Academic literature on the topic 'Tissue Treg'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tissue Treg"
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Li, Chaoran, Andrés R. Muñoz-Rojas, Gang Wang, Alexander O. Mann, Christophe Benoist, and Diane Mathis. "PPARγ marks splenic precursors of multiple nonlymphoid-tissue Treg compartments." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 13 (March 22, 2021): e2025197118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025197118.
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Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) regulate most types of immune response as well as several processes important for tissue homeostasis, for example, metabolism and repair. Dedicated Treg compartments—with distinct transcriptomes, T cell receptor repertoires, and growth/survival factor dependencies—have been identified in several nonlymphoid tissues. These Tregs are specifically adapted to function and operate in their home tissue—When, where, and how do they take on their specialized characteristics? We recently reported that a splenic Treg population expressing low levels of the transcription factor PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) contains precursors of Tregs residing in visceral adipose tissue. This finding made sense given that PPARγ, the “master regulator” of adipocyte differentiation, is required for the accumulation and function of Tregs in visceral adipose tissue but not in lymphoid tissues. Here we use single-cell RNA sequencing, single-cell Tcra and Tcrb sequencing, and adoptive-transfer experiments to show that, unexpectedly, the splenic PPARγlo Treg population is transcriptionally heterogeneous and engenders Tregs in multiple nonlymphoid tissues beyond visceral adipose tissue, such as skin and liver. The existence of a general pool of splenic precursors for nonlymphoid-tissue Tregs opens possibilities for regulating their emergence experimentally or therapeutically.
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Mailloux, Adam William, Deanne M. R. Lathers, and M. Rita I. Young. "Lewis Lung Carcinoma-derived CCL22 recruitment of T regulatory cells (B148)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2007): LB31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.b148.
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Abstract Two aspects of cancer progression that contribute to malignancy are the ability of the tumor to metastasize to remote locations in the body, and the ability to evade effective host anti-tumor immune responses. It has been shown that T regulatory cells (Treg) can inhibit immune effector cell function and aid in anti-tumor immune evasion. Several types of tumors have elevated Treg numbers, and it is believed that tumors may actively recruit these cell types. Treg migration is induced by several chemokines and their receptors such as CCL22 and CCR4. Here, we use flow cytometry to analyze CCR4 expression on T cell populations and show that Tregs express more CCR4 than any other T-cell type. We also used ELISA to compare CCL22 secretion levels in normal and Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) bearing lung tissue. While high basal levels of CCL22 are secreted from normal lung tissue, even higher levels are secreted by LLC bearing lung tissue. In addition, we used media conditioned on these tissues in transwell migration assays to measure preferential Treg chemoattraction. Normal lung tissue induced high levels of selective Treg chemoattraction, while LLC bearing lung selectively attracted even greater numbers of Tregs. These data suggest that normal lung tissue may be able to recruit elevated levels of immune inhibitory Tregs through the secretion of CCL22 prior to metastasis, and that once LLC metastasis occurs, both CCL22 and Treg levels increase even further.
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Camirand, Geoffrey, and David Rothstein. "Treg suppressor function in inflamed peripheral tissue and lymphoid tissue occurs through distinct mechanisms (IRC11P.426)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 197.8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.197.8.
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Abstract The mechanisms by which Treg (CD4+Foxp3+) affect DC function and modulate immunity in inflamed non-lymphoid tissues remain poorly understood. Here, we used 2-photon intravital microscopy to visualize how Treg suppressor function operates within allografts. To restrain the immune reaction to the transplant site, we adoptively transferred effector T cells (Teff), wt Treg, or both (2-3x106 each) to B6 mice lacking 2° lymphoid organs (SLO; splenectomized LTβR-/-) 3-4 days after transplantation of BALB/c islets. Teff alone induced acute allograft rejection. However, the co-transfer of Teff + wt Treg led to long-term allograft survival in ~50% of recipients. Intravital microscopy of transplanted islets on day 2 showed that wt Treg infiltrated the peri-islet region, where they predominantly made contacts with DCs. Wt Treg restrained the motility parameters of Teff in the peri-islet region, reduced Teff-DC contacts, and decreased Teff intra-islet infiltration (insulitis), compared to Teff alone. Treg constitutively express the ecto-nucleotidase CD73, which generates anti-inflammatory adenosine from AMP. CD73-/- mice do not develop autoimmunity, and CD73-/- Treg are potent suppressors in vitro. In contrast, CD73-/- Tregs were unable to prevent allograft rejection by Teff, despite their presence at the graft site. These results indicate that Treg function does not require priming in SLO and that their mechanisms of action may differ from those used in SLO.
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Zhang, Chaoqi, Lifeng Li, Kexin Feng, Daoyang Fan, Wenhua Xue, and Jingli Lu. "‘Repair’ Treg Cells in Tissue Injury." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 43, no. 6 (2017): 2155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000484295.
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Studies in mice and humans have elucidated an important role for Tregs in promoting tissue repair and restoring tissue integrity. Emerging evidence has revealed that Tregs promoted wound healing and repair processes at multiple tissue sites, such as the heart, liver, kidney, muscle, lung, bone and central nervous system. The localization of repair Tregs in the lung, muscle and liver exhibited unique phenotypes and functions. Epidermal growth factor receptor, amphiregulin, CD73/CD39 and keratinocyte growth factor are important repair factors that are produced or expressed by repair Tregs; these factors coordinate with parenchymal cells to limit injury and promote repair. In addition, repair Tregs can be modulated by IL-33/ST2, TCR signals and other cytokines in the context of injured microenvironment cues. In this review, we provide an overview of the emerging knowledge about Treg-mediated repair in damaged tissues and organs.
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Fu, Wenxian. "A tissue-resident macrophage specific coinhibitory molecule promotes regulatory T cell differentiation and stability." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2016): 125.5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.125.5.
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Abstract CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are key players in immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis. Their impact on tissue homeostasis has been further reinforced by recent studies showing that Tregs in tissue control non-immunological processes. However, how Treg cell differentiation and function are influenced by tissue-derived signals remain poorly understood. We here show that a specific subset of tissue-resident macrophages can promote the differentiation and stability of Tregs. This subset of tissue-resident macrophages distinctively express complement receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily (CRIg). The phenotype of these macrophages are F4/80hi CRIg+. Our previous studies have found that CRIg acts a coinhibitory molecule to suppress T cell proliferation. We find that in addition to dampening effector T cell proliferation, CRIg promotes the conversion of induced Treg cells (iTreg), by synergizing with TGFβ. CRIg also stabilizes Foxp3 expression in induced Tregs. In vivo CRIg-Ig fusion protein treatment increases Treg proportion, particularly in tissue (islets) of NOD mice, a commonly used animal model for autoimmune diabetes. Together, these data reveal a novel mechanism of shaping Treg pool and function by tissue-resident macrophages. CRIg may represent a novel means to generate ‘stable’ iTregs, which remains unmet need in Treg-based therapy.
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Oleinik, E. K., A. V. Churov, and V. M. Oleinik. "IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY: THE ROLE OF REGULATORY CELLS (TREGS)." Medical Immunology (Russia) 20, no. 5 (November 6, 2018): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-2018-5-613-620.
