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Journal articles on the topic 'Titaniferous magnetite'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Dmitriev, A. N., G. Yu Vit’kina, and R. V. Alektorov. "Pyrometallurgical processing of high-titaniferous ores." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 1219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-12-1219-1229.

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The future development of Ural mineral and raw materials base of steel industry is considerably stipulated by the development of deposits of titanium-magnetite ores, the reserves of which are accounted for near 77% of iron ores of Urals. It was shown, that the content of titanium dioxide as well as harmful impurities in the titanium-magnetite have the decisive meaning for selection of processing technology of them for extraction out of them vanadium and other useful components. Technological schemes of the titanium-magnetite enrichment and industrial methods of titanium-magnetite concentrates processing considered. Examples of titanium-magnetite processing by coke-BF and coke-less schemes given. The problems of blast furnace melting of titanium-magnetite ores highlighted. Main problems relate to formation of refractory compounds in a form of carbo-nitrides during reduction of titanium and infusible masses in blast furnace hearth. It was shown, that intensification if carbides precipitation is stipulated by increase of intensity of titanium reduction at increased temperatures of a heat products and requires the BF heat to be run at minimal acceptable temperature mode. Technological solutions, necessary to implement in blast furnace for iron ore raw materials with increased content of titanium processing were presented, including increase of basicity of slag from 1.2 to 1.25-1.30, increase of pressure at the blast furnace top from 1.8 to 2.2 atm, decrease of silicon content in hot metal from 0.1 to 0.05%, application of manganese-containing additives. It was noted, that theoretically the blast furnace melting of titanium-magnetite is possible at titanium dioxide content in slag up to 40% when application of the abovementioned technological solutions, silicon content in hot metal to 0.01% and very stable heat conditions of a blast furnace. The actuality of titanium and its pigmental dioxide production increase was noted. Possibilities of development of Medvedevskoje and Kopanskoje deposits of high-titaniferous ores in Chelyabinsk region with extraction not only iron and vanadium but also titanium considered.

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2

Guo, Ke, Shaoyan Wang, Renfeng Song, and Zhiqiang Zhang. "Leaching Titaniferous Magnetite Concentrate by Alkaline Aqueous Solution." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 38, no. 4 (June 16, 2021): 1721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42461-021-00387-x.

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AbstractLeaching titaniferous magnetite concentrate with alkali solution of high concentration under high temperature and high pressure was utilized to improve the grade of iron in iron concentrate and the grade of TiO2 in titanium tailings. The titaniferous magnetite concentrate in use contained 12.67% TiO2 and 54.01% Fe. The thermodynamics of the possible reactions and the kinetics of leaching process were analyzed. It was found that decomposing FeTiO3 with NaOH aqueous solution could be carried out spontaneously and the reaction rate was mainly controlled by internal diffusion. The effects of water usage, alkali concentration, reaction time, and temperature on the leaching procedure were inspected, and the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. After NaOH leaching and magnetic separation, the concentrate, with Fe purity of 65.98% and Fe recovery of 82.46%, and the tailings, with TiO2 purity of 32.09% and TiO2 recovery of 80.79%, were obtained, respectively.

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3

Sedneva, T. A., E. P. Lokshin, P. B. Gromov, E. K. Kopkova, and E. A. Shchelokova. "Decomposing the Titaniferous Magnetite Concentrate with Hydrochloric Acid." Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 45, no. 5 (October 2011): 753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040579511050125.

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4

Starkey, Les. "TITANIUM-MAGNETITE: Geophysical signature of the Balla Balla titaniferous magnetite deposit, Western Australia." ASEG Extended Abstracts 1994, no. 1 (December 1994): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/asegspec07_28.

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5

Geldenhuys, I. J., Q. G. Reynolds, and G. Akdogan. "Evaluation of Titania-Rich Slag Produced from Titaniferous Magnetite Under Fluxless Smelting Conditions." JOM 72, no. 10 (August 3, 2020): 3462–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04304-3.

