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1
Rhyne, T. B., R. Gall, and L. Y. Chang. "Influence of Rim Run-Out on the Nonuniformity of Tire-Wheel Assemblies." Tire Science and Technology 22, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2139538.
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Abstract An analytical membrane model is used to study how wheel imperfections are converted into radial force variation of the tire-wheel assembly. This model indicates that the radial run-out of the rim generates run-out of the tire-wheel assembly at slightly less than the one to one ratio that was expected. Lateral run-out of the rim is found to generate radial run-out of the tire-wheel assembly at a ratio that is dependent on the tire design and the wheel width. Finite element studies of a production tire validate and quantify the results of the membrane model. Experiments using a specially constructed precision wheel demonstrate the behavior predicted by the models. Finally, a population of production tires and wheels show that the lateral run-out of the rims contribute a significant portion to the assembly radial force variation. These findings might be used to improve match-mounting results by taking lateral rim run-out into account.
2
Zhou, Yaoqun, Frank Gauterin, Hans-Joachim Unrau, and Michael Frey. "Experimental Study of Tire-Wheel-Suspension Dynamics in Rolling over Cleat and Abrupt Braking Conditions." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 42–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430102.
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ABSTRACT The braking performance of recent vehicles is controlled by the interaction between the antilock braking system (ABS) and the transmitted force between road and tire. Because of tire and suspension elasticity, an abrupt braking or the ABS regulation initiates tire belt and wheel axle oscillations, which lead to a closed loop of acceleration and force transmission in the tire-wheel-suspension assembly in both translational and rotational directions. As a result, the oscillation of wheel slip and wheel load can influence the force transmission potential in the contact patch and thus the braking distance as well. The objective of the presented study is to investigate the influence of the tire-wheel-suspension dynamics on the force transmission potential between tire and road. To obtain acceleration and force dynamics in the tire-wheel-suspension assembly without inducing the influence from other vehicle components, a McPherson suspension was isolated from a real car and adapted to the inner drum test bench at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Vehicle System Technology. After mounting different tires, measurements were carried out under various driving conditions. First, tire measurements with a measuring hub were done on the test bench to obtain both quasistatic characteristics and dynamic response in rolling over cleat. Second, different tire-wheel-suspension assemblies were driven on the test bench while the wheel brake was initiated by a hydraulic braking system based on a modified ESP control unit. This modified unit allows generation of abrupt braking pressure slopes by a direct control of the valves. The accelerations of different wheel-suspension components and forces in the links were measured. In this article, the experimental study of the dynamics of a run-flat and a standard tire and their respective coupled assembly with the suspension excited by rolling over cleat and abrupt braking is presented. After a description of the experimental setup, the results of tire-wheel-suspension dynamics of two different tires will be analyzed, interpreted, and compared. Furthermore, a simulation model of the tire-wheel-suspension assembly with the FTire model and dynamic models of suspension components will be built up.
3
Ni, E. J. "A Mathematical Model for Tire/Wheel Assembly Balance." Tire Science and Technology 21, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2139530.
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Abstract A mathematical model is developed to calculate the weight required on a tire/wheel assembly to balance wheel nonuniformity effects such as the lateral runout. A finite element model of a tire mounted on a rigid wheel is used to simulate the free spinning about a skewed axis. The result showed that Euler's equation of motion in rigid body dynamics can be used to calculate the imbalance caused by wheel lateral runout. This equation is then used in a Monte Carlo model to simulate a production distribution. The model can be used to define tire and wheel specification limits, and to predict the number of assemblies that will have unacceptable imbalances. The verification of the model and results of the Monte Carlo simulation are presented.
4
Yu, H. J., and H. Aboutorabi. "Dynamics of Tire, Wheel, and Suspension Assembly." Tire Science and Technology 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135232.
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Abstract A combined tire, wheel, and suspension FE model is described. The system simulates the tire mounted on the vehicle. The natural frequencies are calculated successfully for this highly non-linear system where the tire is in the inflated and loaded condition. The random vibration response of the model to the road roughness is calculated.
5
Schuring, D. J. "Uniformity of Tire-Wheel Assemblies." Tire Science and Technology 19, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 213–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2141716.
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Abstract Interactions between the tire and wheel of an assembly are adding extra nonuniformities to those of the tire and wheel themselves. The additional nonuniformities are not small. In one example their average effect on the radial force was 25 to 30 N for two commercial wheels, and 10 N for a precision-machined wheel. Interaction forces are acting randomly and hence are seriously disturbing any tire-wheel matching effort. A simple statistical model is suggested, describing their distribution and allowing an estimation of their effects on tire-wheel matching. At this time no leading cause for the existence of interaction forces is known; they seem to accrue from many different minor sources. It is to be hoped that the continuous refinements achieved in the tire and wheel manufacturing processes will eventually reduce all non-uniformities, including interaction forces, to levels that would render tire-wheel matching unnecessary.
6
Zhao, Wei, Xiandong Liu, Yingchun Shan, and Tian He. "Design and simulation of Helmholtz resonator assembly used to attenuate tire acoustic cavity resonance noise." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 6 (August 1, 2021): 942–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1706.
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Tire acoustic cavity resonance noise (TACRN) is a typical annoying lower-frequency interior noise of a passenger car. The widely used attenuating method of attaching the porous sound absorption material in tire cavity can reduce TACRN effectively, but causes the increase of tire-wheel assembly weight and cost, also the poor durability. Additionally, the Helmholtz resonator (HR) is also used in the wheel of some cars although having only narrow effective band. The existing investigation shows that the frequency of TACRN varies with the car speed and load and also has the split characteristics. The change of TACRN frequency causes a certain difficulty to suppress TACRN effectively. Aiming at this problem, in this paper, TACRN frequency range of a specific tire cavity under different operating conditions is first calculated and analyzed. Then, for a specific aluminum alloy wheel, a HR assembly including several HRs is designed to make the natural frequencies of HR assembly cover the TACRN frequencies. Finally, the reduction effect of TACRN is simulated and evaluated by comparing the sound fields in tire cavity with/without HR assembly under same volume velocity sound source. This work is helpful for attenuating TACRN effectively under the changing operating conditions.
7
Tanno, Atsushi. "Tire wheel assembly and noise-reducing device." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 128, no. 4 (2010): 2254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3500770.
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Dohrmann, C. R. "DYNAMICS OF A TIRE–WHEEL–SUSPENSION ASSEMBLY." Journal of Sound and Vibration 210, no. 5 (March 1998): 627–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1997.1332.