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Memory T cells are necessary for development of the immune response and represent one of the most numerous population of human T lymphocytes. On the contrary, suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) may terminate the immune response and help to maintain tolerance to self-antigens. These important groups of cells are consisting of different subpopulations and retaining throughout life. However, today there is yet no clear understanding of how the relations between these two groups of cells are formed. In this work we consider possible ways of development and maintenance of CD4+ T cell memory and role of Tregs in these processes. Mechanisms of a differentiation of memory T cells, Tregs and recently described memory Tregs are discussed. The functional and genetic characteristics of these cells are compared. Division of cells according to the functional profile allows drawing parallels between memory T cells and Tregs. These two groups are consisted of central circulating populations (Tc), effector which can migrate toward specific tissues (Te) and tissue-resident cells (Tr), which are staying in peripheral tissues. The similar structural organization of Tregs and memory T cells, existence of transitional forms of tissue-resident Treg subpopulations with properties of memory cells assumes existence of close interrelation between these groups of lymphocytes. The conversion of CD4+ memory T cells into FoxP3-expressing Tregs is one of possible mechanisms of communication between these two groups. The memory Treg-cells with T cell and memory Treg-cell properties can represent a transitional stage of differentiation. On the other side, Treg cells can differentiate independently of memory T cells and accumulate during life in the form of memory Treg cells. The supressor function of Tregs is also necessary as well as function of memory T cells to develop the immune response. It is possible, that a subset of Treg cells undergoes selection in thymus and constitutively express TCR-receptors having affinity with peripheral tissues. Further, these committed cells can be settled into tissues and become tissue-resident Treg cells which maintain regional T cell memory. Tregs can represent the “mirror image” of the structural organization of memory T cells, but with the return sign – the sign of suppression. The quantitative ratio of Tregs and memory T cells (CD4+CD45RO+CD25hiFoxP3+/CD4+CD45RO+CD25-FoxP3-), perhaps, is important criterion for functional assessment of immune system. The balance between these functionally opposite cell subsets has to provide stable functioning of immune system.
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Salama, Paul, Michael Phillips, Fabienne Grieu, Melinda Morris, Nik Zeps, David Joseph, Cameron Platell, and Barry Iacopetta. "Tumor-Infiltrating FOXP3+ T Regulatory Cells Show Strong Prognostic Significance in Colorectal Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 2 (January 10, 2009): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2008.18.7229.
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Purpose To determine the prognostic significance of FOXP3+ lymphocyte (Treg) density in colorectal cancer compared with conventional histopathologic features and with CD8+ and CD45RO+ lymphocyte densities. Patients and Methods Tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the densities of CD8+, CD45RO+, and FOXP3+ lymphocytes in tumor tissue and normal colonic mucosa from 967 stage II and stage III colorectal cancers. These were evaluated for associations with histopathologic features and patient survival. Results FOXP3+ Treg density was higher in tumor tissue compared with normal colonic mucosa, whereas CD8+ and CD45RO+ cell densities were lower. FOXP3+ Tregs were not associated with any histopathologic features, with the exception of tumor stage. Multivariate analysis showed that stage, vascular invasion, and FOXP3+ Treg density in normal and tumor tissue were independent prognostic indicators, but not CD8+ and CD45RO+. High FOXP3+ Treg density in normal mucosa was associated with worse prognosis (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.13; P = .019). In contrast, a high density of FOXP3+ Tregs in tumor tissue was associated with improved survival (HR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.77; P = .001). Conclusion FOXP3+ Treg density in normal and tumor tissue had stronger prognostic significance in colorectal cancer compared with CD8+ and CD45RO+ lymphocytes. The finding of improved survival associated with a high density of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3+ Tregs in colorectal cancer contrasts with several other solid cancer types. The inclusion of FOXP3+ Treg density may help to improve the prognostication of early-stage colorectal cancer.
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Moreau, Joshua Michael, Devi P. Boda, and Michael D. Rosenblum. "Regulatory T cells in skin coordinate responses to epidermal injury by initiating anti-microbial immunity while delaying tissue repair." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 75.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.75.15.
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Abstract When barrier tissues are breached, two coordinate responses need to occur: 1) clearance of pathogens and 2) repair of damaged epithelium. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a major role in skin barrier repair; however, the mechanisms by which they modulate local tissue are unclear. To identify molecular pathways underpinning Treg interactions with their tissue environment, we performed single cell RNA sequencing on Tregs isolated from the skin. Our analysis revealed elevated TGFβ and integrin signaling. Specifically, we found high expression of the latent TGFβ activating integrin, αvβ8. To ascertain the physiological significance of this expression we crossed Foxp3CreERT2 and Itgb8f/fmice to generate an inducible and lineage specific system for deleting Itgb8 in Tregs. Deletion of Itgb8 led to improved epidermal healing following sterile injury. Mechanistically, Treg activation of TGFβ directly induced keratinocytes to produce the myeloid chemoattractant CXCL5, leading to neutrophilic inflammation and delayed epidermal healing. We hypothesized that during barrier injury Tregs harness integrin αvβ8 to initiate innate immune responses that temporarily override tissue reparative signals. To interrogate this hypothesis we epicutaneously infected Treg Itgb8 deleted mice with the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Deleted mice developed an uncontrolled infection consistent with impaired immune responses. These data indicate that activation of TGFβ by skin Tregs in response to tissue injury initiates local anti-microbial immunity. Altogether, our study uncovers a unique ability of skin Tregs to leverage TGFβ signaling to coordinate epithelial repair and innate immunity for optimized tissue healing.
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Contreras, Amanda, Darin L. Wiesner, Brock Kingstad-Bakke, Woojong Lee, John P. Svaren, Bruce S. Klein, and M. Suresh. "BACH2 in TRegs Limits the Number of Adipose Tissue Regulatory T Cells and Restrains Type 2 Immunity to Fungal Allergens." Journal of Immunology Research 2022 (August 5, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6789055.
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FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for self-tolerance and moderating tissue-damaging inflammation. Tregs that develop and mature in the thymus are classified as central Tregs or effector Tregs based on whether Tregs predominately inhabit secondary lymphoid organs (central Tregs) or tissues (effector Tregs). By generating mice that are conditionally deficient for Bach2 in peripheral Tregs, we have examined the role of Bach2 in regulating Treg homeostasis and effector functions. Unlike global and T cell-specific Bach2-deficient mice, Treg-specific Bach2 ablation did not result in unprovoked TH2 inflammation in the lungs. However, Bach2 deficiency in Tregs led to augmented expressions of IRF4, BATF, and GATA3 and a significant increase in the accumulation of ST2 (IL-33R)+ve effector Tregs in the spleen and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) but not in the lungs. Enhanced Bach2-deficient Treg numbers in VAT was not linked to hyperresponsiveness to exogenous IL-33 in vivo. Most strikingly, Treg-specific Bach2 deficiency resulted in enhanced fungal protease-induced Type 2 allergic inflammation in the lungs, with no detectable effects on Type 1 responses to systemic or respiratory viral infections. In summary, we ascribe vital roles for Bach2 in peripheral Tregs: as a transcriptional checkpoint to limit precocious differentiation into effector Tregs in lymphoid tissues and as a regulator of the functional program that restrains Type 2 but not Type 1 inflammation in lungs. Results presented in this manuscript implicate dysregulated Tregs in the pathogenesis of airway hypersensitivities, asthma, and other allergic disorders.
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Fu, Wenxian, Xiaomei Yuan, Bi-Huei Yang, and Yi Dong. "A tissue-resident macrophage specific coinhibitory molecule promotes regulatory T cell differentiation and stability." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2017): 223.14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.223.14.
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Abstract CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play a central role in the prevention of lethal autoimmunity and excessive inflammation. In contrast to their counterparts in lymphoid organs, Treg cells in non-lymphoid tissues acquire tissue-specific functional properties. While Treg tissue-tropisms are increasingly recognized, it remains poorly understood how tissue microenvironment influences Treg development, function and stability. Complement receptor of immunoglobulin family (CRIg) is a recently identified B7/CD28 family member. CRIg is exclusively expressed in tissue-resident macrophages. Earlier studies have found that CRIg functions as a coinhibitory molecule to suppress T cell proliferation and cytokine production. We here report a completely novel mechanism by which CRIg regulates T cell biology. We find that CRIg promotes the development of TGF-b induced regulatory T (iTreg) cells. More importantly, CRIg stabilizes the expression of Foxp3 in Treg cells by enhancing their responsiveness to IL-2. In vivo modulation of CRIg increases Treg abundancy and restores immune tolerance in autoimmune condition. In summary, these data shed new light on how tissue-resident macrophages impact tissue homeostasis by regulating the development and stability of Treg cells. CRIg may represent a tissue-specific immunomodulation to promote immune tolerance.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tissue Treg"
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Tariq, Mubashira. "IL-33/ST2 and tissue Treg/AREG pathways in the pathophysiology of HIV infection." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 12, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PA120017.
