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Journal articles on the topic 'Tire development process'
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1
Hadjit, Rabah, Bret Engels, Markus Brandstetter, and Athanasios Poulos. "Tire test stand measurements for blocked forces identification and tire noise auralization." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 264, no. 1 (June 24, 2022): 847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/nc-2022-825.
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Tire/Road noise is a dominant contribution to a vehicle interior noise. In this paper, we present the process we developed to support automotive OEMs with road noise engineering during vehicle design and development. The process uses blocked forces identified from measurements performed on a single tire installed on a test stand. The forces are then combined with vehicle level transfer functions to predict the sound at the driver ears. The results are imported in a driving simulator for NVH to allow for auralization and sound quality evaluations. The process can be applied from the very early stages of the vehicle development using CAE simulation results and allows to evaluate the vehicle road noise performance long before the first prototype is available.
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Zhang, Jin Yun, Zhi Wei Jiao, Yue Xing Liu, You Chen Zhang, and Wei Min Yang. "Development of Inner Mould Direct-Pressure Tire Vulcanization Technology Equipment." Key Engineering Materials 561 (July 2013): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.561.351.
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Traditional tire vulcanization technology has notable drawbacks,for example,the heat transfer is uneven and uniformity of a tire is low.A new type of inner mould direct-pressure tire vulcanization technology is introduced.The new technology method can solve probloms in traditional tire vulcanization by utilizing the building drum to replace the curing bladder of the central mechanism and using electromagnetic-induction heating method to heat green tire cavity. This paper mainly illustrates the development process of the inner mould direct-pressure tire vulcanization technology equipment based on the current tire shaping press vulcanizer.
3
Anderson, Jeffery R., and Erin McPillan. "Simulation of the Wear and Handling Performance Trade-off by Using Multi-objective Optimization and TameTire." Tire Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.16.440404.
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ABSTRACT Optimization is a key tool used by automakers to efficiently design and manufacture vehicles. During vehicle design, much effort is devoted to efficiently simulate and optimize as many vehicle parameters as possible to save development costs during physical testing. One area of vehicle development that heavily relies on physical testing and subjective driver feedback is the tire design process. Optimizing tire parameters relies either on this subjective feedback from trained drivers, or use of existing tire data or scaling of a reference tire model simulate the desired design change and provide feedback. These data are often difficult to obtain and properly scale to represent the appropriate design changes. Michelin's TameTire model is a force and moment tire model. It includes thermal tire effects and is physically derived, thereby allowing quick access to scaling factors to change a tire's behavior based on pertinent tire design changes such as tread depth and tread stiffness. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization is performed to observe the trade-off between tire wear and handling performance by using the scaling factors available in the TameTire model.
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Zhang, Jian, You Su Wei, Guo Lin Wang, and Wen Xian Tang. "Special Software Development for Tire Vulcanization Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 404 (September 2013): 764–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.404.764.
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Special software for tire vulcanization simulation was developed using ABAQUS software as the core solver and Visual Basic6.0 as the develop language. The software was based on principles of easy operation, professional and intelligent analysis. In this way, automation and professionalization of the analysis process were performed. The special software mainly consists of three functions: Firstly, model grid was automatically recognized, and corresponding configuration files were automatically built, which were required in the analysis preprocess. Secondly, ABAQUS solver was invoked to solve the model. Finally, results such as state-of-cure, temperature and other curing performances were automatically extracted and saved as excel or word format. Besides, the curing profiles could be proposed. The results showed that this software is easy to use and work efficiently.
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Dörrie, Helge, Carsten Schröder, and Burkhard Wies. "Winter Tires: Operating Conditions, Tire Characteristics and Vehicle Driving Behavior." Tire Science and Technology 38, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.3428961.
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Abstract The modern development process of winter tires not only requires intense subjective and objective evaluation of the tire properties on the vehicle, but also requires knowledge about the influence of relevant tire characteristics on vehicle driving behavior. It is important to understand the influences of ambient conditions, such as temperature, track surface (asphalt vs corundum) and tire inflation pressure on tire behavior. Tire characteristic results of a parametric study, using a fully climate-controlled interior drum test stand will be presented. The effect on tire characteristics and the resulting vehicle behavior will be discussed using vehicle dynamics simulation. Furthermore the consequences for an optimal design of modern high performance winter tires will be presented.
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Biesse, Frédéric, Jérôme Mahé, and Nicolas Lévy. "Average Worn Profile of Tires in Europe." Tire Science and Technology 42, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.14.420303.
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ABSTRACT Tire tread wear is a key issue in the tire development process and for tire customers. In order to measure the wear performance, tire manufacturers usually proceed to wear tests and calculate the tire life from those tests. An important point in this tire life computation is the criteria chosen for defining the tire's end of life. In Europe, there is a legal minimum tread depth set to 1.6 mm applicable to 75% of the tread pattern width. However, outside those 75% (i.e., on the shoulder part), no clear and shared limit is defined. Also, the usual behavior of customers to decide when their tires should be changed is not well known. The goal of this 2012 study was to identify an average worn profile of tires in Europe and the behavior of customers for replacing their tires. For that, 3000 tires worn out by customers have been collected in scrapyards and measured in five European countries. In this article, we will present the tire collecting method, the measurement process, the analysis method, and some general results and statistics on this 3000 tire database. Finally, the method to compute the average end of life profile and the resulting profile is given.
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Yang, Jin Dian, Qin He Zhang, Dong Ding, and Hai Jiao Wang. "Design and Development of Automated Tire FE Modeling Procedure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.493.
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The paper addresses a modelling procedure to automatically generate 2D finite element meshes of tires, together with the assignment of material property. A program is developed based on the secondary development of HyperMesh with TCL/TK language, thus achieving the automatic FE modelling starting from the AutoCAD tire cross-section profile. The model created as input file can be exported into ABAQUS directly. By automatizing the modeling process, the program can significantly reduce the modeling time and improve modeling efficiency.
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Sarkisov, Pavel, Günther Prokop, Jan Kubenz, and Sergey Popov. "Physical Understanding of Transient Generation of Tire Lateral Force and Aligning Torque." Tire Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 308–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.19.180192.
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ABSTRACT Increasing vehicle performance requirements and virtualization of the development process require more understanding of the physical background of tire behavior, especially in transient rolling conditions with combined slip. The focus of this research is the physical description of the transient generation of tire lateral force and aligning torque. Apart from tire force and torque measurements, two further issues were investigated experimentally. Using acceleration measurement on the tire inner liner, it was observed that the contact patch shape of the rolling tire changes nonlinearly with slip angle and becomes asymmetric. Optical measurement outside and inside the tire has clarified that carcass lateral bending features both shear and rotation angle of its cross sections. A physical simulation model was developed that considers the observed effects. The model was qualitatively validated using not only tire force and torque responses but also deformation of the tire carcass. The model-based analysis explained which tire structural parameters are responsible for which criteria of tire performance. Change in the contact patch shape had a low impact on lateral force and aligning torque. Variation of carcass-bending behavior perceptibly influenced aligning torque generation.