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Vallim, Matheus de B., José M. C. Dos Santos, and Argemiro L. A. Costa. "Motorcycle Analytical Modeling Including Tire–Wheel Nonuniformities for Ride Comfort Analysis." Tire Science and Technology 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.17.450202.
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ABSTRACT The transmission of vibrations in motorcycles and their perception by the passengers are fundamental in comfort analysis. Tire nonuniformities can generate self-excitations at the rotational frequency of the wheel and contribute to the ride vibration environment. In this work a multi-body motorcycle model is built to evaluate the ride comfort with respect to tire nonuniformities. The aim is to obtain a multi–degrees-of-freedom dynamic model that includes both the contributions of the motorcycle and tire–wheel assembly structures. This representation allows the tire nonuniformities to predict the vertical force variations on the motorcycle and can be used through a root mean square acceleration evaluation for ride comfort analysis. The motorcycle model proposed is a 10-degrees-of-freedom system, where each tire–wheel is a 4-degrees-of-freedom model. The tire–wheel assemblies include two types of nonuniformities: lumped mass imbalance and radial run-out. Simulations of analytical models are compared with experimental tests.
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Iizuka, Hideo, Nobuhiro Ide, Katsutoshi Nakatsu, Hiroshi Yoshimoto, and Kazuo Sato. "Odd-Mode-Excited Tire-Wheel Assembly for Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 60, no. 4 (April 2012): 2063–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2012.2186246.
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Lee, J. J., H. Q. Pham, and J. A. Moore. "Structure-Borne Vibration Transmission in a Tire and Wheel Assembly." Tire Science and Technology 26, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135967.
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Abstract Vibration transmission through tires due to forces generated by the road-tire interaction during rolling over a rough road surface is an important source of noise in the vehicle interior over a wide frequency range. Vibration transmission along the tire tread and across the sidewalls to the rim was measured by striking the tread with an impact hammer in generating transfer functions for comparison with results from an SEA model of the wheel. The effects of tire and rim resonances are noted. Transfer functions to acoustic levels in the tire cavity were also measured.
12
Shah, Vyom, Pavan Patel, and Manjeet Keshav. "Modeling and analysis of integrated wheel hub." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2256, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2256/1/012035.
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Abstract The main objective of the hub is to act as a support structure to the entire wheel assembly of the vehicle. It is designed to absorb and dissipate the kinetic energy from the impact on the tire. This paper discusses an idea for optimizing the wheel assembly by redesigning, validating the design through analysis, material selection and overall weight reduction. The design optimization is done while taking in consideration of the design constraints, factor of safety (FOS) and manufacturability through conventional means. Weight reduction in the wheel assembly will help improve the suspension performance. The research is based on integrating parts of the wheel assembly for weight reduction, performance optimization and ease of assembly. The proposed design of wheel flange will be followed by material selection for attaining an adequate FOS and wear strength.
13
Zhang, Y., and C. Hazard. "The Effects of Tire Properties and Their Interaction with the Ground and Suspension on Vehicle Dynamic Behavior — A Finite Element Approach." Tire Science and Technology 27, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135986.
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Abstract The effects of tire properties and their interaction with the ground and the suspension system on vehicle dynamic behavior was studied using a newly developed finite element analysis method. This analysis method used the explicit nonlinear dynamic code LS-DYNA as a solver and contained finite element models for both the vehicle body structure and subsystems like chassis/suspension. The case presented in this paper is curb impact. Different tire properties such as tire/wheel assembly mass, tire stiffness, tire inflation pressure, tire size, etc., as well as different curb heights, were used with the same vehicle body and suspension system. Simulation results of the impact forces, wheel center jumps, and vehicle body roll/pitch angles at impact are compared for different parameters of the tires and the curb. The analyses presented in this paper provided an accurate and practical method for tire and vehicle dynamics analysis.
14
Gunda, R., S. Gau, and C. Dohrmann. "Analytical Model of Tire Cavity Resonance and Coupled Tire/Cavity Modal Model." Tire Science and Technology 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135990.
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Abstract The acoustic resonance of the air cavity in the tire/wheel assembly may be a contributor to vehicle interior noise through the structure-borne noise transmission path. This problem has been examined in the past using approximate closed form solutions (based on plane wave theory for a two-tube model) and numerically, using FEA. The coupling between the cavity resonance and structural resonance of the wheel may result in higher levels of interior noise as noted previously. The two primary goals of this paper are (1) to develop simple analytical models to gain fundamental understanding of some observed phenomena and for a quick estimation of cavity resonance frequency to assist in the design process, and (2) to develop tire modal models incorporating the acoustic cavity to predict coupled system natural frequencies and response. An improved analytical model for accurate calculation of acoustic cavity resonance frequencies of a static, unloaded tire is developed using variational principles. The sensitivities of the cavity resonance frequencies to tire width and aspect ratio are examined. For the case of a loaded tire, an improved analytical formulation based on plane wave propagation (for linearly varying cross-sectional area) is developed. Deformed structure geometry from FEA is used as input to the analytical model. The FEA-based methodology used in the tire/cavity coupling analysis is as follows: The tire structural modes are calculated, ignoring the effect of the acoustic cavity. The tire cavity modes are calculated using deformed cavity geometry only. Next, the structural/acoustic coupling matrix is calculated. Finally, a coupled cavity-structure modal model is generated from modal mass and stiffness of the tire/wheel assembly, the cavity modal matrices, and the coupling matrix. This process is an improvement over conventional tire modal models, which only include structural modes.
15
Stutts, D. S., W. Soedel, and S. K. Jha. "Fore-Aft Forces in Tire-Wheel Assemblies Generated by Unbalances and the Influence of Balancing." Tire Science and Technology 19, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 142–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2141713.
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Abstract When measuring bearing forces of the tire-wheel assembly during drum tests, it was found that beyond certain speeds, the horizontal force variations or so-called fore-aft forces were larger than the force variations in the vertical direction. The explanation of this phenomenon is still somewhat an open question. One of the hypothetical models argues in favor of torsional oscillations caused by a changing rolling radius. But it appears that there is a simpler answer. In this paper, a mathematical model of a tire consisting of a rigid tread ring connected to a freely rotating wheel or hub through an elastic foundation which has radial and torsional stiffness was developed. This model shows that an unbalanced mass on the tread ring will cause an oscillatory rolling motion of the tread ring on the drum which is superimposed on the nominal rolling. This will indeed result in larger fore-aft than vertical force variations beyond certain speeds, which are a function of run-out. The rolling motion is in a certain sense a torsional oscillation, but postulation of a changing rolling radius is not necessary for its creation. The model also shows the limitation on balancing the tire-wheel assembly at the wheel rim if the unbalance occurs at the tread band.
