Academic literature on the topic 'Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP)":
1
Jung, Uiyeong, and Sung-Seen Choi. "Classification and Characterization of Tire-Road Wear Particles in Road Dust by Density." Polymers 14, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051005.
Abstract:
Tire treads are abraded by friction with the road surface, producing tire tread wear particles (TWPs). TWPs combined with other particles on the road such as road wear particles (RWPs) and mineral particles (MPs), forming tire-road wear particles (TRWPs). Dust on an asphalt pavement road is composed of various components such as TRWPs, asphalt pavement wear particles (APWPs), MPs, plant-related particles (PRPs), and so on. TRWPs have been considered as one of major contaminants produced by driving and their properties are important for study on real abrasion behaviors of tire treads during driving as well as environmental contamination. Densities of the TRWPs are totally dependent on the amount of the other components deposited in the TWPs. In this study, a classification method of TRWPs in the road dust was developed using density separation and the classified TRWPs were characterized using image analysis and pyrolytic technique. Chloroform was used to remove APWPs from mixture of TRWPs and APWPs. TRWPs were found in the density range of 1.20–1.70 g/cm3. By decreasing the particle size of the road dust, the TRWP content in the road dust increased and its density slightly tended to increase. Aspect ratios of the TRWPs varied and there were many TRWPs with low aspect ratio below 2.0. The aspect ratio range was 1.2–5.2. Rubber compositions of the TRWPs were found to be mainly NR/SBR biblend or NR/BR/SBR triblend.
2
Son, Chae Eun, and Sung-Seen Choi. "Preparation and Characterization of Model Tire–Road Wear Particles." Polymers 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081512.
Abstract:
Tire tread wear particles (TWPs) are one of major sources of microplastics in the environment. Tire–road wear particles (TRWPs) are mainly composed of TWPs and mineral particles (MPs), and many have long shapes. In the present work, a preparation method of model TRWPs similar to those found in the environment was developed. The model TRWPs were made of TWPs of 212–500 μm and MPs of 20–38 μm. Model TWPs were prepared using a model tire tread compound and indoor abrasion tester while model MPs were prepared by crushing granite rock. The TWPs and MPs were mixed and compressed using a stainless steel roller. The TWPs were treated with chloroform to make them stickier. Many MPs in the model TRWP were deeply stuck into the TWPs. The proper weight ratio of MP and TWP was MP:TWP = 10:1, and the double step pressing procedure was good for the preparation of model TRWPs. The model TRWPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The model TRWPs had long shapes and the MP content was about 10%. The model TRWPs made of TWPs and asphalt pavement wear particles showed plate-type particles deeply stuck into the TWP. Characteristics of model TRWPs can be controlled by employing various kinds and sizes of TWPs and MPs. The well-defined model TRWPs can be used as the reference TRWPs for tracing the pollutants.
3
Panko, Julie, Kristen Hitchcock, Gary Fuller, and David Green. "Evaluation of Tire Wear Contribution to PM2.5 in Urban Environments." Atmosphere 10, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10020099.
Abstract:
Vehicle-related particulate matter (PM) emissions may arise from both exhaust and non-exhaust mechanisms, such as brake wear, tire wear, and road pavement abrasion, each of which may be emitted directly and indirectly through resuspension of settled road dust. Several researchers have indicated that the proportion of PM2.5 attributable to vehicle traffic will increasingly come from non-exhaust sources. Currently, very little empirical data is available to characterize tire and road wear particles (TRWP) in the PM2.5 fraction. As such, this study was undertaken to quantify TRWP in PM2.5 at roadside locations in urban centers including London, Tokyo and Los Angeles, where vehicle traffic is an important contributor to ambient air PM. The samples were analyzed using validated chemical markers for tire tread polymer based on a pyrolysis technique. Results indicated that TRWP concentrations in the PM2.5 fraction were low, with averages ranging from < 0.004 to 0.10 µg/m3, representing an average contribution to total PM2.5 of 0.27%. The TRWP levels in PM2.5 were significantly different between the three cities, with significant differences between London and Los Angeles and Tokyo and Los Angeles. There was no significant correlation between TRWP in PM2.5 and traffic count. This study provides an initial dataset to understand potential human exposure to airborne TRWP and the potential contribution of this non-exhaust emission source to total PM2.5.
