Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'TIPGa'

Since 1999 auditors have an obligation, according to 42-44 §§ aktiebolagslagen (2005:551), to report suspicions of crime. The obligation to report means that the auditor is legally obliged to report any suspicious economical crime potentially committed by the executive director or a member of the board to a district attorney. Prior to the enactment it was almost impossible for the auditor to report any criminal suspicion due to the professional confidentiality. According to Ekobrottsmyndigheten the number of crime suspicion reports filed by auditors has reduced by 50 percent in the Stockholm-region between 2006 and 2010. However, after the enactment crime suspicion reports increased successively each year. The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems surrounding the auditors obligation to report as well as to investigate whether the view on the problems differ depending on the auditors professional experience. To conduct the study we used a qualitative method, which means that we have performed interviews to gather data for our empirical chapter. We interviewed eight auditors in total; four auditors with a long history of professional experience and four with slightly shorter work experience, active in Stockholm and Örebro. We have come to the conclusion that more professional experience gives the auditor a broader view on the existing tasks and factors and difficulties they encounter while working. Lack of legal knowledge is the greatest obstacle to the auditor in cases of suspected crimes. Finally, we note that the auditors' focus of today, twelve years after the enactment, no longer is on the obligation to report crime.
1999 infördes en anmälningsplikt i 42-44 §§ aktiebolagslagen (2005:551) för revisorer vid misstanke om brott. Innebörden av denna anmälningsplikt är att revisorn har en skyldighet att anmäla misstanke om ekonomisk brottslighet som begåtts av verkställande direktör eller styrelseledamot till en åklagare. Innan anmälningsplikten infördes var det nästintill omöjligt för revisorn att anmäla misstanken om brott på grund av revisorns tystnadsplikt. Enligt Ekobrottsmyndigheten har antalet anmälningar från revisorer i Stockholmsregionen minskat med nästan 50 procent mellan 2006 och 2010. Efter införandet av anmälningsplikten och fram till 2006 ökade däremot anmälningarna succesivt varje år. Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera problematiken kring anmälningsplikten och att beskriva om synen på problematiken skiljer sig beroende på hur lång arbetslivserfarenhet revisorn har. För att uppfylla studiens syfte har vi utfört en kvalitativ undersökning, vilket innebär att vi utfört intervjuer för att samla in vår empiri. Vi valde att intervjua åtta revisorer, fyra revisorer med lång arbetslivserfarenhet och fyra med en kortare arbetslivserfarenhet, verksamma i Stockholm och Örebro. I slutsatsen har vi kommit fram till att ju mer arbetslivserfarenhet en revisor har desto bredare syn har de gällande deras arbetsuppgifter och faktorer och problem som de stöter på under arbetets gång. Brist på juridisk kunskap är det största hindret för revisorn vid misstanke om brott. Slutligen kan vi konstatera att revisorernas fokus idag, tolv år efter anmälningspliktens införande, inte längre ligger på anmälningsplikten.

Syftet med den här studien är att ta reda på vilka erfarenheter en grupp pedagoger i förskolan och skolan har av anmälningsplikten, men också erfarenheter av att inte anmäla och vad det är som gör att man väljer att avstå det. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Empirin har analyserats utifrån Sommers (2005) teoretiska perspektiv om resiliens och barnsynsfilter. Resultatet visar att pedagogerna har lättare för att se på en situation ur ett vuxenperspektiv och därmed brister i att inta ett barnperspektiv , vilket leder till att färre anmälningar görs. Vidare visar studien på okunskap bland pedagoger gällande anmälningsplikten , dels beror detta på brister i pedagogernas utbildningar men också på brister i informationen från verksamhetsansvariga.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka varför roparna inte kunde tiga. De uppträdde på 1840-talet och några få år framåt. Deras ropartid finns nedtecknad i en del böcker och skrifter. Det går inte att få en helt rättvis bild av dem eftersom det inte finns några nu levande ropare att intervjua. Deras bild är till stor del positivt tecknad i texterna. Det finns bara någon enstaka som blev upptecknad som lurendrejare. Det är ett projekt i Finnerödja som hjälpt till att locka fram lusten hos mig att studera dem lite djupare. Projektet använder olika beteckningar på händelser med roparna såsom ”religionskriget i Kvistbro”, ”skottet i Långbron i Finnerödja”, ”stormöte i Slottsbol” och detta ökade mitt intresse för fenomenet. Varför de inte kunde tiga har jag funnit vara beroende av tidpunkten. När de ropade mot spriten har det att göra med en stor dryckenskap som rådde. Jag har funnit att det framförallt är ungdomar och kvinnor som var ropare och att det handlade om olärda och fattiga personer. De betraktades som sjuka och man kallade dem också för "de predikosjuka". Jag har funnit olika sätt man behandlat dem på. De kom ibland i fängelse och ibland kom de under psykvård.