16
Tan, K. S., S. V. Wong, R. S. Radin Umar, A. M. S. Hamouda, and N. K. Gupta. "Impact behavior modeling of motorcycle front wheel-tire assembly." International Journal of Automotive Technology 10, no. 3 (June 2009): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-009-0038-9.
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MORGAN, C. D. "COMMENTS ON “DYNAMICS OF A TIRE–WHEEL—SUSPENSION ASSEMBLY”." Journal of Sound and Vibration 232, no. 2 (April 2000): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1999.2740.
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Alim, Moh Miladun Hakimin, and Mr Rusindiyanto. "PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT OF MOTORCYCLES EMERGENCY WHEELS EQUIPMENT USING THE DESIGN FOR ASSEMBLY (DFA) METHOD." Journal of Industrial Engineering Management 8, no. 1 (April 13, 2023): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33536/jiem.v8i1.1407.
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Motorcycles are a popular mode of transportation that people widely use to facilitate their daily activities. Behind the advantage, motorcycles also have disadvantages. As we often encounter or even experience ourselves, namely tire leaks. Riding a motorcycle with a punctured tire can exacerbate and endanger the user. Thus, the motorcycle must be pushed manually to the workshop for repairs which will undoubtedly require a lot of time and effort. Moreover, motorcycle users will feel tired and uncomfortable. From these issues, a solution was devised as a motorcycle emergency wheel tool. This tool's function is to support the leaking part of the motorcycle wheel and is inserted into the device that has been made so that the leaking tire is not damaged. The method used is designed for assembly (DFA). This method aims to study the processes and products of competitors in terms of design, quality, selection of materials, components, and production processes and then evaluate the assembly of manufactured products to design superior products. Based on the results of the development of a motorcycle emergency wheel tool that has been carried out, the innovative product is proven to have a lower price with a difference of Rp. 22,000 from the earliest product price. The assembly efficiency, earlier worth 0.9062 or 90.62%, can be reduced to 0.8169 or 81.69% by implementing innovative product designs.
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Gerhardt, J. S., R. L. Fuller, G. D. Follen, and C. L. Schnuth. "The Use of Tangential X-Ray Tools in the Analysis of Tire/Wheel Mismatch." Tire Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 96–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2137537.
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Abstract This paper introduces and discusses the use of tangential x-rays as a tool and technique for analysis of fitment of the tire/wheel contact area or bead seat area for any pneumatic tire/wheel assembly. The bead seat area of pneumatic tires has long been an area of “intrigue” owing to its hidden nature. This technique is demonstrated in the analysis of a progressive degradation of a casing ply turn-up in a tire. The tangential x-ray methodology permits observation of the structural elements in a tire while it is mounted and inflated. The process makes it possible to answer definitively many questions relating to the fitment of a tire to a rim. The paper includes examples of bead and component identification and placement. More importantly, tangential x-ray analysis helps in the evaluation of minute tear anomalies and their propagation during use.
20
Ni, E.-J., D. S. Snyder, G. F. Walton, N. E. Mallard, G. E. Barron, J. T. Browell, and B. N. Aljundi. "Radiated Noise from Tire/Wheel Vibration." Tire Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2137528.
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Abstract As a general trend, vehicle sound quality has significantly improved in recent years. This is primarily due to improved body structure and powertrain design. As demand for better vehicle sound quality increases, it is important to study all possible noise sources contributing to noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). Tire vibration has long been recognized as a source of airborne noise. Some effects of wheel design on tire noise have also been well understood for sometime. But the dynamic interaction between tire and wheel designs and its effect on vehicle NVH, although frequently observed for many years, has only recently been identified in the 200–350 Hz frequency range. Different wheels can produce perceptible differences in vehicle interior sound pressure levels in a road test. Hence, the authors have developed a process to quantify and reduce noise caused by a vibrating tire/wheel assembly. This paper discusses the general flow of the process, which begins with the identification of NVH issues on a total vehicle level. Modeling and optimization of the aluminum wheel was chosen as the focus of this project for two reasons. First, the interior sound pressure level (SPL) around 285 Hz is about 5–7 dBA higher in a vehicle equipped with aluminum wheels rather than a steel design. Second, modifying the wheel is far more economical and faster due to its simplicity of design than the complexity of either the vehicle body structure or a tire.
21
Pottinger, M. G. "Uniformity: A Crucial Attribute of Tire/Wheel Assemblies." Tire Science and Technology 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.3298682.
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Abstract Good ride, acceptable comfort for passengers, is a required attribute for all road vehicles particularly automobiles and light trucks. The tire/wheel assembly is a critical component in providing good ride. Indeed, obtaining good ride was the crucial factor that drove the invention of and rapid popularization of the pneumatic tire. Today, the ride effect of tires is often thought of in two ways. The first is in terms of the transmission of vibration produced by the interaction of the tire with road surface irregularities, harshness. The second is in terms of tire structural irregularity generated energy transmitted during operation on a smooth road, uniformity. Both types of energy share the dynamic properties of the tire structure though they differ in source. This paper concentrates primarily on uniformity induced vibration particularly at the frequency of tire rotation, but does touch on harshness to a small degree, when the sharing of structural dynamics makes it appropriate. This review of the subject of force uniformity includes the effect of wheels, as wheels contribute to the vibration that reaches the vehicle spindle. Balance is touched on only as it affects force uniformity in well-balanced assemblies. This is not a treatise on balancing. A suggestion is made, which should, if practical, greatly improve the installed uniformity of tire/wheel assemblies.
22
Lei, Zhang, Chen Keqin, Zhang Dashun, Zhang Fu, Fan Yue, and Tan Chuanjie. "Design and research on pneumatic system of tire wheel hub matching machine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 12 (June 1, 2023): 122009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/12/122009.
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Abstract With the increasingly fierce competition in the automotive industry, the requirements for the automobile wheel hub assembly line weregetting higher and higher, and the matching machine has become an indispensable part of the assembly line. In this paper, the structure of pneumatic drive and servo drive was adopted by the tire wheel hub matching machine, which ensured the production rhythm and the matching accuracy requirements. According to the overall index requirements of the automatic matching machine,the pneumatic system schematic diagram was determined by the detailed research and comparison of the principle and system composition of the representative pneumatic circuit.
23
Tielking, J. T. "Force Transmissibility of Heavy Truck Tires." Tire Science and Technology 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2139535.