4
Venghaus, Daniel, Johannes Wolfgang Neupert, and Matthias Barjenbruch. "Tire Wear Monitoring Approach for Hotspot Identification in Road Deposited Sediments from a Metropolitan City in Germany." Sustainability 15, no. 15 (August 5, 2023): 12029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151512029.
Abstract:
Plastic in the environment poses an increasing challenge. Microplastics, which include tire wear, enter the aquatic environment via different pathways, and increasing vehicle traffic leads to increased tire wear. This paper describes an approach for how inner-city tire wear hotspots can systematically be identified by sampling road-deposited sediments (RDS) by sweeping. Within the investigations herein described, six inner-city monitoring sites were sampled. The total masses of solids as well as the amount of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) representing Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP) were determined. It was shown that the sites differ significantly from each other with regard to SBR parts. The amount of SBR in the curve was on average eight times higher than in the slope, and in the area of the traffic lights, it was on average three times higher than in the slope. The RDS mass results also differ but with a factor of 2 for the curve and of 1.5 for the traffic light. The investigations and the corresponding results in this paper are unique, and the monitoring approach can be used in the future to derive and optimize sustainable measures in order to reduce the discharge of TRWP into the environment by road runoff.
5
Kang, Taewoo, and Hyeokjung Kim. "An Experimental Study on the Component Analysis and Variation in Concentration of Tire and Road Wear Particles Collected from the Roadside." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (August 24, 2023): 12815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151712815.
Abstract:
Tire and road wear particles (TRWPs) are generated unintentionally while driving vehicles. The generated TRWPs move to various environments by environmental and mechanical action, and they are present in fresh water, river, and ocean and may cause problems to the environment and human health. In Korea, the number of registered cars is increasing year by year, so the problem of TRWPs will become serious. In this study, we study the concentrations of TRWPs generated from the roadsides by temperature difference, in order to reduce the generation of TRWPs. Dust samples were collected from roadsides during summer and winter to measure the amount of TRWPs generated on roadsides according to seasonal temperature changes. Dust particles of 75–150 µm size, which corresponds to the TRWP size, were separated from the dust samples using sieves. Additionally, only TRWPs were separated using a solution of dibromomethane and Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. TRWPs accounted for <2% in the dust collected from roadsides, and their amount increased by approximately 7.6–24.2% in summer more than in winter. Thermogravimetric analysis results confirmed that the tire components and road components and minerals accounted for 30% and 70% in TRWPs regardless of the season, respectively.
6
Kreider, Marisa L., Ken M. Unice, and Julie M. Panko. "Human health risk assessment of Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP) in air." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 26, no. 10 (October 25, 2019): 2567–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1674633.
7
Mun, Sunhee, Hwansoo Chong, Jongtae Lee, and Yunsung Lim. "Characteristics of Real-World Non-Exhaust Particulates from Vehicles." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010177.
Abstract:
The need to regulate the non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions from vehicles has been discussed worldwide due to the bad environmental impact and the toxicity to the human body. In-depth studies have been precisely conducted on the analysis of the non-exhaust particulate matters, in particular, the amount of tire, brake and road wear particles and their proportion in the atmosphere. In this study, the influence of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) on PM in the atmosphere was investigated with tire and PM samples. The PM samples suspended in the atmosphere were collected with a high-volume sampler equipped with a quartz filter. Additionally, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal components in tire rubber were analyzed as markers by pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (pyrolysis–GC/MS), GC/MS, and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). More vinylcyclohexene was detected than dipentene in the markers measured in the samples of tires equipped with vehicles driving on the road, while more dipentene was measured in total suspended particles (TSP) samples. Among the PAHs in tire samples, pyrene exhibited the highest concentration. Benzo(b)fluoranthene showed the highest concentration in the TSP samples. Among the metals, the highest concentration was zinc in all tire samples and calcium in TSP samples.