Problem: The expectation gap can be described as an imbalance in the relationship between the accountant and the stakeholders. The gap can emerge when the ideas of what is right and what is wrong are separate from the accountant and the stakeholders of the accountant. It is one of the most talked about subjects within auditing, due to the long existence of expectations gaps, which is increasing gradually. There is no doubt that a gap of expectations exist, as well as the experience of different gaps of expectations amongst the stakeholders of the accountant. The accountants may be viewed as a security for the stakeholders as they review the company from a critical point of view. A stakeholder who is in need of areview is the creditor, because he/she only have the assets of the company as collateral security. Anotherstakeholder who is in need of an accountant is the Vice President of a company because he/she, through auditing material, receives a firmer ground to stand on when it comes to decision-making. This creates a problem when different stakeholders use information in different ways, which in turn creates difficulties for the accountant when it comes to satisfying all the parties involved.Purpose: This study aims to create an understanding of the gap of expectations when it comes to accountants, creditors and the Vice President. Our study will contribute with important influences in the area of how accountants, creditors and the Vice President describes the gap of expectations, and we can therefore present a development of the knowledge in the area of the gap of expectations.Method:To fulfill our purpose with the study we have used a abductive method. Through semi-structured interviews we have gathered empirics from four different accountants, four Vice Presidents and five creditors. Conclusions:We have found that the stakeholders do not experience a gap of expectation. We can state that the number one reason for the existence of the gap of expectations is due to ignorance when it comes to the distribution of the responsibilities at the point of irregularity. This study has led us to the statement that most of the stakeholders do not want to acknowledge the gap of expectations. Further more we state that there are difficulties in handling the gap of expectations due to the fact that the accountant and the stakeholders had a difference of opinion when it came to handling the gap and why it arose. One interesting aspect is that in every group of respondents, there were disagreements when it came to answering the question about who was responsible for the gap, and we established this is a main reason for the gap of expectations.

I use the passage of the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 (TIPRA), which alters the after-tax considerations of foreign internal capital markets, as a quasi-natural experimental setting to test whether a reduction in the tax costs associated with moving foreign capital increased firms' use of holding companies. In separate tests using Compustat and IRS data, I document that firms increase holding company use after TIPRA. Furthermore, I find that firms with the greatest increase in holding companies also increase their post-TIPRA foreign sales and generate more persistent foreign earnings. I interpret these findings to suggest that TIPRA is associated with increased global competitiveness for firms that actively modify their organizational structure. In additional analysis, I attribute this increased global competitiveness to maintained liquidity and capital investments during a financial crisis relative to firms that do not respond as strongly to tax incentives to utilize holding companies.