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Abstract Titanium-bearing magnetite ore is generically defined as magnetite with > 1% titanium dioxide (TiO2) and is usually vanadium-bearing. The iron and titanium occur as a mixture of magnetite (Fe3O4) and ilmenite (FeTiO3) with vanadium oxide usually occurring within the solid solution of the titanium-bearing magnetite phase. These ores are currently widely processed in blast furnaces via modified ironmaking processes. Typically, vanadium is recovered as a by-product from the ironmaking process, while the diluted titania slag is stockpiled. Fluxless smelting in a direct-current open-arc furnace is proposed as an opportunity to improve iron and vanadium recovery and potentially unlock the titanium as a slag product. Slags produced from a pilot study are compared to industrial slags produced from ilmenite. The findings from the pilot test show that slag produced under fluxless smelting conditions in an open-arc electric furnace is remarkably similar to industrial ilmenite slags. The test conditions were varied to evaluate the slag and metal composition, and furnace operation, under increasing reducing conditions. The study showed that the slag and metal product was remarkably similar to industrial slag produced from ilmenite.

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6

Roshchin, V. E., A. V. Asanov, and A. V. Roshchin. "Possibilities of two-stage processing of titaniferous magnetite ore concentrates." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2011, no. 6 (June 2011): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029511060206.

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7

Taylor, P. R., S. A. Shuey, E. E. Vidal, and J. C. Gomez. "Extractive metallurgy of vanadium-containing titaniferous magnetite ores: a review." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 23, no. 2 (May 2006): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03403340.

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8

Starkey, Les. "Geophysical Signature of the Balla Balla Titaniferous Magnetite Deposit, Western Australia." Exploration Geophysics 25, no. 3 (September 1994): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg994170a.

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9

Samanta, Saikat, Siddhartha Mukherjee, and Rajib Dey. "Upgrading Metals Via Direct Reduction from Poly-metallic Titaniferous Magnetite Ore." JOM 67, no. 2 (November 21, 2014): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-014-1203-9.

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10

Abotar, E., J. B. Dankwah, P. Koshy, and J. R. Dankwah. "Production of Metallic Iron from the Pudo Magnetite Ore using End-of-Life Rubber Tyre as Reductant: The Role of an Underlying Ankerite Ore as a Fluxing Agent on Productivity." Ghana Mining Journal 20, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v20i2.5.

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This research work investigated the nature of a nonmagnetic ore from Pudo in the Upper West Region of Ghana and its fluxing effect on the extent of reduction of the Pudo titaniferous magnetite ore using pulverised samples of charred carbonaceous materials generated from end-of-life vehicle tyres (ELT) as reductants. Reduction studies were conducted on composite pellets of the Pudo titaniferous magnetite iron ore containing fixed amounts of charred ELT and varying amounts (0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) of the nonmagnetic fluxing material in a domestic microwave oven and the extent of reduction was calculated after microwave irradiation for 40 minutes. Analyses by XRF, SEM/EDS and XRD of the nonmagnetic ore revealed an Ankerite type of ore of the form Ca0.95Fe0.95Mn0.1 (CO3)2. From the microwave reduction studies it was observed that premium grade metallic iron could be produced from appropriate blends of the Pudo iron ores using ELT as reductant, with a measured extent of reduction up to 103.8%. Further, the extent of reduction was observed to increase with an increase in the amount of the nonmagnetic fluxing material (Ankerite) that was added as fluxing agent. Keywords: Ankerite, End-of-life Rubber Tyres, Fluxing Agent, Extent of Reduction

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11

Steinthorsson, S., Ö. Helgason, M. B. Madsen, C. Bender Koch, M. D. Bentzon, and S. Mørup. "Maghemite in Icelandic basalts." Mineralogical Magazine 56, no. 383 (June 1992): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1992.056.383.05.

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AbstractCurie temperatures indicating non-titaniferous magnetite are common in Icelandic basalts of all ages, especially Tertiary ones. Yet, microprobe analyses of such samples have shown high titanium in the magnetite. To resolve this paradox, and the mechanism at work, the magnetic mineral fraction of eight basalt samples with Js-T curves characteristic for pure magnetite was subjected to a multi-disciplinary analysis including Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. In most of the samples titanium in the magnetite, as analysed with the microprobe, ranged between 16 and 28 wt.%, indicating submicroscopic solvus exsolution in the titanomagnetite, beyond the power of resolution for the microprobe. More unexpectedly in view of the reversible Js-T curves, Mössbauer spectroscopy showed appreciable proportion of maghemite in the magnetic fraction. A three-stage mechanism is proposed for the formation of the mineral assemblages observed: (1) limited high-temperature oxyexsolution; (2) solvus exsolution during low-temperature hydrothermal alteration; and (3) maghemitization of the magnetite. Finally, the maghemite may transform to hematite with time. It is concluded that maghemite is much more common in Icelandic rocks than hitherto believed.

