Journal articles: 'Titanium biomedical implants'

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Liu, Wei, Shifeng Liu, and Liqiang Wang. "Surface Modification of Biomedical Titanium Alloy: Micromorphology, Microstructure Evolution and Biomedical Applications." Coatings 9, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040249.

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With the increasing demand for bone implant therapy, titanium alloy has been widely used in the biomedical field. However, various potential applications of titanium alloy implants are easily hampered by their biological inertia. In fact, the interaction of the implant with tissue is critical to the success of the implant. Thus, the implant surface is modified before implantation frequently, which can not only improve the mechanical properties of the implant, but also polish up bioactivity and osseoconductivity on a cellular level. This paper aims at reviewing titanium surface modification techniques for biomedical applications. Additionally, several other significant aspects are described in detail in this article, for example, micromorphology, microstructure evolution that determines mechanical properties, as well as a number of issues concerning about practical application of biomedical implants.

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Li, Jie, Peng Zhou, Shokouh Attarilar, and Hongyuan Shi. "Innovative Surface Modification Procedures to Achieve Micro/Nano-Graded Ti-Based Biomedical Alloys and Implants." Coatings 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060647.

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Due to the growing aging population of the world, and as a result of the increasing need for dental implants and prostheses, the use of titanium and its alloys as implant materials has spread rapidly. Although titanium and its alloys are considered the best metallic materials for biomedical applications, the need for innovative technologies is necessary due to the sensitivity of medical applications and to eliminate any potentially harmful reactions, enhancing the implant-to-bone integration and preventing infection. In this regard, the implant’s surface as the substrate for any reaction is of crucial importance, and it is accurately addressed in this review paper. For constructing this review paper, an internet search was performed on the web of science with these keywords: surface modification techniques, titanium implant, biomedical applications, surface functionalization, etc. Numerous recent papers about titanium and its alloys were selected and reviewed, except for the section on forthcoming modern implants, in which extended research was performed. This review paper aimed to briefly introduce the necessary surface characteristics for biomedical applications and the numerous surface treatment techniques. Specific emphasis was given to micro/nano-structured topographies, biocompatibility, osteogenesis, and bactericidal effects. Additionally, gradient, multi-scale, and hierarchical surfaces with multifunctional properties were discussed. Finally, special attention was paid to modern implants and forthcoming surface modification strategies such as four-dimensional printing, metamaterials, and metasurfaces. This review paper, including traditional and novel surface modification strategies, will pave the way toward designing the next generation of more efficient implants.

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Nhlapo, Nthabiseng, Thywill Cephas Dzogbewu, and Olga de Smidt. "Nanofiber Polymers for Coating Titanium-Based Biomedical Implants." Fibers 10, no. 4 (April 18, 2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib10040036.

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The excellent combination of properties has seen a steep increase in the demand for titanium (Ti)-based material as biomedical implant devices. However, some features that promote biocompatibility are found to be lacking in Ti implants. The use of polymer nanofiber (NF) coating on the surfaces of the implants has been proven to remedy these setbacks. In particular, electrospun NFs are versatile as natural extracellular matrix mimics and as facilitators in the biocompatibility function of Ti-based implants. Therefore, various properties of Ti implants coated with polymer NFs and the correlations among these properties are explored in this review. Synthetic polymers are favorable in tissue engineering applications because they are biocompatible and have low toxicity and degradation rates. Several approved synthetic polymers and polymer hybrids have been electrospun onto Ti implant surfaces to successfully improve the biomedical applicability of the implants with regard to their physical (including diameter and porosity), chemical (including corrosion resistance), mechanical (including elastic modulus, strength and ductility) and biological properties (including tissue integration, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity).

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Shayganpour, Amirreza, Alberto Rebaudi, Pierpaolo Cortella, Alberto Diaspro, and Marco Salerno. "Electrochemical coating of dental implants with anodic porous titania for enhanced osteointegration." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (November 20, 2015): 2183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.224.

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Clinical long-term osteointegration of titanium-based biomedical devices is the main goal for both dental and orthopedical implants. Both the surface morphology and the possible functionalization of the implant surface are important points. In the last decade, following the success of nanostructured anodic porous alumina, anodic porous titania has also attracted the interest of academic researchers. This material, investigated mainly for its photocatalytic properties and for applications in solar cells, is usually obtained from the anodization of ultrapure titanium. We anodized dental implants made of commercial grade titanium under different experimental conditions and characterized the resulting surface morphology with scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer. The appearance of nanopores on these implants confirm that anodic porous titania can be obtained not only on ultrapure and flat titanium but also as a conformal coating on curved surfaces of real objects made of industrial titanium alloys. Raman spectroscopy showed that the titania phase obtained is anatase. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that by carrying out the anodization in the presence of electrolyte additives such as magnesium, these can be incorporated into the porous coating. The proposed method for the surface nanostructuring of biomedical implants should allow for integration of conventional microscale treatments such as sandblasting with additive nanoscale patterning. Additional advantages are provided by this material when considering the possible loading of bioactive drugs in the porous cavities.

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Vishwakarma, Vinita, Gobi Saravanan Kaliaraj, and Kamalan Kirubaharan Amirtharaj Mosas. "Multifunctional Coatings on Implant Materials—A Systematic Review of the Current Scenario." Coatings 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010069.

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The challenges and demands of implant materials are changing as a result of the substantial expansion in the global population. Suitable implants are required for aged people, physical injuries, patients who need revised surgeries, contaminated implants, and accident victims. Hence, the requirement for implants is drastically increasing day by day. Metals, ceramics, and polymers are used as implant materials by biomedical industries for long-term suffering patients. Stainless steel, titanium and its alloys, aluminum alloys, cobalt, zirconium, etc. (metals), hydroxyapatite (ceramic), polyurethane, polyethylene, polyimide, etc. (polymers), are some of the examples that fulfill the implant requirements. There are many other obstructions, such as adhesion, inflammation, and bacterial attack, which minimize the implant’s performance and its activity. However, coatings on ideal implant materials are significant to avoid its failure and to enhance its durability and longevity. Advanced techniques, such as physical and chemical methods, are suitable coating approaches to promote the surface of implants with respect to mechanical, biological, and other multifunctional activities. This review paper focuses on and investigates several strategies for bioactive implants’ coatings, analysis, and emerging applications for biomedical industries.

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Ng, Sabrina Livia, Subhabrata Das, Yen-Peng Ting, Raymond Chung Wen Wong, and Nattharee Chanchareonsook. "Benefits and Biosafety of Use of 3D-Printing Technology for Titanium Biomedical Implants: A Pilot Study in the Rabbit Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 8480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168480.