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Franciscus, Freddy. "Review Facility Development of Aircraft Tire Retreading in Indonesia." Jurnal Teknologi Kedirgantaraan 5, no. 2 (August 18, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.35894/jtk.v5i2.10.
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Aircraft tire retread is the process of retreading or reconditioning aircraft tires after being used several times for take off and landing. Retreading an aircraft tire can be done many times, which is between 3-5 times depending on the level of wear of the tire layer. Data from INACA ‘Indonesia AviationOutlook 2017’ shows that the number of jet aircraft owned by Indonesian airlines for Wide Body is 23 aircraft and Narrow Body is 338 aircraft. Where the number of aircraft tyre in the Nose Landing Gear / NLG and Main Landing Gear / MLG Wide Body aircraft are 55 EA and 216 EA respectively, while for Narrow Body aircraft each is 352 EA and 1488 EA. The available information states that tire retreading needs in Indonesia are around USD 20 million per year. There is a huge opportunity in the need for retreading aircraft tires owned by Indonesian airlines, which is around USD 20 million per year, with 10% growth per year, so the next 5 years will reach around USD 30 million. However, this opportunity cannot be taken by MRO Indonesia because MRO Indonesia does not have the ability to retread airplane tires. The cause of the inability to take up an aircraft tire retreading business opportunity is partly because there is no government policy support to encourage aircraft tire manufacturers to collaborate with Indonesian investors to build a tire retread facility, there is business competition with aircraft tire retreading in Malaysia and Thailand, businesses most only think solely of big profits, and the unattractive business climate in Indonesia such as complicated licensing, inefficient supply chains and incentives provided are less attractive. The steps needed to capture the opportunity to retread aircraft tires are to carry out continuous campaigns and incorporate aircraft tire retread facilities development programs into the National Strategic Program and the Aerospace Industry Roadmap.
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Popov, Stanislav K., Vyacheslav D. Vaniushkin, and Ernest A. Serilkov. "Thermal Characteristics of the Waste Tire Pyrolysis Process." Vestnik MEI, no. 6 (2021): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2021-6-37-48.
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A significant annual growth in the number of spent car tires creates a serious environmental problem and calls for the need to continue searching for efficient resource-saving methods of their recycling. There is a growing number of efforts aimed at studying waste tire thermochemical conversion processes, including their pyrolysis to obtain valuable products, including a solid fraction (coke residue), liquid hydrocarbon fraction (pyrolysis oil), and noncondensable gaseous fraction (pyrolysis gas). Commercial and pilot pyrolysis plants and reactors are reviewed. A rotating drum reactor, shaft and screw reactors are the most promising solutions for implementing a continuous process. The development of new resource-saving solutions for the pyrolysis of waste tire requires knowledge of the thermal characteristics of this process, including information on the material and heat flows in the pyrolysis reactor. The composition and thermal properties of waste tire, as well as specific outputs, composition and fuel properties of pyrolysis product material flows, including pyrolysis gas, pyrolysis oil and coke residue, are presented. Information on the pyrolysis plant or reactor heat balance structure is either absent or incomplete. Based on the data available in the literature, the heat balance of a commercial pyrolysis plant equipped with screw reactors characterized by a specific thermal destruction heat of 0.640 MJ/(kg of tires) is drawn up and studied. The numerical analysis results correlate with the data published for the commercial-grade plant. Information on the pyrolysis chamber heat balance structure is correct enough for use in engineering practice. It has been found that the specific heat consumption for the pyrolysis process is 2.269 MJ/(kg of tires). This value can be used in numerically analyzing pyrolysis plants equipped with other designs of pyrolysis reactors.
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Ignatyev, Pavel A., Stefan Ripka, Norbert Mueller, Stefan Torbruegge, and Burkhard Wies. "Tire ABS-Braking Prediction with Lab Tests and Friction Simulations." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 260–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430401.
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ABSTRACT The invention and application of antilock braking systems (ABS) has resulted in a significant improvement of traffic safety and a reduction of stopping distance, especially on wet roads [1]. The reason for this success is rather clear: ABS is designed to steer the braking process in the most efficient way by keeping an optimal level of tire slip. At the same time, it must be clear that ABS uses braking forces generated in the tire footprint, and really good braking is possible only with high-performance tires. The best way to probe tire performance is to build tires and test them. This is, however, a long and an expensive procedure, so prediction of ABS performance based on results of some simple experiments is a very attractive supplement to the development process. Tire-braking performance is related to the friction of rubber on a surface. Relevant friction mechanisms can include adhesion, rubber hysteresis, and various kinds of viscous friction. All of these phenomena depend on the local sliding velocity, load, and temperature of tread rubber. Tire blocks pass the footprint area of a braking tire very rapidly, but their dynamics are indeed influenced by ABS. All of these aspects make the problem of ABS-braking prediction very intricate. In this publication, we present an approach for prediction of the ABS-braking performance. The approach links friction measurements conducted in laboratory to tire tests results. The friction of six specially designed compounds was measured on dry and wet surfaces using a high-speed linear friction test rig. Obtained experimental results are analyzed with the aid of rubber friction theory [2,3] involving both surface and rubber as input parameters. It is demonstrated that lab friction test procedures can be used for prediction of ABS wet braking performance.
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Hüsemann, Thomas, and Mark Wöhrmann. "The Impact of Tire Measurement Data on Tire Modeling and Vehicle Dynamics Analysis." Tire Science and Technology 38, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.3428967.
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Abstract Computer aided engineering tools play an important role in today’s vehicle development process. Today, overall vehicle dynamics analysis and chassis component fatigue resistance investigations can be carried out without the need for existing prototype hardware versions of the corresponding vehicle. An accurate tire model is a key element in precise modeling of the vehicle and its components. All forces acting on the vehicle (except for aerodynamic forces) are transferred via the tires. Therefore, the tire and its modeled characteristics have a major influence on the results of vehicle dynamics analysis. At present, many tire simulation models are available for application in vehicle dynamics analysis. To obtain the best possible performance from these models, a number of different tire measurements are required to support the tire model parameter identification process. This paper presents a review of different tire simulation models and their required tire measurements. Depending on the test rigs used and the measurement procedures applied, the tire measurement results may be somewhat different. What is the impact of these differences on the tire modeling performance and the vehicle dynamics analysis output? This paper gives an answer.
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Dhakal, Pashupati, Suma R. Das, and Abhilash J. Chandy. "Investigation of Fill Factor in Two-Wing Rotor Mixing of Rubber by Using Computational Fluid Dynamics." Tire Science and Technology 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.17.450204.