8
Tull, Tatjana, Stefanie Krais, Katharina Peschke, Steffen Weyrauch, Rita Triebskorn, and Heinz-R. Köhler. "Tire and Road Wear Particle-Containing Sediments with High Organic Content Impact Behavior and Survival of Chironomid Larvae (Chironomus riparius)." Environments 10, no. 2 (January 29, 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10020023.
Abstract:
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP), which contribute significantly to microplastic emission, are receiving more attention, but details about particle composition, translocation from source to sink, and particularly the possible effects on ecosystems are largely unknown. We examined the influence of native TRWP-containing sediments from two settling ponds on the mortality and behavior of the aquatic larvae of Chironomus riparius. Both sediments, whether pure or mixed with different proportions of quartz sand and suspended in water, led to increased mortalities with increasing concentrations and were shown to be oxygen consuming. Artificial aeration significantly reduced larval mortality in both sediments. Chironomid larvae show high tolerance to anoxic and polluted environments due to physiological and behavioral adaptations, such as the construction of vertical sediment tubes (chimneys), in which they create oxic compartments. A significant correlation was found between the proportion of contaminated sediment and the number of chimneys: the more contaminated sediment, the fewer chimneys were constructed. The number of chimneys per surviving larva decreased with an increased proportion of contaminated sediment in parallel to increased larval mortality. We hypothesize that contents of these sediments negatively impact the larvae’s ability to survive at low oxygen concentrations due to impairments of essential behavioral and physiological processes.
9
Feißel, Toni, Florian Büchner, Miles Kunze, Jonas Rost, Valentin Ivanov, Klaus Augsburg, David Hesse, and Sebastian Gramstat. "Methodology for Virtual Prediction of Vehicle-Related Particle Emissions and Their Influence on Ambient PM10 in an Urban Environment." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 18, 2022): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111924.
Abstract:
As a result of rising environmental awareness, vehicle-related emissions such as particulate matter are subject to increasing criticism. The air pollution in urban areas is especially linked to health risks. The connection between vehicle-related particle emissions and ambient air quality is highly complex. Therefore, a methodology is presented to evaluate the influence of different vehicle-related sources such as exhaust particles, brake wear and tire and road wear particles (TRWP) on ambient particulate matter (PM). In a first step, particle measurements were conducted based on field trials with an instrumented vehicle to determine the main influence parameters for each emission source. Afterwards, a simplified approach for a qualitative prediction of vehicle-related particle emissions is derived. In a next step, a virtual inner-city scenario is set up. This includes a vehicle simulation environment for predicting the local emission hot spots as well as a computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) to account for particle dispersion in the environment. This methodology allows for the investigation of emissions pathways from the point of generation up to the point of their emission potential.
10
Barr, Brian Charles, Hrund Ólöf Andradóttir, Throstur Thorsteinsson, and Sigurður Erlingsson. "Mitigation of Suspendable Road Dust in a Subpolar, Oceanic Climate." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 9607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179607.
Abstract:
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) are a significant source of atmospheric particulate matter and microplastic loading to waterways. Road wear is exacerbated in cold climate by the widespread use of studded tires. The goal of this research was to assess the anthropogenic levers for suspendable road dust generation and climatic conditions governing the environmental fate of non-exhaust particles in a wet maritime winter climate. Sensitivity analyses were performed using the NORTRIP model for the Capital region of Reykjavík, Iceland (64.1° N). Precipitation frequency (secondarily atmospheric relative humidity) governed the partitioning between atmospheric and waterborne PM10 particles (55% and 45%, respectively). Precipitation intensity, however, increased proportionally most the drainage to waterways via stormwater collection systems, albeit it only represented 5% of the total mass of dust generated in winter. A drastic reduction in the use of studded tires, from 46% to 15% during peak season, would be required to alleviate the number of ambient air quality exceedances. In order to achieve multifaceted goals of a climate resilient, resource efficient city, the most important mitigation action is to reduce overall traffic volume. Reducing traffic speed may help speed environmental outcomes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP)":
1
Fohet, Loélia. "Dissémination et vieillissement des particules d'usure de pneumatiques : impacts environnementaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0056.
