Academic literature on the topic 'Tissu conjonctif – Modèles mathématiques'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tissu conjonctif – Modèles mathématiques":
Chassonnery, Pauline. "Modélisation mathématique en 3D de l'émergence de l'architecture des tissus conjonctifs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30354.
In this thesis, we investigate whether simple local mechanical interactions between a reduced set of components could govern the emergence of the 3D architecture of biological tissues. To explore this hypothesis, we develop two mathematical models. The first one, ECMmorpho-3D, aims at reproducing a non-specialised connective tissue and is reduced to the Extra-Cellular Matrix (ECM) component, that is a 3D dynamically connected fibre network. The second, ATmorpho-3D, is built by adding to this network spherical cells which spontaneously appear and grow in order to mimic the morphogenesis of Adipose Tissue (AT), a specialised connective tissue with major biomedical importance. We then construct a unified analysis framework to visualise, segment and quantitatively characterise the fibrous and cellular structures produced by our two models. It constitutes a generic tool for the 3D visualisation of systems composed of a mixture of spherical (cells) and rod-like (fibres) elements and for the automatic detection of in such systems of clusters of spherical objects separated by rod-like elements. This tool is also applicable to biological 3D microscopy images, enabling a comparison between in vivo and in silico structures. We study the structures produced by the model ECMmorpho-3D by performing numerical simula- tions. We show that this model is able to spontaneously generate different types of architectures, which we identify and characterise using our analysis framework. An in-depth parametric analysis lead us to identify an intermediate emerging variable, the number of crosslinks per fibre, which explains and partly predicts the fate of the modelled system. A temporal analysis reveals that the characteristic time-scale of the organisation process is a function of the network remodelling speed, and that all systems follow the same, unique evolutionary pathway. Finally, we use the model ATmorpho-3D to explore the influence of round cells over the organisation of a fibre network, taking as reference the model ECMmorpho-3D. We show that the number of cells can influence the local alignment of the fibres but not the global organisation of the network. On the other hand, the cells inside the network spontaneously organise into clusters with realistic morphological features very close to those of in vivo structures, surrounded by sheet-like fibre bundles. Moreover, the distribution of the different morphological types of clusters is similar in in silico and in vivo systems, suggesting that the model is able to produce realistic morphologies not only on the scale of one cluster but also on the scale of the whole system, reproducing the structural variability observed in biological samples. A parametric analysis reveals that the proportion in which each morphology is present in an in silico system is governed mainly by the remodelling characteristic of the fibres, pointing to the essential role of the ECM properties in AT architecture and function (in agreement with several biological results and previous 2D findings). The fact that these very simple mathematical models can produce realistic structures supports our hypothesis that biological tissues architecture could emerge spontaneously from local mechanical inter- actions between the tissue components, independently of the complex biological phenomena taking place around them. This opens many perspectives regarding our understanding of the fundamental principles governing how biological tissue architecture emerges during organogenesis, is maintained throughout life and can be affected by various pathological conditions. Potential applications range from tissue engineering to therapeutic treatment inducing regeneration in adult mammals
Taibi, El Hassane. "Caractérisation, modélisation et simulation du comportement d'un tissu textile." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12441.
Ni, Annaidh Aisling. "Mécanique du coup de couteau : étude numérique et expérimentale de l'attaque à l'arme blanche." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066261.
Brasnu, Emmanuelle. "Mise au point de modèles cellulaires pour l'étude des effets toxicologiques infracliniques de thérapeutiques utilisées en ophtalmologie." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05P615.
During the past ten years, several toxicological studies on ocular surface focused on the effects of ophthalmologic medications that contain preservatives, particularly benzalkonium chloride. Although, the REACH program, with the limitation of the use of laboratory animals, supports the replacement of classic toxicological tools, i. E. The Draize test, and the development of new strategies. In addition, the widely used Wong-Kilbourne derivative of Chang conjunctiva-derived cell line has been criticized owing to a possible contamination with HeLa tumoral cells. In the present work, we validated the new IOBA-NHC cell line for toxicological studies, showing similar toxicological profiles of BAC on both cell lines. To illustrate our findings, we further studied the effects of the preservative-free formulation of tafluprost, a new prostaglandin analog, on IOBA-NHC cells. However, these monolayer cell models do not take into account the structural properties of cornea in vivo. In addition, unlike on any epithelial cell model, other cell types like goblet and inflammatory cells that interact with epithelial cells play also a major role in the ocular surface protection in vivo. Thus, we hereby reported a new application of a 3D-reconstituted corneal epithelial model, i. E. The analysis of BAC-preserved and unpreserved antiallergic eye drops on this model, and the development of a coculture model between epithelial cells and lymphocytes. Indeed, these new approaches seem to be extremely relevant for the understanding of ocular surface physiopathology, particularly in relation with preservative toxicity
Gaudreault, Mathieu. "Modèles d’identification de tissu basés sur des images acquises avec un tomodensitomètre à double énergie pour des photons à faible énergie en curiethérapie." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25366.