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Abstract A laboratory study of force transmission in radial truck tires is described. The experiments are conducted with the tire-wheel assembly attached to a fixed, nonrotating axle. Contact with the tire is provided by a flat surface. Single frequency displacement cycles are applied to the loaded tire footprint, and the dynamic force transmitted through the tire is measured at the fixed axle. Fourier transform signal analysis is used to extract the cyclic displacement and force amplitudes. The amplitude ratio force/displacement is defined as the force transmissibility. The experiments show inflation pressure and tire load to have little effect on force transmissibility. A single degree of freedom tire model for force transmissibility is described. The model uses easily measured tire parameters and is intended for use in vehicle models to include the effect of tire dynamics.
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Rajendran, S., S. M. Abish, M. Sakthivel, P. Sandeep, and S. Rahul Krishna. "Design and Analysis of Ejection in Sub Wheel Assembly." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 1 (August 12, 2020): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2018-0006.
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AbstractTraveling in remote areas at nights is very risky and tire getting puncture at that time is dangerous. To avoid any of this complications a sub wheel system is installed in the vehicle. Sub wheels helps to go to required destination and change the puncture wheel. The tires used in this system are mold tires so they don’t get affected by the road conditions. The sub wheel is operated by means of a hydraulic system. Power for this sub wheel is provided from the engine placed in the back of the vehicle. This is system is very useful heavy weight vehicle which travel in difficult terrain (army vehicles). The height of the car is increased so that Sub wheels won’t affect the chassis or the engine. This type of system is used in le24race but they only use hydraulic system to lift the car. The advantage of this system is its user friendly and effective to use. By pressing a button required sub wheel comes down and start to function. By using CATIA a diagram of this system is drawn to check it’s various forces acting on it.
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Anderson, Jeffery R., John Adcox, Beshah Ayalew, Mike Knauff, Tim Rhyne, and Steve Cron. "Interaction of a Slip-Based Antilock Braking System with Tire Torsional Dynamics." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430303.
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ABSTRACT This paper presents simulation and experimental results that outline the interaction between a tire's torsional dynamic properties and antilock braking system (ABS) during a hard braking event. Previous work has shown the importance of the coupled dynamics of the tire's belt, sidewall, and wheel/hub assembly on braking performance for a wheel acceleration-based ABS controller. This work presents findings based on a proprietary slip-based ABS controller. A comprehensive system model including tire torsional dynamics, dynamics of the tread–ground friction (LuGre friction model), and dominant brake system hydraulic dynamics was developed for simulation studies on this slip-based controller. Results from key sensitivity studies of tire torsional parameters are presented along with experimental results obtained on a quarter car braking test rig. In this work, it was found that within a reasonable tire design space (with respect to tire torsional properties), the ABS algorithm tested was extremely robust to changing these parameters. The main conclusion of this result is that when a consumer replaces his or her tires with different (than original equipment) tires, there should be little effect on braking performance.
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Zia, Firdous, and Gouraw Beohar. "A Study of Rolling Contact Fatigue in Bearings with Rolling Elements." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40791.
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Abstract: Excessive noise levels from wheels and brakes, tire wear levels, bearing hub wear, bearing humming, undercarriage noise, and other factors are considered in this study. According to the study findings, better design and fatigue life prediction are urgently needed to prevent accidents. Because the hub assembly on the left side of the vehicle experiences the most deformation and has the shortest fatigue life, the behavior of the wheel hub ball bearing under duty cycle loading conditions affects deformations and bearing life. Keywords: bearing, fatigue life, Wheel hub, duty cycle
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Yuan, Xiao Ming, Li Jie Zhang, Xin Ying Chen, Bing Du, Bao Hua Li, Li Guo Fan, and Yue Pan. "Numerical Simulation of Aluminum Alloy Wheel 13° Impact Test Based on Abaqus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 215-216 (November 2012): 1191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.215-216.1191.
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In order to predict the result of impact test in the design phase and reduce the experimental times, which can save cost and shorten development cycle, a finite element model of aluminum alloy wheel 13-degree impact test is established based on Abaqus. All mechanical parts such as the standard impact block, the assembly of the wheel and the tire, the support and bolts are included in the finite element model. The predicted result of finite element analysis and the experimental result agree very well shows the finite element model is correct. The equivalent plastic strain value was also put forward as fracture criterion for the wheel in the impact test which realizes the transition from the qualitative analysis to the quantitative analysis in the development process of aluminum alloy wheel.
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Lee, C. "Rim Slip and Bead Fitment of Tires: Analysis and Design2." Tire Science and Technology 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 38–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2169829.
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Abstract A tire slips circumferentially on the rim when subjected to a driving or braking torque greater than the maximum tire-rim frictional torque. The balance of the tire-rim assembly achieved with weight attachment at certain circumferential locations in tire mounting is then lost, and vibration or adverse effects on handling may result when the tire is rolled. Bead fitment refers to the fit between a tire and its rim, and in particular, to whether a gap exists between the two. Rim slip resistance, or the maximum tire-rim frictional torque, is the integral of the product of contact pressure, friction coefficient, and the distance to the wheel center over the entire tire-rim interface. Analytical solutions and finite element analyses were used to study the dependence of the contact pressure distribution on tire design and operating attributes such as mold ring profile, bead bundle construction and diameter, and inflation pressure, etc. The tire-rim contact pressure distribution consists of two parts. The pressure on the ledge and the flange, respectively, comes primarily from tire-rim interference and inflation. Relative contributions of the two to the total rim slip resistance vary with tire types, depending on the magnitudes of ledge interference and inflation pressure. Based on the analyses, general guidelines are established for bead design modification to improve rim slip resistance and mountability, and to reduce the sensitivity to manufacturing variability. An iterative design and analysis procedure is also developed to improve bead fitment.
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Lu, Dang, Yao Ma, Hengfeng Yin, Zhihui Deng, and Jiande Qi. "Development and Validation of Electronic Stability Control System Algorithm Based on Tire Force Observation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 8741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238741.
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In view of the higher and higher assembly rate of the electronic stability control system (ESC in short), the control accuracy still needs to be improved. In order to make up for the insufficient accuracy of the tire model in the nonlinear area of the tire, in this paper, an algorithm for the electronic stability control system based on the control of tire force feedforward used in conjunction with tire force sensors is proposed. The algorithm takes into consideration the lateral stability of the tire under extreme conditions affected by the braking force. We use linear optimal control to determine the optimal yaw moment, and obtain the brake wheel cylinder pressure through an algorithm combining feedforward compensation based on measured tire force and feedback correction. The controller structure is divided into two layers, the upper layer is controlled by a linear quadratic regulator (LQR in short) and the lower layer is controlled by PID (Proportional-integral-derivative) and feedforward. After that, verification of the controller’s algorithms using software cosimulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL in short) testing in the double lane change (DLC in short) and sine with dwell (SWD in short) conditions. From the test results it can be concluded that the controller based on tire force observation has partially control advantages.