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ABSTRACT The industrial process of manufacturing tires brings together all the ingredients required to mix a batch of rubber compound in an operation called mixing. The development and use of mixing in a mixing chamber equipped with a rotor has a significant impact on the process itself, and understanding mixing is important in terms of evaluating how material, mixer design, and operating variables (e.g., rpm, temperature, ram pressure) affect distribution, dispersion, and coupling reaction. One of the most important factors to consider is the fill factor, which is the volume of the material relative to the volume of the chamber. It is critical to determine the operating regime in terms of the level of mixing material in the chamber to satisfy all the mixing requirements of the process. Furthermore, the availability of modern high-performance computing resources and accurate mathematical models makes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) an important and necessary tool in understanding some of the complex physical and chemical phenomena associated with such industrial manufacturing problems. The objective of this paper is to assess the effect of fill factor in a two-wing rotor geometry that is used for rubber compounds mixing in the tire manufacturing process and thereby determine the best fill factor with regard to providing the highest mixing efficiency. A series of 3D CFD simulations in a mixing chamber with fill factors of 45, 60, 75, 90, and 100%, stirred by counter-rotating rotors, were carried out using a CFD code. Flow patterns, mixing index, particle trajectories, and statistics such as segregation scale, length of stretch, and pairwise distribution are presented to understand the mixing process with a long-term goal of improving product quality and throughput. Results showed that the major mixing mechanism is shear for most of the fill factors and that the 75% fill factor has the best distributive mixing characteristics among the fill factors studied here.
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Mundl, R., M. Fischer, W. Strache, K. Wiese, B. Wies, and K. H. Zinken. "Virtual Pattern Optimization Based on Performance Prediction Tools4." Tire Science and Technology 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 192–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2965831.
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Abstract Due to shorter development cycles and high cost pressure, the tread pattern development process is optimized by an analysis tool, which can predict the influence of the tread pattern on several tire properties. By using this tool conventional development cycles can be substituted by several virtual development cycles. The tool modules for the tire properties traction, handling, plysteer residual aligning torque (PRAT), groove wander, and noise are presented in this paper. The applicability of evolution strategy on tread pattern development is demonstrated, being another prerequisite for a future virtual pattern development process.
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Stîngă, Florin, Irina Severin, Ioana Alina Mitrache, and Elena Lascu. "Redesign of the Curing Area of the Tire Manufacturing Process." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 6909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176909.
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In this study, the production efficiency of a company’s manufacturing flow decreased, and therefore specific improvement actions on the tire manufacturing process were implemented. Additionally, the process improvement plan started with a deeper understanding of the activities, by using the SIPOC method (suppliers, inputs, process, outputs, customers). In order to identify the root-causes and the opportunities for improvement, quality instruments, such as the Ishikawa and Pareto quality tools, were used. The tire manufacturing process was reorganized using the 5S method, then the process was standardized and maintained through specific working procedures drafted on the standard operating procedure format. A particular device was designed for unlocking spring vents. Finally, the implementation of the redesign project shows added value as the entire manufacturing process improved by identifying weaknesses and correcting them. In addition to this, a different objective of the same company used in this case study is linked to adapting to market regulation requirements (the Economic Commission of Europe), with the aim to remain competitive. Therefore, well-defined processes and a strategy based on continuous improvement are needed. The methodology may be transferred to other industries.
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Wu, Huibo, Fei Song, Kainan Wu, Cheng Chen, and Xiaohua Wang. "Development of an early warning system for loose automobile tires." Science Progress 103, no. 3 (July 2020): 003685042094088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850420940880.
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The looseness of tires or even falling off from cars will lead to serious traffic accidents. Once it occurs, it will bring casualties and huge economic losses to society, seriously affecting the traffic safety. To mitigate such possible safety concerns, an early loosening warning system is developed in this article. The system consists of the tire monitoring module and the working control module. The tire monitoring module is installed on the tire and is designed with no power supply. The control module is installed in the vehicle body. Signal transmission between the two modules is achieved through wireless radio frequency. In the driving, once the tire is loosened, the monitoring device will send out the alarm signal automatically and wirelessly. After the driver gets the alarm signal, he can immediately perform the emergency processing, parking, and inspection, which can avoid traffic accidents caused by it. This article introduces the detailed structure, working principle, and operation process of the system. This early warning system has simple structure, high reliability, and is easy to use. It can be used in the common working environment of automobiles. Meanwhile, it is also the foundation of intelligent connected vehicle.
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Lee, King Sun. "The Development and Design of a Laser Detection System for Tire Thickness Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 418 (September 2013): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.418.128.
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This system is a self-developed real-time thickness inspection system including high-precision laser sensors and a mobile platform for on-line detection of tire rubber skin. The measurement data is used to calculate the standard deviation and process capability indices, and to evaluate measurement capacity. The system is a real-time measurement system in which the obtained measuring data compare with the standard value and show any errors. A technician can adjust the process parameters precisely on-line to improve product quality. The standard deviation of repeatability of the system for height is within +/- 0.0081 mm. The repeatability error of the horizontal sliding rail is within 0.0145mm, while the measurement error between this system and a coordinated measuring machine is within 0.028mm.
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Liang, Rong Liang, Yi Feng, Ming Qiu Gao, Zhi Guang Xu, and Jun Hui Xu. "China Domestic Test and Verification Research of Snow Grip Performance of C1 Tire Based on ECE R117." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 1714–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1714.
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The test method for C1 tire snow grip performance based on European ECE R117 is analyzed; the test and evaluation process and test ability for C1 tire snow grip performance has already been established. The feasibility research of the implementation of C1 tire snow grip performance has been done, which provides the necessary technical reserve for products performance development of domestic tire enterprises, drawing test and evaluation standards, tire performance matching and EU certification.
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Jin, Yi. "Characteristics of Vehicle Tire Tread Pattern and its Application in Forensic Science." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 1241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1241.
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Vehicle tire tread pattern is an important part of vehicle tire and also an important object concerned by the police workers who want to deduce or identify the suspected vehicle tire through the tire pattern impression left on the crime scene, which is routinely reflected by tire pattern impression on the surface tire rolled through. In this paper, the characteristics of vehicle tire pattern and its application in forensic science was analyzed and summarized in accordance with cases, based on the analysis of the process of production and using. The research indicated that the tire pattern not only has type characteristics corresponding to vehicle type, but also may have some new individual characteristics in the process of production and using in special condition. The morphological characteristics of tire pattern can be reflected more or less by the tire impression which left on road, clothes or body skin. With the development of trace extraction and enhancement technology, the morphological characteristics of tire pattern in tire impression will be used to deduce vehicle type or identify the suspected vehicle tire, which will play an important role in forensic evidence.
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Qiu, Li Jun, and Jia Yang. "Waste Tire Free Shear Breaking and Design of Hydraulic System." Advanced Materials Research 422 (December 2011): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.422.497.
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In the development of waste tire rubber powder processing, reasonable integral tyre cutting into several parts. Direct shearing tear into pieces the tire shear into a few cm irregular rubber block, on a steel belt layer and colloid separation. The free state of tires in the shear process of the rubber block with larger volume, the volume of the rubber block into the next procedure shear stress changes caused by large, beyond the motor power or drive belt slipping phenomenon, to mechanical operation and management inconvenience. The effective control from the tire shear rubber block size and volume can reduce the powder production process in electric power consumption. For the free shear tyre is difficult to guarantee the initial shear rubber block volume, used to control the cutting width can be achieved for the tire shear rubber block control.