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Background: Titanium has been used in osteosynthesis for decades and its compatibility and safety is unquestioned. Studies have shown that there is release and collection of titanium in the organ systems with little note of toxicity. The gold standard is considered to be titanium osteosynthesis plate produced by milling methods. The use of customized titanium plates produced with 3D printing, specifically direct metal laser sintering, have found increasing use in recent years. It is unknown how much titanium is released in these printed titanium implants, which is known to be potentially porous, depending on the heat settings of the printer. We hypothesize that the amount of titanium released in printed titanium implants may be potentially more or equal compared to the gold standard, which is the implant produced by milling. Methods: We studied the biosafety of this technology and its products by measuring serum and organ titanium levels after implantation of 3D-printed versus traditionally fabrication titanium plates and screws in a pilot study using the rabbit model. A total of nine rabbits were used, with three each in the control, milled and printed titanium group. The animals were euthanized after six months. Serum and organs of the reticuloendothelial system were harvested, digested and assayed for titanium levels. Results: Organ and serum titanium levels were significantly higher in rabbit subjects implanted with titanium implants (milled and printed) compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference in organ and serum titanium levels of subjects implanted with milled and traditionally fabricated titanium implants. Conclusions: The biosafety of use of 3D-printed titanium implants and traditionally fabricated titanium implants are comparable. With this in mind, 3D-printed custom implants can not only replace, but will very possibly surpass traditionally fabricated titanium implants in the mode and extent of use.

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EKTESSABI, A. M. "Application of micro beam PIXE in biomedical implant research." International Journal of PIXE 06, no. 01n02 (January 1996): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012908359600017x.

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The material composition and surface structure of dental and orthopaedic implants influence the integration in bone, and, at the same time, the release of the constituent elements of the implants into the surrounding tissues. Titanium, titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) and other materials which are considered to be biocompatible materials, release metal ions into the surrounding tissues. This may affect the appropriate biological response of the tissues to the implanted materials. The toxicity of some of the constituent elements of these implants, e.g. vanadium, is a matter of serious concern. In this paper, the experimental data on application of PIXE to biomedical-implant research are presented. Two groups of samples were prepared for PIXE analysis. The first group consisted of the specimens that were retrieved from the tissues around implants in 28 rats. The second group consisted of specimens that were sliced and polished to a thickness of a few 10 µm, while keeping the interface between the implant, cortical bone, bone marrow, and soft tissues intact. The implants of the second group, 10 specimens with between 6 and 20 measurement points on each specimen, were used for specifically obtaining the distribution of the released elements with reference to the implant tissue interface, using ion micro beam. The implantation time ranged from 12 weeks to 52 weeks.

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Tailor, Satish, N. Vashishtha, Ankur Modi, and SC Modi. "Thermally Sprayed Porous PEEK Coating for Biomedical Implants." Journal of Thermal Spray and Engineering 1, no. 1 (2018): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52687/2582-1474/116.

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The present study reports the novel results of microstructural and mechanical properties of highly porous Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) coating. PEEK is already considered as a material for biomedical implants. A new kind of approach is proposed for manufacturing of highly porous PEEK coating on a dense PEEK coating for orthopedic implants and successfully implemented to create novel biomimetic porous PEEK coating by means of thermal spray process. To imitate the structure of natural bone, as-sprayed top PEEK coating has porosity of more than 60% vol. and pore sizes of 30-80 μm. Mechanical results of dense PEEK coating show that PEEK coating exhibited good strength, hardness (20 HV0.1) and good bonding strength (15 MPa) with the metal substrate. Thermal sprayed porous PEEK coating that can be used for future implants instead of plasma sprayed titanium coating on dense PEEK implants because porous PEEK improves the bone-implant interface joining compared to plasma-sprayed titanium coating on PEEK.

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Akshaya, S., Praveen Kumar Rowlo, Amey Dukle, and A. Joseph Nathanael. "Antibacterial Coatings for Titanium Implants: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives." Antibiotics 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121719.

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Titanium and its alloys are widely used as implant materials for biomedical devices owing to their high mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. However, there is a significant rise in implant-associated infections (IAIs) leading to revision surgeries, which are more complicated than the original replacement surgery. To reduce the risk of infections, numerous antibacterial agents, e.g., bioactive compounds, metal ions, nanoparticles, antimicrobial peptides, polymers, etc., have been incorporated on the surface of the titanium implant. Various coating methods and surface modification techniques, e.g., micro-arc oxidation (MAO), layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), anodization, magnetron sputtering, and spin coating, are exploited in the race to create a biocompatible, antibacterial titanium implant surface that can simultaneously promote tissue integration around the implant. The nature and surface morphology of implant coatings play an important role in bacterial inhibition and drug delivery. Surface modification of titanium implants with nanostructured materials, such as titanium nanotubes, enhances bone regeneration. Antimicrobial peptides loaded with antibiotics help to achieve sustained drug release and reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance. Additive manufacturing of patient-specific porous titanium implants will have a clear future direction in the development of antimicrobial titanium implants. In this review, a brief overview of the different types of coatings that are used to prevent implant-associated infections and the applications of 3D printing in the development of antibacterial titanium implants is presented.

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Desai, Shrikar R., Kiran Deepak Koulgikar, Nasser Raqe Alqhtani, Ali Robaian Alqahtani, Abdullah Saad Alqahtani, Adel Alenazi, Artak Heboyan, Gustavo V. O. Fernandes, and Mohammed Mustafa. "Three-Dimensional FEA Analysis of the Stress Distribution on Titanium and Graphene Frameworks Supported by 3 or 6-Implant Models." Biomimetics 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010015.

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Titanium is the main component of dental implants. It is also routinely used as a framework material for implant-supported full-arch prostheses due to its low density, biocompatibility, and other mechanical properties. Remarkable mechanical properties such as lesser mass density and higher young’s modulus of graphene have gained popularity among scientists, improving the properties of biomedical implants. Thus, our study aimed to compare the outcome through the von Mises stresses generated on All-on-6 and All-on-3 implant models, as well as on the framework, and evaluate the effect of stress patterns on the crestal bone around implants in the mandible. FEA (Finite Element Analysis) study was carried out using edentulous mandible models. Four 3D FEA models with 3 and 6 implants were used (Model 1: Titanium bar-supported 6 straight implants; Model 2: Graphene bar-supported 6 straight implants; Model 3: Titanium bar-supported 3 implants with 30 degrees-tilted; Model 4: Graphene bar-supported 3 implants with 30 degrees-tilted) in order to simulate endosseous implant designs. The implant measuring 4.2 mm in diameter and 11.5 mm in length were used. The most distal implants in the 3-implant models were placed with angulation of 30 degrees; in 6 implants, they were vertically placed. All the models were analyzed for vertical and oblique axis with a single force magnitude of 100 N. In all four implant models and under loading conditions, the peak stress points were always on the neck of the most distal implant. von Mises stresses were within the normal stress range. In a conventional six-straight implant model supported by a titanium framework, the cortical stress in the region of implants was 25.27 MPa, whereas, in the graphene framework, it was 12.18 MPa. Under vertical load, there was a significant difference in the cortical stress around the tilted implants (30 degrees) in the 3-implant system of titanium and graphene frameworks, respectively, 70.31 MPa and 21.27 MPa. The graphene framework demonstrated better results than the titanium framework for the conventional six-implant system under vertical load, achieving stress of 30.09 MPa and 76.60 MPa, respectively. In the case of the 3-implant system, a significant difference in the bar stress was observed between graphene and titanium, respectively, 256.32 MPa and 180.1 MPa of bar stress. Within the limitation of this study, the peri-implant stresses were decreased using graphene framework models. Hence, it was possible to conclude that the best load-bearing capacity results were found in the graphene framework group compared to the titanium framework for All-on-6 and All-on-3 implant models, even though both materials are reliable options used as framework materials in implant-supported full-arch prostheses.

