2 nanofibers at a high production rate. The effects of polymer concentration and angular velocity on fiber formation, yield rate, average fiber diameter, and homogeneity of the nanofibers were studied. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis were conducted on the produced systems. The developed homogeneous, bead-free, continuous nanofibers were subsequently heat treated under different calcination conditions. The resultant TiO2 fibers were characterized to determine the correlation between the occurrence of anatase and/or rutile phases, the heat treatment conditions, and other adjustable parameters.

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Pang, Li Jun, and Ming Tang. "Impact of Heat-Treated Microstructure on Milling Performance of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 1175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1175.

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The milling of titanium alloy has been widely used in aerospace field for the advantages of high-quality and high-efficiency. In order to provide the theoretical basis of practical production through optimizing the milling parameters of titanium alloy material and improving the milling property of Ti-6Al-4V, the orthogonal design approach is adopted to analyze the milling force experiment of three typical microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy, utilizing the algorithm of least squares establishes the multivariate linear regression equations of the milling parameters on the main milling force and conducts the regression analysis, obtained more accurate empirical formula of milling force of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy under different heat treatment process. Furthermore, the significances of the regression equation and regression coefficients are testing with using MATLAB statistical software. Consequently, the optimum heat treatment processing and the optimal milling parameters are obtained through analyzing the results above.

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Pang, M., and D. F. Bahr. "Thin-film fracture during nanoindentation of a titanium oxide film–titanium system." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 9 (September 2001): 2634–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0362.

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Nanoindentation testing of the titanium oxide/titanium system with electrochemically grown oxide films exhibits permanent deformation prior to a yield excusion, indicating that the occurrence of this suddent discontinuity is predominantly controlled by oxide film cracking rather than dislocaton nucleation and multiplication. Observations of circumferential cracking also lend support to this explanation. A model has been developed to predict the mechanical response prior to oxide fracture for the case of a hard coating on a soft substrate. During loading contact, the hard coating undergoes elastic deflection which may include both bending and membrane stretching effects, while the substrate is elastoplastically deformed. The model works well for surface films thicker than 20 nm. Additionally, the maximum radial tensile stress in anodically grown titanium oxide, which is responsible for film cracking at the critical load, is approximately 15 GPa.

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Sun, Kun, Kai Hua Yue, Yuan Xu, Wen Li Xiang, and Wei Zhong. "Effects of Impressed-Current on Sensitivity of Adiabatic Shear of TC6 Titanium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.107.

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Dynamic compression test on TC6 titanium alloy samples have been done by using a split Hopkinson bar process and extra circuit under conditions of room temperature and high strain-rate. The effect of impressed-current on sensitivity of adiabatic shear of TC6 titanium alloy has been studied. It is shown that the impressed-current can reduce the sensitivity of adiabatic shear of TC6 titanium alloy under the condition of high strain-rate. Free electron in the samples will do direct move and take heat away from high localized area to decrease the effect of the heat. The result will help to delay formation of the adiabatic shear band. So, that is reducing the sensitivity of adiabatic shear of TC6 titanium alloy.

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27

Wang, Kai, Liang Liang Wang, Yun Hua Xu, and Li Sheng Zhong. "The Synthesis, Wearing Properties of Titanium Carbide Particle Beams Reinforces the Cast Iron Matrix Overall Composite Materials by In Situ." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.145.

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This paper describes a wire composite method which consists of the use of a cast-penetrated-heat treatment process to elaborate cast iron and titanium silk. After 12 h at 1138 °C heat preservation and oven cooling, the cast iron matrix in situ generated a titanium carbide particle beam that reinforced the iron matrix composites as a whole. By XRD, the SEM (EDS) on the overall composite material of the macro and micro structure and composition distribution were studied. The results showed that the titanium was fully reflected and it generated fascicles in the titanium carbide hard phase of particles and uniform distribution. Analysis of single wire on the composition and morphology observation found that the titanium carbide particle beam presents three characteristics: uniform dispersion, long strips, and an aggregation phase. The ML-100 abrasive wearing-testing machine, with two bodies of titanium carbide, reinforced iron matrix composites overall the wearing experiment that was carried out: the result shows that its wearing resistance is about 4.2 times greater than the cast iron standard sample.