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Uchida, Yasuyuki, Kazuya Furuichi, and Shigeo Hirose. "Evaluation of Wheel Performance on Rough Terrain and Development of HS Wheel." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, no. 5 (October 20, 2000): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0593.
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We are in the process of development of the ""HELIOS-V"", which is equipped with 4 1ow-pressure tires outside and 2 high-pressure tires inside. This vehicle is designed to acquire the performance to ascend and descend stairs using low-pressure tires and move effectively on even ground by using high-pressure tires. To make the most of the characteristics of the vehicle, we have to understand the performance of the wheels in accordance with the terrain condition quantitatively. Therefore we constructed an experiment setup to evaluate performance of wheels on several terrain conditions without influence of the vehicle motion. By this experiment, we compared a low-pressure tire with a high-pressure tire and showed superiority of a low-pressure tire on rough terrain. We also evaluated 2 kinds of tires with slits and ribs to make grip force. Based on these considerations, we developed a Hard-Soft Wheel, or HS Wheel having both of the advantages of a low-pressure and high-pressure tire.
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Kim, Myeong Jun, Tae Won Park, Chul Hyung Lee, and Inchul Seong. "Development of the Internal Tube Material Properties for a Self-Inflating Tire." Key Engineering Materials 730 (February 2017): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.730.339.
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In this study, the tube material for Self-Inflating Tire was synthesized. A few suitable materials for the tube material compounding process were identified through a literature review. Using the material properties of this tube, CAE modeling was done for analysis. The ANSYS Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) method was then used to consider the internal flow with the structure. In addition, a machine was prepared for testing the performance of the tube. The results of the CAE analysis were compared with results of the testing machine. The developed equipment and systems can be used for the manufacture of high-performance and safe tires. Finally, the prototype of the tube was prepared and fitted in a tire, and the driving performance of the vehicle tested. Using this test result, compatibility of the tube's material has been confirmed.
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Kuric, Ivan, Jaromír Klarák, Milan Sága, Miroslav Císar, Adrián Hajdučík, and Dariusz Wiecek. "Analysis of the Possibilities of Tire-Defect Inspection Based on Unsupervised Learning and Deep Learning." Sensors 21, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 7073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217073.
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At present, inspection systems process visual data captured by cameras, with deep learning approaches applied to detect defects. Defect detection results usually have an accuracy higher than 94%. Real-life applications, however, are not very common. In this paper, we describe the development of a tire inspection system for the tire industry. We provide methods for processing tire sidewall data obtained from a camera and a laser sensor. The captured data comprise visual and geometric data characterizing the tire surface, providing a real representation of the captured tire sidewall. We use an unfolding process, that is, a polar transform, to further process the camera-obtained data. The principles and automation of the designed polar transform, based on polynomial regression (i.e., supervised learning), are presented. Based on the data from the laser sensor, the detection of abnormalities is performed using an unsupervised clustering method, followed by the classification of defects using the VGG-16 neural network. The inspection system aims to detect trained and untrained abnormalities, namely defects, as opposed to using only supervised learning methods.
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Chen, Chao Jung, Yean Der Kuan, Chin Fu Chen, and Min Feng Sung. "Using CFD Technique to Investigate the Effect of Tire Roiling-Noise with Different Pattern Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.469.
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In general, when evaluating the effect of a sedan vehicle’s tire tread pattern design on the noise generated, the noise is measured by first carving the tires and then using expensive laboratory equipment to perform the measurements. The advantages of using this method are that the experimental results and the noise level produced from the tires (that go into mass production) feature minimal differences and that reliable tested data are produced. The disadvantages of this method are that molds must be created to produce slicks, and that substantial time is invested in the process of artificial carving and performing subsequent experiments, all of which increase the tire development time and cost. Therefore, the effect of a sedan vehicle’s tire tread pattern design on rolling noise was predicted in this study by employing the numerical calculation methods used in calculating fluid mechanics. The experimental results obtained by the Automotive Research & Testing Center (ARTC) were used to test the improved tread pattern designs to validate the reliability of the method proposed in this study and that the tire development time can be effectively shortened
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Mohammed, S. A. H., and J. Walker. "Application of Electron Beam Radiation Technology in Tire Manufacturing." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 59, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 482–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538211.
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Abstract Electron beam radiation is used in various industries for a number of reasons. In the rubber industry it is used primarily for its ability to crosslink certain polymers and thereby to provide either “green strength,” by causing partial vulcanization (precuring), or “elastomeric properties,” by fully vulcanizing (curing). Although the latter function has potential importance, the precuring function has more practical application at this stage in the development of the technology and is particularly valuable in the radial tire building process. The electron beam vulcanization, or precuring of rubber products, is usually accomplished continuously, on-line, at high throughput rates, following extrusion or calendering operations. This paper reviews the chemistry involved, the response of polymers, and the effects of compounding for electron beam radiation processes. The type of equipment used in the tire industry, the process variables, and the methods used to measure the energy input into compounds exposed to radiation are also described. As an example of the utility of this process, electron beam radiation of halo-butyl inner liners used in radial ply tires is discussed.
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Katarzyna, Piotrowska, Piasecka Izabela, Bałdowska-Witos Patrycja, Kruszelnicka Weronika, and Tomporowski Andrzej. "LCA as a Tool for the Environmental Management of Car Tire Manufacturing." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 9, 2020): 7015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207015.
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Car tire manufacturing can be the cause of numerous environmental hazards. Harmful emissions from the production process are an acute danger to human health as well as the environment. To mitigate these unwanted consequences, manufacturers employ the eco-balance analysis at the product designing and development stage, when formulating general development strategies, and increasingly when investigating the entire product lifecycle management process. Since the negative effects of products are considered in a broader range of implications, it has become necessary to extend the traditional scope of analytical interest onto the production, use, and end-of-life stages. This work investigates the manufacturing of passenger car tires executed with traditional and modern manufacturing technologies. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of tires reported in this study involved three LCA methods: Eco-Indicator 99, Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) and the scientific assessment methods developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Global Warming Potential (IPCC). LCA as a tool for environmental analysis can be carried out for the entire life cycle or its individual phases. The implementation of the work made it possible to demonstrate that as a result of the identification of the main sources of negative impacts, it is possible to propose ways to minimize these impacts in the car tire manufacturing process. The results indicate that the most damaging impact is the depletion of natural resources, which play a key role in the production process of car tires.
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Zhang, Shao Guo, Feng Gao, and Bai Lin Hang. "Application of Numerical Simulation for Tire Rolling Resistance Measuring Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 3041–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.3041.
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As one index of product certification for vehicle tire, rolling resistance is difficult to measure. In order to evaluate feasibility of two test schemes for tire rolling resistance measuring equipment, a new approach to study rolling resistance was developed with displacement deformation. Establishment process of finite element testing model was introduced briefly. Using two test schemes separately, simulation analysis and numerical computation of tire rolling resistance were conducted by controlling the experimental parameters. The comparison results showed that angle test method was reasonable and displacement field response to load was good under different working conditions. Subsequently, change trends of simulation results and experimental data were contrasted. They all indicated that tire rolling resistance added as the load enhanced and the obtained conclusion was consistent with related theories. It was validated that angle test scheme was feasible for equipment development.