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12

SAMANTA, Saikat, Siddhartha MUKHERJEE, and Rajib DEY. "Oxidation behaviour and phase characterization of titaniferous magnetite ore of eastern India." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 24, no. 9 (September 2014): 2976–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(14)63434-8.

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13

Koerber, Alexander, and Joyashish Thakurta. "PGE-Enrichment in Magnetite-Bearing Olivine Gabbro: New Observations from the Midcontinent Rift-Related Echo Lake Intrusion in Northern Michigan, USA." Minerals 9, no. 1 (December 29, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9010021.

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The Echo Lake intrusion in the Upper Peninsula (UP) of Michigan, USA, was formed during the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift event in North America. Troctolite is the predominant rock unit in the intrusion, with interlayered bands of peridotite, mafic pegmatitic rock, olivine gabbro, magnetite-bearing gabbro, and anorthosite. Exploratory drilling has revealed a platinum group element (PGE)-enriched zone within a 45 m thick magnetite-ilmenite-bearing olivine gabbro unit with grades up to 1.2 g/t Pt + Pd and 0.3 wt. % Cu. Fine, disseminated grains of sulfide minerals such as pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite occur in the mineralized interval. Formation of Cu-PGE-rich sulfide minerals might have been caused by sulfide melt saturation in a crystallizing magma, which was triggered by a sudden decrease in fO2 upon the crystallization and separation of titaniferous magnetite. This PGE-enriched zone is comparable to other well-known reef-like PGE deposits, such as the Sonju Lake deposit in northern Minnesota.

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14

Sarkar, Bitan Kumar, Saikat Samanta, Rajib Dey, and Gopes Chandra Das. "A study on reduction kinetics of titaniferous magnetite ore using lean grade coal." International Journal of Mineral Processing 152 (July 2016): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2016.05.011.

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15

Chakraborty, S. P., I. G. Sharma, P. R. Menon, and A. K. Suri. "Preparation and characterization of iron aluminide based intermetallic alloy from titaniferous magnetite ore." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 359, no. 1-2 (September 2003): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388(03)00197-x.

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16

Mondal, Riya. "Titaniferous Magnetite Deposits Associated with Archean Greenstone Belt in the East Indian Sheild." Earth Sciences 4, no. 4 (2015): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040401.12.

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17

Saha, Abhishek, Sohini Ganguly, Jyotisankar Ray, and Avik Dhang. "Vanadium bearing titaniferous magnetite ore bodies of Ganjang, Karbi-Anglong District, Northeastern India." Journal of the Geological Society of India 76, no. 1 (July 2010): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-010-0075-z.

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18

Samanta, Saikat, Manik Chandra Goswami, Tapan Kumar Baidya, Siddhartha Mukherjee, and Rajib Dey. "Mineralogy and carbothermal reduction behaviour of vanadium-bearing titaniferous magnetite ore in Eastern India." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials 20, no. 10 (October 2013): 917–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0815-3.

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19

Harlov, Daniel E. "Titaniferous magnetite–ilmenite thermometry and titaniferous magnetite–ilmenite–orthopyroxene–quartz oxygen barometry in granulite facies gneisses, Bamble Sector, SE Norway: implications for the role of high-grade CO2-rich fluids during granulite genesis." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 139, no. 2 (June 6, 2000): 180–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00007670.

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20

Maphutha, M. P. "The effect of magnesia and alumina crucible wear on the smelting characteristics of titaniferous magnetite." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 117, no. 7 (2017): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n7a6.

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21

Sarkar, B. K., S. Samanta, R. Dey, and G. C. Das. "Novelty on reduction of raw and pre-oxidised titaniferous magnetite ore with boiler grade coal." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 45, no. 5 (February 6, 2017): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2017.1286545.