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Depuis les thérapies antirétrovirales (ART), les principales causes de mortalité et de morbidité sont liées à des pathologies non liées aux SIDA qui sont dûes à un niveau d’inflammation chronique de bas bruit. Cette inflammation est liée entre autre à la persistance de la perte d’homéostasie intestinale qui conduit à des translocations microbiennes dans la circulation systémique. En effet, les sujets traités et infectés par le VIH présentent une déplétion sévère et massive des lymphocytes T CD4+, en particulier dans le tissu lymphoïde associé à l'intestin (GALT) une altération de la barrière épithéliale et une fibrose au niveau des ganglions intestinales.Le récepteur sST2, un récepteur leurre de l'alarmine IL-33, constitue un facteur prédictif important de la mortalité toutes causes confondues, chez les patients séropositifs sous traitement antirétroviral. L'IL-33, précédemment connue comme un moteur des réponses immunitaires Th2, est désormais reconnue comme un adjuvant cytokinique de type "switch-hitting". Libérée par les cellules endommagées, elle favorise l'homéostasie tissulaire; notamment IL-33 permet de restaurer l'intégrité de la muqueuse intestinale après des lésions épithéliales d'origine virale. De plus, IL-33 renforce les réponses immunitaires Th1 pour éliminer les agents pathogènes, elle agit sur les lymphocyes T CD8+ qui expriment ST2. Les Tregs tissulaires induites par l'IL-33 médient la réparation par la libération d'amphiréguline (AREG), un facteur de croissance semblable à l'EGF.Dans cette thèse, nous sommes intéressés à l’axe IL-33/ST2 dans la réparation tissulaire et sur son rôle sur les lymphocytes CD8+ chez des patients traités et infectés par le VIH.Dans une première étude, nous avons analysé si la persistance des lésions intestinales pouvait s'expliquer par la dérégulation de la réparation tissulaire. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons cherché à caractériser les cellules T CD8 exprimant ST2 et à évaluer le rôle de l'IL-33 sur la réponse T CD8 spécifique du VIH. Les taux plasmatiques de sST2 étaient élevés. Les expressions de l'ARNm et de la protéine IL-33 sont élevées dans la muqueuse intestinale des patients VIH, alors qu'elles étaient indétectables dans leur plasma. L'IL-33 était associée à une augmentation de la fibrose et de l'activation immunitaire tandis que la restauration des T CD4+ a diminué . La caractérisation des Tregs tissulaires a révélé deux populations. Au sein des lymphocytes de la lamina propria (LPL), la fréquence des Tregs ST2+ était augmentés chez les patients HIV traités et cette population de Treg est celle qui produit majoritairement de l’'AREG. Nous avons observé une absence des Tregs qui produisent de l'AREG parmi les LPL des patients HIV traités.Dans une deuxième étude, la caractérisation des cellules T CD8+ exprimant ST2 dans les cellules mononucléées sanguines périphériques chez les patients infectés par le VIH a permis de déterminer que cette population est cytotoxique avec un phénotype effecteur (CD45RA+ CCR7-) et une forte capacité à proliférer après stimulation du TCR. Nous avons montré que ces cellules conservaient une forte expression de ST2 par rapport aux donneurs sains après 5 jours de culture. Ensuite, nous avons observé une augmentation des réponses cytokines et cytotoxiques spécifiques de GAG et de CEF chez les patients VIH traités après culture avec l'IL-33 comme l’attestait l'augmentation de la concentration de l'IFNg, du Granzyme A, du Granzyme B et du sFAS-L dans les surnageants de culture.En résumé, nos résultats mettent en évidence un rôle double de l'IL-33 dans l'infection chronique par le VIH : i) un rôle délétère contribuant à la fibrose dans l'intestin de l'infection et ii) un rôle positif renforçant les réponses spécifiques aux peptides GAG et CEF chez les patients infectés par le VIH sous traitement antirétroviral, indiquant son potentiel en tant qu'immunoadjuvant pour améliorer les réponses vaccinalesHIV has transformed into a chronic disease, since the advent of ART. There is persistence of immune activation and inflammation. It leads to a severe and massive CD4+T cell depletion, particularly in the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). In addition, persistent inflammation exacerbates tissue damage, particularly in the GI tract. Epithelial barrier damage is a prerequisite for leaky gut and microbial translocation, contributing to persistent immune activation in individuals with chronic HIV infection. This is a potential mechanism of impaired CD4 reconstitution by contributing to fibrosis. Moreover, persistent antigen exposure, negative co-stimulation and chronic inflammation despite ART induced viral suppression, leads to CD8 T cell dysfunction.sST2, a decoy receptor of the alarmin, IL-33, is reported to be a significant predictor of all-cause mortality in HIV patients on HAART. IL-33, previously known as a driver of Th2 immune responses, is now recognized as a switch-hitting cytokine adjuvant. Released from damaged cells, it promotes tissue homeostasis and repair. IL-33 functions to restore gut mucosal integrity following viral- or commensals- induced epithelial damage. It enhances Th1 immune responses attempting to eliminate the pathogens, followed by ILCs- and tissue Tregs- induced repair. IL-33 induces protective immunity against viral infections by boosting CD8+ T cell response. IL-33 induced tissue Tregs play a role in tissue repair mediated by the release of Amphiregulin, an EGF-like growth factor.In this thesis, we assessed the involvement of the IL-33/ST2 axis in epithelial tissue repair and its role on CD8+ T cell function. In a first study, we analyzed whether the persistence of gut damage might be explained by the dysregulated tissue repair involving IL-33/ST2 and tissue Treg/Amphiregulin pathways. In a second study, we aimed to characterize CD8 T cells expressing ST2 and to assess the role of IL-33 on HIV specific CD8 T response.Investigations were carried out on mucosal and blood samples from HIV infected patients on c-ART and seronegative healthy controls. Plasma sST2 levels were elevated. IL-33 mRNA and protein expressions revealed elevated expression in the gut mucosa of HIV patients, whereas it was undetectable in the plasma. IL-33 was associated with increased fibrosis and immune activation while decreased CD4 restoration. Phenotypic and functional characterization of tissue Tregs revealed two distinct subsets. ST2+ Tregs were upregulated in the LPL of HIV infected patients and identified as the source of AREG-producing Tregs. However, we observed a functional defect of these cells with a decrease of AREG-producing Tregs in the HIV LPL. Overall, these results suggest that the profound defect of AREG production by Tregs may contribute to the persistence of gut barrier dysfunction despite ART in HIV infected patients.Phenotypic and functional characterization of ST2 expressing CD8 T cells in the PBMCs, deciphered this subset to be a cytotoxic population of effector (RA+ CCR7-) CD8 T cells, with a high capacity to proliferate with TCR stimulation. Their characterization did not differ between HIV infected and healthy controls. CD8 T cells from blood of HIV infected patients on c-ART were shown to maintain a high expression of ST2 compared to healthy donors. These cells were negatively associated with sST2 levels in the plasma. We observed that, after 5 days of culture with IL-33, GAG- and CEF specific CD8 T cells displayed more cytolytic and non-cytolytic responses with an increased concentration of IFNg, Granzyme A, Granzyme B and sFAS-Lin the culture supernatant.To summarize, our results highlight the dual role of IL-33 in chronic HIV infection: i) a deleterious one contributing to fibrosis in the gut of HIV infection and ii) a positive one enhancing GAG- and CEF specific responses in HIV infected patients on c-ART, indicating its potential as an immunoadjuvant for enhancing vaccine responses
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Kolodin, Dmitriy Pavlovich. "Dynamics of Tissue-Resident Regulatory T Cell Populations." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11555.