Passivitetsrätten ger skattskyldiga som är misstänkta för brott en rätt att inte behöva medverka i en utredning. Den brottsmisstänkte behöver således inte bidra till bevisningen i målet genom att exempelvis göra ett bekännande eller lämna material som är belastande för denne.  Detta innebär att det är åklagaren som måste bevisa att den tilltalade har gjort sig skyldig till ett brott. Det finns alltså igen skyldighet för den tilltalade att på något vis göra åklagarens arbete lättare. Ett påförande av skattetillägg är också att anses som att en person har blivit anklagad för brott, detta innebär att passivitetsrätten även inträder när det är fråga om skattetillägg. I den europeiska konventionen angående skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna och grundläggande friheterna, även kallad Europakonventionen, finns det ingen bestämmelse som uttryckligen stadgar rätten att vara passiv. Trots detta anses passivitetsrätten omfattas av rätten till en rättvis rättegång i artikel 6 i Europakonventionen.  Enligt konventionen ska passivitetsrätten inträda när en skattskyldig har blivit ”anklagad för brott”. Det framgår dock av Europadomstolens praxis att rätten endast inträder när en person som är misstänkt för att ha begått ett brott blir påverkad av misstanken. Detta kan bli aktuellt när åtgärder som bland annat häktning, anhållan och en påbörjad förundersökning vidtas mot den brottsmisstänkte. I svensk rätt inträder passivitetsrätten när det ”finns anledning att anta” att den enskilde har gjort sig skyldig till en gärning som är straffbelagd eller som kan leda till skattetillägg. I studien har det dock framkommit att det inte finns en generell tidpunkt för när passivitetsrätten inträder. Skatteverket har enligt svensk lagstiftning inte en skyldighet att upplysa en skattskyldig person om dennes passivitetsrätt. Det finns inte heller något som tyder på att Europakonventionen ställer ett sådant krav. En konsekvens av detta kan bli att de skattskyldiga som inte har kunskap om passivitetsrätten förlorar sin rätt att vara passiv i en skatteutredning. Detta innebär att höga krav ställs på den skattskyldiges kunskaper om passivitetsrätten. Skatteverket har en möjlighet att begära att få in information i situationer där skattetillägg kan uttas. Den skattskyldige kan således antingen av sin okunskap eller av frivillighet lämna relevanta uppgifter till verket. En nackdel som dock kan finnas med en upplysningsplikt är att det kan leda till att den skattskyldige undanröjer väsentlig bevisning.

Predmet istraživanja u doktorskoj disertaciji je metoda za konstrukcijulokalizacionih skupova za spektar i pseudospektar nelinearnih problemakarakterističnih korena bazirana na Geršgorinovoj teoremi i njenimgeneralizacijama koja koristi osobine poznatih podklasa H-matrica.Navedena tvrđenja i primeri rasvetljavaju odnose između navedenihlokalizacionih skupova, što je posebno značajno za primenu u praksi.Sadržaj ovog rada time predstavlja polaznu tačku za dublja istraživanja natemu konstrukcije lokalizacionih skupova za spektar i pseudospektarnelinearnih problema karakterističnih korena Geršgorinovog tipa.
The subject of research in the doctoral dissertation is a method for constructingspectra and pseudospectra localization sets for nonlinear eigenvalue problemsbased on Geršgorin theorem and its generalizations, that uses the properties ofwell-known subclasses of H-matrices. Theorems and examples given in thispaper are showing relations between stated localization sets, which is veryimportant for practical applications. Therefore, the content of this paper representthe starting point for deeper explorations on the subject of constructing spectraand pseudospectra localization sets for Geršgorin type nonlinear eigenvalueproblems.