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22

Barkov, Andrei Y., Gennadiy I. Shvedov, Alexander A. Polonyankin, and Robert F. Martin. "New and unusual Pd-Tl-bearing mineralization in the Anomal'nyi deposit, Kondyor concentrically zoned complex, northern Khabarovskiy kray, Russia." Mineralogical Magazine 81, no. 3 (June 2017): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2016.080.118.

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AbstractNew Pd-Tl-(Bi,As)-rich compounds are described from the Anomal'nyi Cu-PGE deposit, Kondyor alkaline ultramafic complex, northeastern Russia. They occur in vein-type settings associated with bodies of 'kosvite' (magnetite-rich clinopyroxenite) in the dunite-(peridotite) core, in pegmatiticand micaceous rocks. The ore zones are substantially enriched in phlogopite; they consist of diopside, disseminated titaniferous magnetite and fluorapatite (Sr-bearing). The observed assemblages of ore minerals include sulfides of the chalcopyrite-bornite-(secondary chalcocite) associationand various species of platinum-group minerals (PGM) [isomertieite or arsenopalladinite rich in Sb, mertieite-II, mertieite-I, sobolevskite, kotulskite, merenskyite, zvyagintsevite, palarstanide, paolovite, sperrylite, maslovite or moncheite, hollingworthite and unnamed species of PGM] anda Ag-Au alloy. The oxides [Pd4(Bi,Te,Tl)O6 and Pd4(Tl,Bi,Te)O6] probably formed in situ by oxidation reactions at the expense of the associated PGM intergrowths. These involve palladium bismuthide-thallide phases, Pd5(Tl,As,Bi)and Pd5(As,Tl,Bi), which are documented here for the first time. A fairly evolved environment, enriched in Cu, Pd, Te, Bi, Pb and volatile components, is indicated for the vein-type deposit at Anomal'nyi.

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23

Sarkar, Bitan Kumar, Maharshi Ghosh Dastidar, Rajib Dey, and Gopes Chandra Das. "A study on isothermal reduction kinetics of titaniferous magnetite ore using coke dust, an industrial waste." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 58, no. 3 (December 5, 2018): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2018.1553750.

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24

Cabral, A. R., B. Lehmann, H. F. Galbiatti, and O. G. Rocha Filho. "Evidence for metre-scale variations in hematite composition within the Palaeoproterozoic Itabira Iron Formation, Minas Gerais, Brazil." Mineralogical Magazine 70, no. 5 (October 2006): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461067050352.

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AbstractHematite is a mineral the chemical composition of which rarely differs significantly from stoichiometric Fe2O3. As such, little attention has been paid to the mineral chemistry of hematite in Precambrian iron formations, where hematite forms monomineralic high-grade orebodies. Electron microprobe analysis of hematite from two iron-ore deposits, Cauê (Itabira district) and Gongo Soco, in the Palaeoproterozoic Itabira Iron Formation, Quadrilátero Ferrífero of Minas Gerais, Brazil, has revealed distinct variations in chemical composition with respect to Ti and Cr. Hematite containing Ti and/or Cr is of very local occurrence in the itabirite unit and shows a spatial relationship to hematitic, palladiferous gold-bearing veins (known as ‘jacutinga’), occurring either within the veins (adjacent to, or included in, palladiferous gold grains) or in their vicinity. Where present, titaniferous hematite (to ∼1.3 wt.% TiO2) is lepidoblastic and defines a pervasive tectonic foliation (S1). In contrast, Ti-free, chromiferous hematite (to ∼6.4 wt.% Cr2O3) characteristically occurs as inclusions in palladiferous gold within S1-truncating ‘jacutinga’. Replacement of granoblastic, Ti-free, chromiferous martite with relicts of magnetite by lepidoblastic, Cr-depleted, titaniferous hematite proves that Cr and Ti were mobile during metamorphism. Chromium was ultimately fractionated into the hematite found in auriferous aggregates within cross-cutting ‘jacutinga’. A positive correlation between Cr and Pt in bulk-rock samples from the Itabira district suggests that Cr is a potential prospective guide for Au-Pd-Pt-bearing hematitic veins (‘jacutinga’).