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Amirtharaj Mosas, Kamalan Kirubaharan, Ashok Raja Chandrasekar, Arish Dasan, Amirhossein Pakseresht, and Dušan Galusek. "Recent Advancements in Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Implants." Gels 8, no. 5 (May 21, 2022): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8050323.

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Metallic materials such as stainless steel (SS), titanium (Ti), magnesium (Mg) alloys, and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys are widely used as biomaterials for implant applications. Metallic implants sometimes fail in surgeries due to inadequate biocompatibility, faster degradation rate (Mg-based alloys), inflammatory response, infections, inertness (SS, Ti, and Co-Cr alloys), lower corrosion resistance, elastic modulus mismatch, excessive wear, and shielding stress. Therefore, to address this problem, it is necessary to develop a method to improve the biofunctionalization of metallic implant surfaces by changing the materials’ surface and morphology without altering the mechanical properties of metallic implants. Among various methods, surface modification on metallic surfaces by applying coatings is an effective way to improve implant material performance. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in ceramics, polymers, and metallic materials used for implant applications. Their biocompatibility is also discussed. The recent trends in coatings for biomedical implants, applications, and their future directions were also discussed in detail.

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Ferro, Federico, Federico Azzolin, Renza Spelat, Lorenzo Bevilacqua, and Michele Maglione. "Assessing the Efficacy of Whole-Body Titanium Dental Implant Surface Modifications in Inducing Adhesion, Proliferation, and Osteogenesis in Human Adipose Tissue Stem Cells." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040206.

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Background: Although the influence of titanium implants’ micro-surface properties on titanium discs has been extensively investigated, the research has not taken into consideration their whole-body effect, which may be considered possible using a combinatorial approach. Methods: Five titanium dental implants with a similar moderate roughness and different surface textures were thoroughly characterized. The cell adhesion and proliferation were assessed after adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were seeded on whole-body implants. The implants’ inductive properties were assessed by evaluating the osteoblastic gene expression. Results: The surface micro-topography was analyzed, showing that hydroxyapatite (HA)-blasted and bland acid etching implants had the highest roughness and a lower number of surface particles. Cell adhesion was observed after 24 h on all the implants, with the highest score registered for the HA-blasted and bland acid etching implants. Cell proliferation was observed only on the laser-treated and double-acid-etched surfaces. The ADSCs expressed collagen type I, osteonectin, and alkaline phosphatase on all the implant surfaces, with high levels on the HA-treated surfaces, which also triggered osteocalcin expression on day seven. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that the morphology and treatment of whole titanium dental implants, primarily HA-treated and bland acid etching implants, impact the adherence and activity of ADSCs in osteogenic differentiation in the absence of specific osteo-inductive signals.

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Yu, Jingwei, Minghao Zhou, Luxuan Zhang, and Hongbo Wei. "Antibacterial Adhesion Strategy for Dental Titanium Implant Surfaces: From Mechanisms to Application." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 4 (September 29, 2022): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040169.

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Dental implants are widely used to restore missing teeth because of their stability and comfort characteristics. Peri-implant infection may lead to implant failure and other profound consequences. It is believed that peri-implantitis is closely related to the formation of biofilms, which are difficult to remove once formed. Therefore, endowing titanium implants with anti-adhesion properties is an effective method to prevent peri-implant infection. Moreover, anti-adhesion strategies for titanium implant surfaces are critical steps for resisting bacterial adherence. This article reviews the process of bacterial adhesion, the material properties that may affect the process, and the anti-adhesion strategies that have been proven effective and promising in practice. This article intends to be a reference for further improvement of the antibacterial adhesion strategy in clinical application and for related research on titanium implant surfaces.

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Anene, Franklin, Jaafar Aiza, Ismail Zainol, Azmah Hanim, and Mohd Tahir Suraya. "Additively manufactured titanium alloys and effect of hydroxyapatite coating for biomedical applications: A review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 11 (July 30, 2020): 1450–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720942560.

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Metallic implants are extensively used to treat a spectrum of orthopaedic related disorders. Among the metals, titanium and its alloys are considered most excellent and indispensable material for the production of orthopaedic implants regarding their sterling mechanical properties and exceptional biocompatibility. Recently, rapid progress in developing non-toxic titanium-based alloys with modulus similar to that of human bone has inspired researchers globally. Thus, many studies have focused on titanium alloys, their heat treatment processes and several processing technologies. Additive manufacturing has been designed to enhance their mechanical properties tailored towards biomedical applications. Inarguably, the need to further improve on the implant’s biocompatibility with bodily environment for optimum service life is of great importance. Hence, hydroxyapatite coating provides an improvement as demonstrated by in vitro as well as in vivo studies. The present article critically reviews, based on recent scientific literatures, the progress made thus far in the development of titanium-based alloys, additive manufacturing processes and their heat and surface treatments tailored towards biomedical applications.

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Frikha, Sirine, Laurence Giraud-Moreau, Anas Bouguecha, and Mohamed Haddar. "Simulation-Based Process Design for Asymmetric Single-Point Incremental Forming of Individual Titanium Alloy Hip Cup Prosthesis." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 3442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103442.

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Advanced manufacturing techniques aimed at implants with high dependability, flexibility, and low manufacturing costs are crucial in meeting the growing demand for high-quality products such as biomedical implants. Incremental sheet forming is a promising flexible manufacturing approach for rapidly prototyping sheet metal components using low-cost tools. Titanium and its alloys are used to shape most biomedical implants because of their superior mechanical qualities, biocompatibility, low weight, and great structural strength. The poor formability of titanium sheets at room temperature, however, limits their widespread use. The goal of this research is to show that the gradual sheet formation of a titanium biomedical implant is possible. The possibility of creative and cost-effective concepts for the manufacture of such complicated shapes with significant wall angles is explored. A numerical simulation based on finite element modeling and a design process tailored for metal forming are used to complete the development. The mean of uniaxial tensile tests with a constant strain rate was used to study the flow behavior of the studied material. To forecast cracks, the obtained flow behavior was modeled using the behavior and failure models.

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WEI, ChongBin, YuFeng ZHENG, Yan CHENG, CaiMei WANG, Ming LI, Hong CAI, XiaoChen ZHOU, et al. "Biomedical titanium implants based on additive manufacture." SCIENTIA SINICA Technologica 46, no. 11 (October 31, 2016): 1097–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n092016-00046.

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Huanhuan, Jiang, Hao Pengjie, Xu Sheng, Wang Binchen, and Shu Li. "The effect of strontium-loaded rough titanium surface on early osseointegration." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 32, no. 5 (October 12, 2017): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328217735953.