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In recent years, there has been a worldwide increase in obesity, which parallels a rise in pathologies, including type 2 diabetes, collectively termed the metabolic syndrome. Chronic, low-grade inflammation has been implicated as a major link between these diseases. Recent work showed the presence of a unique subset of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells residing in visceral adipose tissue (VAT Treg) with PPAR-g being the key transcription factor responsible for their phenotype and function in controlling adipose tissue inflammation and, thereby, insulin sensitivity. VAT Tregs inversely correlated with insulin resistance. In contrast, there was a dramatic age-associated increase in frequency of VAT Tregs in lean animals, correlating with continued insulin sensitivity, despite significant increases in body and adipose tissue weights. This increase in Treg frequencies was not observed in other lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, including the subcutaneous fat depot. We characterized this unique age-associated increase in VAT Tregs through the use of adoptive transfer models, in vivo labeling and tracking systems, parabiosis, and analysis of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire used by VAT Tregs. Our findings indicate that the progressive increase in VAT Tregs is not due to conversion of conventional CD4+ T cells nor to substantial infiltration of Tregs from the circulation and secondary lymphoid organs. However, by analyzing the TCR repertoire on a single-cell level we uncovered a striking oligo-clonal expansion of VAT Tregs, suggesting their accumulation results from in situ proliferation. We further showed that this accumulation is dependent on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, but not on CD1d. Finally, we showed that IL-33 was able to induce proliferation of VAT Tregs. In parallel, we extended our analysis of TCR repertoire to the Treg population residing in skeletal muscle. In acute and chronic models of muscle injury, muscle-resident Tregs underwent a substantial clonal expansion, with a particular clone being detected in multiple individuals. Taken together these studies highlight the importance of proliferation as a mechanism of Treg accumulation in tissues in response to acute and chronic inflammation.
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Cooley, Lauren Folgosa. "The role of ADAM10, ADAM17, and Spag6 in humoral immunity and secondary lymphoid tissue architecture." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3808.
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ADAM10, ADAM17, and SPAG6 contribute significantly to humoral immunity and secondary lymphoid tissue architecture. ADAM10 and ADAM17 are two closely related zinc-metalloproteinases. Through cleavage of their ligands CD23 and TNF, respectively, they greatly influence IgE production and secondary lymphoid tissue architecture maintenance. Th1 prone WT strains initially exhibit increased ADAM17 and TNF yet reduced ADAM10 relative to Th2 prone WT strains. In the absence of B cell ADAM10, a compensatory increase in ADAM17 and TNF cleavage is noted only in Th1 prone C57Bl/6, not Th2 prone Balb/c. B cell TNF homeostasis is important for maintaining secondary lymphoid tissue architecture. We show for the first time that excessive B cell TNF production in C57-ADAM10B-/- lymph nodes contributes to loss of B/T segregation, increased HEV number and size, fibrosis, loss of FDC networks, and impaired germinal center formation. Furthermore, B cell ADAM10, which enhances IgE production through CD23 cleavage, is shown to be a marker of Th2 susceptibility. B cell ADAM10 is elevated in Th2 prone mouse strains and allergic patients compared to Th1 prone controls and as B cell ADAM10 level increases, so does IgE production. Lastly, the B cell profile of allergic patients is determined to be B cell ADAM10highADAM17lowTNFlow.
Furthermore, the mechanism underlying reduced class-switched antibody production in C57-ADAM10B-/- mice is explored. C57-ADAM10B-/- B cells exhibit a B10, or IL-10 producing, phenotype, which is linked to reduced antibody production. Furthermore, increased Tregs noted in C57-ADAM10B-/- mice contributed to reduced class switched IgE production and disease parameters following a house dust mite airway inflammation challenge.
SPAG6, a component of the central apparatus of the “9+2” axoneme, plays a central role in flagellar stability and motility. Immune cells lack cilia, but the immunological synapse is a surrogate cilium as it utilizes the same machinery as ciliogenesis including the nucleation of microtubules at the centrosome. We demonstrate that Spag6 localizes in the centrosome and is critical for centrosome polarization at and actin clearance away from the synapse between CTL and target cells. Furthermore, improper synapse formation and function likely explains reduced CTL function and class-switched antibody production in Spag6KO mice.
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Mubarak, Ayman. "Characterisation of Treg and Th17 cells in nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue and their association with pneumococcal carriage in children and adults." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2010261/.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a gram-positive bacterium that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans especially in children and elderly. T regulatory cells (Treg) have an important role in modulation of immune responses to microbial infection. Although Th17 cells are involved in autoimmune diseases, these cells may play a protective role against pathogens. In this PhD project, Th17 and Treg cells in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue were characterised and their relationship with nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcus studied in children and adults. Frequencies of Th17 and Treg in tonsillar tissue and peripheral blood samples obtained from children and adults were analysed for intracellular expression of IL17A and Foxp3 by flow cytometry. Also, tonsillar MNC and PBMC were stimulated by pneumococcal culture supernatant (CCS) derived from wild type stain D39. The ratio of Th17/Treg cells in NALT was studied in both children and adults together with their association with pneumococcal carriage. Numbers of Th17 and Treg cells in in tonsillar tissues were shown to be significantly higher than in peripheral blood in both children and adults. The ratio of tonsillar Th17/Treg was shown to increase with age and tended to be higher in pneumococcal culture negative children than in culture-positive. It is suggested that the balance of Th17/Treg is a crucial determinant of pneumococcal clearance or persistence/carriage in human nasopharynx. A significant increase in numbers of Th17 and Treg cells were shown following pneumococcal CCS stimulation. CCS derived from isogenic mutant strains (i.e., Ply- and CbpA-) elicited lower numbers of Th17 and Treg cells. It is suggested that pneumococcal proteins including Ply and CbpA may activate Th17 and Treg cells in human NALT, and therefore may contribute to the regulation of pneumococcal carriage or clearance in human nasopharynx. Induction of Th17 and Treg from tonsillar MNC were studied using tonsillar MNC depleted of activated and memory T cells. Stimulation with pneumococcal CCS induced Th17 from naïve T cells in tonsillar MNC in the presence of exogenous cytokines (i.e., TGF-β/IL21/IL1-β). TGFβ was shown to be crucial in Treg induction. Thus, the induction of both Th17 and Treg in human tonsillar tissue may be common in humans especially in children during natural infection/carriage, and the balance of the two may determine the clearance or carriage of pneumococcus in nasopharynx. Pneumococcal proteins including pneumolysin (Ply), its toxoid (PdB) and choline binding proteins (CBP) were shown to activate and promote Treg and Th17 cells in tonsillar MNC, thus they may play an important part in modulation of pneumococcal carriage in human nasopharynx. Understanding the development of natural immunity to pneumococcus and to pneumococcal proteins in particular may provide important information in the development of protein-based vaccines against pneumococcal infection in humans. Key words: Pneumococcus, Tonsillar MNC, Treg cells and Th17 cells.
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Varikuti, Sanjay. "Role of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Experimental Toxoplasmosis." TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/113.