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Chen, Changyong, Meng Sun, Bao Wang, Jianan Zhou, and Zhouhua Jiang. "Recent Advances on Drawing Technology of Ultra-Fine Steel Tire Cord and Steel Saw Wire." Metals 11, no. 10 (October 6, 2021): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11101590.
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Steel tire cord and steel saw wire represent typical precision pearlitic steel wire rods of wire products; it is a very important solar energy material with a diameter about 50 μm. This paper mainly discusses the research progress of the wire rod drawing process, and its main contents are as follows: First section—the control of the wire rod surface quality is summarized, including the thickness of the surface decarburization layer, the phase composition and thickness of the surface iron oxide scale, and the removal of surface iron oxide scale. Then, the research progress of the wire rod water bath treatment process during sorbitization is summarized. In addition, the development of brass plating technology for steel wire is summarized, including copper plating technology, coating phase composition, etc. Furthermore, the development of steel wire drawing methods is summarized. Finally, the development of the dies used in steel wire drawings is summarized.
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Gall, R., F. Tabaddor, D. Robbins, P. Majors, W. Sheperd, and S. Johnson. "Some Notes on the Finite Element Analysis of Tires." Tire Science and Technology 23, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2137503.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Over the past ten years the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been increasingly integrated into the tire design process. The FEA has been used to study the general tire behavior, to perform parameter studies, and to do comparative analyses. To decrease the tire development cycle, the FEA is now being used as a replacement for certain tire tests. This requires the accuracy of the FEA results to be within those test limits. This paper investigates some of the known modeling techniques and their impact on accuracy. Some of the issues are the use of shell elements, assumptions for boundary conditions, and global/local analysis approaches. Finally, the use of new generation supercomputers, massively parallel processing systems (MPP), is discussed.
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Vol'skaya, N. S., A. Yu Zakharov, and M. M. Anisimov. "Development of an experimental research complex for determining parameters of interaction of a pneumatic tire with ground." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 11, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66815.
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When designing an all-wheel drive vehicle, an important task is to predict its traction properties and expected cross-country parameters. To solve such a problem it is necessary to have an adequate design model for interaction of a wheel propulsor and the deformable support base. The article deals with the problems associated with development of the test stand design, which allows to conduct fine experiments in the mechanical system “active wheel - ground” in a laboratory. The main tasks during the experiments on this stand are: simulation of the power and kinematic interaction of a real pneumatic tire (automobile wheel) with a deformable ground surface, the mechanical state of which can be varied; measurement of force and kinematic parameters of interaction in the system “tire - ground”; visualization of the process of unsteady interaction of the tire and the ground in the spot of their contact during acceleration, skidding and braking; development and creation of a measuring complex for assessing the physical and mechanical state of a ground massif. The authors reviewed the existing designs of similar stands and installations for determining the parameters of interaction of the wheel with the support base. Problems that need to be solved during the experiments are considered, namely: simulation of the power and kinematic interaction of a real pneumatic tire (automobile wheel) with a deformable ground surface, the mechanical state of which can be varied; measurement of force and kinematic parameters of interaction in the system “tire - ground”; development and creation of a measuring complex for assessing the physical and mechanical state of a ground massif. A set of measuring equipment is presented, with the help of which the physical and mechanical condition of ground conditions is evaluated during the tests. Investigations and experiments will make it possible to clarify the physics of the processes occurring in the spot of their contact, both from the tire side and from the ground.
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Liu, Bo, Yudie Chen, Hongyan Zuo, Guohai Jia, and Dingqing Zhong. "Investigation on Safety Dynamic Evolution Mechanism of a Distributed Low Carbon Manufacturing System with Large Time Delay." Processes 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2022): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10091707.
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In order to reveal the inducing factors and safety dynamic evolution mechanism of frequent personal injury accidents under a low carbon manufacturing process, a nonlinear safety dynamic evolution model of a distributed low carbon manufacturing system with large time delay is established. The established model is then verified by simulation results from mathematical analysis and dynamic evolution. Moreover, qualitative analysis on nonlinear safety dynamic evolution and the trend of human–machine safety under a low carbon manufacturing process is investigated. Finally, an application case of the established model is studied. The key results are as follows: (1) There are four dynamic regions, namely the safety area I, the deterioration area II, the asymptotically stable safety area III, and the enhancement area IV of the safety ability in the interaction evolution model of carelessness and safety levels; (2) There are two singularities in the dynamic evolution model of the man–machine safety system with large time delay under a low carbon manufacturing process; (3) The equilibrium points of the human–machine safety system are El = (0, 0) and E2 = (0.5333, 0.2489), while changes in the carelessness level have a serious block effect on safety development with time; (4) For the radial tire casing process, the low carbon development trend of the technological process of radial tire casing is good, but low carbon structure and management have slightly lower low carbon levels. This work provides a theoretical basis for the safety evaluation and control of the distributed low carbon manufacturing human–machine safety system with large time delay.
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Guan, Hsin, Chun Guang Duan, and Ping Ping Lu. "The Friction Model of Dynamic-Wheel Model Based on LuGre Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 4288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.4288.
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With the development of the simulator and the increase of vehicle model simulation frequency, the ring tire models become the research focus. The ring model considers the physical characteristics of the tire, thus it can more accurately describe the tire force transmission. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control of Jilin University has developed a dynamic wheel model. This model takes the tire crown part as a rigid-ring and describes the elasticity of the tire by using six spring-dampers to connect the rigid-ring with the wheel rim. This paper focuses on the logical judgment of dynamic, static friction between tire and road. Based on the logical analysis, the tire forces at transient process are researched in order to avoid oscillation. Based on the C language to build simulation program, and embed it into complex vehicle model to simulate different conditions, the simulation results show that the vehicle can start smoothly.
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Li, Tan, Xi Chen, Qi Xin Yin, and Yong Ping Hou. "Tire Pressure Monitoring Inflatable Restraint System." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 1705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.1705.
Full textAbstract:
Tire blowout is a very serious security incident, particularly on the highway. As the existing anti-blowout device and measures also failed to meet the requirements to ensure traffic safety, research and development of prevention and treatment system is particularly important. In light of this, the Tire Pressure Monitoring Inflatable Restraint System is put forward. Sensor can send signals to the controller, and then the controller directs the gas generator to generate a lot of gas instantly, and through a special airway tire is inflated, so that the instability of the vehicle is eased. The concept of "vacuum tube tire" is first proposed, it can adapt to the inflation process better. Tire blowout, drunk driving and speeding is called together "three big killers on road" in China, so we can see that there are many incidents like these. Meanwhile, tire blowout is not like the other two which can be prevented by human’s means, it is sometimes not within our control. According to statistics, 70% of national highway traffic accidents are due to tire blowout, and a speed of more than 160km/h makes mortality possibility up to nearly 100%. In the check of the tires, more than 40% of them have security risks. [1] Statistics show that: The main reason why traffic accidents of high-speed driving keep increasing is leaked or inflated tires. In China, there is statistical data show that 46% traffic accidents on the highway were due to tire problem, in which tire blowout accounts for more than 70% of the total accidents, and the most crucial reasons of this is because the owners’ improper tire maintenance method. Beyond the boring concept, we can see a bunch of rather alarming figures, accounting for 49.81% highway accidents deaths, 63.94% injuries, 43.38% direct property loss were caused by high-speed tire blowout. High-speed tire blowout is considered to be the super-killer of traffic safety. And all the tire blowout incidents warn people to pay attention to tire safety.