Morfometrijske analize su rañena merenjem krilne nervature 540 uzoraka krilapčela sa 9 lokaliteta u Vojvodini. Izračunato je 16 uglova (A1, A4, B3, B4, D7, E9, G7,G18, H12, J10, J16, K19, L13, M17, O26, Q21) koje zaklapa krilna nervatura i 4 indeksa(Ci, Pci, Dbi, Ri), ukupno 20 mera. Izračunate su prosečne vrednosti i utvrñena jestatistička značajnost razlika izmeñu pčela iz regona Srema i Bačke i pčela iz regionaBanata, takoñe je izvršeno i poreñenje pčela svih lokaliteta sa DAWINO standardima za5 rasa pčela (Apis mellifera carnica, Apis mellifera macedonica, Apis mellifera mellifera,Apis mellifera ligustica i Apis mellifera caucasica).Analizom varijanse izračunatih 20 osobina krilne nervature, utvrñeno je da samokod osobine A4 nisu utvrñene statistički značajnie razlike izmeñu posmatranihlokaliteta, dok su u 19 osobina utvrñene statistički značajne razlike.Utvrñivanjem statističke značajnosti razlika, pčela iz regiona Srema i Bačke i pčelaiz regiona Banata, utvrñeno je da 45% osobina ne pokazuju statistički značajne razlike,dok 45% osobina pokazuje statistički vrlo značajne razlike (P<0,01) i 10% osobinapokazuje statistički značajne razlike (P<0,05).Uporeñivanjem dobijenih vrednosti 20 parametera krilne nervature, pomoću ztesta,sa DAWINO standardima za pet rasa pčela, utvrñeno je da na bazi celog uzorkastatistički nema značajnih razlika kod osobina A4 i D7 sa A. m. carnica, kod osobinaH12, G18 i B4 sa A. m.macedonica i kod osobina J16 i B4 poreñeno sa rasom A.m.ligustica. Kod pčela iz regiona Srema i Bačke utvrñeno je da statistički nema značajnihrazlika kod osobina A4, B3, D7 i G18 uporeñeno sa A.m. carnica, kod osobina H12 i B4uporeñeno sa A. m.macedonica i kod osobina G18, K19, J16 i Q21 uporeñeno sa rasomA. m.ligustica, dok kod pčela iz regiona Banata utvrñeno je da statistički nema značajnihrazlika kod osobina A4, E9, D7 i J10 uporeñeno sa A.m. carnica, kod osobina H12, J10,L13 i PCi uporeñeno sa A. m.macedonica i kod osobina B4, J16 i PCi uporeñeno sarasom A. m.ligustica.Ocena genetičke povezanosti, unutar populacijska raznolikost i strukturapopulacije, dva tipa pčela u Vojvodini, izračunata je na bazi varijacije alela 25 lokusamikrosatelita. Izvršena je genetska tipizacija sledećih mikrosatelita: A8, A14, A24, A29,A43, A79, A88, A113, Ac11, Ac88, Ac139, Ac306, Ap15, Ap68, Ap85, Ap90, Ap223,Ap224, Ap226, Ap249, Ap273, Ap274, Ap288, At168, At188. 92% ili 23 lokusa su sepokazali kao polimorfni u uzorcima pčela iz Srema i Bačke, a 88% ili 22 lokusa su sepokazali kao polimorfni u uzorcima pčela iz Banata. Izračunata heterozigotnost na nivoucele populacije se nije statistički značajno razlikovala od očekivane heterozigotnosti.Utvrñeno je da dobijene genetičke razlike izmeñu analiziranih pčela iz regiona Srema iBačke i retgiona Banata nisu dovoljne da se ove dve populacije mogu smatratirazdvojenim.
Morphometric analyses have been done by measuring the wing nervature in 540 samples of bees, collected from nine localities in Vojvodina. 16 angles formed by wing nervation have been calculated(A1, A4, B3, B4, D7, E9, G7, G18, H12, J10, J16, K19, L13, M17, O26, Q21) as well as four indexes (Ci, PCI, DBI , R), a total of 20 measures. The average values have been calculated and statistical significant differences in bees from Srem, Backa and Banat region determined. Five breeds of bees from these regions have been compared to Dawino standards. The analyses of the variance of calculated 20 features of wing nervature indicate that statistically significant differences in monitored localities have not been found only in A4, on the other hand in 19 properties significant differences have been discovered. Established statistically significant differences between breeds from Srem and Backa regions reveale that 45% properties do not show any statistically important differences, while 45% features show very important statistical differences (P<0,01) and 10% show statistically important differences (P<0,05). It has been established by comparing the obtained values of 20 parametres of wing nervature by means of z test to DAWINO standards for five breeds of bees that, based on the whole sample, there are no significant differences in features A4 and D7 in A.m. carnica, in features H12, G18 and B4 in A.m. macedonica and features J16 and B4 compared to A.m. ligustica. As for bees from Srem and Backa region,there are statistically no significante differences in features A4, B3, D7 and G18 compared to A.m. carnica, features H12 and B4 compared to A.m. macedonica and features G18, K19, J16 and Q21 compared to A.m. ligustica, while in bees from Banat region, statistically there are no significant differences in features A4, E9, D7 and J10 compared to A.m. carnica, features H12, J10, L13 and Pci compared to A.m. macedonica and features B4, J16 and Pci compared to A.m. ligustica. The evaluation of genetic correlation, the diversity of bees population and population structure of two types of bees in Vojvodina have been established on the basis of allels variations in 25 locus microsatelites.The following microsatelites have been standardized – A8,A14,A24,A29, A43, A79, A88, A113, Ac11, Ac88, Ac139, Ac306, Ap15, Ap68, Ap85, Ap90, Ap223, Ap224, Ap226, Ap249, Ap273, Ap274, Ap288, At168, At188. 92% or 23 locus have shown as polymorphs in bees from Srem and Backa and 88% or 22 locus samples have shown as polzmorphs in bees samples from Banat and Backa region. The whole population calculated heterozygosity has not shown statistically significant differrence from expected heterozygisity. It has been established that the obtained genetic differences between the analysed bees from Srem and Backa region and Banat region are not significant to indicate two populations.