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25

Sarkar, Bitan Kumar, Maharshi Ghosh Dastidar, Rajib Dey, Gopes Chandra Das, Souryadipta Chowdhury, and Dhiman Kumar Mahata. "Optimization of Reduction Parameters of Quenched Titaniferous Magnetite Ore by Boiler Grade Coal Using Box–Behnken Design." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D 100, no. 2 (April 25, 2019): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40033-019-00184-3.

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26

Kim, Rina, Min-seuk Kim, Jae-chun Lee, Sujeong Lee, Kang-Yeong Kim, Kyeong Woo Chung, Chul-Woo Nam, Sung-Don Kim, and Ho-Seok Jeon. "Optimization of Soda ash Roasting-water Leaching Conditions for Vanadium Recovery from a Vanadium-bearing Titaniferous Magnetite Ore." Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers 58, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2021.58.1.017.

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27

Falaknazi, Majid, and Mehrdad Karimi. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Titaniferous Gabbros of Ophiolitic Fanouj Zone (Sistan & Baluchestan, Iran)." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2016): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n4p189.

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<p><span lang="EN-US">Ophiolite complex in the west of Fanuj is 200 Km south west of Iranshahr in Sistan and Baluchestan province. This ophiolite complex lies in the uplift zone of the oceanic crust of Oman between Makran and Fanuj faults. Ophiolite of the west part of Fanuj is consisted of three parts including gabbro, diabase dikes and small quantity microdiorite masses. Ilmenite is the main mineral of titanium which along with magnetite has been formed independently or inter-crystalline way after crystallization of plagioclase, pyroxene and often along with amphibole in gabbro rocks. The formation of the broad gabbro masses which is associated with plagioclase and pyroxene crystallization in High Oxygen fugacity condition formed a fluid rich in iron and titanium during the formation of ferro gabbro rocks as the main host of the ilminite reserves. Gradual crystallization process and decrease in compatible elements such as </span><span lang="EN-US">Cr, Ni, Mg and increase in incompatible elements such as Mn</span><span lang="FA" dir="RTL">،</span><span lang="EN-US"> Na</span><span lang="FA" dir="RTL">،</span><span lang="EN-US"> Ti from the bottom to the upper parts of ophilite complex shows that </span><span lang="EN-US">the formation of the complex has been occurred through the process of crystal fractionation from a tholeiitic magma which is rich in titanium.</span></p>

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28

Beura, D., D. Acharya, P. Singh, and S. Acharya. "Högbomite Associated with Vanadium bearing Titaniferous Magnetite of Mafic-Ultramafic Suite of Moulabhanj Igneous Complex, Orissa, India." Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 08, no. 09 (2009): 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2009.89064.

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29

Reynolds, Ivan M. "The nature and origin of titaniferous magnetite-rich layers in the upper zone of the Bushveld Complex; a review and synthesis." Economic Geology 80, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 1089–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.4.1089.

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30

Reynolds, Ivan M. "Contrasted mineralogy and textural relationships in the uppermost titaniferous magnetite layers of the Bushveld Complex in the Bierkraal area north of Rustenburg." Economic Geology 80, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 1027–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.4.1027.

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31

Kornilkov, Sergey, Valery Kantemirov, Andrey Yakovlev, and Roman Titov. "Sorting out of Gusevogorsk deposit titaniferous magnetite ore by technological types by methods of geoinformation modeling and preliminary estimation of their washability." E3S Web of Conferences 56 (2018): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185603014.

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A more complete and complex extraction of valuable components in the development of mineral resources is achieved through the separation of technological types and grades of ores, their separate extraction and processing, which allows to increase the yield, quality and nomenclature of commercial products and to raise the economic efficiency of the extraction and preparation processes. An important element of the separate processing of types of ores is the technology used for their zoning by grades in the open-pit space. Innovative direction in the development of the forecast of quality and preparation characteristics of mineral resources is the methods of geoinformation modeling with the use of Geological and Mining Information System technologies. The paper describes the technique of modeling and separation of ores into technological grades on the example of the Gusevogorskoye deposit of titanomagnetites, and presents the method of express ore preparability analysis with the estimation of the degree of contrast of qualitative characteristics.