Abstract:
Les particules d'usure de pneumatiques (Tire and Road Wear Particles - TRWP) sont des particules issues de l'abrasion des pneus sur la route lors de leur roulage. Elles sont de plus en plus étudiées du fait de leur impact encore mal connu sur l'environnement, notamment par les molécules qu'elles peuvent relarguer. En effet, la composition de la bande de roulement, dont elles proviennent, est complexe et constitue un cocktail de produits chimiques. Lors de ces travaux de thèse, des vieillissements de ces particules ont été réalisés en conditions accélérées (photochimique et thermique) et naturelles. Par la suite, nous avons suivi l'évolution au cours du temps de la concentration de 3 additifs (antioxydants et agents de vulcanisation) et 20 produits de transformation au sein des particules grâce à la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. Il est montré que les additifs peuvent se dégrader rapidement - avec des temps de demi-vie de quelques dizaines de jours - notamment lorsque l'on soumet les TRWP à un vieillissement photochimique. En revanche, dans le noir les molécules semblent se dégrader moins vite. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié l'évolution des mêmes molécules lorsque les TRWP sont mises en contact avec l'eau, dans des conditions plus proches de celles rencontrées dans l'environnement. La plupart des molécules étudiées sont peu lixiviées dans l'eau par rapport à la quantité totale présente dans les particules. Les TRWP pourraient ainsi constituer un réservoir de produits chimiques dans l'environnement. Enfin, nous avons recherché une méthodologie efficace pour identifier les TRWP dans un échantillon prélevé dans l'environnement, à travers la microscopie et l'imagerie infrarouge, étudiant leur morphologie et leur composition chimiqueTire and Road Wear Particles (TRWPs) are particles resulting from the abrasion of tires on the road while driving. They are being studied more and more because of their still poorly understood impact on the environment, particularly because of the molecules they can release. Indeed, the composition of tire tread is complex and constitutes a cocktail of chemical products. During this work, ageing of these particles was carried out under accelerated (photoaging and thermoaging) and natural conditions. Then, we followed the evolution of the concentration of 3 additives (antioxidants and vulcanization agents) and 20 transformation products within the particles thanks to liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The additives can degrade rapidly - with a half-life of a dozen of days - especially when TRWPs are subjected to photochemical aging. On the other hand, in the dark, the molecules seem to degrade more slowly. As a second step, we studied the evolution of the same molecules when TRWPs are in contact with water, in conditions closer to the environment. Most of the studied molecules are leached little into water compared to the total amount present in the particles. Thus, TRWPs could constitute a reservoir of chemicals in the environment. Finally, we looked for an efficient methodology to identify TRWPs in a sample taken in the environment, through microscopy and infrared imaging, by studying their morphology and their chemical composition
Book chapters on the topic "Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP)":
1
Charbouillot, T., F. Biesse, I. Beynier, J. M. Boulat, DCettour Janet, P. Schaal, and A. Grandchamp. "Tire Road Wear Particles (TRWP) from Measurements to Stakes." In Proceedings, 188–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-68163-3_15.
2
Schmerwitz, Frank, Steffen Wieting, Nadine Aschenbrenner, Andreas Topp, and Burkhard Wies. "Characterization of Tire Road Wear Particles in the Field and at Laboratory Scale." In Proceedings, 729–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64550-5_41.