U tezi se istražuje uniformna konvergencija Galerkinovog postupka konačnih elemenata na mrežama različitog tipa za dvoparametarske singularno perturbovane probleme.Uvedene su slojno-adaptivne mreže za probleme konvekcije-reakcije-difuzije:  Bahvalovljeva, Duran-Šiškinova i Duranova za jednodimenzionalni i Duran-Šiškinova i Duranova mreža za dvodimenzionalni problem. Za pomenute probleme na svim ovim mrežama analizirane su greške interpolacije, diskretizacije i greška u energetskoj normi i dokazana je uniformna konvergencija Galerkinovog postupka konačnih elemenata. Sva teorijska tvrđenja su potvrđena numeričkim eksperimentima. 
The thesis explores the uniform convergence for Galerkin nite elementmethod on various meshes for two parameter singularly perturbed problems.Layer-adapted meshes are introduced for convection-reaction-diusionproblems: Bakhvalov, Duran-Shishkin and Duran meshes for a one dimensionaland Duran-Shishkin and Duran meshes for a two dimensional problem.We analyze the errors of interpolation, discretization and error in the energynorm and prove the parameter uniform convergence for Galerkin nite elementmethod on mentioned meshes. Numerical experiments support theoreticalndings. 

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O objeto desse estudo está inserido na cultura popular da cidade de São Caetano de Odivelas, interior do Estado do Pará. Trata-se da festa pública denominada Boi Tinga, uma brincadeira de boi que acontece nas ruas da cidade durante o mês de junho e que recebe a adesão espontânea dos brincantes. O folguedo consiste em um cortejo dramático no qual o boi, vestido por dois brincantes, dança e encena performances, acompanhado por uma pequena orquestra de sopro e por personagens mascarados e fantasiados que também dançam e fazem performances ao longo do percurso, sempre em volta do boi que dança. A espetacularidade do conjunto visual e cênico dos personagens foi estudada em nossa pesquisa com objetivo de realizar uma análise teórica desse folguedo inusitado, que se compõe de aspectos ao mesmo tempo cômicos, pela encenação, e plásticos, pela visualidade. Identificamos neles características de uma estética popular a qual denominamos caricatura dramática, por conter elementos plásticos e conceituais da arte da caricatura aliados à gestualidade performática especifica de cada personagem que se apresenta. A pesquisa de campo seguiu o método de análise etnográfica, partindo da observação in loco e de relatos colhidos na própria fonte, complementados a partir de estudos bibliográficos. Acreditamos que o resultado de nosso trabalho traz um novo olhar acerca desse fato cultural, no intuito de contribuir a partir dele para novas pesquisas, tanto na área das Artes cênicas, quanto em outras áreas do conhecimento acadêmico.