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Toxoplasmosis is an important cause of congenital disease, and it is one of the most common opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The need for a reliable experimental model of this infection is crucial not only for achieving a better understanding of the patho-physiology of the disease, but also for developing better methods for evaluating new therapeutic regimens. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of CD4+CD25+ T regulatory lymphocytes in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. T regulatory (Treg) cells have been shown to play an important role in our immune system in controlling the activity of other T lymphocytes. These cells are differentiated from other T lymphocyte populations based on the co-expression of CD4 and CD25 and expression of the Foxp3 gene. The results of several recent studies have suggested that certain pathogens may be able to increase their survival in the host by exploiting T reg cell activity. T regulatory cells have been shown to control the persistence of the protozoan parasite, Leishmania major, in mice; however, this population of cells plays only a limited role during murine infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. In the present study we have investigated the role of Treg cells during murine infection with the ME49 strain of T. gondii. In vivo depletion of Treg cells was accomplished by injecting mice with a monoclonal antibody (Mab) isolated from the 7D4 rat hybridoma cell line. This Mab is specific for the interleukin-2 receptor chain (also known as CD25). Female Swiss Webster mice of approximately 6-7 weeks of age were depleted of Treg cells by intraperitoneal injection of 400µg of Mab, mice were injected once 7days prior to infection, and a second time 1 day prior to infection, with 20 tissue cysts of T. gondii. Mouse weight and tissue cyst numbers were monitored to evaluate the impact of Treg depletion on the outcome of infection. Our results suggest that depletion of Treg cells has little measurable impact during the acute stage of infection with the ME49 strain of T. gondii. Further studies will be required to determine what role, if any, these cells play in the chronic stage of murine toxoplasmosis.
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Hewavisenti, Rehana Vishvangani. "Tissue Resident T Cells In Human Disease." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23635.
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Tissue resident memory T cells are a subset of memory T cells that reside in tissue permanently, without entering circulation. Their strategic location at sites of common pathogen entry or reinfection, provides a critical advantage for controlling infections. While their role in infection control has become clear, whether tissue-resident T cells can contribute to immune homeostasis or play a role in cancer is unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of tissue-resident T cells in tissue homeostasis and cancer. We show that tissue-resident regulatory T cells exist in human lymphoid tissues and their numbers are greater at sites of recurrent infections. When compared to their circulating counterparts, tissue-resident regulatory T cells are better equipped to maintain tissue homeostasis and functionally are able to suppress T cell proliferation. The study also examined the role of tumour-resident CD8+ T (TR8) cells in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs). Here we found that TR8 cells were significantly higher in HPV+ OPSCCs when compared to HPV- OPSCCs. Interestingly, we found that increased TR8 cell numbers were associated with better patient survival in both cancers. Importantly, our data shows that TR8 cells could underlie improved survival in patients with HPV+ OPSCCs when compared to patients with HPV- OPSCCs. However, when we examined the role of HPV-oncoprotein E6 in modulating the expression of negative regulators within OPSCCs we found no evidence. Finally, we also examined what role tissue-resident T cells may have in recurrent miscarriage (RM). We found higher proportions of tissue-resident CD8+ T cells in women with RM, suggesting a potential role. In summary, our study shows that tissue-resident T cells could play a critical role not only in infections and cancer but also in tissue homeostasis. Understanding the role of these cells in disease is critical for developing future therapies and vaccines.
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MONTOYA, CYNARA V. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema computacional de gerenciamento de riscos em processos de radioesterilizacao de tecidos biologicos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2010. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9528.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Mehta, U. J. "Tissue culture studies in tamarind (tamarindus indica L.), a leguminous tree species." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2001. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2864.
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Sinha, Debleena. "Development of an In Vitro Protoplast Culture System for Albizia Lebek (L.) Benth., an Economically Important Leguminous Tree." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500422/.
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An in vitro system of generating protoplasts from their callus cultures was established. The friable callus was more productive in terms of producing protoplasts than the green compact callus. The concentration of the various cell wall degrading enzymes had an effect on the viability of the protoplasts in the medium. The protoplast system developed from the experiments was stable and could be used for the transformation experiments of Albizia lebek and for other plant improvement practices.
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Hughes, Steven. "The use of magnetic particles in tissue engineering : selective activation of the mechanosensitive ion channel TREK-1." Thesis, Keele University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423423.
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Over recent years there has been growing focus on the potential of tissue engineering approaches to produce functional bone tissue for clinical use. This thesis highlights the potential for using magnetic particle based techniques for tissue engineering applications. This study demonstrates that magnetic micro-- and nano scale particles are well tolerated by human osteoblasts over prolonged periods of time, and can be used to stimulate calcium signalling pathways in these cells. via the application offorces to integrin rc<:eptors and the internal cytoskeleton. Furthennore, this study demonstrates for the first time that human osteoblasts express the mechanosensitive 2PK+ channel TREK-I, and investigates the potential for using magnetic particle based techniques to directly and specifically activate this class of ion channel. A model system is reported that pennits the application of mechanical forces directly to distinct regions of the TREK-l channel structure and data is presented showing the direct activation of TREK-l channels following manipulation of magnetic p~icles targeted against the extended extracellular loop region of the channel structure. In addition initial data is presented concerning the effect of static magnetic fields and targeted magnetic particle manipulation on the bacterial mechanosensitive ion channel MscL. This thesis represents the first rejX>rts of targeted mechanical stimulation of mechanosensitive ion channels with magnetic particles. This approach has huge potential applications in the field of ion channel research, and offers for the first time a method to directly investigate the structural basis ofmechanosensitivity within ion channels. Furthennore the ability to manipulate ion channel activity without the need for phannacological drugs has huge jX>tential applications in tissue engineering and the treatment of conditions and diseases caused by ion channel dysfunction
Books on the topic "Tissue Treg"
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Jasrai, Yogesh T. Plant tissue culture: Tree species. Vadodara: Dept. of Botany, Faculty of Science, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, 2000.
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Symposium on the Application of Tissue Culture Techniques in Economically Important Tropical Trees (1987 Bogor, Indonesia). Symposium on the Application of Tissue Culture Techniques in Economically Important Tropical Trees, Bogor, Indonesia, December 7-9, 1987: [proceedings]. Edited by Umaly Ruben C and Regional Center for Tropical Biology (Bogor, Indonesia). Bogor, Indonesia: Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology, 1988.
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Ohmann, L. F. Properties of soils and tree wood tissue across a Lake States sulfate deposition gradient. St. Paul, Minn: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1991.
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Karaman, Sinem, Aleksanteri Aspelund, Michael Detmar, and Kari Alitalo. The lymphatic system. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0009.
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The lymphatic vascular system is an integral component of the circulatory system; it forms a one-way conduit that transports tissue interstitial components back to the venous circulation through lymph nodes. Lymphatic vessels extend to most tissues and contribute to the regulation of interstitial fluid homeostasis, trafficking of immune cells, and absorption of dietary fats from the gut. Developmentally, lymphatic vessels originate from embryonic veins and specialized angioblasts. A number of molecules have been identified in the commitment of endothelial cells to the lymphatic lineage, and the sprouting, expansion and maturation of the lymphatic vascular tree. Importantly, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members VEGFC and VEGFD, together with their receptors VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 have been implicated as critical regulators of lymphangiogenesis. Lymphatic vessels are involved in several human diseases, including cancer, where they contribute to tumour metastasis, the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Lymphatic vessels regulate immune responses against foreign pathogens by transporting leucocytes to lymph nodes, but are also in involved in the regulation of self-tolerance. Defects in the lymphatic vascular system are causal for the development of lymphoedema.
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Parolini, Ornella. Placenta: The Tree of Life. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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Placenta: The Tree of Life. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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Parolini, Ornella. Placenta: The Tree of Life. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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Parolini, Ornella. Placenta: The Tree of Life. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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Sirois, Pierre, and Pedro D’Orléans-Juste. The mechanism of aspirin. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0015.
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Aspirin has been used for the treatment of pain and inflammation for more than a hundred years; however, the medical use of what we now called aspirin dates back to antiquity, since willow-tree extracts containing salicylates were described in the Egyptian pharmacopoeia around 1543 bc. In 1971, Sir John Vane and his collaborators discovered its mechanism of action. This discovery has generated tremendous interest into the beneficial effect of this drug for the treatment of pain, inflammation, many inflammatory diseases, and even cancers. Vane and his collaborators also tested a number of other well-known aspirin-like drugs, or NSAIDs (for non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs), and found that they all inhibited to a different extent the release of prostaglandins from organs as well as from tissue homogenates.