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32

PERUMALA, Raju V. S., and Roland K. W. MERKLE. "Hydrothermal Högbomite Associated with Vanadiferous-Titaniferous (V-Ti) Bearing Magnetite Bands in Bhakatarhalli Chromite Mine, Nuggihalli Greenstone Belt, Western Dharwar Craton, Karnataka, India." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 88, no. 3 (June 2014): 845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12241.

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33

Hébert, Claude, Anne-Marie Cadieux, and Otto van Breemen. "Temporal evolution and nature of TiFeP mineralization in the anorthositemangeritecharnockitegranite (AMCG) suites of the south-central Grenville Province, Saguenay Lac St. Jean area, Quebec, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1865–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-050.

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In the south-central Grenville Province, Quebec, Canada, anorthositemangeritecharnockitegranite (AMCG) magmatism took place during four distinct episodes between 1327 and 1008 Ma. AMCG rocks crosscut several gneiss complexes composed of ~1506 Ma supracrustal rocks and massive to gneissic igneous rocks that were emplaced during two distinct episodes: ~1434 and 13931383 Ma. The four episodes of AMCG magmatism are (i) the 1327 ± 16 Ma labradorite-type De La Blache Mafic Plutonic Suite, (ii) the 11601135 Ma labradorite- and andesine-type Lac St. Jean Anorthositic Suite, (iii) a 10821045 Ma unnamed plutonic suite, and (iv) the 10201008 Ma andesine-type Valin Anorthositic Suite. The Valin Anorthositic Suite includes the 1016 ± 2 Ma andesine-type Mattawa Anorthosite, the 10101008 Ma andesine-type Labrieville Alkalic Anorthositic Massif, the 1020 ± 4 Ma St. Ambroise Pluton, the 1018+73 Ma Farmer Monzonite; the 1010 ± 2 Ma Gouin Charnockite, and the 1010 ± 3 Ma La Hache Monzonite. Study of the TiTeP mineral occurrences in these four AMCG units in the south-central Grenville Province has shown that (i) apatite-bearing rocks are related only to andesine-type anorthosites, (ii) titaniferous magnetite is restricted to labradorite-type anorthosites, and (iii) hemo-ilmenite occurs only in andesine-type anorthosite and associated oxideapatite-rich gabbronorites (OAGN) and nelsonites.

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34

Sarkar, Bitan Kumar, Nikhil Kumar, Rajib Dey, and Gopes Chandra Das. "Optimization of Quenching Parameters for the Reduction of Titaniferous Magnetite Ore by Lean Grade Coal Using the Taguchi Method and Its Isothermal Kinetic Study." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 49, no. 4 (June 4, 2018): 1822–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-018-1283-y.

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35

Tsymbal, V. P., I. A. Rybenko, P. A. Sechenov, V. I. Kozhemyachenko, S. N. Kalashnikov, and L. A. Ermakova. "Theoretical matters of self-organization and their practical implementation in jet-emulsion process. Part 2. Possible variants of industrial implementation of jet-emulsion metallurgical process and new technological schemes on its base." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 3 (March 28, 2021): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-3-272-278.

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At the large-scale test facility, manufactured at West-Siberian iron and steel plant from 1992 till 2001 40 series of experiments were accomplished, which enabled to confirm trueness of theoretical and designing solutions of jet-emulsion metallurgical process (JER) and to perfect the design of the facility. Several new low-energy intensive technologies were tested experimentally, including a technology of direct reducing of powdered ores and wastes (sludges, oiled scale) without agglomeration, a technology of obtaining manganese alloys from poor powdered ores, a technology division of titanium-magnetite concentrates into iron and conditional titaniferous slag, and a technology of metal direct reduction with simultaneous production of synthesis-gas. It was shown, that application of JER process is particularly effective for processing of poor powdered ores, as well as powdered iron-containing and coal wastes, by direct reduction in one stage without agglomeration. Possible variants of diversification of technological schemes of production considered for integrated steel plants and machine-building plants, creation of mini-mills of complete cycle (ore‒steel). An example of a layout solution for a technology based on JER process in existing building presented. The level of the development enables to design and together with a machine-building plant to construct on “turn-key” base a pilot facility of industrial scale. The advantages of the process mentioned above enable to get a quick pay-back, particularly for situation of processing of powdered wastes and ores.