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Istrate, Bogdan, Corneliu Munteanu, Dorin Luca, Kamel Earar, Eduard Sebastian Barca, and Iulian Vasile Antoniac. "Tribological Tests and SEM Analysis for Titanium Oxide Layers." Key Engineering Materials 614 (June 2014): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.614.74.

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The use of titanium and its alloys is currently considered very attractive for dental implants, with the improvement of physical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of them. These properties are attributed to the formation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a protective layer. The aim of this work is to understand the influence of time on heat treatment of CP-Ti Grade II at 850 oC. Heat treatments were performed for 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. The response of titanium to oxidation at same temperatures and various timings has been investigated, in terms of wear resistance, surface morphology and oxide layer substrate adhesion. A variety of experimental and analytical techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tribological testing have been used to characterize the resultant thermal oxidized surfaces. The results showed that oxygen diffused Ti structure can produce compact layer (TiO2), which exhibited good adhesion with the substrate at 30 minutes and 120 minutes of heat treatment.

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29

Jurisch, Marie, Thomas Studnitzky, Olaf Andersen, and Bernd Kieback. "Thermohydrogen Processing of 3D Screen Printed Titanium Parts." Key Engineering Materials 704 (August 2016): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.704.251.

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The present study addresses the need for grain refinement in free sintered titanium alloys produced by 3D screen printing. Thermohydrogen processing (THP) was used for temporary alloying Ti-6Al-4V with hydrogen to refine its microstructure. The impact on microstructure was investigated by a parameter study with varying temperatures, exposure times and hydrogen partial pressures. Heat treated specimens were examined by optical microscopy, XRD and thermal analysis. The influence of the refined microstructure on the mechanical properties was evaluated by tensile and microhardness testing. Ultrafine grained microstructures with ultimate tensile strengths of up to more than 1000 MPa could be produced.

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30

Wronka, Bogumił. "Testing of the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Technical Titanium Joints." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/702405.

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The aim of the research was the titanium pipeline welding technology. The transformations of this material due to the influence of thermal welding were analysed. The basic purpose was to evaluate the properties of titanium joint areas. Pipe joints of various thicknesses were welded by means of TIG argon arc welding while applying the optimum and reduced gas flow intensities. The structure and mechanical properties of these joints were tested. Different test results were obtained for joints welded in these two conditions. Recommendations concerning the welding technology and the heat treatment of joints after welding were presented.

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31

Zekun, YAO, NING Yongquan, ZHAO Zhanglong, HUANG Darong, and GUO Hongzhen. "Change of microstructure and properties of dual titanium alloy join interface in hot working history." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111022.

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In order to get workpiece with high tensile stresses in bore region and high temperature duration, creep strength in outskirts, the dual alloy samples made of high temperature titanium alloy Ti60 and high strength titanium alloy Ti6246 had been joined by inertia friction welding(IFW). Then these samples were isothermal forged at 9400c and 9750c, and different heat treatment followed. Changes of microstructure and properties of dual titanium alloy join interface in hot working history were examined at this article. The results show equiaxed α structure varied into basketweave structureat at as-welded join interface, especially a character of widmannstaten structure emerged from Ti6246 alloy side heat effect region, after gradient heat treatment. Immersed ultrasonic testing prove deformation can availably eliminate weld defect through metal on two side of weld line deeper embedding each other. The results of properties test also show the join strength of dual titanium alloy through isothermal deformation and gradient heat treatment are better than that of as-welded samples. Tensile strength, yield strength, elongating rate, reduction in area of sample at 5500c also increase 51 to145 MPa, 37 to 101 MPa, 1.6% to 5.3%, 15.3% to 3.3% than that of as-welded samples respectively. The rupture life of Ti60/Ti6246 dual titanium samples with join interface can sustain to go beyond 100 hours at 5500c and 320 PMa stress.