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Kobayashi, Sho, Ryo Kiyotaki, Zhe Li, and Osamu Terashima. "On the relationship between the vibration characteristics of the automobile wheel and generated road noise in the vehicle cabin." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 268, no. 2 (November 30, 2023): 6187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_0916.
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The relationship between vibration characteristics of an automobile wheel and the generated road noise in the vehicle cabin was investigated experimentally and numerically because it is one of the vibration transmission paths caused by the input force from roads. Experiments were conducted using 15-inch wheels in two different vibration characteristics, and the results were discussed based on the measurements of the noise in the cabin and vibrational acceleration of the sub-frame of the vehicle when driving on smooth and rough roads at a speed of 30 km/h. Further, transient analysis using FEM was also performed using a tire-wheel assembly model. The results showed that large differences were observed in the generated noise of 49, 90, and 167 Hz in the case of the smooth road, and these differences were due to the difference in the magnitude of vibrational accelerations of the wheel at these frequencies.
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Haddar, Ahmed, Alain Daidie, Emmanuel Rodriguez, and Louis Augustins. "Mechanical strength of highly preloaded bolts affected by the ovalization of an aircraft wheel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 236, no. 8 (January 11, 2022): 4286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544062211050511.
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This work presented in this paper concerns the modeling of the tensile and bending behavior of bolts in an airplane wheel. The design of a very rigid airplane tire means that the airplane wheel must be separated into two parts. In order not to have a separation between the two parts, several bolts with high preload are used. The main objective of this work is to predict the mechanical behavior of this assembly in a preliminary design phase with geometrical and global mechanical data. To achieve this objective, a simplified semi-numerical 1D model is developed. The complex geometry of the wheels is modeled by axisymmetric elements, while beam elements define the geometries and mechanical behavior of the bolts. The model is improved in non-axisymmetric cases to include the ring effect due to the wheel ovalization. Different cases are simulated (inflation and rolling). For each load case, the most stressed fastener is examined. Then, a comparison between its static and fatigue stress results and those of the 3D finite element reference model considered is analyzed for the validation of the developed tool. The semi-numerical model is used in the preliminary design phase and permits the geometric and mechanical properties of the aircraft wheel and fasteners to be defined so as to find the best assembly configuration that prevents separation.
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Gagnon, Louis, Marc J. Richard, Pierangelo Masarati, Marco Morandini, and Guy Doré. "An Implicit Ring Tire Model for Multibody Simulation with Energy Dissipation." Tire Science and Technology 42, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 62–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.14.420203.
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ABSTRACT A rigid ring tire model was developed as the c++ module of a free multibody dynamics software. It takes as input the longitudinal profile of the road and is attached to the wheel element of a multibody simulation. It is intended to evaluate the transient behavior of the tire rolling on a deteriorated road profile. It is tailored for, but not restricted to, applications at low camber angles, limited steering and velocity changes, and continuous contact with the road. It is expected to be accurate under excitation frequencies up to 100 Hz and road deformation up to 10 cm. It takes 45 tire parameters and 20 algorithm parameters and is integrated implicitly except for the road profile. The model has been calibrated and validated against a trusted finite element analysis of Michelin XZA-3 tires mounted on a wheel and axle assembly going over rectangular cleats. The resulting curves showed good agreement with the finite element data. The Nelder-Mead optimization process used on the manually determined parameters was able to increase the average coefficient of determination of the 12 test curves from −0.4 to 0.6. Above 20 km/h, that coefficient was better than 0.8 for every test of the vertical force response to cleats. As for the longitudinal forces, only one curve had a coefficient below 0.5. A variable time-step algorithm was also included in the module and found to reduce the simulation time of the test cases by roughly 85%.
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Giridharan, V., and S. Sivakumar. "Shimmy analysis of light weight aircraft nose wheel landing gear." Vibroengineering PROCEDIA 47 (December 12, 2022): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2022.22988.
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This paper presents mathematical modeling and analysis of shimmy oscillations for a light weight airplane single wheel nose landing gear. Shimmy is a self-excited oscillation which occurs usually on the nose wheel landing gear assembly during ground maneuvers which is governed by the dynamic characteristics of the landing gear and tires. Shimmy oscillation may lead to reduce the fatigue life of the landing gear and fuselage structure. So, the study of dynamic response and stability boundaries of landing gear plays crucial role while designing of airplanes. In earlier studies of vehicle shimmy only 3 degrees of freedom (DOF) considered such as torsional mode, lateral bending mode and tire lateral deformation. In this work along with above mentioned DOF, two more additional DOF introduced such as axial vibration of strut and tire in order to include the effect of vertical dynamics on shimmy model. Gyroscopic coupling effect also included in the model to study its influence on shimmy. Analysis carried out to determine critical velocity region for occurrence of shimmy and to investigate the effectiveness of ground unevenness on the landing gear system for two different runway conditions such as flat runway and random roughness runway. The results are more helpful to study significant interaction between the different parameters of landing gear and to represent stability boundaries.
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Reina, Giulio, Antonio Leanza, and Arcangelo Messina. "On the vibration analysis of off-road vehicles: Influence of terrain deformation and irregularity." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 22 (January 31, 2018): 5418–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546318754682.
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Surface irregularity acts as a major excitation source in off-road driving that induces vibration of the vehicle body through the tire assembly and the suspension system. When adding ground deformability, this excitation is modulated by the soil properties and operating conditions. The underlying mechanisms that govern ground behavior can be explained and modeled drawing on Terramechanics. Based on this theory, a comprehensive quarter-car model of off-road vehicle is presented that takes into account tire/soil interaction. The model can handle the general case of compliant wheel rolling on compliant ground and it allows ride and road holding performance to be evaluated in the time and frequency domain. An extensive set of simulation tests is included to assess the impact of various surface roughness and ground deformability through a parameter study, showing the potential of the proposed model to describe the behavior of off-road vehicles for design and performance optimization purposes.
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Sandor, Bela I. "Tire choices in Roman chariot racing." Journal of Roman Archaeology 29 (2016): 438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400072226.