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It is not clear whether surface bioactive chemistry plays an important role in the early osseointegration of micro-structured titanium implants that have the same surface topography at the micrometer and submicrometer scales. In this study, magnetron sputtering methodology was employed for the preparation of Sr coating on sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) titanium implant without changing the surface characteristics. The study of the surface morphology of the coating was carried out with the use of scanning electron microscopy, and the chemical composition of the surface was examined by X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry. Twenty SLA implants together with 20 Sr-SLA implants were randomly inserted into the proximal tibia of 20 rats. The early osseointegration of the Sr-SLA implant was compared with SLA implant by removal torque test and histological analysis following two and eight weeks of implantation, correspondingly. As revealed by the surface characteristics, both Sr-SLA and SLA surfaces exhibited similar typical isotropic irregular indentations. The strontium ions were effectively incorporated into the SLA surface (the atomic ratio is 2%). Following two and eight weeks of healing, significant increases in removal torque values ( p < 0.05) were taken into observation in respect of Sr-SLA implant. Histologically, the Sr-SLA implants displayed significantly higher bone-to-implant contact percentages and bone area ratio in comparison with the SLA implant at eight weeks ( p < 0.05). At two weeks, the bone-implant contact percentages, together with bone area ratio of Sr-SLA surface appeared to be a little bit slightly greater than that of SLA surface. But the statistical difference was not significant. These results indicated that the chemical modification with Sr incorporated by magnetron sputtering treatment in moderately rough surfaced implants remarkably increases early bone apposition.

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de Oliveira, Marize Varella, L. C. Pereira, and Carlos Alberto Alves Cairo. "Titanium Powder Processing with Binder Addition for Biomedical Applications." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.173.

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Porous structures are applied as coatings in order to improve surgical implants bone fixation by allowing the mechanical interlocking of the pores and bone. Sintered titanium porous coatings have been used for surgical implants because they have a strong attachment of the coating to the substrate. This works reports the processing and characterization of titanium porous coatings and foam samples, for surgical implants applications. Pure titanium powders mixed with urea as a binder was used for the porous coatings and foam samples. A rod shape of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy P/M sample was used as substrate. Coatings surfaces were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy and the porosity characterization was made by quantitative metallografic analysis. It was found that coating porosity can be controlled by adjusting the binder percent addition and powder sizes. Sintered samples exhibited a microstructure with micropores and inteconnected macropores which is suitable to be used in surgical implants.

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Ma, Kai, Rui Zhang, Junlong Sun, and Changxia Liu. "Oxidation Mechanism of Biomedical Titanium Alloy Surface and Experiment." International Journal of Corrosion 2020 (August 13, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1678615.

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The biological activity, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance of implants depend primarily on titanium dioxide (TiO2) film on biomedical titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). This research is aimed at getting an ideal temperature range for forming a dense titanium dioxide (TiO2) film during titanium alloy cutting. This article is based on Gibbs free energy, entropy changes, and oxygen partial pressure equations to perform thermodynamic calculations on the oxidation reaction of titanium alloys, studies the oxidation reaction history of titanium alloys, and analyzes the formation conditions of titanium dioxide. The heat oxidation experiment was carried out. The chemical composition was analyzed with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results revealed that titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the main reaction product on the surface below 900°C. Excellent porous oxidation films can be obtained between 670°C and 750°C, which is helpful to improve the bioactivity and osseointegration of implants.

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Grądzka-Dahlke, Małgorzata. "Comparison of Functional Properties of Thin Layers on Titanium and Cobalt Implant Alloys." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 1053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.1053.

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The development of arthroplastics places high demands on the materials used for load-bearing elements of orthopedic implants. The most common of implant materials are titanium and cobalt alloys due to their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Titanium alloys have desirable properties, such as relatively low modulus, good fatigue strength, formability, machinability, superior corrosion resistance and so are frequently used for long-term implants. However, poor wear resistance limits their application for tribological systems of artificial joints. Research on improvement of titanium alloys tribological properties have been undertaken, mainly by using thin coatings. The TiN-layers are reported to be most promising in biomedical applications such. Many authors stress that application of TiN layer improve wear resistance of titanium implant alloys. Presented work is focused on comparison of effect of TiN coating on properties of TiAlV and CoCrMo implant alloys. The structure, microhardness, corrosion resistance as well as tribological properties were analysed. The research did not confirmed the good properties of titanium alloy with TiN coating. The results show that matrix metal hardness definitely affects the efficiency of TiN layers.

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Otte, Joseph A., Jin Zou, Rushabh Patel, Mingyuan Lu, and Matthew S. Dargusch. "TiB Nanowhisker Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composite with Improved Hardness for Biomedical Applications." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 2480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122480.

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Titanium and its alloys have been employed in the biomedical industry as implants and show promise for more broad applications because of their excellent mechanical properties and low density. However, high cost, poor wear properties, low hardness and associated side effects caused by leaching of alloy elements in some titanium alloys has been the bottleneck to their wide application. TiB reinforcement has shown promise as both a surface coating for Ti implants and also as a composite reinforcement phase. In this study, a low-cost TiB-reinforced alpha titanium matrix composite (TMC) is developed. The composite microstructure includes ultrahigh aspect ratio TiB nanowhiskers with a length up to 23 μm and aspect ratio of 400 and a low average Ti grain size. TiB nanowhiskers are formed in situ by the reaction between Ti and BN nanopowder. The TMC exhibited hardness of above 10.4 GPa, elastic modulus above 165 GPa and hardness to Young’s modulus ratio of 0.062 representing 304%, 170% and 180% increases in hardness, modulus and hardness to modulus ratio, respectively, when compared to commercially pure titanium. The TiB nanowhisker-reinforced TMC has good biocompatibility and shows excellent mechanical properties for biomedical implant applications.

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MASHHADI, MEHDI, REZA HAMZELOO, and MEGHDAD FALLAH. "IN VITRO STUDY AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DENTAL IMPLANTS MADE OF VARIOUS MATERIALS AND FABRICATION METHODS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 21, no. 01 (February 2021): 2150004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519421500044.

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Selecting materials and alloys, fabrication methods, surface characteristics and coatings, and topology design, all affect the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and functionality of dental implants. The success in embedding implants in mouth and improving biocompatibility and consequently useful life of implants depends directly on proper adhesion of tissue to implant surface of a biocompatible alloy. In this research, experimental surface hardness and in vitro tests are carried out on samples with different alloys and different manufacturing methods. Various fabrication techniques, such as machining and 3D printing (Selective laser melting (SLM)), are considered for steel and titanium specimens. Results show that the hardness values of specimens made by the SLM method are higher than machined samples about 8% and also stainless steels samples have higher hardness than titanium specimens. A comparison of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) surface pictures indicates that applying modern fabrication methods for production which includes SLM improves the performance of implants in terms of mechanical and biocompatibility by increasing cell adhesion up to 21 times. In addition, results indicate that titanium alloys have almost 13% higher adhesion property than stainless steel and generally exhibit a higher balance of adhesion and cell growth.