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Bochaton-Piallat, Marie-Luce, Carlie J. M. de Vries, and Guillaume J. van Eys. Vascular smooth muscle cells. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0007.
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To understand the function of arteries in the regulation of blood supply throughout the body it is essential to realize that the vessel wall is composed predominantly of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with only one single layer of luminal endothelial cells. SMCs determine the structure of arteries and are decisive in the regulation of blood flow. This review describes the reason for the large variation of SMCs throughout the vascular tree. This depends on embryonic origin and local conditions. SMCs have the unique capacity to react to these conditions by modulating their phenotype. So, in one situation SMCs may be contractile in response to blood pressure, in another situation they may be synthetic, providing compounds to increase the strength of the vascular wall by reinforcing the extracellular matrix. This phenotypic plasticity is necessary to keep arteries functional in fulfilling the metabolic demands in the various tissues of the body.
Book chapters on the topic "Tissue Treg"
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Multhoff, G., E. A. Repasky, and Peter Vaupel. "Mild Hyperthermia Induced by Water-Filtered Infrared A Irradiation: A Potent Strategy to Foster Immune Recognition and Anti-Tumor Immune Responses in Superficial Cancers?" In Water-filtered Infrared A (wIRA) Irradiation, 129–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92880-3_10.
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AbstractApart from a number of positive “physiological” effects such as an increase in local blood flow which results in an improved oxygen supply and a reversal of tumor hypoxia, a key hallmark of cancer growth which greatly impairs anti-tumor immune responses, hyperthermia (HT) also exerts beneficial effects on anti-cancer immunity. The water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) irradiation technique achieves tissue temperatures in the fever-range (tT = 39–41 °C) or mild hyperthermia levels (tT = 39–43 °C) up to tissue depths of ≈25 mm in tissues. At tissue temperatures of 39–43 °C, by fostering the reactivity of the “immunological” TME [e.g., the activity of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD4+ helper T cells, dendritic cells (DC), M1 macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and NK-like T (NK-T) cells], while compromising immunosuppressive cells [e.g., tumor-associated M2 macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T (Treg) cells]. Moreover, elevated temperatures resulting in mild hyperthermia induce the synthesis and release of heat-shock proteins (HSPs), and thereby augment tumor antigenicity.
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Wilhelm, Eva. "Tissue culture of broad-leafed forest tree species." In Plant Tissue Culture, 203–16. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6040-4_12.
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Dhillon, S. S. "DNA in Tree Species." In Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry, 298–313. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0994-1_18.
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Evers, P. W. "Correlations within the Tree." In Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry, 218–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4484-8_11.
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Cernusak, Lucas A., and Nerea Ubierna. "Carbon Isotope Effects in Relation to CO2 Assimilation by Tree Canopies." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, 291–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_9.
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AbstractThe carbon atoms deposited in tree rings originate from the CO2 in the atmosphere to which the tree’s canopy is exposed. Thus, the first control on the stable carbon-isotope composition of tree rings is by δ13C of atmospheric CO2. There has been an inter-annual trend of decreasing δ13C of atmospheric CO2 over the past two centuries as a result of combustion of fossil fuels and land-use change. Atmospheric CO2 is, for the most part, well mixed, but the sub-canopy air space can become depleted in 13C due to inputs from soil and plant respiration when turbulent exchange with the troposphere is hindered, for example by a high leaf area index at night. This is less likely to occur during daytime when turbulence is higher and photosynthesis takes place. Discrimination against 13C (∆13C) occurs upon assimilation of atmospheric CO2 by C3 photosynthesis. Trees using the C3 photosynthetic pathway comprise the overwhelming majority of all trees. The primary control on the extent of discrimination during C3 photosynthesis is the drawdown in CO2 concentration from the air outside the leaf to the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast. Part of this drawdown is captured by ci/ca, that is, the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentrations. The ci/ca represents the balance between the CO2 supply by stomata and its demand by photosynthesis. It can be related to water-use efficiency, the amount of CO2 taken up by photosynthesis for a given amount of water loss to the atmosphere, assuming a given evaporative demand. To predict time-averaged ci/ca from wood ∆13C, a simplified, linear model can be employed. In this linear model, the slope is determined by $$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ , the effective enzymatic discrimination. The value of $$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ can be estimated by comparing wood ∆13C to representative measurements of ci/ca. The $$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ was originally estimated from observations of leaf tissue to have a value of 27‰. We compiled data for woody stem tissue here, and our analysis suggests that a lower $$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ should be used in the simplified model for wood ($$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ = 25.5‰) than for leaves ($$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ = 27‰). This is also consistent with widespread observations that woody tissues are enriched in 13C compared to leaves.
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Grey, D., G. Stepan-Sarkissian, and M. W. Fowler. "Biochemistry of Forest Tree Species in Culture." In Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry, 31–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4484-8_4.
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Hong, Yan, Somika Bhatnagar, and Smitha Chandrasekharan. "Biotechnology of Tropical Tree Crops." In Plant Tissue Culture: Propagation, Conservation and Crop Improvement, 245–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1917-3_12.
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Busch, Nathan A., and Ian A. Silver. "Three Dimensional Reconstruction of Branched Tree Structures from Serial Sections." In Oxygen Transport to Tissue X, 77–86. New York, NY: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9510-6_9.
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Venketeswaran, S., M. A. D. L. Dias, F. Sultanbawa, and U. V. Weyers. "Tissue Culture Studies on Mahogany Tree, Sweitenia." In Somatic Cell Genetics of Woody Plants, 147–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2811-4_18.
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Coyle, David R. "Tip, Shoot, Root, and Regeneration Pests." In Forest Entomology and Pathology, 495–521. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11553-0_15.
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AbstractTree branches, shoot tips, and fine roots, are high in nutritive value and generally have comparatively lower amounts of defensive compounds than older tissues. These tree tissues are utilized by many different insect pests around the world. In some cases, these pests can cause loss of tissues, deformation, or even tree death. Many of these pests are native to the region in which they typically damage trees, and their damage is often confined to stressed or dying trees. However, sometimes these and other such pests can be non-native or even invasive, and can impact trees in new areas. Several tip, shoot, and root pests—typically coleopterans, heteropterans, and lepidopterans—can affect pines and hardwoods, both established trees and newly planted ones. In some cases, effective management strategies have been determined, while in others we know very little about potential management. This chapter will highlight several case studies from around the world where insect pests have impacted tree tips, roots, shoots, and/or regeneration. The causal agent will be discussed, as will any management strategies. Ultimately, careful monitoring and reporting can help forest managers be prepared for damage from these pests, and proper forest management will help ensure forests are resilient and resistant to insect pest damage.
Conference papers on the topic "Tissue Treg"
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Morales-Nebreda, L., K. Helmin, and B. D. Singer. "Cell-Autonomous Aging in Treg Cells Determines Their Tissue-Reparative Function Following Influenza." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a4504.
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Skuljec, Jelena, Christine Happle, Anika Lorenz, and Gesine Hansen. "Adoptive Treg transfer to Foxp3-deficient mice prevents bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue formation." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa1892.
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Li, Chaoran, Joanna R. DiSpirito, David Zemmour, Raul German Spallanzani, Wilson Kuswanto, Christophe Benoist, and Diane Mathis. "Abstract B065: Tracking adipose-tissue Treg provenance, dependencies, and activities via T-cell receptor transgenic mice." In Abstracts: Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 30 - October 3, 2018; New York, NY. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr18-b065.
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Hu, Wei, Nicholas Arpaia, Jesse A. Green, Ronald C. Hendrickson, and Alexander Y. Rudensky. "Abstract A072: Glucose metabolism and O-linked GlcNAcylation in the tissue repair function of Treg cells." In Abstracts: Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 25-28, 2016; New York, NY. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.imm2016-a072.