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32

Ling, Zhi Wei, and Hong Bo Dong. "Microstructure of TC21 Titanium Alloy after Superplastic Deformation and Heat Treatment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 1855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.1855.

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The isothermal constant strain rate tensile tests of the TC21 titanium alloy were conducted by SSAN-CMT4104 electronic tensile testing machine at different temperature. After superplastic deformation, the alloy was treated with double annealing heat treatment, and microstructure of the alloy was analyzed. The results show that dynamically recrystallization occurs during the superplastic tensile deformation. The primary α-grains aggregated and merged to form new crystal grains with irregular grain boundaries. The amount and morphology of primary α phase change gradually with the increasing of temperature. The alloy has duplex microstructure composed of primary α phase and different forms of β-transformed structure after superplastic deformation and double annealing. At deformation temperature of 930°C, the basket weave structure with equiaxed α phase appears.

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33

Bagrov, V. A. "EFFECTS OF TITANIUM CARBIDES FORMATION ON INTERNAL HEAT OF WELDING BATH." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, no. 82 (December 23, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2018.82.0.81.

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34

Chrzanowski, Wojciech, Ensanya Ali Abou Neel, David Andrew Armitage, Kevin Lee, Witold Walke, and Jonathan Campbell Knowles. "Nanomechanical evaluation of nickel–titanium surface properties after alkali and electrochemical treatments." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 5, no. 26 (January 29, 2008): 1009–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1313.

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In this paper, the suitability of alkali treatment followed by heat treatment at 600°C, and spark oxidation for nickel–titanium, intended for medical applications such as pins, wires and clamps, was evaluated on the basis of nanomechanical and wear testing. In addition, the chemical composition and topography of the surface layer, wetting ability, corrosion resistance and influence of the heat treatment on structure of the alloy were also investigated. The results showed that the highest hardness was observed for alkali-treated samples, and this could be correlated with the structure of the sample that contained martensite and a higher phase transformation temperature. This treatment caused a very large increase of nickel in the top layer and decreased resistance in pitting corrosion. These results disqualified the treatment to be considered as useful for medical applications. On the other hand, the hardness of the oxidized samples was at the same level as that obtained for ground reference samples. Moreover, the oxide layer was enriched with phosphorus, and it was predominantly composed of TiO 2 and phosphorus oxides. This 3.1 μm thick layer had good adhesion to the substrate as indicated by scratch testing and wear resistant in nanowear testing. However, the oxidation did not significantly increase the corrosion resistance of the alloy compared with reference samples.

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35

Hartmann, N. B., F. Von der Kammer, T. Hofmann, M. Baalousha, S. Ottofuelling, and A. Baun. "Algal testing of titanium dioxide nanoparticles—Testing considerations, inhibitory effects and modification of cadmium bioavailability." Toxicology 269, no. 2-3 (March 10, 2010): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2009.08.008.

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36

Przylucki, Roman, and Sławomir Golak. "The Stress Effects Occurring During Induction Heating of Titanium." Solid State Phenomena 211 (November 2013): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.211.149.

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In this paper multivariant calculations of induction heating of titanium charge are presented. Calculation model consists of: hard coupled electromagnetic and thermal field analysis and weak coupled stress field analysis. A characteristic feature of titanium is low thermal conductivity. This causes problems with the heating of titanium charges, prolonging the heat treatment time. For this reason, it is preferred to use induction heating techniques, which allow to dissipate the power direct inside the heated charge volume. The side effect of intensified heating can be the appearance of harmful thermal stresses due to the large temperature gradients. Two series of simulations, in order to analyze the influence of the frequency and the supply power on the thermal stress and of the sample, was conducted.

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37

Takasugi, T., S. Hanada, and M. Yoshida. "Environmental embrittlement of γ titanium aluminide." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 10 (October 1992): 2739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.2739.