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Han, Xia-Ying, Tong Meng, Jian-Xin Ye, Hua-Bin Yin, and Dian-Wen Song. "Enhanced Antibacterial and Osteogenic Properties of Graphene Oxide Loaded with Berberine on Biomedical Titanium." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2022.3273.

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Internal implants are widely used in most orthopedic surgeries, of which titanium and its alloys are most widely used owing to the excellent corrosiveness resistance, low elastic modulus and good biocompatibility. However, implant failure still occurs for that titanium and its alloys themselves do not own antibacterial and osteogenic properties. In this work, we successfully fabricated berberine-loaded graphene oxide (GO) on the surface of biomedical titanium and systematically investigated its capabilities of antibacteria and osteogenesis. In vitro results showed that berberine had low antibacterial activity, but GO loaded with berberine on titanium (Ber&GO@Ti) exhibited superior antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with the synergistic effect of GO and berberine. Meanwhile, Ber&GO@Ti performed satisfactory cytocompatibility and was capable of promoting osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. In the vivo experiment, Ber&GO@Ti showed excellent antibacterial properties and inflammatory cells e.g., neutrophils had seldom been found. No visceral toxicity had been found. This multifunctional coating showed great potential in orthopedic implants.

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Polishetty, Ashwin, Guy Littlefair, and K. Praveen Kumar. "Machinability Assessment of Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V for Biomedical Applications." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 1985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1985.

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Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) has a wide range of application in various fields of engineering. Titanium is mainly used to manufacture aerospace components like landing gear, fuselage, wings, engines etc. and biomedical components like hip joint, knee joint, dental implants etc. Titanium has outstanding material properties such as corrosion resistance, fatigue strength, tensile strength and a very good biocompatibility which makes this material very alluring for biomedical applications. Contrary, the machinability of the material is problematic because of the phase transformations and thus, titanium alloy is a challenge for machining operation. This research is a comparative analysis between the implants manufactured by traditional method of casting and machining. The femoral stem of the hip joint replacement is designed and the component is machined using a five-axis CNC machine. The machined component was subjected to surface roughness testing, tensile testing and bulk hardness testing. The values were compared with the values of titanium implants manufactured by casting.

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Subramani, Karthikeyan. "Titanium Surface Modification Techniques for Implant Fabrication – From Microscale to the Nanoscale." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 5 (February 2010): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.5.39.

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This manuscript reviews about titanium surface modification techniques for its application in orthopaedic and dental implants. There are a few limitations in the long term prognosis of orthopaedic and dental implants. Poor osseointegration with bone, periimplant infection leading to implant failure and short term longevity demanding revision surgery, are to mention a few. Micro- and nanoscale modification of titanium surface using physicochemical, morphological and biochemical approaches have resulted in higher bone to implant contact ratio and improved osseointegration. With recent advances in micro, nano-fabrication techniques and multidisciplinary research studies focusing on bridging biomaterials for medical applications, TiO2 nanotubes have been extensively studied for implant applications. The need for titanium implant surface that can closely mimic the nanoscale architecture of human bone has become a priority. For such purpose, TiO2 nanotubes of different dimensions and architectural fashions at the nanoscale level are being evaluated. This manuscript discusses in brief about the in-vitro and in-vivo studies on titanium surface modification techniques. This manuscript also addresses the recent studies done on such nanotubular surfaces for the effective delivery of osteoinductive growth factors and anti bacterial/ anti inflammatory drugs to promote osseointegration and prevent peri-implant infection.

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Hermawan, Hendra, and Mehdi Razavi. "Special Issue “Absorbable Metals for Biomedical Applications”." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 3835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143835.

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Wu, Yu, Haikuo Tang, Lin Liu, Qianting He, Luodan Zhao, Zhexun Huang, Jinghong Yang, Congyuan Cao, Jie Chen, and Anxun Wang. "Biomimetic titanium implant coated with extracellular matrix enhances and accelerates osteogenesis." Nanomedicine 15, no. 18 (August 2020): 1779–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0047.

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Aim: To evaluate the biological function of titanium implants coated with cell-derived mineralized extracellular matrix, which mimics a bony microenvironment. Materials & methods: A biomimetic titanium implant was fabricated primarily by modifying the titanium surface with TiO2 nanotubes or sand-blasted, acid-etched topography, then was coated with mineralized extracellular matrix constructed by culturing bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. The osteogenic ability of biomimetic titanium surface in vitro and in vivo were evaluated. Results: In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that the biomimetic titanium implant enhanced and accelerated osteogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells by increasing cell proliferation and calcium deposition. Conclusion: By combining surface topography modification with biological coating, the results provided a valuable method to produce biomimetic titanium implants with excellent osteogenic ability.

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Lavenus, Sandrine, Guy Louarn, and Pierre Layrolle. "Nanotechnology and Dental Implants." International Journal of Biomaterials 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/915327.

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The long-term clinical success of dental implants is related to their early osseointegration. This paper reviews the different steps of the interactions between biological fluids, cells, tissues, and surfaces of implants. Immediately following implantation, implants are in contact with proteins and platelets from blood. The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells will then condition the peri-implant tissue healing. Direct bone-to-implant contact is desired for a biomechanical anchoring of implants to bone rather than fibrous tissue encapsulation. Surfaces properties such as chemistry and roughness play a determinant role in these biological interactions. Physicochemical features in the nanometer range may ultimately control the adsorption of proteins as well as the adhesion and differentiation of cells. Nanotechnologies are increasingly used for surface modifications of dental implants. Another approach to enhance osseointegration is the application of thin calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings. Bioactive CaP nanocrystals deposited on titanium implants are resorbable and stimulate bone apposition and healing. Future nanometer-controlled surfaces may ultimately direct the nature of peri-implant tissues and improve their clinical success rate.

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Balasubramanian, Ravisankar, Rameshbabu Nagumothu, Evgeny Parfenov, and Ruslan Valiev. "Development of nanostructured titanium implants for biomedical implants – A short review." Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021): 1195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.064.

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Crawford, H. V., P. S. Unwin, and P. S. Walker. "The CADCAM Contribution to Customized Orthopaedic Implants." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 206, no. 1 (March 1992): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_260_02.

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CADCAM (computer aided design/manufacture) production methods are often associated with mass production; working in the medical field at the Department of Biomedical Engineering, the requirement is for one-off, individualized implants. Using a knowledge-based system, implant designs are produced from X-ray data. Assembly from modular components has greatly reduced the production time of implants for bone tumour cases. CADCAM techniques are also used in the production of custom-made hip replacements using digitized data gathered from radiographs. Femoral canal shape is calculated and the optimal implant designed and manufactured from titanium alloy on the Department's CNC (computer numerically controlled) machines.

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Elias, Carlos Nelson, Patricia Abdo Gravina, Costa e. Silva Filho, and Pedro Augusto de Paula Nascente. "Preparation of Bioactive Titanium Surfaces via Fluoride and Fibronectin Retention." International Journal of Biomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/290179.