Belém- Pará

Swedish accountants are, amongst other laws, controlled by a couple of so called duties. One of those is the professional secrecy, which guarantees the safety of company secrets and other important information that the accountant needs to know but shouldn’t tell anybody. Since 1999 Swedish accountants also need to follow the regulations of the reporting duty. In short, this means that in some cases of suspected crime within a company, auditors are obliged to report this to the authorities. Some auditors consider these two duties to be in conflict with one another. This specific conflict is very rarely touched upon in other media than essays.A few auditors have, in case of a suspected crime with very vague evidence, gone against the law by getting rid of their client thus not having to take the risk of being sued because of violation of the professional secrecy by reporting the crime in vain. This fact, that some auditors even break the law, is reason enough to investigate why some auditors consider the two duties to be in conflict with one another.During our study, personal interviews with four auditors and two persons of authority were carried out. None of them have experienced any negative emotions about the reporting duty, but when it comes to the auditors that in fact do consider the two duties to be in conflict with one another, the opinions start to differ. Some say that it is practically impossible to get rid of a client by the above reasons without reporting the suspected crime, while others claim the opposite. A possible explanation for the different opinions regarding the two duties could be due to the fact that the regulations surrounding the reporting duty are very differently interpreted by different people. Does the law guarantee the safety of the auditor, or does it not? Is there a conflict between the two duties or not?We are of the opinion that there is absolutely a need to thoroughly investigate this topic, possibly by deciding upon which interpretation of the law is the right one. Swedish accounting organizations need to take this case more seriously than they have so far. Or could it be that they simply don’t want to?

Svenska revisorer lyder bland annat under ett antal olika plikter. En av dessa är tystnadsplikten, som garanterar säkerheten för företagshemligheter och annan viktig information som revisorn måste känna till men inte får yppa för någon. Sedan år 1999 måste svenska revisorer också ta hänsyn till anmälningsplikten. Kortfattat innebär denna att revisorn, i vissa fall, själv måste anmäla misstänkta brott denne upptäckt i företaget till myndigheterna. En del revisorer upplever att dessa två plikter befinner sig i konflikt med varandra. Denna konflikt berörs ytterst sällan i annan media än uppsatser.Några revisorer har, i fall då ett misstänkt brott upptäckts men bevisningen är mycket vag, begått ett lagbrott genom att göra sig av med klienten. På så vis slipper de ta risken att anmälan inte leder någon vart och då riskera att bli stämd för att ha brutit mot tystnadsplikten. Detta, att vissa revisorer går så långt som till att bryta mot lagen, är skäl nog att utreda varför vissa revisorer upplever en konflikt mellan de två plikterna.Vi utförde under denna studie personliga samtal med fyra revisorer och två myndighetspersoner. De upplever personligen inga problem med anmälningsplikten, men har olika åsikter om de revisorer i tidigare studier som faktiskt menar sig uppleva en konflikt. Vissa menar att det är fullständigt omöjligt att göra sig av med en klient för att slippa anmäla ett misstänkt brott - andra det motsatta. En förklaring till att åsikterna om konflikten mellan plikterna varierar skulle kunna vara att tolkningen av lagtexten är föremål för många varierande tolkningar. Garanterar lagtexten revisorns säkerhet eller ej? Finns det en konflikt mellan de två plikterna?Avslutningsvis anser vi att det finns ett stort behov av att utreda detta, förslagsvis genom att bestämma vilken lagtolkning som är den korrekta. Svenska revisorsorganisationer måste ta ämnet på större allvar än hittills. Eller de kanske inte vill?