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Li, Boren, and Tomonari Furukawa. "Microtexture Road Profiling System Using Photometric Stereo." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430204.
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ABSTRACT This paper presents the design and development of a stationary microtexture road profiling system using the photometric stereo (PS) technique. The structure of the developed system is simple, mainly consisting of a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera with a macro lens and multiple light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The camera with the lens is oriented perpendicularly to the pavement texture and takes images each with a different LED turned on at a time. With the pavement texture images with diverse shadings, the PS technique is applied by inverting the image-forming process locally (pixel-wise) to associate the measured image intensities with the known lighting directions to estimate the gradients for each pixel-corresponding surface patch of the pavement texture. Surface normal integration (SNI) is then employed to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) road surface in the microtexture scale. The PS-based system has several intrinsic advantages. First, it could achieve high accuracy for surfaces with most diffuse reflection. Second, the measurement speed is fast because of its area-scanning nature. Third, the spatial resolution is high because of the usage of a high-resolution complementary metal-oxide semiconductor DSLR camera. In addition, it can be less sensitive to effects from specularities and shadows compared with most optical-based methods, since images captured under diverse lighting directions in PS provide more cues for detection purposes. Last but not least, the hardware of the system can be made compact at low cost because of its simple structure and can be adapted for direct measurement on the pavement. Parametric studies for the Lambertian-based PS technique were first investigated analytically and numerically, and these investigations yielded the design of the system having eight LEDs with the same zenith angle of 30 degrees and uniformly distributed azimuth angles in 360 degrees. Several experimental results on various types of surfaces have demonstrated that the developed system could achieve the accuracy in the order of 10 microns.
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Moser, Russ A., H. James Sube, John L. Turner, and Paul Zakelj. "3D Digital Imaging Correlation: Applications to Tire Testing." Tire Science and Technology 38, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 100–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.3428948.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Three-dimensional digital imaging correlation (DIC) techniques are a viable method for measuring surface displacements and strains on tires. DIC provides the capability to measure the full-field noncontact tire surface deformation and strain state, which supports multiple objectives: validation of tire models based on finite element (FE) predictions, setting targets for improving FE predictions and providing insight into the tire deformation state under static and dynamic conditions. A method for verifying the accuracy of the DIC measurement process is presented whereby a thin, rectangular test sample of rubber material is subjected to a combination of strains and rigid body motions of known amounts. Once the measurement technique is proven accurate with a simple specimen, the focus shifts to the objectives explained above. Tire surface strains will be discussed for purposes of validating model predictions of sidewall and belt edge strains. Several types of specimen geometries will be reviewed and their effect on material properties will be presented. Also, the DIC technique can provide insight into complex physical problems that may otherwise be very difficult to measure. Some examples presented here include tire sidewall standing waves at high speeds and strains near tread lugs of agricultural tires. The DIC measurement method is an accurate, noncontacting full field technique for measuring in-plane surface displacements and strains of the magnitudes encountered in tire analysis. This technique serves many functions and has become a valuable tool for both tire testing and development.
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Lindsley, N., J. Medzorian, and J. Padovan. "Experimental Results and Analysis of Aircraft Tire-Test Drum Interaction." Tire Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2137531.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Although aircraft tires are traditionally tested on external drum dynamometers, the effects of the curvature of the test surface on the normal contact pressure distribution and footprint area of an aircraft tire have not previously been addressed. Using the tire force machine (TFM) at the Wright Laboratory Landing Gear Development Facility (LGDF), trends in tire footprint area and normal contact pressure distributions were investigated for concave, flat, and convex surfaces. This evaluation was performed using the F-16 radial (25.5×8.0 14PR) main landing gear tire at rated load (16,200 lbf) and inflation pressure (310 psi). The trends for overall tire footprint behavior indicate that the more convex the surface, the smaller the contact area and the larger the normal contact pressure. Conversely, the more concave the surface, the larger the contact area and the smaller the normal contact pressures. All data were made symmetric about the longitudinal and lateral centerlines. This process and its effect on the data are discussed at length in the analysis sections. Additionally, it was found that after normalizing the normal contact pressure data with respect to contact length and maximum pressure for the individual tire ribs, the normal contact pressure longitudinal distributions were “identical” (within ±5%) regardless of surface curvature. Comparisons are made with numerical experiments on a treadless, homogeneous polyurethane automobile tire.
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Zhang, Jiahong, Chao Wang, Xiaolu Xie, Min Li, Ling Li, and Xiaoli Mao. "Development of MEMS composite sensor with temperature compensation for tire pressure monitoring system." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 31, no. 12 (November 16, 2021): 125015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac349d.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The pressure and temperature inside the tire is mainly monitored by the tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS). In order to improve the integration of the TPMS system, moreover enhance the sensitivity and temperature-insensitivity of pressure measurement, this paper proposes a microelectromechanical (MEMS) chip-level sensor based on stress-sensitive aluminum–silicon hybrid structures with amplified piezoresistive effect and temperature-dependent aluminum–silicon hybrid structures for hardware and software temperature compensations. Two types of aluminum–silicon hybrid structures are located inside and outside the strained membrane to simultaneously realize the measurement of pressure and temperature. The model of this composite sensor chip is firstly designed and verified for its effectiveness by using finite element numerical simulation, and then it is fabricated based on the standard MEMS process. The experiments indicate that the pressure sensitivity of the sensor is between 0.126 mV/(V·kPa) and 0.151 mV/(V·kPa) during the ambient temperature ranges from −20 °C to 100 °C, while the measurement error, sensitivity and temperature coefficient of temperature-dependent hybrid structures are individually ±0.91 °C, −1.225 mV/(V °C) and −0.150% °C−1. The thermal coefficient of offset (TCO) of pressure measurement can be reduced from −3.553%FS °C−1 to −0.375%FS °C−1 based on the differential output of the proposed sensor. In order to obtain the better performance of temperature compensation, Elman neural network based on ant colony algorithm is applied in the data fusion of differential output to further eliminate the temperature drift error. Based on which, the overall measured error is within 3.45 kPa, which is less than ±1.15%FS. The TCO is −0.017%FS °C−1, and the thermal coefficient of span is −0.020%FS °C−1. The research results may provide a useful reference for the development of the high-performance MEMS composite sensor for the TPMS system.
