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Journal articles on the topic 'Titanium Carbide Thin Films'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Kadlec, Jaromir, Z. Joska, Z. Pokorny, M. Jelinek, and T. Kocourek. "Hybrid Deposition of Titanium Carbide Thin Films." ECS Transactions 32, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3641842.

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2

Georgiev, G., N. Feschiev, D. Popov, and Z. Uzunov. "Titanium carbide thin films obtained by reactive magnetron sputtering." Vacuum 36, no. 10 (October 1986): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(86)90327-1.

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3

Dev, Vishnu. "Lithium intercalation studies in cubic titanium carbide thin films." Applied Surface Science 449 (August 2018): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.01.284.

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4

Halim, Joseph, Maria R. Lukatskaya, Kevin M. Cook, Jun Lu, Cole R. Smith, Lars-Åke Näslund, Steven J. May, et al. "Transparent Conductive Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide Epitaxial Thin Films." Chemistry of Materials 26, no. 7 (March 19, 2014): 2374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm500641a.

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5

Gheriani, R., and Rachid Halimi. "Effect of Heat Treatments on the Structural and Mechanical Properties of Ti Thin Films Deposited on Steel Substrates by PVD Method." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.88.

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Titanium carbides are well known materials with great scientific and technological interest. The applications of these materials take advantage of the fact that they are very hard, refractory and that they have metallic properties. In this work, we have studied the influence of the heat treatment temperatures (400-1000°C) on the interaction between the titanium thin films and steel substrates. Steel substrates, 100C6 type (AFNOR norms) containing approximately 1 wt % of carbon were coated at 200°C with titanium thin films by magnetron sputtering. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Vikers micro-hardness measurements carried out on the annealed samples showed that the micro-hardness increases with annealing temperature, reaches a maximum (3500 kg/mm2), then decreases progressively. The growth of micro-hardness is due to the diffusion of the carbon, and to the formation of titanium carbide. However, the decrease of micro-hardness is associated with the diffusion of iron and the formation of iron oxide (Fe2O3). At higher temperatures, we note the formation of titanium dioxide (TiO2).
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6

Adams, P. M., and G. Radhakrishnan. "Microstructure of Pulsed-Laser Deposited Titanium Carbide Thin Films Grown for Tribological Applications." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 1238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600032268.

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The carbides and nitrides of transition metals, are excellent candidates for hard coatings for tribological applications. Recently a novel pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique has been developed for the room temperature growth of particulate free titanium carbide (TiC) coatings on bearing steels. On a completely different scale from ball bearing applications, moving microelectricalmechanical systems (MEMS) face issues of limited lifetime as a result of rapid wear of the silicon components. The integration of hard tribological coatings into moving MEMS structures should greatly increase the functional lifetime of these devices. The same PLD technique has been used to deposit TiC thin film onto MEMS test structures consisting of multilayer coatings on Si substrates, and patterned 3-D Si substrates. This procedure for growing TiC appears to be compatible with conventional MEMS fabrication procedures.
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7

Fonseca, Alexandre F., Tao Liang, Difan Zhang, Kamal Choudhary, Simon R. Phillpot, and Susan B. Sinnott. "Titanium-Carbide Formation at Defective Curved Graphene-Titanium Interfaces." MRS Advances 3, no. 8-9 (2018): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.115.

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ABSTRACTPhysical and chemical properties of graphene-metal interfaces have been largely examined with the objective of producing nanostructured carbon-based electronic devices. Although electronic properties are key to such devices, appropriate structural, thermal and mechanical properties are important for device performance as well. One of the most studied is the graphene-titanium (G-Ti) interface. Titanium is a low density, high strength versatile metal that can form alloys with desirable properties for applications ranging from aerospace to medicine. Small clusters and thin films of titanium deposited on graphene have also been examined. However, while some experiments show that thin films of titanium on graphene can be removed without damaging graphene hexagonal structure, others reported the formation of titanium-carbide (TiC) at G-Ti interfaces. In a previous work [ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9 (38), pp 33288-33297], we have shown that pristine G-Ti interfaces are resilient to large thermal fluctuations even when G-Ti structures lie on curved or kinked substrates. Here, using classical molecular dynamics with the third-generation Charge Optimized Many Body (COMB3) potential, we show that di-interstitial defective G-Ti structures on a copper substrate with a relatively large curvature kink, present signs of TiC formation. This result might help explain the different experimental results mentioned above.
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8

Chaddha, A. K., J. D. Parsons, J. Wu, H‐S Chen, D. A. Roberts, and H. Hockenhull. "Chemical vapor deposition of silicon carbide thin films on titanium carbide, using 1,3 disilacyclobutane." Applied Physics Letters 62, no. 24 (June 14, 1993): 3097–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.109147.

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9

Scandurra, Roberto, Anna Scotto d’Abusco, and Giovanni Longo. "A Review of the Effect of a Nanostructured Thin Film Formed by Titanium Carbide and Titanium Oxides Clustered around Carbon in Graphitic Form on Osseointegration." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061233.

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Improving the biocompatibility of implants is an extremely important step towards improving their quality. In this review, we recount the technological and biological process for coating implants with thin films enriched in titanium carbide (TiC), which provide improved cell growth and osseointegration. At first, we discuss the use of a Pulsed Laser Ablation Deposition, which produced films with a good biocompatibility, cellular stimulation and osseointegration. We then describe how Ion Plating Plasma Assisted technology could be used to produce a nanostructured layer composed by graphitic carbon, whose biocompatibility is enhanced by titanium oxides and titanium carbide. In both cases, the nanostructured coating was compact and strongly bound to the bulk titanium, thus particularly useful to protect implants from the harsh oxidizing environment of biological tissues. The morphology and chemistry of the nanostructured coating were particularly desirable for osteoblasts, resulting in improved proliferation and differentiation. The cellular adhesion to the TiC-coated substrates was much stronger than to uncoated surfaces, and the number of philopodia and lamellipodia developed by the cells grown on the TiC-coated samples was higher. Finally, tests performed on rabbits confirmed in vivo that the osseointegration process of the TiC-coated implants is more efficient than that of uncoated titanium implants.
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10

Gheriani, R., and Raouf Mechiakh. "Effect of Manganese on Titanium Thin Films Adhesion Deposited on Steel Substrates." Defect and Diffusion Forum 326-328 (April 2012): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.326-328.583.