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Statement of Problem. The chemical or topographic modification of the dental implant surface can affect bone healing, promote accelerated osteogenesis, and increase bone-implant contact and bonding strength.Objective. In this work, the effects of dental implant surface treatment and fibronectin adsorption on the adhesion of osteoblasts were analyzed.Materials and Methods. Two titanium dental implants (Porous-acid etching and PorousNano-acid etching followed by fluoride ion modification) were characterized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction before and after the incorporation of human plasma fibronectin (FN). The objective was to investigate the biofunctionalization of these surfaces and examine their effects on the interaction with osteoblastic cells.Results. The evaluation techniques used showed that the Porous and PorousNano implants have similar microstructural characteristics. Spectrophotometry demonstrated similar levels of fibronectin adsorption on both surfaces (80%). The association indexes of osteoblastic cells in FN-treated samples were significantly higher than those in samples without FN. The radioactivity values associated with the same samples, expressed as counts per minute (cpm), suggested that FN incorporation is an important determinant of thein vitrocytocompatibility of the surfaces.Conclusion. The preparation of bioactive titanium surfaces via fluoride and FN retention proved to be a useful treatment to optimize and to accelerate the osseointegration process for dental implants.

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ARSHAD, SOMAYYE RABBANI, ATA HASHEMI, and IMAN ZOLJANAHI OSKUI. "DOES PEEK DENTAL IMPLANT HAVE THERMAL ADVANTAGE OVER ZIRCONIA OR TITANIUM IMPLANTS?" Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 20, no. 03 (April 2020): 2050005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519420500050.

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Purpose: To evaluate the thermal performance of PEEK dental implant and compare it with its conventional counterparts, i.e., titanium (Ti) and zirconia ([Formula: see text]). Materials and Methods: A three-dimensional finite element model of the dental implant and the surrounding bone was developed to simulate thermal analysis of the implant with three different materials, i.e., Ti, ZrO2 and PEEK for two types of heat load. Zirconia artificial crown was utilized in all three different implant materials. Results: In loading type I, the maximum temperature of the mandible bone at the cervical implant/bone interface was almost the same (37.7∘C) in all models, but the time to reach this temperature was 18[Formula: see text]s for Ti, 30[Formula: see text]s for ZrO2 and 65.7[Formula: see text]s for PEEK implant. The maximum temperature in loading type II was 41.8∘C, 41.6∘C and 41.3∘C, respectively, in ZrO2, Ti and PEEK models. Ti implant showed the fastest rising and recovery time. Conclusions: Under the considered heat loads, the maximum temperatures in the bone were below the bone necrosis temperature in all three cases. In addition the temperature change along the implant body in [Formula: see text] and PEEK implants are smaller than that in Ti. Moreover, PEEK was found to be a thermally viable option for dental implants.

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Matykina, E., R. Arrabal, R. Z. Valiev, J. M. Molina-Aldareguia, P. Belov, and I. Sabirov. "Electrochemical Anisotropy of Nanostructured Titanium for Biomedical Implants." Electrochimica Acta 176 (September 2015): 1221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.128.

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Govindaraj, Dharman, and Mariappan Rajan. "Fabrication of Minerals Substituted Hydroxyapatite based Nanocomposite Coating on Titanium: Physico-Chemical and in vitro Biological Evaluations." Asian Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 1 (2021): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23441.

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The search of orthopedic metallic implants which facilitate osteoconductivity and mitigate bacterial contamination has received substantial care to ensure long-term problems in the biomedical sector. Current research studies electrophoretic deposition of gelatin (Gel)@minerals (Ce, Mg, Zn) substituted hydroxyapatite (MHA2)-halloysite nanotube (HNT)-single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) (Gel@MHA2-HNT-SWCNT) nanocomposite coatings on the surface of titanium plate. Coated samples were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDX techniques. Furthermore, antimicrobial, hemolysis and cell viability studies of coating materials and their findings show the bacteriostatic activity, hemocompatibility and more viable cells, respectively. Overall, the in vitro experiments have shown that Gel@MHA2-HNT-SWCNT nanocomposite coating on titanium enhanced the biocompatible efficiency, suggesting that Gel@MHA2-HNT-SWCNT coated titanium is a potential implant substrate for orthopedic implants.

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Lee, Sangmin, Yun-Young Chang, Jinkyu Lee, Sajeesh Kumar Madhurakkat Perikamana, Eun Mi Kim, Yang-Hun Jung, Jeong-Ho Yun, and Heungsoo Shin. "Surface engineering of titanium alloy using metal-polyphenol network coating with magnesium ions for improved osseointegration." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 12 (2020): 3404–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0bm00566e.

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Nakashima, Yasuharu, Kazuo Hayashi, Tatsurou Inadome, Kazuhide Uenoyama, Toshihiko Hara, Takaaki Kanemaru, Yoichi Sugioka, and Iwao Noda. "Hydroxyapatite-coating on titanium arc sprayed titanium implants." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 35, no. 3 (June 5, 1997): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19970605)35:3<287::aid-jbm3>3.0.co;2-d.

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Kaur, Ghadirinejad, and Oskouei. "An Overview on the Tribological Performance of Titanium Alloys with Surface Modifications for Biomedical Applications." Lubricants 7, no. 8 (August 5, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7080065.

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The need for metallic biomaterials will always remain high with their growing demand in joint replacement in the aging population. This creates need for the market and researchers to focus on the development and advancement of the biometals. Desirable characteristics such as excellent biocompatibility, high strength, comparable elastic modulus with bones, good corrosion resistance, and high wear resistance are the significant issues to address for medical implants, particularly load-bearing orthopedic implants. The widespread use of titanium alloys in biomedical implants create a big demand to identify and assess the behavior and performance of these alloys when used in the human body. Being the most commonly used metal alloy in the fabrication of medical implants, mainly because of its good biocompatibility and corrosion resistance together with its high strength to weight ratio, the tribological behavior of these alloys have always been an important subject for study. Titanium alloys with improved wear resistance will of course enhance the longevity of implants in the body. In this paper, tribological performance of titanium alloys (medical grades) is reviewed. Various methods of surface modifications employed for titanium alloys are also discussed in the context of wear behavior.

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Wang, Bingzhang, Liang Chen, Jun Xie, Jiahao Tang, Chenxuan Hong, Kanhao Fang, Chen Jin, Chengbin Huang, Tianhao Xu, and Lei Yang. "Coating Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Loaded with Quercetin on Titanium Surfaces by Layer-By-Layer Assembly Technique to Improve Surface Osteogenesis Under Osteoporotic Condition." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 1392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2021.3115.