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36

Visser, Diederik, and Antony Senior. "Mg-rich dumortierite in cordierite-orthoamphibole-bearing rocks from the high-grade Bamble Sector, south Norway." Mineralogical Magazine 55, no. 381 (December 1991): 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1991.055.381.09.

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AbstractDumortierite is described from several occurrences of cordierite-orthoamphibole-bearing rocks in the upper-amphibolite facies area of the Bamble Sector, south Norway. Dumortierite occurs with chlorite, muscovite and quartz in late M4 alteration zones or aggregates after M3, peak-metamorphic cordierite and garnet and early M4 vein-cordierite, and intergrown with or replacing orthoamphibole. Late M4P-T conditions, which are interpreted as conditions of dumortierite formation, are estimated from the associated late M4 kyanite-andalusite-chlorite-quartz assemblage and Mg-Fe exchange geothermometry to be 500 ± 50 °C and 3–4 kbar. Retrogression of M3 mineral assemblages is initiated by influx of fluids with XCO2 of 0.3–0.4 during early M4 followed by more water-rich fluids during late M4. Late M4 fluids may show local variations in alkalis and boron. The dumortierites are the most Mg-rich (2.23–3.42 wt. % MgO) ever reported, and contain 0.00–2.05 wt.% TiO2, 0.00–1.08 wt.% Fe2O3, 29.62–32.42 wt.% SiO2 and 55.20–59.71 wt.% Al2O3. Al is the most likely substituent for Si, which shows a minor deficiency at the tetrahedral sites in most dumortierites. The major variations in the mineral chemistry can be described by the coupled substitutions Mg + Ti = 2AlVI, 3Mg = 2AlVI and possibly Mg + H = AlVI. Favoured by low ƒO2 prevailing conditions a significant part of total iron in dumortierites at one locality is present as Fe2+ giving evidence for the Fe2+ + SiIV = AlIV + AlVI tschermakite substitution. FeMg−1 substitution is considered to be limited. Ti-rich dumortierites coexist with rutile, ilmenite or titaniferous magnetite. The development of dumortierite from orthoamphibole correlates with an observed decrease of Al, Mg and Na and increase of Si and Fe in orthoamphibole towards dumortierite.

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Clarke, D. Barrie, Christopher R. M. McFarlane, David Hamilton, and David Stevens. "Forensic igneous petrology: locating the source quarry for the “black granite" Titanic headstones in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada." Atlantic Geology 53 (March 29, 2017): 087–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2017.004.

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In Halifax, Nova Scotia, 149 victims of the 1912 sinking of the Titanic lie beneath petrologically identical "black granite" headstones. Those headstones, supplied by the White Star Line, arrived in Halifax in late 1912, but no known historical document reveals their source. They consist of medium- to coarse-grained olivine-bearing gabbro, with cumulus phases consisting of randomly oriented euhedral plagioclase laths, corroded olivine, and titaniferous magnetite, and intercumulus material consisting of augite with reaction rims of hornblende, both of which are variably altered to actinolite and biotite. Three types of forensic evidence [quantitative – radiometric age of 422.1 ± 1.3 Ma (n = 17), mean olivine FeO/(FeO + MgO) values ranging from 0.43 to 0.46, augite rim trace- element compositions (35 elements), and whole-rock chemical compositions (48 elements), including statistical analysis of all these data showing no significant differences between the headstones and their putative source quarry; qualitative – mineral assemblages, modal proportions, textural parameters, style and degree of alteration; and circumstantial – regional reputation, quarrying history, local logistics, regional transportation, McGrattan marker] connect the Titanic headstones to the Saint George Batholith in southwestern New Brunswick. Precise matching of any dimension stone to its source quarry is problematic, because that material connects only to a void in the quarry. Ideally, all physical-chemical-temporal properties of the dimension stone and source quarry should match, both quantitatively and qualitatively, but in reality only the ages must almost certainly match. Thus it is remotely possible for the right quarry to mismatch most of the properties of the dimension stone, and for a wrong quarry to match most of the properties of the dimension stone. However, in the case of the Titanic headstones, the cumulative weight of all the quantitative, qualitative, and circumstantial evidence, combined with a process of elimination and application of Ockham’s razor, indicate that the Charles Hanson quarry near Bocabec, southwestern New Brunswick, is the likely source for the gabbroic Titanic headstones in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

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Platt, R. Garth, and Alan R. Woolley. "The mafic mineralogy of the peralkaline syenites and granites of the Mulanje complex, Malawi." Mineralogical Magazine 50, no. 355 (March 1986): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1986.050.355.12.