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The mainly property of thin solid films technologies is their adhesion to the substrates. Because of its good wear resistance and its low coefficient of friction against steel, TiC is an attractive coating material for wear applications such as bearing components. The adhesion of TiC coatings, however suffers from insufficient reproducibility, which is probably due to uncontrolled process parameters. In our work pure titanium thin films of approximately 0.6 µm in thickness were prepared on 100C6 stainless steel substrates by cathodic sputtering. The samples were subjected to secondary vacuum annealing at a temperature between 400 and 1000°C for 30 min. The reaction between substrates and thin films was characterized using an x-ray diffractometer (XRD). Surface morphology and elements diffusion evaluations were carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The interaction substrates-thin films is accompanied by nucleation and growth of titanium carbide as a function of annealing temperature. By the SEM and EDS results, it appears clearly that the diffusion of manganese to the external layers leads to the destruction of adhesion especially at high temperatures.
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11

Salles, Pol, David Pinto, Kanit Hantanasirisakul, Kathleen Maleski, Christopher E. Shuck, and Yury Gogotsi. "Electrochromic Effect in Titanium Carbide MXene Thin Films Produced by Dip‐Coating." Advanced Functional Materials 29, no. 17 (March 3, 2019): 1809223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201809223.

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12

Merie, Violeta, Marius Pustan, Corina Bîrleanu, Gavril Negrea, and Ovidiu Belcin. "Substrate Influence on the Mechanical and Tribological Characteristics of Gold Thin Films for MEMS Applications." Advanced Engineering Forum 13 (June 2015): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.13.59.

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The development of micro-and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) makes use of different thin films such as aluminum, gold, silicon, silver, titanium nitride, silicon carbide etc. This study is a research concerning the influence of substrate nature on the tribological and mechanical characteristics of gold thin films elaborated by thermal evaporation method, for space applications. Three different substrates were employed, namely: C45 steel, plastic (polycarbonate) and glass. Atomic force microscopy investigations were performed in order to characterize the obtained thin films at nanoscale. The nanohardness, Young’s modulus, roughness and the friction force are some characteristics that were determined. A significant influence of substrate nature on both mechanical and tribological properties of researched gold thin films was marked out. Regarding the topography, the smallest roughness was determined on the gold thin films deposited on glass substrate.
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13

Stricker, A., W. Luithardt, and C. Benndorf. "Deposition of titanium oxide and titanium carbide containing thin carbon films in a plasma activated process." Diamond and Related Materials 8, no. 2-5 (March 1999): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-9635(98)00288-x.

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14

Bai, Su Yuan, Zheng Xing Huang, and Zhe Nan Tang. "Experimental Investigation of the Thermal Conductivity of the Titanium Carbide Thin Films on Silicon Substrate." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 821–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.821.

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Thermal conductivities of the titanium carbide thin films with thickness ranging from 58 to 158 nm were measured at room temperature using the transient thermoreflectance technique. The results show that thermal conductivities of these films are lower than corresponding bulk material values. The reduction in the thermal conductivity can be attributed to the material microstructure brought by the thin film fabrication process. Both the film thickness and the atom ratio of Ti/C are the important factors. The thermal conductivity increases with the increasing film thickness and atom ratio of Ti/C. It also indicates that the material beneficial to thermal management and thermal design could be fabricated by improvement of the deposition techniques.
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15

Rawat, R. S., P. Lee, T. White, Li Ying, and S. Lee. "Room temperature deposition of titanium carbide thin films using dense plasma focus device." Surface and Coatings Technology 138, no. 2-3 (April 2001): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(00)01094-x.

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16

Wada, Tadahiro. "Performance of Titanium-Tungsten-Silicon-Aluminum Based Coated Cutting Tools." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 1241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.1241.

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In order to determine an effective coating film for cutting carbon steels with a coated cemented carbide tool, tool wear was experimentally investigated. Low carbon steel (AISI 5120H steel) was turned with four kinds of physical vapor deposition (PVD) coated cemented carbide tools. The coating films used were TiN coating film and three kinds of titanium-tungsten-silicon-aluminum based coating films, namely (Ti,W,Si,Al)N, (Ti,W,Si,Al)C and (Ti,W,Si,Al)(C,N) coating film. (Ti,W,Si,Al)N, (Ti,W,Si,Al)C or (Ti,W,Si,Al)(C,N) is a new type of coating film. The following results were obtained: (1) The critical load of three kinds of titanium-tungsten-silicon-aluminum based coating films was higher than that of TiN coating film. (2) The hardness of three kinds of titanium-tungsten-silicon-aluminum based coating films was higher than that of TiN coating film. (3) In cutting low carbon steel, the wear progress of three kinds of titanium-tungsten-silicon-aluminum based coating film tools was slower than that of the TiN coated tool. (4) In the three kinds of titanium-tungsten-silicon-aluminum based coating films, the wear progress of the (Ti,W,Si,Al)N coated tool was the slowest.
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17

Jarms, C., H. R. Stock, H. Berndt, K. Bartsch, A. Leonhardt, and B. Arnold. "Influence of the PACVD process parameters on the properties of titanium carbide thin films." Surface and Coatings Technology 98, no. 1-3 (January 1998): 1547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(97)00296-x.