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The environmental embrittlement for the nearly stoichiometric TiAl compound, the microstructure of which consists of monophase γ with equiaxed grains, was evaluated by tensile tests, to determine the effects of the atmospheres used (vacuum, O2 gas, air, and H2 gas) and the testing temperatures (R.T. to 1173 K). At room temperature, the highest elongation and UTS values were observed in the samples tested in vacuum, while the worst values were observed in the samples tested in H2 gas. Transgranular cleavage fracture was dominant and primarily independent of the environmental media. At intermediate temperatures, the samples tested in vacuum exhibited higher elongation and UTS values than those tested in air. Intergranular fracture became more dominant as temperature increased but was insensitive to the environmental media. Based on these results, the mechanism responsible for the observed environmental embrittlement and the implications were discussed.

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38

Pham, Quoc Tuan, and Young Suk Kim. "Evaluation of Press Formability of Pure Titanium Sheets." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.87.

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Commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) has been actively used in plate heat exchangers due to its light weight, high specific strength, and excellent corrosion resistance. However compared with automotive steels and aluminum alloys, only limited research has been conducted on the plastic deformation characteristics and press formability of CP Ti sheets. In this study, the mechanical properties, including the anisotropic property and the stress-strain relation, of the CP Ti sheet are clarified in relation to press formability. A new proposed strain hardening model, Kim-Tuan equation, is successful in perfectly describing the stress evaluation for strain increment of this material during strain path. The forming limit curve (FLC) of the CP Ti sheet as a criterion for press formability was experimentally evaluated by punch stretching testing and analytically predicted via Hora’s modified maximum force criterion. The predicted FLC based on the Kim-Tuan strain hardening equation and the appropriate yield function correlates well with the experimental results of the punch stretching test.

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Yin, Ming Chu, Tao Gao, and En Zhi Chen. "Forecast and Analysis of Transformation Point of TC6 Titanium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 1247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.1247.

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Transformation point of titanium alloy is an important material parameter in hot forming and heat treatment for titanium alloy. Used the transformation points of TC6 titanium alloy determined by metallographic method as desired outputs, a model for forecasting the transformation point of TC6 titanium alloy was established using MATLAB neural network toolbox under the guidance of back propagation neural network. Used the established model to forecast the transformation point of TC6 titanium alloy and analyze the effects of the contents of nine elements on the transformation point of TC6 titanium alloy, and the results show that the transformation point of TC6 titanium alloy increases with enhancement of N, O, C and Al contents, while decreases with the enhancement of Cr, Si, Mo, Fe and H contents.

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Li, Yanqing, Qingyuan Song, Shichao Feng, and Chengqi Sun. "Effects of Loading Frequency and Specimen Geometry on High Cycle and Very High Cycle Fatigue Life of a High Strength Titanium Alloy." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 1628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091628.

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Titanium alloys have been widely used in the structural parts of deep-sea equipment and aviation industries. In this paper, the effects of loading frequency and specimen geometry on the high cycle and very high cycle fatigue life of the high strength titanium alloy Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-3Mo-X is investigated by conventional fatigue test and ultrasonic frequency fatigue test. The results indicate that ultrasonic frequency could enhance the fatigue life of the highstrength titanium alloy compared with that under conventional frequency, and the frequency effect is related to the stress amplitude. This phenomenon is explained by the heat generation in specimens and heat dissipation, in combination with the high strain rate leading to the higher yield strength in the ultrasonic fatigue test. Moreover, it is indicated that the effect of specimen geometry on the fatigue life of the highstrength titanium alloy could be evaluated from the view of control volume.

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41

Ding, Ding, Wenjing He, and Chunlu Liu. "Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of Vanadium-Titanium Black Ceramic Solar Collectors." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030618.