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Li, Xiao Bin, and Hai Ming Hu. "Finite Element Analysis of Turning Tire Active Mold Segment Using DEFORM-3D." Key Engineering Materials 501 (January 2012): 418–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.501.418.
Full textAbstract:
By using DEFORM-3D to simulate the turing process of the tire active mold segment, the stress distribution, temperature distribution, strain distribution and cutting force transformation of turning tool and work-piece can be explored. The simulation results are helpful to configure the material and shape of the turning tools. Also the results play an important role in reducing development cost of the segment manufacturing technology and improving the accuracy and the lifetime of the mould segment.
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Mousseau, R., and G. Markale. "Obstacle Impact Simulation of an ATV Using an Efficient Tire Model." Tire Science and Technology 31, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 248–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135271.
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Abstract When a vehicle travels over a large obstacle at a significant speed, dynamic loads are created that are severe enough to cause damage to its components. Prediction of these impact loads early in the design can greatly aid the vehicle development process. Thus, automobile manufactures have devoted considerable effort developing computer models to simulate durability events. An important part of any durability simulation is the tire model. This paper focuses on the problem of efficiently predicting dynamic loads that occur when an all terrain vehicle (ATV) impacts obstacle impact. An ATV simulation model that uses an efficient and simple tire model to represent the enveloping behavior and dynamic response was developed with the AUTOSIM multibody dynamics program. This program, using Kane's Method and symbolic algebra to automatically generate fully parametric simulations that are both efficient and easy to use, was used to model both the tire and ATV rigid body dynamics. This paper describes the combined ATV multi-body vehicle dynamics and tire simulation. To demonstrate the effectiveness of tire simulation, results from the efficient tire model isolated from the vehicle are compared to output from a nonlinear finite element model. Also, the paper compares results from the full vehicle ATV simulation and a field test.
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Zedler, Łukasz, Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler, Henri Vahabi, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Xavier Colom, Javier Cañavate, Shifeng Wang, and Krzysztof Formela. "Preliminary Investigation on Auto-Thermal Extrusion of Ground Tire Rubber." Materials 12, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 2090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132090.
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Ground tire rubber (GTR) was processed using an auto-thermal extrusion as a prerequisite to green reclaiming of waste rubbers. The reclaimed GTR underwent a series of tests: thermogravimetric analysis combined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS) in order to evaluate the impact of barrel heating conditions (with/without external barrel heating) on the reclaiming process of GTR. Moreover, samples were cured to assess the impact of reclaiming heating conditions on curing characteristics and physico-mechanical properties. Detailed analysis of the results indicated that the application of auto-thermal extrusion is a promising approach for the sustainable development of reclaiming technologies.
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Pinay, Julien, Yoshinori Saito, Christian Mignot, and Frank Gauterin. "Understanding the contribution of groove resonance to tire-road noise on different surfaces under various operating conditions." Acta Acustica 4, no. 2 (2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/aacus/2020004.
Full textAbstract:
Reducing tire-road noise is now becoming more and more important during the tire development process. Tread profile randomization is used to avoid tonal components and reduce groove resonance noise. To better understand the groove resonance contribution to tire-road noise, we performed acoustic measurements on a test bench with two serial tires. We filled the grooves with acoustic foam to highlight the groove resonance’s contribution. We then varied the road surface, the tire load and the driving speed. In the end, we used a multiple linear regression to quantify the interaction between the varying parameters and the groove resonance noise. We show that groove resonance contributes an average of 1.7 dBA to the tire rolling noise of passenger car tires. Groove resonance noise also increases with the driving speed. While the tread pattern and the tire load are responsible for the spectral content of the groove resonance noise, the orientation of the road surface’s texture mainly influences the noise level of the groove resonance. The tire manufacturers should carefully consider these findings when developing noise-optimized patterns. This is especially true for tire approval tests, which take place on tracks and usually have a relatively low texture level that is oriented negatively.
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Gamayunov, P. P., S. A. Alekseev, and D. V. Khalitov. "IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF EMERGENCY TRANSPORT BY INSTALLING A TIRE MONITORING SYSTEM." Scientific Life 16, no. 2 (2021): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2021-16-2-195-202.
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One of the main tasks of transport is the complete, high-quality and timely satisfaction of the needs of the population, ensuring the quality of transportation with minimal expenditure of material and labor resources, as well as ensuring maximum safety of the transport process. The solution of this problem requires the primary development of public road transport, increasing freight and passenger traffic, ensuring the safety of the transport process, strengthening the material and technical base and concentration of vehicles at large motor transport enterprises, improving the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of both public, commercial and personal transport of the population. The article considers emergency vehicles that must comply with a large list of requirements of the rules of the controlling UN. Not always given due attention to the tires. Due to the workload, numerous calls that matter every second. The transport used at the ambulance station is selected. The most common wide – area van is Gaz 332214, the van has a frame structure, the car is equipped with ABS, the wheel formula is 4x2 with rear-wheel drive. The van is considered from the point of view of economy and maneuverability due to the correctly selected tire pressure, in aggressive and extreme driving. The installed tire monitoring system automatically selects the correct tire pressure by analyzing the external and internal temperature of the tire. The monitoring system reduces fuel consumption, environmental pollution, increases the service life of the tire, and thus the entire suspension as a whole. This equipment allows you to keep the pressure in the tires even when the wheel is punctured, thereby reducing the time to reach the emergency call.
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Yaqoob, Haseeb, Yew Heng Teoh, Muhammad Ahmad Jamil, Tahir Rasheed, and Farooq Sher. "An Experimental Investigation on Tribological Behaviour of Tire-Derived Pyrolysis Oil Blended with Biodiesel Fuel." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 9975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239975.
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The demand for alternative fuels has risen in recent years due to the economic and environmental consequences of conventional fuels. In addition to engine characteristics, i.e., performance, combustion, and emission the lubricity of the considered fuel is an important parameter for its selection. This experimental study shows the tribological performance of the tire pyrolysis oil by using the four-ball tester. Waste tire pyrolysis oil was purified by using the distillation process. The experiment was conducted over 300 s at 40, 50, 63, and 80 kg load, 1800 rpm constant speed, and 27 °C temperature of all fuels on the ASTM D2266 standard. The tribological performance of the tire pyrolysis oil was compared with the BT10 (biodiesel 90%–tire pyrolysis oil 10%) and BT20 (biodiesel 80%–tire pyrolysis oil 20%) and biodiesel. The optical microscope is used to measure the wear scar diameter and then it is examined through a scanning electron microscope. In terms of greater load-carrying capacity, tire pyrolysis oil shows better anti-wear behaviour compared to biodiesel fuel. The wear scar diameter of BT10, BT20, and tire pyrolysis oil was 23.99%, 8.37%, and 32.62%, respectively, lower than the biodiesel fuel at 80 kg load. The SEM micrographs revealed that tire pyrolysis oil and BT10 displayed lower wear as compared to counterparts. Finally, it is concluded that BT10 is the most suitable fuel in terms of tribological performance.