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18

Ogunlana, Musibau Olalekan, Mammo Muchie, Oluseyi Philip Oladijo, and Mutiu Erinosho. "Effect of Microstructural and Tribological Behaviors of Sputtered Titanium Carbide Thin Film on Copper Substrate." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010174.

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Titanium carbide (TiC) thin films were deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS) onto a copper substrate by using Argon (Ar) gas plasma at a gas flow rate of 10.0 sccm. The effect of time and temperature at a constant RF power on the structural and tribological properties were respectively investigated by atomic force spectroscopy (AFM), X–ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tribological measurements. All films were tested to have crystal structures with the preferential plane (111) and dominant plane (200) grain orientations. Thus, plane (111) has phase identification of Cu(Cu16Ti)0.23 for some samples, whereas plane (200) has a phase identification of Cu(Cu0.997Ti0.003) and Cu(Cu0.923Ti0.077) for other samples. The lowest thin film roughness of 19.797 nm was observed in the sample, with RF power, sputtering time, and a temperature of 200 W, for two hours and 80 °C, respectively. The FTIR spectra of TiC films formed under different sputtering times (2–3 h) and temperatures (80 °C–100 °C) on Cu substrates at a constant sputtering power of 200 W in the range of 5000–500 cm−1. The peaks at 540 cm−1, 780 cm−1, and 1250 cm−1 are presented in the FTIR spectra and the formation of a Ti–C bond was observed. On the other hand, a sample was revealed to have the lowest wear volume of 5.1 × 10−3 mm3 while another sample was obtained with the highest wear volume of 9.3 × 10−3 mm3.
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19

Lhotka, J., Radomír Kužel, G. Cappuccio, and V. Valvoda. "Thickness Determination of Thin Polycrystalline Films by Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction." Materials Science Forum 443-444 (January 2004): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.443-444.115.

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The thickness measurement based on absorption of X-rays in thin films has been tested on a polycrystalline titanium nitride films deposited on a tungsten carbide substrate. Intensities of three reflections from each material were measured for incidence angles of the primary beam ranging from 0.5° to 35°. After experimental correction for texture effects, data from the TiN film and the WC substrate were fitted by known functions using least squares routines. The substrate reflection intensities were found to be more suitable for determining the thickness of the overlaying thin film. The average thickness of TiN film (2.00± 0.17 µm) determined from the substrate reflections was in fair agreement with the average value obtained from optical microscopy (2.2± 0.8 µm). The thickness values determined from the TiN thin film reflections are very unreliable due to a high sensitivity of measurements to disturbing instrumental and sample effects at small angles.
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20

Wang, Huili, Sam Zhang, Yibin Li, and Deen Sun. "Bias effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of magnetron sputtered nanocrystalline titanium carbide thin films." Thin Solid Films 516, no. 16 (June 2008): 5419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2007.07.022.

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21

Baba, K., R. Hatada, S. Flege, G. Kraft, and W. Ensinger. "Formation of thin carbide films of titanium and tantalum by methane plasma immersion ion implantation." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 257, no. 1-2 (April 2007): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.076.

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22

Anton, J. M., B. Mishra, and J. J. Moore. "Investigation of processing parameters for pulsed closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtered titanium carbide thin films." Surface Engineering 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329407x161645.

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23

Aihaiti, Litipu, Kamale Tuokedaerhan, Beysen Sadeh, Min Zhang, Xiangqian Shen, and Abuduwaili Mijiti. "Effect of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Resistivity of TiC Thin Films." Coatings 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040457.

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Titanium carbide (TiC) thin films were prepared by non-reactive simultaneous double magnetron sputtering. After deposition, all samples were annealed at different temperatures under high-vacuum conditions. This paper mainly discusses the influence of deposition methods and annealing temperatures on microstructure, surface topography, bonding states and electrical resistivity of TiC films. XRD (X-ray diffraction) results show that TiC thin films can still form crystals without annealing, and the crystallinity of thin films is improved after annealing. The estimated grain size of the TiC films varies from 8.5 nm to 14.7 nm with annealing temperature. It can be seen from SEM (scanning electron microscope) images that surfaces of the films are composed of irregular particles, and when the temperature reaches to 800 °C, the shape of the particles becomes spherical. Growth rate of film is about 30.8 nm/min. Oxygen-related peaks were observed in XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) spectra, which is due to the absorption of oxygen atoms on the surface of the film when exposed to air. Raman spectra confirm the formation of TiC crystals and amorphous states of carbon. Resistivity of TiC films decreases monotonically from 666.73 to 86.01 μΩ·cm with the increase in annealing temperature. In brief, the TiC thin films prepared in this study show good crystallinity, thermal stability and low resistivity, which can meet the requirements of metal gate applications.
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24

Yang, S. L., and Q. Yang. "Growth of Nanocrystalline Diamond Thin Films on Titanium Silicon Carbide Using Different Chemical Vapour Deposition Processes." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 48, no. 1 (March 2009): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.2009.48.1.27.

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25

Nguyen, Julien, Cédric Jaoul, Nicolas Glandut, and Pierre Lefort. "Hydrogen insertion in titanium carbide based thin films (nc-TiCx/a-C:H) - comparison with bulk TiCx." Thin Solid Films 612 (August 2016): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2016.05.041.

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26

Ait Djafer, Amina Zouina, Nadia Saoula, Noureddine Madaoui, and Abdellatif Zerizer. "Deposition and characterization of titanium carbide thin films by magnetron sputtering using Ti and TiC targets." Applied Surface Science 312 (September 2014): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.05.084.