3
Kumata, Hidetoshi, Hideshige Takad, and Norio Ogura. "2-(4-Morpholinyl)benzothiazole as an Indicator of Tire-Wear Particles and Road Dust in the Urban Environment." In ACS Symposium Series, 291–305. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0671.ch019.
Conference papers on the topic "Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP)":
1
Feißel, Toni, and Klaus Augsburg. "Analytical Investigation of Tire Induced Particle Emissions." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-epv-027.
Abstract:
Research and/or Engineering Question/Objective: The fine dust contribution (<10µm) of motor vehicles represents a considerable health risk for people in urban areas. Due to an increasing percentage of electric vehicles, exhaust emissions are steadily reduced. Consequently, particles from non-exhaust sources (brake, tire and road ware) are considered to be the future main vehicle related pollutant. While regenerative braking, tungsten carbide coatings and filter devices can effectively reduce brake wear emissions, there is currently no methodology available in order to reduce tire wear particles, road abrasion and resuspension. In addition, the tire is one of the main sources of environmental microplastic pollution. Although there are initial approaches to determine the emission characteristics of tire and road ware particles, there is a lack of basic understanding of the underlying physical processes. Methodology: The particle flow around the vehicle wheelhouse is dominated by highly dynamic vortex structures. The numerical flow simulation (CFD) is a well suited tool for the investigation of these processes and allows a detailed analysis of the particle-flow interaction. Within this paper, a CFD flow model of a vehicle wheelhouse is presented, which analytically describes the underlying physical effects of particle dispersion by the vehicle tire. The CFD model was applied in order to define a suitable measurement strategy for the measurement of TRW particles based on a measurement vehicle. Results: In order to develop a CFD Modell for tire-induced particle emissions, comprehensive analysis of mesh generation, geometric influencing factors and turbulence models was conducted. An essential element of the presented model is the modelling of the wheel rotation, tire-road contact and tire-profile related effects. In addition, particle models were adapted according to the physical properties of tire and road wear particles. In a second step, the CFD methodology was applied in order to design a constant volume sampling system (CVS) which ensures a maximum sampling and transport efficiency for TRW particles. Limitations of this study: In general, numerical simulation requires strong simplification of the physical problem and can cover aspects of the flow and particle behavior only partially. Thus, more experiments are necessary to fully validate the CFD model. What does the paper offer that is new in the field in comparison to other works of the author: The paper offers a new CFD-based tire and road wear model including flow processes in proximity to the tire-road interface, in order to describe tire induced particle emissions. Conclusion: Within this paper a novel CFD-based methodology is presented whereby special emphasis was placed towards the modelling of tire-induced particle emissions. This model was applied in order to design a constant volume sampling system that ensures a maximum sampling as well as transport efficiency for TRW particle measurement. KEYWORDS - Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRW), Particle Resuspension, Non-Exhaust-Emissions, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Constant Volume Sampling System (CVS)
2
Yigci, Ibrahim, Veith Strohbücker, Miles Kunze, and Markus Schatz. "Measurement of the Particle Distribution around the Tire of a Light Commercial Vehicle on Unpaved Roads." In Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-5032.
Abstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Dust testing of vehicles on unpaved roads is crucial in the development process for automotive manufacturers. These tests aim to ensure the functionality of locking systems in dusty conditions, minimize dust concentration inside the vehicle, and enhance customer comfort by preventing dust accumulation on the car body. Additionally, deposition on safety-critical parts, such as windshields and sensors, can pose threats to driver vision and autonomous driving capabilities. Currently, dust tests are primarily conducted experimentally at proving grounds. In order to gain early insights and reduce the need for costly physical tests, numerical simulations are becoming a promising alternative.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Although simulations of vehicle contamination by dry dust have been studied in the past, they have often lacked detailed models for tire dust resuspension. In addition, few publications address the specifics of dust deposition on vehicles, especially in areas such as door gaps and locks. Many authors focus primarily on the environmental impact of vehicles due to non-exhaust emissions, such as tire and road wear particles (TRWP) and brake wear on paved roads.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">To close this gap, this paper presents an experimental test in which a vehicle drives through a dry dust track. Using special dust measurement techniques positioned in the wheelhouse, we determine the number and size distribution of the dust particle field around the tire circumference. The results of this experiment provide a deeper understanding of the dust dispersion patterns generated by tires on unpaved surfaces and serve as valuable data for boundary conditions and for the validation of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations.</div></div>
3
Panko, J. M., J. A. Chu, M. L. Kreider, B. L. McAtee, and K. M. Unice. "Quantification of tire and road wear particles in the environment." In Urban Transport 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut120061.