Clinical Dual-Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) images provide the determination of the effective atomic number and the electronic density. The purpose of this study is to develop a new assessment model of tissues, named the reduced three elements tissue model, for dose calculations from DECT images in brachytherapy and compare it to a known identification method, assignment through the Mahalanobis distance. Both models are applied to DECT scans of the Gammex RMI 467 phantom and for a subset of 10 human tissues. Dose distributions are calculated from Monte Carlo simulations with a point source having the energy spectrum of 125I. The reduced three elements tissue model provides dose equivalence to reference tissues and is equivalent to the calculation of the Mahalanobis distance. The model constructed can be used as a scheme to assess tissues from DECT images for dose calculation.
Seigneuric, Renaud. "Étude d'hétérogénéités simulées et in vitro du tissu cardiaque et de leurs rôles dans les tachycardies ventriculaires par réentrée." Grenoble 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE19003.
Adam, Sylvie. "La trame urbaine : Hexagone et analyse théorique des semis urbains." Rouen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ROUEL153.
The main aim of this research is to look into the heuristic value of the regular hexagonal patterns as these appear in central place theories. The link between regular hexagonal patterns, principles of organization, and concepts of central place theories is first examined. Particular attention is given to the theory of centrality and other works by Walter Christaller, and to the theory of economic regions proposed by August Losch. An overview of more recent theories of central places and applications of hexagonal patterns on urban webs in regional settings is provided. The regular hexagonal pattern can be conceived either as a mesh (only nodes and edges are significant), or as a grid which actually contains people and functions. The second part deals with the regular hexagonal tesselation. Using the example of France, the regular geometric pattern is shown not to fit the structure and organization of the urban web. The third part, based upon Georges Nicolas research on Western Switzerland, confirms the same lack of fit for the regular hexagonal grid. For this reason, an adaptable polygonal grid is proposed as a substitute for the traditional and regular hexagonal tesselations. (abstract by Peter R. Gould and Sylvie Adam)
Oudry, Jennifer. "L' élasticité: nouveau biomarqueur du foie : analyse biomécanique et validation par élastographie impulsionnelle." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13236.
Elastography is to quantitatively measure the elasticity of tissue to replace the tactile control often exercised by physicians. This tactile control known as palpation, aims at qualitatively estimate the elasticity of tissues. Elastography is motivated by the large difference of elasticity observed between normal tissues and tumors in which elasticity can be up to 30 times greater. Elasticity becomes an important parameter in the characterization of soft tissues. In soft tissues, elasticity is driven by the shear elasticity, which is involved in the propagation of shear waves. Their study can thus help quantify the tactile information. We propose to develop computational tools for the theoretical study of shear wave propagation in elastic medium. An evolution of the transient elastography technique, based on the use of a new type of ultrasonic transducer combined with an ultrasonic multichannel acquisition system, is also proposed. The validation of this system and corresponding algorithms are then performed on phantoms. We develop a new kind of material models, a mixture of copolymer-in-oil, mimicking the mechanical and acoustic properties of soft tissues for elastography. Finally, we conduct a comparison of the measurement of elasticity obtained by transient elastography with that obtained by magnetic resonance elastography to study possible differences between these techniques increasingly used for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis
Dichamp, Jules. "De l'imagerie tissu entier à la modélisation in silico du réseau vasculaire du tissu adipeux." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/23606/1/Dichamp.pdf.
Chan, Yone Claudia. "Modèle numérique de vieillissement de l'os trabéculaire considérant l'hyperminéralisation du tissu et le chargement mécanique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4731/document.
Osteoporosis is characterized by a low bone mass density but also an alteration of mechanical properties. The clinical diagnostic is made from the measure of the bone mineral density (BMD) but this examen seems insufficient to quantify bone resistance. In this work, a numerical model of cancellous bone degradation, aging and mechanical adaptation is proposed. Based on hypermineralization, this model simulates the cancellous bone remodeling process over many years. This model allows to predict the behavior of cancellous adaptation in a mechanical low loading case for instance. Results are similar to clinicial tendancy