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Formal chariot racing was a sophisticated and popular sport for over 1800 years, from Etruria in the 6th c. B.C. down to the fall of Constantinople, and the races held in a large number of circuses and hippodromes imply that huge numbers of racing chariots were made over the course of those centuries. It may therefore be thought surprising that no racing machine has been found, but the dearth of such hardware is plausible given the perishable wood and leather components of the lightweight vehicles and the desirability of recycling the metal parts. In this situation a particular artifact must be accorded special significance. It is a hand-sized bronze model of a Roman racing biga, known as the Tiber model because found in the river. Dated to the 1st-2nd c. A.D., it is now on display in the British Museum (GR 1894.10-30.1, Bronze 2694). With this model as our guide, all the major dimensions of Roman racing chariots have been reasonably well determined; further, several technical aspects (some obvious, others quite subtle) of actual racing chariots can be established from it. Among the subtle details of the model, one feature is especially intriguing in view of the remarkably realistic work of its maker, who was clearly knowledgeable in matters large and small of vehicular racing. As first mentioned to me by J. Swaddling of the British Museum during our latest study of the model (November 2014), an unusual tire configuration is apparently represented on this all-bronze model: the right wheel has a slightly raised rim, as if to indicate a thin iron tire, but the left wheel lacks this feature (fig. 1). This asymmetrical arrangement is not only curious, it also implies extra work and expense. What, then, could be the reason for it?One possibility for having apparently only one tire on the Tiber model — which was probably a toy for a rich individual; the emperor Nero, an avid racer, was said to play with toy chariots — is that two different castings were used in the toy's production, and either one could have been used in the assembly, in random selection from a box.
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TANAKA, Katsunori, Tetsu WAKABAYASHI, and Syuichi KIMURA. "1301 An Estimation Method on the Force Variation of Tire and Wheel Assembly for Improvement of Car Shake." Proceedings of the Transportation and Logistics Conference 2012.21 (2012): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetld.2012.21.79.
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TANAKA, Katsunori, Tetsu WAKABAYASHI, and Syuichi KIMURA. "A mechanical model that can calculate the radial force variation of tire and wheel assembly to reduce the car shake." Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese) 83, no. 849 (2017): 16–00487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/transjsme.16-00487.
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Dutta, Saikat, Sang-Min Choi, and Seung-Bok Choi. "A new adaptive sliding mode control for Macpherson strut suspension system with magneto-rheological damper." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 27, no. 20 (July 28, 2016): 2795–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16641221.
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This work proposes a new adaptive sliding mode controller to enhance ride comfort and steering stability of automobile associated with a semi-active magneto-rheological damper. In this study, a Macpherson strut type suspension system which is widely used in light vehicles is considered. The dynamic model of the Macpherson strut with magneto-rheological damper is obtained and the governing equations are then formulated using kinematic properties of the suspension system following Lagrange’s formulation. In the formulation of the model, both the rotation of the wheel assembly and the lateral stiffness of the tire are considered to represent the nonlinear characteristic of Macpherson type suspension system. Subsequently, in order to effectively reduce unwanted vibrations, a new adaptive sliding mode controller is designed by adopting moving sliding surface instead of conventional fixed sliding surface. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, a cylindrical magneto-rheological damper is designed and manufactured on the basis of practical application conditions such as required damping force. Then, ride comfort, suspension travel, and road handling are evaluated and some benefits of the proposed controller such as enhanced ride comfort are evaluated.
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Son, Young Kap, and Gordon J. Savage. "A Simple Explicit Meta-Model for Probabilistic Design of Dynamic Systems with Multiple Mixed Inputs." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 25, no. 03 (April 23, 2018): 1850011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539318500110.
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Most systems have multiple inputs that comprise of a mixture of excitations and component parameters. Excitations are different from component parameters in that they are always functions of time. In mechanical systems, these include applied forces, applied displacements, system settings, systems configurations and operating conditions. It would be convenient to include multiple excitations and multiple component parameters in a meta-model to take advantage of the inherent computation speed needed for timely probability-based design optimization. In the development of the meta-model in this paper, we treat the component parameters in the same manner as the excitations and thus, in both cases, form time-sampled vectors. A design-of-experiments training regime creates a single input matrix, and using the mechanistic model, a single output matrix. Finally, a simple, explicit, meta-model is developed that turns an arbitrary vector of contiguous multiple excitations and multiple component parameters into the corresponding output vector (herein, the response). The approach provides an appealing and efficient solution to the multiple, mixed input problem, and in addition, requires only off-the-shelf computer software. The efficacy of the meta-model is shown through probability-based design optimization (PBDO) of a tire-wheel assembly, modelled as a mass-spring-damper system with nonlinear hysteresis, under a combination of practical inputs.
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Novikov, Vyacheslav V., Alexey V. Pozdeev, Vitaly V. Erontaev, Dmitry A. Chumakov, Nikolay M. Kolesov, Nikolay V. Timoshin, and Timofey A. Kagochkin. "Experimental definition of lateral stiffness of a pneumatic wheel of the MTZ-82 “Belarus” tractor." Tractors and Agricultural Machinery 90, no. 2 (July 27, 2023): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-280225.
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BACKGROUND: Due to the excessive vertical and angular vibrations of suspensionless vehicles used in agriculture and road construction that occur during movement, the velocity of their motion is limited, which, in the conditions of a constant traffic flow, reduces the road capacity. Therefore, the search for ways to improve the vibration-isolating properties of wheeled suspensionless vehicles is a relevant issue, the solution of which affects not only on traffic safety and driving comfort, but also on average speed and fuel efficiency.
AIMS: To determine the lateral stiffness of the pneumatic wheel from the rear axle of the MTZ-82 Belarus tractor at different tire pressures, basing on bench tests.
METHODS: On the basis of the hydraulic pulsation test rig of the Automatic Units department of the VolgGTU, a special-purpose movable supporting and measuring device was developed and assembled, the feature of which is that 4 rollers with flanges are installed on top of the hydraulic actuator force sensor, a flat rectangular base plate is supported on these rollers and connected with a vertical frame of the rig through a force-measuring device by means of a screw mechanism. The tested wheel is mounted on the base plate, the wheels axle is fixed on a vertically-moving traverse, on top of which weights creating the necessary vertical force are fixed. The test procedure consisted in measuring the lateral force and lateral displacement of the base plate until the tire slip occurred at the following tire pressures: at the recommended pressure of 0.16 MPa and at reduced pressures of 0.12, 0.08 and 0.04 MPa.