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The vanadium-titanium black ceramic (VTBC) coating on all-ceramic solar collectors has both high absorptance (0.94) and high emissivity (90%). However, the thermal conductivity of ceramic is very low (1.256 W/mK). To improve the heat collection efficiency of VTBC solar collectors, this paper establishes a mathematical model based on the energy-conservation relationships under steady-state conditions and creates a corresponding computer program. Key parameters for VTBC solar collectors include the heat-removal factor, effective transmittance-absorptance product for the absorber, total heat loss coefficient, etc. Then, via experimental testing, this study proposes a reference model for domestic VTBC solar collectors in a cold location (η = 0.89 − 2.20Tm*). Last, this work analyzes the influences of fin design and transparent cover design on VTBC solar collectors individually, using the created computer program. Results show that the most effective optimization method is to increase the transmittance of the transparent cover. By increasing the transmittance from 0.93 to 0.96, this study creates an optimized VTBC solar collector theoretical model (η = 0.92 − 2.20Tm*).

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42

Harada, Yasunori, and Minoru Ueyama. "Multi-Stage Cold Deep Drawing of Pure Titanium Square Cup." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 1072–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.1072.

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This paper deals with the formability of pure titanium sheet in square cup deep drawing. Pure titanium has very excellent corrosion resistance. In the metal forming process, pure titanium has very good ductility in cold forming. The normal anisotropy of pure titanium is very high. Therefore, the property is suitable to the sheet metal forming, such as deep drawing process. However, the most important problem is that the occurrence of seizure becomes remarkable in severe forming operations. Many investigations on the effect of processing conditions on the seizure of titanium were carried out. In the present study, the formability of pure titanium sheet in square cup deep drawing was investigated. For the prevention, pure titanium sheets were treated by heat oxide coating. The fresh and clean titanium is not in direct contact with the die during the forming due to the existence of the oxide layer. The material was pure titanium sheets of the JIS grade 2. The initial thickness of the blank was 0.5 mm in thickness. In the deep drawing process, the sheets were employed and a flat sheet blank is formed into a square by a punch. Forming of sheet by multi-stage deep drawing was tried. Various cups were drawn by exchanging the punch and die. The die was taper without a blankholder in the subsequent stages. The effects of the intermediate annealing and tool shape on the occurrence of seizure in square cup deep drawing were also examined. The square cups were successfully drawn by heat oxide coating. The coating of titanium sheet has sufficient ability in preventing the seizure in multi-stage deep drawing operation. The results of the present study revealed that the pure titanium square cups were successfully formed by using heat oxide coating treatment.

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43

Sudhakar, K. V., K. Konen, and K. Floreen. "Beta-titanium biomedical alloy: effect of thermal processing on mechanical properties." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0082-8.

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A new β-titanium alloy (Ti-3Al-5V-6Cr-3Mo-3Zr) was investigated as a function of heat treatment to evaluate its mechanical properties. The cold drawn beta-titanium alloy was subjected to β-annealing as well as solution treatment and aging treatments. The mechanical properties were evaluated using MTS Landmark-servo hydraulic Universal Testing Machine. The beta-titanium alloy demonstrated an excellent combination of strength and ductility for both β-annealing and solution treatment and aging conditions. The influence of thermal treatments on microstructure was studied with HiRox digital microscope. The fracture morphology investigated revealed predominantly cup and cone/dimpled fracture surface features demonstrating excellent toughness in addition to high strength and low stiffness that are suitable for biomedical applications.

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Savkovs, Konstantins, Margarita Urbaha, and Viktors Feofanovs. "Determining High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance of (TI-Al-X-N) Based Coatings for Titanium Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 320 (June 30, 2021): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.320.66.

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Basic titanium alloys are successfully used in modern aviation GTE (gas turbine engine). They are used for parts of a compressor and partly in low pressure part of turbine (intermetallic Ti-Al alloys) due to their high specific strength and at the same time low density, high corrosion resistance but can be used only up to 700 °C. The paper deals with the results of heat resistance testing at 750 °C of Ti-Al-(X)+N based thin ion-plasm multilayers coatings, with different priority of monolayers- intermetallic, conglomerate or nitride for gas turbine engine (GTE) blades from titanium alloys. All coatings showed high resistance during the test, with a maximum efficiency 42.8 of coating with a priority of conglomerate after 30 hours of testing.