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27

Chaudhuri, J., R. Thokala, J. H. Edgar, and B. S. Sywe. "X-ray double crystal and X-ray topographic characterization of silicon carbide thin films on silicon, titanium carbide, 6H-silicon carbide, and aluminum nitride/sapphire substrates." Thin Solid Films 274, no. 1-2 (March 1996): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(95)07087-7.

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28

Okotrub, Alexander V., Olga V. Sedelnikova, Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy, Anastasiya D. Fedorenko, Igor P. Asanov, Yury N. Palyanov, Alina V. Lapega, Olga A. Gurova, and Lyubov G. Bulusheva. "Effect of Titanium and Molybdenum Cover on the Surface Restructuration of Diamond Single Crystal during Annealing." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041650.

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Diamond is an important material for electrical and electronic devices. Because the diamond is in contact with the metal in these applications, it becomes necessary to study the metal–diamond interaction and the structure of the interface, in particular, at elevated temperatures. In this work, we study the interaction of the (100) and (111) surfaces of a synthetic diamond single crystal with spattered titanium and molybdenum films. Atomic force microscopy reveals a uniform coating of titanium and the formation of flattened molybdenum nanoparticles. A thin titanium film is completely oxidized upon contact with air and passes from the oxidized state to the carbide state upon annealing in an ultrahigh vacuum at 800 °C. Molybdenum interacts with the (111) diamond surface already at 500 °C, which leads to the carbidization of its nanoparticles and catalytic graphitization of the diamond surface. This process is much slower on the (100) diamond surface; sp2-hybridized carbon is formed on the diamond and the top of molybdenum carbide nanoparticles, only when the annealing temperature is raised to 800 °C. The conductivity of the resulting sample is improved when compared to the Ti-coated diamond substrates and the Mo-coated (111) substrate annealed at 800 °C. The presented results could be useful for the development of graphene-on-diamond electronics.
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29

Rodríguez-Reyes, Juan Carlos F., Chaoying Ni, Holt P. Bui, Thomas P. Beebe, and Andrew V. Teplyakov. "Reversible Tuning of the Surface Chemical Reactivity of Titanium Nitride and Nitride−Carbide Diffusion Barrier Thin Films." Chemistry of Materials 21, no. 21 (November 10, 2009): 5163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm902107h.

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30

Porter, L. M., R. F. Davis, J. S. Bow, M. J. Kim, R. W. Carpenter, and R. C. Glass. "Chemistry, microstructure, and electrical properties at interfaces between thin films of titanium and alpha (6H) silicon carbide (0001)." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 3 (March 1995): 668–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.0668.

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Epitaxial thin films (4–1000 Å) of Ti contacts have been deposited via UHV electron beam evaporation at room temperature on monocrystalline, n-type, alpha (6H)-SiC(0001). The interfacial chemistry and microstructure, and the electrical properties, were investigated at room temperature and after annealing at 700 °C up to 60 min. High resolution TEM analyses revealed the formation during annealing of reaction zones consisting of Ti5Si3 and TiC. The corresponding electrical properties exhibited considerable stability except after an initial 20 min anneal. Current-voltage (I-V) measurements showed that the Ti contacts were rectifying with low ideality factors (n < 1.09) and typical leakage currents of 5 × 10−7 A/cm2 at −10 V. The Schottky barrier heights calculated from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and I-V and V-V measurements were between 0.79 and 0.88 eV for the as-deposited contacts and between 0.86 and 1.04 eV for the annealed contacts.
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31

Mihailescu, Ion N. "Laser ablation in a reactive atmosphere: application to the synthesis and deposition performance of titanium carbide thin films." Optical Engineering 35, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 1652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.600732.

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32

Gheriani, R., R. Bensaha, and Rachid Halimi. "Characterization of Titanium Carbides Coatings Using X-Ray Microanalysis in Scanning Electron Microscopy." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.93.

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X-ray microanalysis was used in the qualitative and quantitative study of titanium carbides obtained by deposition of thin titanium films on steel substrates using reactive r. f. sputtering of a pure titanium target. The samples are subjected to high vacuum annealing at a temperatures between 200 and 1000°C for 60 min. The morphological analysis by SEM shows that all films exhibited a dense microstructure. The EDS pattern of X-ray microanalysis shows that the non treated samples mainly consist of titanium. The concentration of Ti decreases progressively with the annealing temperature therefore the carbon and iron concentrations increases, this is as result of atomic interdiffusion between the substrate and the thin film. In the highest temperatures of annealing we note the diffusion of the elements of substrate towards outside layers even for those having weak concentrations. The relationship between mechanical properties and the reaction is carried out by Vickers micro-hardness measurements.
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33

Rówiński, Edward. "Electron Correlation and Shake up Effects on Energy Bands of Low Dimensional Carbon Systems." Solid State Phenomena 163 (June 2010): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.163.72.

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The electron correlation and shake up effects on energy band structures in the diamond and tetrahedral amorphous carbon films (both on the substrate of NiTi alloy), the graphite (thin film) and precipitates of the titanium carbide (in the NiTi matrix) were studied by the Auger electron spectroscopy. The description of carbon spectrum is based on the convolution of two-conduction particles and one-core particle spectral densities. It was concluded that the comparisons of the experimental and theoretical Auger spectra were determined the quantitative assessment of the electron correlation and shake up effects in the carbon systems. We also discuss the electron correlations in a quantum wire/dot or bulk material.
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34

Tsikarev, V. G., A. A. Filippenkov, M. A. Filippov, A. V. Alabushev, and V. A. Sharapova. "Obtaining Ti–Cu–C system composite materials by SHS process." Izvestiya vuzov. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya i funktsional’nye pokrytiya, no. 4 (December 9, 2021): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2021-4-11.