RESULTS: Based on the test results, the elastic characteristic curves of the lateral stiffness of the tested wheel were obtained. These characteristic curves have a regressive form, as their slope significantly decreases with a significant reduce in tire pressure. Thus, when the tire pressure is reduced from 0.16 to 0.12 MPa, there is practically no difference in the obtained values of lateral stiffness, which reaches 112.5 kN/m. After a 2-fold tire pressure reduction, the lateral stiffness decreases by 7%, and after a 4-fold reduction, by 28%. At the same time, the static tire deflection increases from 22 to 32 mm, which significantly increases the contact patch of the tire with the ground.
CONCLUSIONS: By means of the tests carried out, it is established that tire pressure reduction by 2550% of the recommended value does not have a significant effect on the loss of lateral stiffness of the pneumatic wheel of the rear axle of the MTZ-82 Belarus tractor, which is important to use in order to increase traction and improve ride comfort of wheeled tractors.
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Coimbra, Marcos R. C., Társis P. Barbosa, and César M. A. Vasques. "A 3D-Printed Continuously Variable Transmission for an Electric Vehicle Prototype." Machines 10, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10020084.
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This paper aims to present the design of a new 3D-printed continuously variable transmission (CVT) developed for an electric vehicle prototype competing in Shell Eco-marathon electric battery category, a world-wide energy efficiency competition sponsored by Shell. The proposed system is composed of a polymeric conic geared friction wheel assembled in the motor axle and directly coupled to the rear tire of the vehicle. The conical shape allows to implement a continuous variation of the geared friction wheel diameter in contact with the tire. The motor with the geared friction wheel was mounted over a board with linear bearings, allowing the speed ratio to change by moving the board laterally. A computational simulation model of a prototype electric vehicle with the proposed 3D-printed CVT was created in Matlab/Simulink environment to obtain the traction force in the geared friction wheel and also to analyze the vehicle performance. The simulation results demonstrated possibilities of increasing vehicle speed range output and available torque in the rear traction wheel. Also, it is shown with the simulated model that the designed CVT consumes 10.46% less energy than a fixed transmission ratio, demonstrating the CVT concept’s potential for battery consumption reduction. Lastly, a 3D-printing slicing software with an optimization algorithm plug-in was used to determine the best printing parameters for the conic geared friction wheel based on the tangential force, maximum displacement and safety factor. When compared to the original part with a 100% infill density, the optimized solution reduced the component mass by about 12% while maintaining safe mechanical resistance and stiffness.
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Massaro, Alessandro, Giovanni Dipierro, Emanuele Cannella, and Angelo Maurizio Galiano. "Comparative Analysis among Discrete Fourier Transform, K-Means and Artificial Neural Networks Image Processing Techniques Oriented on Quality Control of Assembled Tires." Information 11, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11050257.
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The present paper discusses a comparative application of image processing techniques, i.e., Discrete Fourier Transform, K-Means clustering and Artificial Neural Network, for the detection of defects in the industrial context of assembled tires. The used Artificial Neural Network technique is based on Long Short-Term Memory and Fully Connected neural networks. The investigations focus on the monitoring and quality control of defects, which may appear on the external surface of tires after being assembled. Those defects are caused from tires which are not properly assembled to their respective metallic wheel rim, generating deformations and scrapes which are not desired. The proposed image processing techniques are applied on raw high-resolution images, which are acquired by in-line imaging and optical instruments. All the described techniques, i.e., Discrete Fourier Transform, K-Means clustering and Long Short-Term Memory, were able to determine defected and acceptable external tire surfaces. The proposed research is taken in the context of an industrial project which focuses on the development of automated quality control and monitoring methodologies, within the field of Industry 4.0 facilities. The image processing techniques are thus meant to be adopted into production processes, giving a strong support to the in-line quality control phase.
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Carvalho, Antoine, Kevin Billon, Jonathan Rodriguez, Simon Chesne, and François Lohr. "Active Vibration Control on a Tire-Wheel Assembly using Piezoelectric Spatial Modal Filter." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, May 21, 2024, 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4065574.
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Abstract Vibrations due to tire-road contact in wheeled vehicles induce acoustic discomfort especially beyond 35 km·h−1. This paper proposes an active control method to reduce the vibration transmission from the tire-road contact to the vehicle through piezoelectric transducers located directly on the wheel spokes. Our approach relies on a double spatial modal filter to physically focus the control energy on the wheel pumping mode while avoiding any spillover phenomena. In addition, a band pass controller ensures maximum damping on the targeted mode. The proposed control strategy is applied first to the clamped wheel in order to validate the static performance of the spatial controller. Then the wheel is excited through the tire and the efficiency of the controller is evaluated through the measured force passing by the wheel hub. Finally, the tire-wheel assembly (TWA) is placed on an experimental set-up recreating the vehicle operating conditions with wheel rotation at different velocities and road excitation. The experimental results confirm the efficiency of the proposed control method and its robustness to the dynamics evolution of the structure in function of the TWA angular velocity.
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Fahad, Mohammad, Richard Nagy, and Peter Fuleki. "Creep model to determine rut development by autonomous truck axles on pavement." Pollack Periodica, August 7, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2021.00328.
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AbstractImpacts of autonomous truck’s passes on pavement have been analyzed in this research. Two types of lateral positioning namely zero wander and uniform wander along with a super single wide tire and a dual tire have been analyzed with variable traffic speeds in ABQUS. The study concludes with the results in favor of usage of a super single wide tire under a uniform wander mode. The highest amount of pavement damage in terms of maximum rut depth is caused by the dual wheel assembly moving under a zero-wander mode. The magnitude of rut depth increases by a factor of two when a dual tire assembly is used instead of a wide tire assembly. At a uniform wander mode, rut depth increases by 0.2 mm for every 10 km/h decrease in traffic speed within 90 km/h to 70 km/h range.
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Thirunavukkarasu, M., and V. Lakshminarayanan. "Incorporation of a Secondary Wheel Assembly using Novel Zigbee based Traction Control System for Vehicle Stability during Tire Blow-Outs." International Journal of Vehicle Structures and Systems 10, no. 6 (December 31, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4273/ijvss.10.6.06.