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45

Zipprich, Weigl, König, Toderas, Balaban, and Ratka. "Heat Generation at the Implant–Bone Interface by Insertion of Ceramic and Titanium Implants." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101541.

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Purpose: The aim of this study is to record material- and surface-dependent heat dissipation during the process of inserting implants into native animal bone. Materials and Methods: Implants made of titanium and zirconium that were identical in macrodesign were inserted under controlled conditions into a bovine rib tempered to 37 °C. The resulting surface temperature was measured on two bone windows by an infrared camera. The results of the six experimental groups, ceramic machined (1), sandblasted (2), and sandblasted and acid-etched surfaces (3) versus titanium implants with the corresponding surfaces (4, 5, and 6) were statistically tested. Results: The average temperature increase, 3 mm subcrestally at ceramic implants, differed with high statistical significance (p = 7.163 × 10−9, resulting from group-adjusted linear mixed-effects model) from titanium. The surface texture of ceramic implants shows a statistical difference between group 3 (15.44 ± 3.63 °C) and group 1 (19.94 ± 3.28 °C) or group 2 (19.39 ± 5.73 °C) surfaces. Within the titanium implants, the temperature changes were similar for all surfaces. Conclusion: Within the limits of an in vitro study, the high temperature rises at ceramic versus titanium implants should be limited by a very slow insertion velocity.

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46

Gong, Xiang Jun, Feng Jia, Rong Liu, Fei Ye, Hao Guan, Rui Wang, and Gang Guo. "Study on Preparation and Photocatalytic Activity of Photocatalyst Made from Ti-Bearing Blast Furnace Slag." Applied Mechanics and Materials 526 (February 2014): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.526.33.

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Using the Ti-bearing blast furnace slag as raw materials, hydrochloric acid as treatment agents to prepare slag containing titanium catalysts. Slag containing titanium catalyst are characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis/NIR and some other testing methods, and the results show that its main structure is mineral perovskite phase and it also has a strong absorption capacity in the UV region. With methyl orange solution as the target degradation, influence of the calcination temperature, catalyst dosage, initial concentration and pH of the solution on the photocatalytic effect of containing titanium slag catalyst are tested. The results show that when the heat treatment temperature is 400°C, catalyst dosage is 10mg and initial concentration is 10mg·L-1; when pH is 3, the photocatalytic effect is the best, the efficiency of which reaches 95%.

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47

Baltatu, Madalina Simona, Cristiana Chiriac-Moruzzi, Petrica Vizureanu, László Tóth, and János Novák. "Effect of Heat Treatment on Some Titanium Alloys Used as Biomaterials." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (November 6, 2022): 11241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111241.

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Titanium-based alloys are constantly improved to obtain properties suitable for their use. Improving titanium alloys is very important for performing alloys without side effects. In this paper effects of structure, microhardness, and indentation test of eight titanium alloys were investigated after aging. The heat treatment consisted of a high-temperature quenching accomplished in three steps (650 °C for 25 min, 850 °C for 20 min, and 950 °C for 20 min). The cooling process was accomplished using N2 gas, introduced in the chamber at a 9-bar pressure for 37 min. Then, followed by heating to a constant temperature tempering (550 °C) at 1.5 bar pressure and kept for 2 h and 10 min at 2 bar pressure. Optical microscopy images were obtained of Ti-Mo-Zr-Ta alloys with grain-specific aspects of titanium alloys; acicular and coarse structures are specific to β alloys. Microhardness results showed significantly influenced by the heat treatment, increased by approximately 5% for Ti15Mo7Zr15Ta1Si and Ti20Mo7Zr15Ta0.5Si, while for Ti15Mo7Zr15Ta0.5Si and Ti20Mo7Zr15Ta an approximately 9% decrease has been noted. The modulus of elasticity results obtained by the indentation method for the experimental alloys were between 36.25–66.24 GPa. The heat treatments applied to the alloys had a pronounced effect, improving both the structure of the alloys and the results of the indentation test.