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The aim of the research is to obtain wear-resistant products from composite materials of a new type using the SHS technology. The Ti–Cu–C system was selected taking into account the data available in the scientific and technical literature. Various SHS charge compositions consisting of titanium powder, copper powder, and carbon black were experimentally burned to determine compositions that can burn during the SHS process and provide a melt containing titanium carbide and titanium cuprides as a binder featuring higher mechanical properties and lower melting points than pure copper. Model samples of products in the form of bushings with an outer diameter of 70 and 110 mm were produced by burning the SHS charge with selected compositions in a reactor followed by the compaction of the resulting melt with a force of 50–60 t. After the rough workpiece electrical discharge machining, samples were cut out for phase analysis, X-ray spectral analysis, and wear tests. With an optimal ratio of SHS charge components, titanium carbide and a binder in the form of titanium cuprides of different compositions were revealed in the model sample material. Using the method of testing for wear when sliding on a fixed abrasive under a specific pressure of 1 MPa, it was determined that the relative abrasive resistance of the new material at a hardness of 50–52 HRC is 1.8–2.0 units in comparison with the hardened tool and die steel Kh12MFL. In order to implement the technology in practice, an algorithm was developed for calculating the compositions of the newly formulated SHS charge, while its principle is such a ratio of components where the introduced carbon forms titanium carbide with titanium, and the added excess titanium forms titanium cuprides with copper. The developed material can be considered as promising for use as elements of equipment operating under abrasive wear conditions. This development is patented, Patent No. 2691656 (Russian Federation).
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35

Chandrasekar, S., and Bharat Bhushan. "Friction and Wear of Ceramics for Magnetic Recording Applications—Part II: Friction Measurements." Journal of Tribology 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920622.

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Friction and wear experiments have been conducted under lightly loaded conditions (less than 0.1 MPa) on a number of single crystal and polycrystalline ceramics in sliding contact against magnetic thin-film hard disk and against themselves in order to compare their tribological behavior. The ceramics studied range from single crystal diamond and sapphire to polycrystalline engineering ceramics such as manganese-zinc ferrite, alumina-titanium carbide, and zirconia. The results are analyzed in the context of earlier work on the friction and wear of these ceramics under lightly loaded conditions which has been recently reviewed by Chandrasekar and Bhushan (1990).
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36

Linnik, Stepan A., Alexander V. Gaydaychuk, and Eugene Y. Barishnikov. "The Feasibility of Usage TiN and CrN Barrier Sublayers for Improving the Adhesion of Polycrystalline Diamond Films on WC-Co Hard Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 685 (February 2016): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.685.583.

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In the present study, the influence of Chromium nitride (CrN) and Titanium nitride (TiN) sublayers on the adhesion of polycrystalline diamond films applied to WC-Co substrates was investigated. CrN and TiN layers were deposited on WC-Co substrates by magnetron sputtering in Ar/N2 atmosphere. Synthesis of diamond films was conducted in an AC abnormal glow discharge CVD reactor. The phase composition of the films was characterized by small-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD). The adhesion of diamond films was compared by analysis of Rockwell indentation imprints. It was found that TiN does not react with the carbon of the diamond film while CrN almost completely converted into chromium carbide (Cr3C2). Adhesion tests showed that the efficiency of these sublayers usage is substantially lower than using a Murakami and HNO3/H2O pretreatment.
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Kovalyova, Tatyana, Yevgeniy Skvortsov, Svetlana Kvon, Michot Gerard, Aristotle Issagulov, Vitaliy Kulikov, and Anna Skvortsova. "Titanium Carbide and Vibration Effect on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Medium-Carbon Alloy Steel." Coatings 13, no. 7 (June 22, 2023): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071135.

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This study aimed to improve the hardness and wear behavior of medium-carbon alloy steel through the addition of titanium carbide ultradispersed powder and low-frequency vibration treatment during solidification. It was shown that the complex effect of low-frequency vibration with the additional introduction of a small amount of titanium carbide ultradispersed powder with the size of 0.5–0.7 μm during the casting process had a positive effect on structural changes and led to improved mechanical properties, and so increasing the value of microhardness by 37.2% was notable. In the process of shock dynamic impact, imprints with crater depths of 13.69 µm (500 N) and 14.73 (700 N) were obtained, which, respectively, are 23.34 and 42.34% less than that on the original cast sample. In the process of tribological testing, decreasing the depth of the wear track (50.25%) was revealed with decreasing the value of the friction coefficient by 14.63%.
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Makaryan, Taron, Yasuaki Okada, and Keigo Suzuki. "Impedance modeling for excluding contact resistance from cross-plane electronic conductivity measurement of anisotropic two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXenes." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 6 (February 14, 2023): 065304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0138387.

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We propose impedance spectroscopy modeling as a convenient tool for estimating the cross-plane conductivity of anisotropic two-dimensional materials by excluding contact resistance with the underlying metal electrodes. We showcase this idea on two types of titanium carbide Ti3C2Tx MXenes, wherein Tx represents surface functional termination. These MXenes are synthesized from the same parent MAX phase material (Ti3AlC2) by different synthesis protocols and are studied in their plain as-synthesized states as well as after short annealing. The cross-plane conductivity of MXenes estimated by our approach appears to be up to an order of magnitude higher than is estimated by a conventional one. We validate our impedance modeling approach by comparing the specific contact resistance results derived from it to a direct estimation by transmission line measurement. We also deduce which functional group has a dominant footprint on the conductivity in each studied MXene by performing numerical simulations on cross-plane conductivity as well as on electronic band structures. The novel equivalent circuit developed herein may be extended to other anisotropic thin films to aid their application in various electronic devices.
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39

Bacherikov, Yu Yu, N. L. Dmitruk, R. V. Konakova, O. S. Kondratenko, O. S. Lytvyn, V. V. Milenin, O. B. Okhrimenko, et al. "Effect of rapid thermal annealing on the properties of thin dielectric films of gadolinium, titanium, and erbium oxides on the silicon carbide surface." Technical Physics 52, no. 2 (February 2007): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106378420702017x.