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Tire blow-outs or puncture during the operation of the vehicle is one of the major root causes of road accidents. The drivers lose his/her control of the steering wheel when the tire get punctured or busted leading towards loss of stability of the vehicle causing adverse effects to the vehicle and the passenger. Due to the rapid change in the pressure range within the tyres, the rim of the wheels come in contact with the road surface causing loss of traction and stability of the vehicle leading to accidents. Despite, the rapid advancements witnessed in the field of automobile industry stating from autonomous vehicles to electronic stability unit, a proper solution addressing the issue of accidents caused due to tire blow-outs remains unanswered. In this proposed study, automatic activation of an additional secondary wheel/roller assembly mounted to the chassis using a custom made Zigbee based smart traction system in order to address the traction and stability issues based on the real-time pressure of the tyre is presented. The real-time pressure of the wheels is monitored by the control system which then decides on scheduling the activation of the secondary wheel/roller assembly using a battery operated pneumatic system which will prevent the vehicle from losing its stability. The proposed traction control system consisting of the secondary roller assembly could also be considered as a lifesaving add-on to the passenger vehicle and a replacement for the wheel replacement jack emphasising the market demand of the proposed solution which is a robust and a cost-effective solution.
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Minghui, Ye. "Kinematics and Dynamics Analysis of McPherson Suspension Based on Planar 1/4 Vehicle Model." Vehicle Dynamics 1, no. 1 (April 17, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/vd.v1i1.490.
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The nonlinear asymmetric problem of McPherson suspension has become a challenging problem in the process ofestablishing the system model. This paper presents a planar 1/4-vehicle model that not only takes into account thevertical vibration of the sprung mass (chassis), but also includes: ix spring mass (wheel assembly) sliding and rotation;ii longitudinal wheel mass And its moment of inertia; iii tire damping and lateral defl ection. This dynamic kinematicmodel provides a solution to two important shortcomings of the traditional 1/4 vehicle model: it explains geometricmodeling and tire modeling. This paper provides a systematic development of the planar model and a completemathematical equation. This analysis model can be applied to hardware in the rapid calculation of ring applications. Inaddition, the model also gives a repeatable Simulink simulation implementation. The model has been compared withthe actual Adams / View simulation to analyze the vibration and rebound motion of the wheel, as well as two relatedmotion parameters: the dynamic characteristics of the camber and the pitch change.
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Liu, Yuting, Xiandong Liu, Yingchun Shan, Xiaojun Hu, and Jiajing Yi. "Research on mechanism and evolution features of frequency split phenomenon of tire acoustic cavity resonance." Journal of Vibration and Control, May 15, 2020, 107754632092679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546320926793.
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The acoustic cavity resonance inside the tire–wheel assembly is known to contribute to audible noise in the passenger compartment of vehicles. To obtain control methods of tire acoustic cavity resonance, its characteristics and producing mechanism need to be clarified first. In this article, the finite element model of a tire coupled with acoustic medium in the tire cavity is constructed. The Euler method is introduced to study the modal characteristics of tire cavity under the influence of tire inflation pressure, load, and tire rotation velocity. Frequency splitting phenomena under four separate conditions (stationary tire without load, stationary tire with load, rotating tire without load, and rotating tire with load) are simulated and analyzed. The slope change of the resonance frequency as a function of rotation speed is found to be close to the reciprocal of tire radius which can be explained by a model of wave propagation in a ring-shaped channel with moving media inside the ring. The obtained function of the slope change can help determine the frequency variation range under different vehicle velocity, structure load, and tire inflation pressure, which can then help to control the cavity resonance energy and provide a more comfortable driving experience.
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Refiyanni, Meidia, H. Zakia, and Teuku Cut Adek. "ANALISIS KENDARAAN BERMOTOR RODA DUA BERDASARKAN (BOK) DESA TUMPOK LADANG KECAMATAN KAWAY XVI." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Teknologi Konstruksi 2, no. 2 (October 26, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jts-utu.v2i2.351.
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This study was conducted to analize and identify the factors which will affect the operational cost of two-wheel motor vehicles (motorcycle), analyzing vehicle operating costs of two-wheel motorvehicles (motorcycle) and determining an adequate model for the operational cost of two-wheel motor vehicles (motorcycle) in Tumpuk Ladang Village Kaway XVI Sub District. The dependentvariable is the journey that affect operational cost, while the independent variable is the cost of fuel consumption cost of oil ( engine oil and transmission oil), the cost of replacemet tires (tire andinner tube), the cost of implementation of the service, the cost of spare parts and unexpected cost In conducting statistical test, processing data using statistical SPSS software. Then after the statistical test, followed by calculating the operational cost of vehicles of vehicles by type, capacity and the assembly which includes fixed cost and variable cost. Based on the results of this study the cost of fuel consumption and tire replacement is the most influence on operational cost. Model of vehicle operating cost analysis for motorcyle in Tumpok Ladang Village adalah Y = 78,426 + 0,004 X1 + 0,001X2 – 0,012X3 + 0,211X4 – 0,929X5 + 0,002X6.
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Stabile, P., F. Ballo, M. Gobbi, and G. Previati. "Multi-objective structural optimization of vehicle wheels: a method for preliminary design." Optimization and Engineering, August 24, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11081-023-09833-9.
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AbstractThe paper proposes an optimization procedure to be adopted by wheels design engineers for the identification of preliminary solutions to design lightweight and safe wheels. In particular, decisions related to the sizing of the wheel rim, to the number and type of spokes and to the spokes structural layout are addressed. The process relies on the combination of a simplified finite element model of the tire/wheel assembly and artificial neural networks used for global approximation, within a multi-objective optimization framework. Mass and compliance of the wheel are minimized at the same time, with constraints on structural safety and manufacturing. The method is applied to the preliminary design of the wheel of a lightweight electric vehicle specifically designed for energy efficiency competitions and allows to derive simple and general design guidelines for developing efficient products.
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Razi, Pejman. "A Study on the Mid-frequency Tire-Sourced Cabin Noise in Electric Vehicles." Tire Science And Technology, October 31, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tst-22-018.
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ABSTRACT This study investigates and provides a framework for addressing a reported tire- sourced cabin noise in the mid-frequency range of 300–500 Hz for an electric vehicle (EV). Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) of EVs present new challenges compared with internal combustion engine vehicles because of significant design changes between the two vehicle types. In turn, the tire–road interaction noise becomes a more significant source of cabin noise in EVs. In this regard, some prominent EV manufacturers recently reported relatively high measured cabin noise, particularly in the mid-frequency range of 300–500 Hz. Identifying the root cause(s) of noise in that range is a challenging task, as both tire structure–borne and airborne sources are contributors in that frequency range of elevated noise. The current work presents the results of an experimental modal analysis to provide insight into some potential sources of the reported noise for an all-season tire/wheel assembly designed for an EV. The subsequent parametric simulations, conducted via the tire–vehicle finite element model, evaluate some of the mitigation solutions for the reported noise.