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48

Eisa, Nada E., Shaffa Almansour, Ibtessam A. Alnaim, Amira M. Ali, Eman Algrafy, Khalid M. Ortashi, Manal A. Awad, Promy Virk, Awatif A. Hendi, and Fahd Z. Eissa. "Eco-synthesis and characterization of titanium nanoparticles: Testing its cytotoxicity and antibacterial effects." Green Processing and Synthesis 9, no. 1 (August 29, 2020): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2020-0045.

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AbstractIn recent years, green synthesis of nanoparticles has been the cornerstone of development of nanotechnology and its applications, as it emphasizes on promoting environmental sustainability. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential health benefits of the green-synthesized titanium nanoparticles (TiO2NPs). TiO2NPs were synthesized using titanium(iv) isopropoxide and lupin bean extract. The synthesized particles were characterized to assess the average particle size by dynamic light scattering, and X-ray diffraction method was used to study the crystalline nature. The average particle size recorded was 9.227 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.382. The morphology of the particles was assessed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy which showed varied shapes of the nanoparticles, uniform spherical and crystallite rod shaped. Further, the cytotoxic efficacy of the nanoparticles was assessed against the breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromidefor (MTT) assay. The antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles was evaluated against clinical pathogens via the disc diffusion assay. The key findings showed that the TiO2NPs exhibited potent cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell line with an IC50 of 41.1 µg. It also showed profound antibacterial activity. Thus, the synthesized nanoparticles could have potential biomedical applications owing to their therapeutic efficacy.

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Romero, Carlos, Fei Yang, and Leandro Bolzoni. "Influence of microstructure on the fatigue behavior of blended elemental Ti-6AL-4V alloy post-consolidated by extrusion." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 01n03 (November 11, 2019): 2040025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220400251.

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The blended elemental (BE) route is currently the main way for obtaining cost-affordable titanium alloys. Via post-consolidation processes like hot isostatic pressing (HIP) or thermomechanical processing, the material can improve its mechanical properties. In this work, a titanium alloy is processed via the BE approach, combined with thermomechanical processing of the sintered billets and subsequently heat treated. The tensile behavior of the sintered, extruded and heat-treated Ti-6Al-4V alloy was studied, finding an overall improvement of the properties after extrusion and a considerable increase in strength without compromising ductility after heat treatment. The high cycle fatigue behavior of the as-extruded alloy was studied by means of axial testing. There is a strong dependence between the location of the initiation of failure of the alloy and its fatigue life, but the defects that initiated failure were facets, not pores. The fatigue life of the as-extruded alloy is comparable to that of other fully-dense powder metallurgy (PM) and wrought Ti-6Al-4V alloys. These findings encourage the use of this route of processing as a balanced approach between low-cost and high-performance titanium alloys.

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Mao, Xiao Nan, Vincent Ji, Lian Zhou, Y. G. Zhou, P. S. Zhang, and L. L. Yu. "Internal Stress Effects on Mechanical Properties of TiCp Particle Reinforced Titanium Composites." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.564.

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In this paper the internal stresses had been measured on Ti-6Al-4V/7TiC, Ti-3Al-2.5V/7TiC and TP650 composite using the XRD method, the results show no other phases separate out besides the alpha(major phase, for over 90 percent), bate and TiC in the course of heating treatment. Compared the internal stress between prior of heat-treatment and latters, the internal stress was induced in Ti matrix and reinforcement (TiC particles). With temperature of heat-treatment enhancing, internal stress increases gradually, respectively. The relation between the internal stress and strength properties shows the static tensile strength of T64,T32 and T650 developed gradually with compressive internal stress increasing on TiC particle. The compressive stress induced in reinforcement relieved the stress intensity on surface of particle and develops the fracture toughening.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Titanium, Effects of heat on; Titanium – Testing'

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