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40

D’Alessio, L., G. Pace, and R. Teghil. "Multiscale Analysis and Morphology of TiC Films Deposited by Pulsed Laser Ablation." Advanced Materials Research 717 (July 2013): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.717.177.

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In this work the microscopic morphology of titanium carbide thin films, obtained by pulsed laser ablation, are studied. A target of TiC has been ablated in vacuum with a laser Twinkle of Light Conversion Ltd. capable to furnish impulses of 250 fs, with a repetition frequency of 10 Hz at the wavelength of 527 nm. The ablated material has been deposited on (111) oriented silicon substrates, maintained at ambient temperature during the film deposition. Digital images of the films have been acquired through scanning electron microscopy. Numerical codes have been developed in Matlab environment, to obtain a three-dimensional reconstruction of the film surfaces starting from the bidimensional images. On such reconstruction a multi-scale analysis has been performed by hilbertian methods, for the characterization of the surface roughness and to study the distribution of the deposited nanoparticles. The results show that the free surface of the film has a characteristics scale invariance that allow the description by multi-fractal techniques. In particular the fractal dimension of the surface has been calculated in nanometric range. The investigation allows to identify some proper morphological indicators to characterize the film geometry and parameterize the tribological properties of the interface. These indicators, if opportunely employed together with classical methods of analysis, furnish a further tool for better understanding the complex nature of the deposits.
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Niu, Qiulin, Xiaohu Zheng, Ming Chen, and Weiwei Ming. "Study on the tribological properties of titanium alloys sliding against WC-Co during the dry friction." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 2 (March 4, 2014): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-11-2011-0099.

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Purpose – Titanium alloy has the excellent performance and been widely utilized in aeroengine and airframe manufacture. However, improving the understanding of all aspects of titanium alloy is necessary. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the tribological properties of two typical titanium alloys against tungsten carbide under dry friction. Design/methodology/approach – Reciprocating ball-disc friction tests were carried out at room temperature in different loading without lubricant to investigate the friction properties of TA19/WC-Co and TC18/WC-Co friction pairs. The influence of the load on the friction coefficient and friction force was analyzed. The worn surfaces of TA19 and TC18 specimens were observed by the digital microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). And the wear mechanism was discussed. Findings – The results show that the friction coefficients decreased with the increase in the normal load. However, the reduction in the friction coefficient for the TC18 alloy was less than that for the TA19 alloy. The dynamic friction forces with time were not quite coincident with the variation trend of the friction coefficients during the sliding friction. The results observed by the SEM and EDS revealed that several grooving were the main type of frictional wear causing the surfaces of the TA19 and TC18 alloys. Originality/value – It is shown in the paper that the tribological property of TA19 alloy was better than that of TC18 when sliding against tungsten carbide under the dry friction conditions. The main types of damage to the TA19/WC-Co friction pair were the ploughing, the delamination fatigue associate with abrasive wear and some diffusive wear. The ploughing and abrasion were the main wear mechanisms for the surface of TC18 alloy.
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42

Wada, Tadahiro, Koji Iwamoto, Keizo Tsukamoto, and Kazuki Hiro. "Properties of TaN Coating Film Deposited on WC-Co-Based Cemented Carbide Using Magnetron Sputter Ion Plating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 87 (August 2011): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.87.186.

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Various methods of surface modification technology are available for yielding high function characteristics such as wear-resistance, lower or higher friction coefficient, corrosion-resistance and thermal-resistance on the surface of the material. Generally, the coating of a hard material like ceramic on the surface of a material is a popular surface modification technology. The physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, which is one of the coating technologies, is widely used because it can be coated at a lower treatment temperature of 470K – 870K. In cutting, e.g. turning, milling, drilling and tapping, coated cemented carbide tools, which have good fracture toughness and wear resistance, seem to be effective tool materials. In this case, the titanium based films (e.g. TiN, Ti(C,N), (Ti,Al)N) are generally used as the coating film. However, the tantalum based films (e.g. TaN, TaC) are not applied as the coating film for cutting tools because the melting point of TaC is higher than that of TiC. Moreover, it is unclear whether TaN coating film can be used as a coating film of WC-Co cemented carbide cutting tools. In this study, to clarify the effectiveness of tantalum (TaN) coating film, we measured the thickness, hardness and scratch strength (critical load measured by scratch tester) of TaN coating film formed on the surface of the substrate which was a cemented carbide ISO K10 by the magnetron sputter ion plating process. The hardened steel ASTM D2 (JIS SKD11) was turned with the TaN and the (Ti,Al)N coated cemented carbide tools. The tool wear of the TaN coated cemented carbide tool was experimentally investigated and compared with that of the (Ti,Al)N coated tool. The following results were obtained: (1) Droplets on the surface of the TaN coating film, which has the K10 substrate, were negligible. (2) The micro-hardness of TaN coating film 2510HV was higher than that of TiN coating film 2090HV, and there was little difference in hardness between the TaN 2510HV and (Ti,Al)N 2710HV. (3) The critical scratch load of TaN coating film over 130N was higher than that of TiN coating film 68N or (Ti,Al)N coating film 73N. (4) In cutting the hardened steel using TaN and (Ti,Al)N coated tools, the wear progress of the TaN coated carbide tool was almost equivalent to that of the (Ti,Al)N coated carbide tool. The above results clarify that the TaN coating film, which is a new type of coating film, has both high hardness and good adhesive strength, and can be used as a coating film of WC-Co cemented carbide cutting tools.
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43

Ranger, Nicolas, Catalin-Daniel Constantinescu, Romain Lucas-Roper, Alexandre Boulle, and Nicolas Glandut. "Structural and electrochemical properties of high quality epitaxial titanium carbide thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition on MgO (111) and Al2O3 (001) substrates." Thin Solid Films 782 (October 2023): 140007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2023.140007.