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Ohishi, K., H. Suita, and K. Ishihara. "The Finite Element Approach to Predict the Plysteer Residual Cornering Force of Tires." Tire Science and Technology 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135249.
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Abstract It is well known that the plysteer residual cornering force (PRCF) of tires plays an important role in assessing vehicle pull problems, and efforts have been made in the tire industry to clarify the underlying mechanisms and to control the phenomenon from the engineering point of view. The magnitude of PRCF of radial tires is affected not only by the belt construction but also by the design of tread pattern for which the experimental evaluations are time- and cost-consuming tasks in the tire development process. This paper proposes the finite element approach to predict PRCF of tires that is supposed to overcome those difficulties. Results of the finite element predictions are compared with experiments, and discussions are also presented.
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Yang, Wei Dong, Li Li, and Kai Peng. "Realization of Low Frequency Wakeup in Tire Encoded Radio Frequency Identification System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 2895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.2895.
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In car tires coded identification system, radio frequency technology plays a vital role, the key to radio frequency signals transmitted process is waveform modulation. The key of adjusting the waveform is how to match its resistor and capacitor easily. In the paper their resistance and capacitance values are optimized by using the simulation software (Protues) to simulate the transmitted waveform, and based on matching results the optimized physical models are produced. The actual test results agree well with the simulation results. The method of simulation tests can save the resources effectively, and shorten the development time.
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Bernal-Ortega, Pilar, M. Mar Bernal, Anke Blume, Antonio González-Jiménez, Pilar Posadas, Rodrigo Navarro, and Juan L. Valentín. "Sulfur-Modified Carbon Nanotubes for the Development of Advanced Elastomeric Materials." Polymers 13, no. 5 (March 7, 2021): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050821.
Full textAbstract:
The outstanding properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) present some limitations when introduced into rubber matrices, especially when these nano-particles are applied in high-performance tire tread compounds. Their tendency to agglomerate into bundles due to van der Waals interactions, the strong influence of CNT on the vulcanization process, and the adsorptive nature of filler–rubber interactions contribute to increase the energy dissipation phenomena on rubber–CNT compounds. Consequently, their expected performance in terms of rolling resistance is limited. To overcome these three important issues, the CNT have been surface-modified with oxygen-bearing groups and sulfur, resulting in an improvement in the key properties of these rubber compounds for their use in tire tread applications. A deep characterization of these new materials using functionalized CNT as filler was carried out by using a combination of mechanical, equilibrium swelling and low-field NMR experiments. The outcome of this research revealed that the formation of covalent bonds between the rubber matrix and the nano-particles by the introduction of sulfur at the CNT surface has positive effects on the viscoelastic behavior and the network structure of the rubber compounds, by a decrease of both the loss factor at 60 °C (rolling resistance) and the non-elastic defects, while increasing the crosslink density of the new compounds.
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Chang, J. P., K. Satyamurthy, and N. T. Tseng. "An Efficient Approach for the Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Tires." Tire Science and Technology 16, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 249–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2148809.
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Abstract The finite element analysis of tires under a vertical footprint load requires the use of three-dimensional models. The excessive CPU time required for such models, especially when the tire construction is considered in detail, makes parametric studies difficult and time-consuming. Therefore, one of the principal objectives of finite element program development is to provide an efficient tool for the three-dimensional analysis of tires so that it can be integrated into the design process effectively. In the present study, a systematic finite element procedure is developed for solving loaded tire problems. The principal elements of this procedure are an efficient pre-processor for input generation, a multipoint constraint option to allow the user to exploit any existing symmetry in the problem, and a procedure for generating initial conditions from axisymmetric analyses. This procedure can be used to conduct parametric studies on loaded tires by using a rather coarse mesh and large load steps, thus leading to a significant reduction in CPU time, with a minimum sacrifice in solution accuracy. The efficiency of this procedure is illustrated with the analysis of a radial automobile tire.
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Canazza, Moises A., Sandra R. Scagliusi, and Hélio Wiebeck. "New Applications of Tire Powder Recycled by Micro-Waves." Materials Science Forum 1012 (October 2020): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1012.84.
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In order to minimize impacts caused to environment and to save natural resources, especially from non-renewable sources, recycling of polymeric materials has been object of study. In this scenery, are included elastomeric materials, such as rubber, especially used in tires manufacturing, considering that pneumatic industry consumes around 60% of rubber production. Taking into account that final tires destination is a requirement based on norms and national and international laws, this work aims to the development of a study on the efficacy of micro-wave irradiation in the process of de-vulcanization of tire powder to be used in recycling. Tire powder was subjected to micro-wave irradiation and further merged to SBR (butadiene-styrene rubber) polymeric matrix, at 5, 15, 25 phr; after mixture, resulting compound was characterized for evaluation of physico-chemical and mechanical properties. For the assessment of all samples containing SBR and rubber powder there were applied following essays: Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), Tensile strength and elongation at break, Swelling Index. It was verified higher values for mechanical properties imparted by an increased quantity of rubber powder incorporated to SBR matrix.
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Schmeitz, A. J. C., and W. D. Versteden. "Structure and Parameterization of MF-Swift, a Magic Formula-based Rigid Ring Tire Model3." Tire Science and Technology 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 142–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.3138768.
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Abstract Vehicle dynamic simulations require accurate, fast, reliable, and easy-to-parameterize tire models. For this purpose, TNO developed MF-Swift in close cooperation with the technical universities of Delft and Eindhoven. MF-Swift is based on the well-known magic formula model of Pacejka but extending to higher frequencies (60–100 Hz), shorter wavelengths (>0.2 m), and rolling over obstacles by adding a rigid ring and obstacle enveloping model. During the development of MF-Swift, great emphasis was given to experimental validation using dedicated laboratory experiments. With increasing use of MF-Swift in the automotive industry, easy and reliable parameterization has become more important. Therefore, recent efforts have focused on improving the parameter identification process so that it can be conducted with little user interaction and with measurements obtained from industry common test facilities. This paper will discuss the theory behind the improved MF-Swift parameter identification process.
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Mao, Yu, Fang Yuan Gong, Pei Wen Hao, and Hai Nian Wang. "Technical Standards of Rubber Asphalt and Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt." Advanced Materials Research 900 (February 2014): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.505.
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Rubber asphalt and crumb rubber modified asphalt are the internationally recognized best way to disposal of waste tires, harmless treatment and resource utilization. The applications of rubber asphalt and asphalt mixture with scrap tire rubber powder in the highway construction are in the ascendant and the relevant standards are the precondition of the application. In order to fit the needs of the development form, SINOPEC and Research Institute of Highway in the Ministry of Communications put forward their own standards, but with different definitions of waste crumb rubber modified road asphalt and obvious different technical standards, etc. So, in this paper according to the introduction and comparison of these two standards to further standardize the technical index of the scrap tire rubber powder, selection, production process, production process and technical index of rubber asphalt and crumb rubber modified asphalt and the material selection and the design process of mixture; the technical reference and support to the extensive application can be also got.