4
Edwards, Jaydee, Reto Gieré, Bonnie Ertel, and John Weinstein. "Magnifying Microplastics: Exploring tire and road wear particles through image and elemental analysis." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.12150.
5
Edwards, Jaydee, Reto Gieré, Bonnie Ertel, and John Weinstein. "Comprehensive characterization of individual tire- and road-wear particles through image and elemental analysis." In Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.18267.
6
Yigci, Ibrahim, Veith Strohbücker, and Markus Schatz. "Numerical Investigations of the Dust Deposition Behavior at Light Commercial Vehicles." In Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-5022.
Abstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Dry dust testing of vehicles on unpaved dust roads plays a crucial role in the development process of automotive manufacturers. One of the central aspects of the test procedure is ensuring the functionality of locking systems in the case of dust ingress and keeping the dust below a certain concentration level inside the vehicle. Another aspect is the customer comfort because of dust deposited on the surface of the car body. This also poses a safety risk to customers when the dust settles on safety-critical parts such as windshields and obstructs the driver’s view. Dust deposition on sensors is also safety critical and is becoming more important because of the increasing amount of sensors for autonomous driving. Nowadays, dust tests are conducted experimentally at dust proving grounds. To gain early insights and avoid costly physical testing, numerical simulations are considered a promising approach.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Simulations of vehicle contamination by dry dust have been studied in the past. However, they lack detailed tire resuspension models, and none of the publications focus on the dust deposition at the vehicle in detail, such as door gaps and locks. Moreover, the emphasis of many authors is the environmental impact of vehicles resulting from non-exhaust emissions, such as tire and road wear, brake wear, and dust emissions.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper introduces a novel method for simulating the production of dust resulting from vehicles driving on a dry and dusty, unpaved road, as well as the subsequent deposition mechanisms that occur within door gaps and locks. To achieve this, both a basic, generic vehicle model and a more complex, detailed model of a Volkswagen (VW) Caddy are used in the context of a multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation with Lagrangian particles.</div></div>
7
Brandt, sv, Malte Sandgaard, Georg-Peter Ostermeyer, Sebastian Gramstat, Frank Stebner, Conrad Weigmann, Arno Kwade, and Carsten Schilde. "Particle Simulation and Metrological Validation of Brake Emission Dynamics on a Pin-on-Disc Tribotester." In EuroBrake 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/7443155eb2021-stp-013.