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44

Wang, Jinfang, Meng Zhang, Sheng Dai, and Liu Zhu. "Research Progress in Electrospark Deposition Coatings on Titanium Alloy Surfaces: A Short Review." Coatings 13, no. 8 (August 21, 2023): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081473.

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The development process of electrospark deposition (ESD) technology is reviewed, and the principles and differences of ESD technology are discussed in this review. Based on the research status regarding the ESD of titanium alloys, the promotion effect of ESD technology on wear resistance, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance at high temperatures, and the biocompatibility of titanium alloys was elaborated on. For example, with the use of ESD technology to prepare Ti–Al, TiN, Ni–Cr, and other hardening coatings with high hardness, the maximum hardness of the deposited layer is six times higher than that of the substrate material, which greatly reduces the loss of the material surface in the process of friction in service, and has a high wear–resistance effect. The preparation of a single–phase lamellar coating is more beneficial for improving the oxidation resistance of the substrate. Carbide and a nano–porous coating can effectively enhance the bone integration ability of implants and promote biocompatibility. The application of ESD technology in the surface modification of titanium alloys is reviewed in detail. Finally, the development direction of ESD technology for titanium alloys is proposed.
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45

Bogatov, Yu V., and V. A. Shcherbakov. "SHS compaction of TiC cermets using mechanically activated mixtures." Izvestiya vuzov. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya i funktsional’nye pokrytiya, no. 4 (December 9, 2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2021-4-12-19.

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This paper focuses on obtaining cermet composite materials by SHS compaction. The study covers the effect of mechanical activation of metal components contained in reaction mixtures based on the Ti + C + Cr + Ni system when treated with grinding media in a ball mill. Two mechanical activation methods were used for Ti, Cr and Ni metal powders. In the first method, Cr and Ni powders were activated with grinding media separately from other reaction mixture components, and then mixed with titanium and carbon black powders. It is shown that the preliminary mechanical activation of inert components reduces the temperature and rate of combustion and increases the average size of carbide grains. In the second method, Ti + + Cr, Ti + Ni, and Ti + Cr + Ni powder mixtures were jointly processed in a ball mill, and then mixed with carbon black. This method provided mechanical activation of titanium particles with a minimum effect of grinding media on Cr and Ni powders. This led to an increase in the combustion rate and temperature, a decrease in the average size of carbide grains, and an increase in the composite structure homogeneity. A mechanism is proposed for the interaction of reagents (Ti + C) with the participation of activated Cr and Ni particles in combustion and structure formation zones, according to which the mechanical activation of inert components leads to their direct participation in the reaction interaction of titanium with carbon, which determines a decrease in the combustion rate and temperature and affects the fineness and structural homogeneity of compact composites. The results obtained were used to increase the structural homogeneity and fineness of the STIM-3B composite (Grade 3B synthetic hard tool material).
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46

Kaloyeros, Alain E., Wendell S. Williams, Frederick C. Brown, Alex E. Greene, and John B. Woodhouse. "Structural study of amorphous hydrogenated and unhydrogenated titanium carbide thin films by extended x-ray-absorption fine structure and extended electron-energy-loss fine structure." Physical Review B 37, no. 2 (January 15, 1988): 771–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.37.771.

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47

Meier, Linus, and Michael Eglin. "Modeling tool wear in titanium cutting with an in-process tribometer." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 8 (November 22, 2019): 1007–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-08-2019-0311.

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Purpose Metalworking fluids can significantly increase the tool life in titanium cutting, however, full-scale cutting tests to determine the performance of metalworking fluid are expensive. The aim of this study is therefore to introduce a reliable and inexpensive alternative testing method. Design/methodology/approach A newly developed in-process tribometer allows emulating the sliding conditions of the chip formed in cutting as closely as possible. It uses a cutting action in front of a pin to eliminate the influence of the oxidation layer. To observe the wear pattern on the pin, adhering workpiece material is removed by selective etching. A high temperature oxidation test is used to study the wear mechanism. Findings The wear pattern on the pin correlates well with the wear pattern observed on cutting tools when using the same metalworking fluid while being much more cost-effective than a tool life test. The high temperature oxidation test reveals that cobalt leaching is causing notch wear. Research limitations/implications The correlation between pin and tool wear is verified for the case of roughing turning of titanium with cemented carbide tools and two metalworking fluids. Practical implications The method is applicable in an industrial context, potentially replacing the currently used tribological analyzes. Social implications Submitted in connection with the special issue “young tribologists – insights into the work of the new generation”. Originality/value Methods tailored to model the tool wear in titanium cutting are rare. For the first time, an in-process tribometer, which is especially suited for the analysis of titanium cutting, is used to assess the wear behavior. The design of the high temperature oxidation test is new. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-08-2019-0311
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48

Titova, Yu V., A. P. Amosov, D. A. Maidan, G. S. Belova, and A. F. Minekhanova. "Azide self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of highly dispersed TiN–SiC ceramic nitride-carbide powder composites." Izvestiya vuzov. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya i funktsional’nye pokrytiya, no. 2 (June 16, 2022): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2022-2-22-37.