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Li, Chaoran, Christophe Benoist, and Diane Mathis. "Abstract A063: Dissecting adipose tissue Treg differentiation and function in metabolism and obesity-associated cancer using TCR transgenic mice." In Abstracts: Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 25-28, 2016; New York, NY. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.imm2016-a063.
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Mori, Takuya, Satoshi Shibasaki, and Hideki Aoyama. "Development of System for High Quality Wood Grain Design." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48892.
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Various approaches for generating woodgrain patterns using computer graphics have been proposed so far. However, it is difficult to reproduce real woodgrain patterns using such conventional methods. In this paper, a new approach for generating woodgrain patterns is proposed. Virtual trees are generated by simulating tree growth in consideration of environmental conditions. Moreover, fine tree tissues and reflection properties at the wood surface are modeled. By applying these modeled factors, more diverse and accurate woodgrain patterns can be generated. With this approach, various types of virtual trees can be obtained by changing growth conditions such as period and location of growth or form of tissue in trees without the need to reset complicated parameters of each tree species. After this, the virtual trees can be cut at arbitrary areas, thus allowing a variety of woodgrain patterns to be generated by easy parameter setup.
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Den Adel, Colleen, Zena-Maria Husler, and Yen-Lin Han. "Design of a Novel Radio Frequency Ablation Probe for Tumor Ablation Treatment." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3508.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), commonly known as the liver cancer, is a severe health concern worldwide. For patients with liver tumors that are difficult to remove through traditional treatments such as radiation, chemotherapy and partial hepatectomy, there is the option of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) treatment. RFA is a minimally invasive procedure that is currently treating liver tumors that are relatively small in size. Radiofrequency ablation uses currents to heat up the tissue of the tumor. Once the temperature of the tissue reaches approximately 60° C tissue necrosis begins to occur [1]. With current RFA probes, ablation lesions are typically 3–5.5 cm in diameter [2]. It is important that all of the tumor tissue is ablated, so it is necessary to also kill a small amount of the surrounding healthy tissue. At least 1 cm of healthy tissue should be ablated to ensure the tumor will not recur [2]. Hence, many studies [3, 4] have attempted to increase the RFA ablation zone through various methods including adding saline to the tissue, predicting the optimal power level, etc. To focus on safely increasing the size of the ablation zone and to improve upon the spherical geometry of the tumors, the “Christmas tree” and “umbrella” style probes [5], which utilize multi-pronged electrodes (tines), are currently available in the market. The electrodes, or wires of the probe, are responsible for producing heat and making contact with the liver tissue at all time in order to execute the tissue ablation. For the umbrella and Christmas tree style probes, the drawbacks include: 1. the gauge of the tines limit the ablation scope of the probes; 2. their ability to achieve higher volumes of cell death are limited due to their static geometry, which has fixed diameters; 3. towards the outer edge of the tumor, due to their static geometry and the loss of contact with live tissues, the rate of killing cancerous cells decreases drastically due to the decrease in heat transfer rate, which is a result of the lack of heat sink from perfusion in the live tissues [6]. It was noticed that an improvement could be made to the efficiency of these multi-pronged electrodes if they were free to expand as the area of tissue was ablated. Therefore, a novel dynamic RFA probe was proposed by Lau and Han and numerical simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics Joule heating module have concluded that this dynamic RFA probe can achieve a higher ablation volume with a shorter procedure time [7]. The main goal of this study is to realize the design of this dynamic RFA probe with expandable electrodes to create the largest and most replicable ablation zone. In this study, the deployment mechanism and the proposed design of the dynamic probe are discussed and the analytical solutions of the electrode expansion profiles are presented. The ablation zones are estimated analytically based on the dynamic expansion of the electrodes.
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Huynen, Giesen, Laduc, Debruyne, and Wijkstra. "Hierarchical Decision Tree For The Classification Of Prostate Tissue." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.590482.
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Huynen, A. L., R. J. B. Giesen, R. Laduc, F. M. J. Debruyne, and H. Wijkstra. "Hierarchical decision tree for the classification of prostate tissue." In 1992 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.5762186.
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Bagnoli, Paola, Adriano Zaffora, Bruno Cozzi, Roberto Fumero, and Maria Laura Costantino. "Experimental and Computational Biomechanical Characterization of the Dolphin Tracheo-Bronchial Tree During Diving." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19078.
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Marine mammals belonging to the Order of CetoArtiodactyla have developed their organs and adapted their anatomic structures to survive and better exploit the resources of the surrounding water environment. Though belonging to the Mammal Class and, hence, having a cardio-respiratory system based on the gas exchange with the atmosphere, they are able to perform long-lasting immersions and reach considerable depths during diving [1]. On the other hand, the anatomy of the tracheo-bronchial structures of the Family Delfinidae differs from that of terrestrial mammals in the lack of muscular tissue in the posterior region and the irregular shape of the cartilaginous rings (Fig.1a-b-c) [1, 2]. So far, the behavior of dolphin respiratory system during diving is not yet fully understood, since they cannot be subjected to invasive analysis being endangered and protected species. Namely, it remains to ascertain whether the tracheo-bronchial tree collapses during diving or is kept open by the peculiar material properties, the anatomical structure and the presence of entrapped air. Aim of this work is to model the dolphin Tursiops truncatus’s tracheo-bronchial tree to study its behavior during diving by coupling experimental in vitro mechanical characterization of airways tissues to finite element computational analyses. Furthermore, we performed a comparison between the mechanical behavior of tracheo-bronchial trees of dolphins and that of the goat, a terrestrial mammal whose conformation of the upper airways is similar to the human, to highlight discrepancies due to the different habitats.
Reports on the topic "Tissue Treg"
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Ohmann, Lewis F., and David F. Grigal. Properties of soils and tree wood tissue across a Lake States sulfate deposition gradient. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nc-rb-130.
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Butler, Afrachanna, Catherine Thomas, Nathan Beane, Anthony Bednar, and William Frederick. Phytomanagement of soil and groundwater at the Niagara Falls Storage Site (NFSS) using hybridized trees. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42083.
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The Manhattan Engineer District previously used the 191-acre Niagara Falls Storage Site (NFSS) in Niagara County, New York, to store radioactive residues and wastes from uranium (U) ore processing. At present, management practices will determine whether enhanced evapotranspiration rates produced by hybridized shrub willow cuttings planted in 2016 will affect groundwater hydrology. Two shrub willow varieties were planted in an approximately one-half acre area to examine growth performance along a U impacted sanitary sewer line. Additionally, control plots will compare the effectiveness of shrub willows to unplanted areas. Observations of the planted area after 18 months showed success of shrub willow growth with increasing biomass. Chemical analysis from tree tissue samples of the field study showed no significant uptake of U or thorium (Th) to date. A greenhouse study conducted in parallel to the field study tested the willows under controlled greenhouse conditions and evaluated their ability to grow and accumulate contaminants under controlled conditions. Results from the greenhouse study demonstrated that U accumulation was minimal. Thus, this study demonstrates that the shrub willows are not accumulators of U or Th, an advantageous characteristic that implies stabilized contaminants in the soil and no translocation of U into the aboveground biomass.
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Cohen, Yuval, Christopher A. Cullis, and Uri Lavi. Molecular Analyses of Soma-clonal Variation in Date Palm and Banana for Early Identification and Control of Off-types Generation. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592124.bard.