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AbstractStudies of the mafic mineralogy of the Mulanje granite-quartz-syenite-syenite Massif of southern Malawi delineate two mineralogically distinct complexes—the Main complex and the Chambe complex. Each complex is associated with its own trend of pyroxene evolution. The Main complex pyroxenes exhibit initial enrichment in hedenbergite before subsequent enrichment in acmite (i.e. sodic-salite-sodic-hedenbergite-aegirine-hedenbergite-aegirine), whereas the Chambe pyroxenes display constantly increasing acmite content with no significant enrichment in hedenbergite (i.e. sodic-salite-aegirine-augite-aegirine). This phenomenon is also reflected in the more Mg-rich amphiboles and biotites of the Chambe rocks when compared to those of the Main complex.The general evolutionary trend of the Main complex amphiboles is katophorite → ferroricherite → arfvedsonite which broadly correlates with a change in rock type from syenite to granite. Superimposed on this trend is an essentially similar, yet less extensive trend of the more Mg-rich Chambe amphiboles. The micas of both complexes show a general evolution to more iron-rich compositions with relatively constant Al content. Those of the Main complex, however, display extreme iron enrichment with ultimate formation of essentially pure ferrous annite.Aenigmatite, astrophyllite, fayalite, chevkinite, yttrofluorite, and unidentified RE minerals are characteristic of the Main complex rocks but totally absent from those of the Chambe complex. Ilmenite constitutes the only iron oxide phase in the Main complex rocks whereas titaniferous magnetite (now unmixed) and ilmenite are both present in the rocks of Chambe.The differences between the two complexes are explained in terms of oxygen fugacity, silica activity, crystallization interval, and the relative rates of development of peralkalinity. In essence, the Chambe magmas are considered to have crystallized under high fO2 conditions with an earlier development of peralkaline tendencies when compared to those of the Main complex magmas. Moreover, a lower initial silica activity, a smaller alkali to alumina ratio, and a correspondingly smaller crystallization interval could account for the lack of highly evolved granitic magmas in the Chambe complex, whereas such magmas are integral in the evolution of the Main complex.

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39

Sole, Kathryn C. "Recovery of titanium from the leach liquors of titaniferous magnetites by solvent extraction." Hydrometallurgy 51, no. 2 (February 1999): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-386x(98)00081-4.

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Sole, Kathryn C., Angus Feather, and Johan P. O'Connell. "Recovery of titanium from the leach liquors of titaniferous magnetites by solvent extraction." Hydrometallurgy 51, no. 3 (March 1999): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-386x(98)00089-9.

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Sole, Kathryn C. "Recovery of titanium from the leach liquors of titaniferous magnetites by solvent extraction." Hydrometallurgy 51, no. 3 (March 1999): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-386x(98)00090-5.

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Huang, Fei, Hong Xu, Wumu Liu, and Siqiang Zheng. "Microscopic characteristics and properties of titaniferous compound reinforced nickel-based wear-resisting layer via in situ precipitation of plasma spray welding." Ceramics International 44, no. 6 (April 2018): 7088–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.01.148.

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"Kazakhstan: Tenir Logistics – TiO2 from titaniferous magnetite." Focus on Pigments 2013, no. 2 (February 2013): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-6210(13)70008-0.

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DMITRIEV, Andrey, Roman PETUKHOV, and Lubov OVCHINNIKOVA. "Processing of Titaniferous Magnetite Ores with the Various Titanium Dioxide Content." DEStech Transactions on Materials Science and Engineering, icmsea/mce (June 16, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtmse/icmsea/mce2017/10791.

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