Abstract:
The increasing degree of electrification as well as the optimization of particle based exhaust emissions, which is already being driven forward due to legislation, will direct the focus of fine dust considerations in automotive technology to non-exhaust emissions. In contrast to exhaust emissions, there are currently only a few vehicle-related limit values or uniform standards in measurement technology and the measurement procedure. The area of non-exhaust emissions includes tire abrasion, the turbulence of organic and inorganic road particles, and brake wear. Since, in addition to the material component, the particle size also has a significant influence on the health hazard of the material, particulate emissions from brakes are often directly related to health effects. In comparison to previous measurements, which have mostly been carried out in enclosed and clinical environments, the dynamics of the fine dust emitted from the brake will be investigated using a fully automated tribometer and used as a possibility to validate a DEM simulation. Besides the pure measurement of the emitted particle size distributions during the brake application, conclusions on the agglomeration behaviour of the emission particles in the environment shall be drawn. The aim is to predict the environmental impact and the potential danger of the particles to humans due to the particle size released into the environment. The pin-disc contact between brake pad and brake disc serves as the emission source. A coupled CFD-DEM simulation environment was set up to simulate particle dynamics. Based on a rotating brake disc model, the flow-relevant components of the test bench environment were implemented into the simulation setup. The area around the actual brake contact as well as the environment at the tribometer should be considered. For the metrological validation of the simulation, a swarm of calibrated low-cost sensors as well as a scattered light based particle size measuring device will be set up around the tribometer
8
Kolbeck, Katharina, Thomas Schröder, Marco Schlichting, and Heinz Bacher. "Evaluation of different influencing parameters on the result of brake particle emission measurements." In EuroBrake 2022. FISITA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/eb2022-fbr-011.
Abstract:
"Since fine dust particles in the ambient air emitted by cars, trucks and busses are identified as a health risk, emissions from combustion engines are limited by law. The increasing change from combustion to electric power train as well as the use of gasoline and diesel particulate filters lead to a focus shift to other fine dust sources like tire or brake wear. To further reduce the fine dust pollution caused by road transportation, it is planned to limit particle emissions of brake systems of passenger vehicles by law. The PMP informal working group of the UNECE is already working on a measuring cycle and a suitable test method for this purpose for several years. Hence, a draft of a test protocol was published in June 2021 and is validated in a inter-laboratory study (ILS) at different labs The proposal describes a method to test a single brake-vehicle-combination. The analysis of the market in this regard reveals an extremely large number of possible pairings. Combined with the proposed duration of a complete test-run, this leads to a very high demand of testing to determine the variety of brake emissions of existing vehicle fleets in different markets. Hence, it is crucial to understand whether there are physical correlations between different test combinations to estimate the emission levels of brake-vehicle-pairings. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different vehicle and brake parameters in regard of the measured particle number and mass emission. In addition, the results are analysed for physically relevant correlations. This is done using various test series in which only individual test parameters, such as the size of the brake disc or the vehicle weight, are varied. The study also tries to address the effect of different measures for noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) of the brake system on the particle number and mass emission results. The results show that plausible predictions of the emission are possible for the variation of specific test parameters. On the other hand, there are test parameters that require additional information or even a separate emission test when they are changed. Since fine dust particles in the ambient air emitted by cars, trucks and busses are identified as a health risk, emissions from combustion engines are limited by law. The increasing change from combustion to electric power train as well as the use of gasoline and diesel particulate filters lead to a focus shift to other fine dust sources like tire or brake wear. To further reduce the fine dust pollution caused by road transportation, it is planned to limit particle emissions of brake systems of passenger vehicles by law. The PMP informal working group of the UNECE is already working on a measuring cycle and a suitable test method for this purpose for several years. Hence, a draft of a test protocol was published in June 2021 and is validated in a inter-laboratory study (ILS) at different labs The proposal describes a method to test a single brake-vehicle-combination. The analysis of the market in this regard reveals an extremely large number of possible pairings. Combined with the proposed duration of a complete test-run, this leads to a very high demand of testing to determine the variety of brake emissions of existing vehicle fleets in different markets. Hence, it is crucial to understand whether there are physical correlations between different test combinations to estimate the emission levels of brake-vehicle-pairings. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different vehicle and brake parameters in regard of the measured particle number and mass emission. In addition, the results are analysed for physically relevant correlations. This is done using various test series in which only individual test parameters, such as the size of the brake disc or the vehicle weight, are varied. The study also tries to address the effect of different measures for noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) of the brake system on the particle number and mass emission results. The results show that plausible predictions of the emission are possible for the variation of specific test parameters. On the other hand, there are test parameters that require additional information or even a separate emission test when they are changed. "