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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the major fruit tree grown in arid areas in the Middle East and North Africa. In the last century, dates were introduced to new regions including the USA. Date palms are traditionally propagated through offshoots. Expansion of modern date palm groves led to the development of Tissue Culture propagation methods that generate a large number of homogenous plants, have no seasonal effect on plant source and provide tools to fight the expansion of date pests and diseases. The disadvantage of this procedure is the occurrence of off-type trees which differ from the original cultivar. In the present project we focused on two of the most common date palm off-types: (1) trees with reduced fruit setting, in which most of the flowers turn into three-carpel parthenocarpic fruits. In a severe form, multi-carpel flowers and fruitlets (with up to six or eight carpels instead of the normal three-carpel flowers) are also formed. (2) dwarf trees, having fewer and shorter leaves, very short trunk and are not bearing fruits at their expected age, compared to the normal trees. Similar off-types occur in other crop species propagated by tissue culture, like banana (mainly dwarf plants) or oil palm (with a common 'Mantled' phenotype with reduced fruit setting and occurrence of supernumerary carpels). Some off-types can only be detected several years after planting in the fields. Therefore, efficient methods for prevention of the generation of off-types, as well as methods for their detection and early removal, are required for date palms, as well as for other tissue culture propagated crops. This research is aimed at the understanding of the mechanisms by which off-types are generated, and developing markers for their early identification. Several molecular and genomic approaches were applied. Using Methylation Sensitive AFLP and bisulfite sequencing, we detected changes in DNA methylation patterns occurring in off-types. We isolated and compared the sequence and expression of candidate genes, genes related to vegetative growth and dwarfism and genes related to flower development. While no sequence variation were detected, changes in gene expression, associated with the severity of the "fruit set" phenotype were detected in two genes - PdDEF (Ortholog of rice SPW1, and AP3 B type MADS box gene), and PdDIF (a defensin gene, highly homologous to the oil palm gene EGAD). We applied transcriptomic analyses, using high throughput sequencing, to identify genes differentially expressed in the "palm heart" (the apical meristem and the region of embryonic leaves) of dwarf vs. normal trees. Among the differentially expressed genes we identified genes related to hormonal biosynthesis, perception and regulation, genes related to cell expansion, and genes related to DNA methylation. Using Representation Difference Analyses, we detected changes in the genomes of off-type trees, mainly chloroplast-derived sequences that were incorporated in the nuclear genome and sequences of transposable elements. Sequences previously identified as differing between normal and off-type trees of oil palms or banana, successfully identified variation among date palm off-types, suggesting that these represent highly labile regions of monocot genomes. The data indicate that the date palm genome, similarly to genomes of other monocot crops as oil palm and banana, is quite unstable when cells pass through a cycle of tissue culture and regeneration. Changes in DNA sequences, translocation of DNA fragments and alteration of methylation patterns occur. Consequently, patterns of gene expression are changed, resulting in abnormal phenotypes. The data can be useful for future development of tools for early identification of off-type as well as for better understanding the phenomenon of somaclonal variation during propagation in vitro.
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Flaishman, Moshe, Herb Aldwinckle, Shulamit Manulis, and Mickael Malnoy. Efficient screening of antibacterial genes by juvenile phase free technology for developing resistance to fire blight in pear and apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613881.bard.
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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: Produce juvenile-free pear and apple plants and examine their sensitivity to E. amylovora; Design novel vectors, for antibacterial proteins and promoters expression, combined with the antisense TFL1 gene, and transformation of Spadona pear in Israel and Galaxy apple in USA. The original objectives were revised from the development of novel vectors with antibacterial proteins combined with the TFL-1 due to the inefficiency of alternative markes initially evaluated in pear, phoshomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the lack of development of double selection system. The objectives of project were revised to focus primarily on the development additional juvenile free systems by the use of another pear variety and manipulation of the FT gene under the control of several promoters. Based on the results creation of fire blight resistance pear variety was developed by the use of the juvenile free transgenic plant. Background: Young tree seedlings are unable to initiate reproductive organs and require a long period of shoot maturation, known as juvenile phase. In pear, juvenile period can last 5-7 years and it causes a major delay in breeding programs. We isolated the TFL1 gene from Spadona pear (PcTFL1-1) and produced transgenic ‘Spadona’ trees silencing the PcTFL1 gene using a RNAi approach. Transgenic tissue culture ‘Spadona’ pear flowered in vitro. As expected, the expression of the endogenous PcTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic line that showed precocious flowering. Transgenic plants were successfully rooted in the greenhouse and most of the plants flowered after only 4-8 months, whereas the non-transformed control plants have flowered only after 5-6 years of development. Major achievements: Prior to flower induction, transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ plants developed a few branches and leaves. Flower production in the small trees suppressed the development of the vegetative branches, thus resulting in compact flowering trees. Flowering was initiated in terminal buds, as described for the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant. Propagation of the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ was performed by bud grafting on 'Betulifolia' rootstock and resulted in compact flowering trees. The transgenic flowering grafted plants were grown in the greenhouse under a long photoperiod for one year, and flowered continuously. Pollination of the transgenic flowers with ‘Costia‘ pear pollen generated fruits of regular shape with fertile F1 seeds. The F1 transgenic seedling grown in the greenhouse formed shoots and produced terminal flowers only five months after germination. In addition, grafted F1 transgenic buds flower and fruit continuously, generating hybrid fruits with regular shape, color and taste. Several pear varieties were pollinated with the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ pollen including `Herald Harw` that was reported to have resistance to fire blight diseases. The F-1 hybrid seedlings currently grow in our greenhouse. We conclude that the juvenile-free transgenic ‘Spadona’ pear enables the development of a fast breeding method in pear that will enable us to generate a resistance pear to fire blight. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the use of transgenic juvenile free technology in pear. The use of the juvenile free technology for enhancement of conventional breeding in fruit tree will serve to enhance fast breeding systems in pear and another fruit trees.
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Newton, Ronald, Joseph Riov, and John Cairney. Isolation and Functional Analysis of Drought-Induced Genes in Pinus. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568752.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Drought is a common factor limiting timber production in the U.S. and Israel. Loblolly (Pinus taeda) and alleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) seedling survival is reduced when out planted, and growth and reproduction are often hindered by periodic droughts during later stages of tree development. Molecular and gene responses to drought stress have not been characterized. The objectives were to characterize drought-induced gene clones from these pines, to determine the effects of a growth regulator on drought tolerance, ABA levels, and drought-induced gene expression in alleppo pine, and to develop procedures for loblolly pine transformation. Nearly 20 cDNA clones influenced by gradual, prolonged drought stress have been isolated. Many of these have been shown to be induced by drought stress, whereas several others are down-regulated. These are the first drought-induced genes isolated from a pine species. Two genomic clones (lp5-1 and lp3-1) have been sequenced and characterized, and each has been found to be associated with a gene family. Clone lp5 appears to code for a cell wall protein, and clone lp3 codes for a nuclear protein. The former may be associated with changing the elastic properties of the cell wall, while the latter may be involved in signal transduction and/or protection from desiccation in the nucleus. Clone lp3 is similar to a drought-induced gene from tomato and is regulated by ABA. Several DNA sequences that are specific to induction during growth-retardation in alleppo pine by uniconazole have been identified. The active DNA species is now being identified. Promoters from genomic clones, lp3 and lp5, have been sequenced. Both are functional when fused with the gus reporter gene and transferred to other plant tissues as well as responding to a simulated drought stress. Through exodeletion analysis, it has been established that the promoter ABRE element of lp3 responds to ABA and that drought-induction of lp3 expression may also involve ABA. Stable tobacco transformants carrying either the lp5 or the lp3 promoter fused to a reporter gus gene have been obtained. The lp5lgus fusion was expressed at several stages of tobacco development and differentiation including the reproductive stage. There was no difference in phenotype between the transformants and the wild type. Embryogenesis procedures were developed for slash pine, but attempts to couple this process with gene transfer and plantlet transformation were not successful. Transformation of pine using Agrobacterium appears tractable, but molecular data supporting stable integration of the Agrobacterium-transferred gene are still inconclusive.
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Preliminary assessment of using tree-tissue analysis and passive-diffusion samplers to evaluate trichloroethene contamination of ground water at Site SS-34N, McChord Air Force Base, Washington, 2001. US Geological Survey, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri024274.
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