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Titanium (Ti) and its alloy implants are widely used in the field of orthopedics, and osteoporosis is an important reason for implantation failure. This study aimed to establish a quercetin (QTN) controlled release system on the surface of titanium implants and to study its effects on osteogenesis and osseointegration on the surface of implants. Polyethylenimine (PEI) was first immobilized on a titanium substrate as the base layer, and then, hyaluronic acid/chitosan-quercetin (HA/CS-QTN) multilayer films were assembled on the PEI layer by a self-assembly technique. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle measurements were used to characterize and analyze the samples. The release characteristics of QTN were studied by release assays. The osteogenic ability of the samples was evaluated by experiments on an osteoporosis rat model and MC3T3-E1 cells. The FTIR, SEM, and contact angle measurements all showed that the PEI substrate layer and HA/CS-QTN multilayer film were successfully immobilized on the titanium matrix. The drug release test showed the successful establishment of a QTN controlled release system. The in vitro results showed that osteoblasts exhibited higher adhesion, proliferation and differentiation ability on the coated titanium matrix than on the pure titanium surface. In addition, the in vivo results showed that the HA/CS-QTN coating significantly increased the new bone mass around the implant. By depositing a PEI matrix layer and HA/CS-QTN multilayer films on titanium implants, a controlled release system of QTN was established, which improved implant surface osseointegration under osteoporotic conditions. This study proposes a new implant therapy strategy for patients with osteoporosis.

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Zhao, Lingzhou, Paul K. Chu, Yumei Zhang, and Zhifen Wu. "Antibacterial coatings on titanium implants." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 91B, no. 1 (October 2009): 470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31463.

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dos Santos Bonfim, Pâmela Karina, Ricardo Ciuccio, and Maurício David Martins das Neves. "Development of Titanium Dental Implants Using Techniques of Powder Metallurgy." Materials Science Forum 775-776 (January 2014): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.775-776.13.

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Titanium is an attractive material for dental and biomedical applications, because of high corrosion resistance, excellent biocompatibility and high mechanical strength combined with low density. However, the high reactivity of titanium in the liquid phase make it difficult to produce it by fusion, so a alternative is powder metallurgy (P/M) method. Powder Metallurgy has been used to manufacture porous implants. The presence of a porous surface is desirable because it improves the osteointegration increases the adhesion between the bone tissue and the implant, being favorable for transporting body fluid. This paper proposes to characterize the commercial pure titanium powder obtained by process of hydride-dehydride, obtain samples with adequate porosity by uniaxial pressing and vacuum sintering and evaluate the corrosion behavior of sintered titanium in Hank ́s solution. The results showed that the titanium powder of angular shape after uniaxial pressing of 400 MPa and sintered in vacuum at 1150 ° C, allowed obtaining samples with adequate surface porosity of around 17%. In potentiodynamic polarization curves revealed no typical behavior of passive metals but show low current density, that increasing corrosion resistance. Keywords: titanium implants, powder metallurgy, porosity and electrochemical behavior.

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Larsson Wexell, C., P. Thomsen, B. O. Aronsson, P. Tengvall, M. Rodahl, J. Lausmaa, B. Kasemo, and L. E. Ericson. "Bone Response to Surface-Modified Titanium Implants: Studies on the Early Tissue Response to Implants with Different Surface Characteristics." International Journal of Biomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/412482.

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In a series of experimental studies, the bone formation around systematically modified titanium implants is analyzed. In the present study, three different surface modifications were prepared and evaluated. Glow-discharge cleaning and oxidizing resulted in a highly stoichiometric TiO2surface, while a glow-discharge treatment in nitrogen gas resulted in implants with essentially a surface of titanium nitride, covered with a very thin titanium oxide. Finally, hydrogen peroxide treatment of implants resulted in an almost stoichiometric TiO2, rich in hydroxyl groups on the surface. Machined commercially pure titanium implants served as controls. Scanning Auger Electron Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy revealed no significant differences in oxide thickness or surface roughness parameters, but differences in the surface chemical composition and apparent topography were observed. After surface preparation, the implants were inserted in cortical bone of rabbits and evaluated after 1, 3, and 6 weeks. Light microscopic evaluation of the tissue response showed that all implants were in contact with bone and had a large proportion of newly formed bone within the threads after 6 weeks. There were no morphological differences between the four groups. Our study shows that a high degree of bone contact and bone formation can be achieved with titanium implants of different surface composition and topography.

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Barbosa, Luzinete Pereira, Lucio Salgado, N. Filho Karsokas, and Márcia Kazumi Nagamine. "Characterization of HDH Titanium Powder for Biomaterial Applications." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.188.

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Several materials have been used as surgical implants since the 16th century. Materials can be implanted in the human body; however, the choice of the appropriate material is based on the required mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological properties. Until now two classes of metals namely stainless steel and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys became known as materials for implant applications. They were considered suitable for surgical implant procedures but many researchers and surgeons were not completely satisfied with their performance. The main problem of the modern science is to find a material that perfectly restores tissues damaged after accidents or diseases. The trend of the current research in orthopedic prosthesis is based on the development of titanium alloys composed of non-toxic elements with low modulus of elasticity. Powder metallurgy techniques have beenused to produce controlled porous structures such as the porous coating applied for dental and orthopedic surgical implants which allows bone tissue grown within the implant surface, improving fixation. The development of porous metallic biomaterials associated with their biomedical applications is an important research area. To obtain a good one implant successful therapy the composition, size, form and topography of the alloys are extremely important.

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Cheng, Yicheng, Shenglin Mei, Xiangwei Kong, Xianghui Liu, Bo Gao, Bo Chen, and Jiang Wu. "Long-term antibacterial activity of a composite coating on titanium for dental implant application." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 35, no. 6 (October 12, 2020): 643–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328220963934.

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Dental implants are the most innovative and superior treatment modality for tooth replacement. However, titanium implants still suffer from insufficient antibacterial capability and peri-implant diseases remain one of the most common and intractable complications. To prevent peri-implant diseases, a composite coating containing a new antibacterial agent, (Z-)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-2(5H)-furanone (BBF) was fabricated on titanium. This study was designed to investigate the antibacterial activity of the composite coating against two common peri-implant pathogens ( Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans). The morphology of the composite coating showed that BBF-loaded poly(L-lactic acid) nanospheres were well-distributed in the pores of the microarc oxidation coating, and cross-linked with each other and the wall pores by gelatin. A release study indicated that the antibacterial coating could sustain the release of BBF for 60 d, with a slight initial burst release occurring during the first 4 h. The antibacterial rate of the composite coating for adhering bacteria was the highest (over 97%) after 1 d and over 90% throughout a 30-day incubation period. The total fluorescence intensity of the composite coating was the lowest, and the vast majority of the fluorescence was red (dead bacteria). Moreover, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that the relative gene expression of the adherent bacteria on the composite coating was down-regulated. It was therefore concluded that the composite coating fabricated on titanium, which showed excellent and relatively long-term antibacterial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, is a potential and promising strategy to be applied on dental implants for the prevention of peri-implant diseases.

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Haugen, Håvard J., and Hongyu Chen. "Is There a Better Biomaterial for Dental Implants than Titanium?—A Review and Meta-Study Analysis." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 2 (April 20, 2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13020046.