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The study covers the method of azide self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS-Az) to obtain a highly dispersed TiN–SiC ceramic composite with a theoretical ratio of nitride and carbide phases from 1 : 4 to 4 : 1 (in moles) using the combustion of the corresponding composition of powder reagent mixtures: NaN3 sodium azide, (NH4)2TiF6, (NH4)2SiF6 and Na2SiF6 halide salts, titanium, silicon and carbon in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. Thermodynamic calculations using the Thermo computer program showed that the optimum nitrogen pressure in the reactor is about 4 MPa, and the final composition of SHS-Az products can be completely different depending on the composition of reagents: it may include only target phases (TiN–SiC), contain silicon nitride and free carbon phases impurities (TiN–SiC–Si3N4–C) along with the target phases or consist only of nitride and free carbon phases (TiN–Si3N4–C). It was found that only target TiN and SiC phases are formed when using halide salt (NH4)2TiF6, at any ratio of nitride and carbide phases in the final powder composition. In cases where halide salts (NH4)2SiF6 and Na2SiF6 are used, target TiN and SiC phases are synthesized with an increased titanium content in reagents, i.e. only when composites of the 2TiN–SiC and 4TiN–SiC with an increased content nitride phase are obtained. Experimental studies of combustion products using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion analysis and X-ray phase analysis showed that they differ significantly from the theoretical compositions of products by the completely absent or significantly reduced SiC phase content in the final composition of powder composites synthesized during the combustion of bulk charge with carbon, and at the same time the absence of free carbon in the final composition of powder composites obtained. This difference is explained by the fact that when the combustion of a silicon and carbon powder mixture is initiated, silicon nitride is synthesized at the first stage with the temperature rising to high values of about over 1900 °C, at which the synthesized Si3N4 dissociates, and then at the second stage the resulting silicon reacts with carbon to form SiC that is more stable at high temperatures. But during combustion, very small light particles of carbon black (soot) may be removed (blown out) from a burning highly porous charge sample of bulk density by gases released at the first stage of combustion and not participate in the transformation of Si3N4 into SiC. In this regard, in case of low-carbon charge combustion, silicon carbide either does not form at all, or it is formed in small quantities compared to the theoretically possible amount, and Si3N4 silicon nitride remains the main component of the composite. A noticeable amount of SiC is formed only when burning high-carbon charges, but this amount is significantly less than the possible theoretical one, and the difference between them is replaced by the silicon nitride content. Therefore, it was experimentally shown for the first time that the SHS process can be used to obtain composites of highly dispersed ceramic powders TiN–Si3N4 and TiN–Si3N4–SiC consisting of a mixture of nanoscale (less than 100 nm) and submicron (100 to 500 nm) particles with a relatively low content of free silicon admixture (less than 1.4 %).
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49

GUKENDRAN, R., M. SAMBATHKUMAR, K. S. K. SASIKUMAR, K. PONAPPA, and S. GOPAL. "INVESTIGATION OF DRY SLIDING WEAR BEHAVIOR OF AL 7075–(SiC/TiC) HYBRID METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES." Surface Review and Letters 28, no. 07 (April 26, 2021): 2150065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x21500657.

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The main objective of present work focuses to investigate the tribological behavior of Al 7075 hybrid metal matrix composite. Al 7075 metal matrix composites has many potential applications especially in automotive and aerospace industries, due to their light weight to strength ratio and high wear resistance. The composite is fabricated using two step stir casting process by varying 5% to 15% volume fractions of Silicon Carbide and Titanium Carbide. Optical microstructure showed reinforcement distribution into Al 7075 matrix. The wear and frictional properties of the hybrid metal matrix composites was studied by performing dry sliding wear test using a pin-on-disc wear tester. Tribological behaviors were examined by applying different normal loads of 10[Formula: see text]N, 20[Formula: see text]N, 30[Formula: see text]N with different sliding velocities (1[Formula: see text]m/s, 2[Formula: see text]m/s, 3[Formula: see text]m/s) at room temperature without lubrication. Wear rate and coefficient of friction for different normal load and sliding velocities were plotted and studied. The micro hardness value of AST15 was higher by 18.8% than the AST0 Composites. The wear rate prediction indicated the wear rate for AST15 as [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mm3/m as compared to AST0 which was [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mm3/m. The wear rate increases with the increase in load and sliding velocities. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the worn surface are used to predict the nature of the wear mechanism.
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50

Geramifard, Negar, Jennifer Lawson, Stuart F. Cogan, and Bryan James Black. "A Novel 3D Helical Microelectrode Array for In Vitro Extracellular Action Potential Recording." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101692.

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Recent advances in cell and tissue engineering have enabled long-term three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cultures of human-derived neuronal tissues. Analogous two-dimensional (2D) tissue cultures have been used for decades in combination with substrate integrated microelectrode arrays (MEA) for pharmacological and toxicological assessments. While the phenotypic and cytoarchitectural arguments for 3D culture are clear, 3D MEA technologies are presently inadequate. This is mostly due to the technical challenge of creating vertical electrical conduction paths (or ‘traces’) using standardized biocompatible materials and fabrication techniques. Here, we have circumvented that challenge by designing and fabricating a novel helical 3D MEA comprised of polyimide, amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC), gold/titanium, and sputtered iridium oxide films (SIROF). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) testing confirmed fully-fabricated MEAs should be capable of recording extracellular action potentials (EAPs) with high signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). We then seeded induced pluripotent stems cell (iPSC) sensory neurons (SNs) in a 3D collagen-based hydrogel integrated with the helical MEAs and recorded EAPs for up to 28 days in vitro from across the MEA volume. Importantly, this highly adaptable design does not intrinsically limit cell/tissue type, channel count, height, or total volume.
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