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This article focuses on preclinical studies and reviews the available evidence from the literature on dental implant and abutment materials in the last decade. Specifically, different peri-implantitis materials and how surface modifications may affect the peri-implant soft-tissue seal and subsequently delay or hinder peri-implantitis are examined. This review analyzed more than 30 studies that were Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), Controlled Clinical Trials (CCTs), or prospective case series (CS) with at least six months of follow-up. Meta-analyses were performed to make a comparison between different implant materials (titanium vs. zirconia), including impact on bone changes, probing depth, plaque levels, and peri-implant mucosal inflammation, as well as how the properties of the implant material and surface modifications would affect the peri-implant soft-tissue seal and peri-implant health conditions. However, there was no clear evidence regarding whether titanium is better than other implant materials. Clinical evidence suggests no difference between different implant materials in peri-implant bone stability. The metal analysis offered a statistically significant advantage of zirconia implants over titanium regarding developing a favorable response to the alveolar bone.

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Abdul-Rani, Ahmad Majdi, Alexis Mouangue Nanimina, and Turnad Lenggo Ginta. "Surface Morphology and Corrosion Behavior in Nano PMEDM." Key Engineering Materials 724 (December 2016): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.724.61.

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This research study was conducted to investigate the effect of nanoaluminum powder mixed electrical discharge machining (PMEDM) on surface morphology and corrosion rate of titanium alloy material. The development of devices such as implants in biomedical engineering application nowadays requires materials having good mechanical and physical properties. Conventional machining process of titanium as implant is a challenge resulting relative poor surface quality. Even using electrical discharge machining (EDM) which is non-conventional machining process there are limitations including machined surface alteration with relative poor machined surface quality, low corrosion resistance and. PMEDM is hypothesized to address the above mentioned problems. In this study, PMEDM on titanium alloy using nanoaluminum powder and copper-tungsten electrode was assessed to investigate the improvement for implant application. Process parameters used are peak-current, ON-time, gap voltage and powder concentration. Surface morphology and average corrosion arte are selected output responses. Results showed that Surface morphology of PMEDM machined surface is significantly improved. PMEDM marginally enhanced corrosion rate of biomedical grade titanium alloy.

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Madhukar, Samatham, Sahan Nakshatram, Ramawath Prashanth Naik, and Priyanka Butty. "Review on use of Titanium and its alloys as Implants in Dental Applications." International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 10, no. 04 (July 3, 2020): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14741/ijcet/v.10.4.3.

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Proper selection of the implant biomaterial is a prominent factor for the success of implants in dental medicine. The biologic environment does not accept completely any material so to optimize biologic performance, implants should be selected to reduce the negative biologic response while maintaining adequate function. Among all the biocompatible materials (Ti-6Al-4V) have become the choice for dental implants due to their properties such as low specific weight, high strength to weight ratio, low modulus of elasticity, very high corrosion resistance and excellent general biocompatibility. Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) is the most widely used titanium alloy. It features good machinability and excellent mechanical properties when compared to the Pure Titanium. These alloys are widely used in the engineering field, namely in the aerospace, automotive and biomedical parts, because of their high specific strength and exceptional corrosion resistance. This paper deals with the present views on material properties, passive oxidation film formation, corrosion, surface activation, cell interactions, biofilm development, allergy, casting and machining properties of Ti6Al-4V.

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Ganesh, N., and S. Rambabu. "Finite Element Analysis of Porous Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Structures for Biomedical Applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012224.

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Abstract In this article, design and finite element simulation of porous Ti-6Al-4V alloy structures was presented. Typically, titanium and titanium alloy implants can be manufactured with required pore size and porosity volume by using powder bed fusion techniques due to advancement in additive manufacturing technologies. However, the mismatch of elastic modulus between human cortical bone and the dense Ti-6Al-4V alloy implant resulted in stress shielding which accelerate the implant failure. The porous implant structures help in reduce the mismatch of elastic modulus between the cortical bone and implant structure and also improve the bone ingrowth. Hence, the present work focuses on design of Ti-6Al-4V alloy porous structures with various porosities ranging from 10% to 70% and simulated to determine the elastic modulus suitable for human cortical bone. The sample with 45% porosity is found to be best suited for replacement of cortical bone with elastic modulus of 74Gpa, preventing stress shielding effect and enhanced chances of bone ingrowth.

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Cardona, Milovan Joe, Catherine Turner, Calum Ross, Elaine Baird, and Richard Anthony Black. "An improved process for the fabrication and surface treatment of custom-made titanium cranioplasty implants informed by surface analysis." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 35, no. 6 (September 11, 2020): 602–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328220957899.

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Cranioplasty implants are routinely fabricated from commercially pure titanium plates by maxillofacial prosthetists. The differing fabrication protocols adopted by prosthetists working at different hospital sites gives rise to considerable variations in surface topography and composition of cranioplasty implants, with residues from the fabrication processes having been found to become incorporated into the surface of the implant. There is a growing recognition among maxillofacial prosthetists of the need to standardise these protocols to ensure quality and consistency of practice within the profession. In an effort to identify and eliminate the source of the inclusions associated with one such fabrication protocol, the present study examined the surfaces of samples subjected to each of the manufacturing steps involved. Surface and elemental analysis techniques identified the main constituent of the surface inclusions to be silicon from the glass beads used to texture the surface of the implant during fabrication. Subsequent analysis of samples prepared according to a revised protocol resulted in a more homogeneous titanium dioxide surface as evidenced by the reduction in area occupied by surface inclusions (from 8.51% ± 2.60% to 0.93% ± 0.62%). These findings may inform the development of improved protocols for the fabrication of titanium cranioplasty plates.

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Wieland, M., C. Sittig, M. Textor, F. Birchler, J. Blum, S. W. Ha, B. A. Keller, E. Wintermantel, and N. D. Spencer. "Surface Characterisation of Titanium Alloy Implants." Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering 41, s1 (January 1996): 446–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmte.1996.41.s1.446.

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Richard, Caroline. "Innovative Surface Treatments of Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1570.

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Abstract:

Biomedical engineering is an advanced technology based on an extremely complex development of advanced biomaterials. Since the first Consensus Conference in Chester (UK) on Definitions in Biomaterials of the European Society for Biomaterials, in 1986, biomaterial was defined as ‘a bioinert or bioactive material used in a material advice, intended to interact with biological systems, restore functions of natural living tissues and organism in the body’. In this way, passive metallic materials (as titanium alloys), a broad spectrum of bioceramics, even biopolymers and all combinations of these biomaterials are used for numerous medical devices owing to their high biocompatibility. For example, titanium alloys can be employed for the femoral stems in the total hip joint replacement (trh) or for dental applications. Among the different clinical aims of an implant, a high osseointegration is required and crucial. In order to prevent the alloys from the aggressive body environment, surface modification of implants are employed to render them protection from both wear, corrosion and even tribocorrosion. In addition to the surface treatments, new implant materials are also being fabricated with biocompatible alloying elements to reduce the toxic effects of the alloying elements. These presentation describes the methodologies that could be adapted to overcome some of the factors leading to implant failure. It gives a panorama and shows that the different processes can increase noticeably the performance of the alloy as orthopedic and dental implant. It also gives prospects for the development of new possible ways for enhancing the biosecurity of such material.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Titanium biomedical implants'

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