U radu je ispitivana mogucnost unapređenja membranske filtracije mleka primenom promotora turbulencije razlicitog geometrijskog oblika i dimenzije. Eksperimentalna istraživanja su izvedena na keramickoj membrani velicine 100 nm koja se najcešce koristi u procesu mikrofiltracije mleka. Istraživanja su obuhvatila ispitivanje uticajapromotora helikoidne geometrije (uvrnuta traka i Keniks mikser) i geometrije u obliku seciva (Koflo mikser) razlicitih karakteristicnih dimenzija na fluks permeata, prljanje i selektivnost membrane. Efikasnost primene razlicitih promotora analiziranaje kako sa aspekta povecanja fluksa tako i sa aspekta smanjenja potrošnje energije.Istraživanje uticaja tipa promotora turbulencije na mikrofiltraciju proteina mlekapokazalo je da se izborom geometrije, karakteristicne dimenzije i radnih uslova mogupostici znacajna i energetski isplativa povecanja fluksa permeata.Primenom uvrnute trake kao promotora Uticaj tipa promotora turbulencije na unapređenjemembranskefiltracije tubulencije ostvarena su povecanja fluksa i od 200do 600% u zavisnosti od karakteristicne dimenzije uvrnute trake, i rad pri dva ili tri puta manjim protocima u odnosu na rad bez promotora. Najvece povecanje fluksa od oko 600% ostvareno je primenom najgušce uvrnute trake karakteristicne dimenzije 1,0 (UT1,0). UT1,0 kao promotor turbulencije uzrokuje najvece ubrzanje fluida tj. nivo turbulencije i najdužu helikoidnu putanju strujnica što doprinosi intenzivnom odnošenju cestica sa površine membrane. Ispitivanje primene Keniks miksera kaopromotora turbulencije je pokazalo da se znacajna i isplativa povecanja fluksa postižu vec pri veoma malim protocima. Keniks mikser je takođe helikoidne geometrije kao i uvrnute trake, ali se razlikuje po tome što su helikoidni elementipostavljeni pod uglom od 90o i levo desno jedan u odnosu na drugi. Ovakva orjentacija elemenata uzrokuje preraspodelu i promenu smera stujnica posle svakog elementa zbog cega je pad pritiska za Keniks mikser i do cetiri puta veci u odnosu nauvrnutu traku iste karakteristicne dimenzije, ali uz veci utrošak energije. Promotori geometrije u obliku seciva (Koflomikseri) takođe obezbeđuju povecanje fluksa od200 do 650% pri nižem protoku u odnosu na rad bez promotora. Vece povecanje fluksa od 500 do 600% postignuta su primenom Koflo miksera manje karakteristicne dimenzije 1,3. Koflo mikseriobezbeđuju promenu slike strujanja u membrani koja se manifestuje takođe raspodelom toka fluida i pojavom helikoidnih strujnica, ali i sudaranjem i mešanjem struja usled udara o seciva pod određenim uglom. Po sudaranju struja se ovaj tip miksera razlikuje u odnosu na uvrnute trake i Keniks mikser. Ipak pad pritiska ovog miksera je veci u odnosu na pad pritiska uvrnute trake, a manji u odnosu na pad pritiska Keniks miksera. Ispitivanje smanjenja prljanja membrane pokazalo je da se primenom promotora smanjuje otpor prljanja membrane kao i otpori usled povratnog i nepovratnog prljanja. Naročito je zapaženo smanjenje otpora usled povratnog prljanja koje se javlja na površini membrane. Na ovaj nacin potvrđeno je da svi tipovi miksera uzrokuju promenu nacina strujanja u membrani koja obezbeđuje poboljšanje prenosa mase u graničnom sloju. U granicnom sloju najintenzivnije deluje Uticaj tipa promotora turbulencije na unapređenje membranske filtracije. Keniks mikser kod kog sem preraspodele stujanja dolazi i do promene smera strujnica nakon svakog elementa. Izvođenje procesa primenom promotora je energetski isplativije u odnosu na konvencionalan nacin rada i važi za sve ispitivane tipove promotora bez obzira na geometriju i karakterističnu dimenziju. Za vrednosti flukseva do 60 Lm-2h-1 uvrnute trake sve tri karakteristicne dimenzije zahtevaju istu potrošnju energije. Primena uvrnute trake UT1,0 je najisplativija za flukseve vece od 60 do 100 Lm-2h-1 iako uzrokuje veci pad pritiska u odnosu na UT1,5 i UT2,5, ali obezbeđuje i proporcionalno veci fluks pri protocima tri puta manjim u odnosu na rad bez promotora. Primenom UT1,0 moguće su uštede energije u rasponu od 50 do 75 % u odnosu na rad bez promotora. Potrošnja energije kod primene Keniks miksera je veća u odnosu na uvrnutu traku iste karakterisitčne dimenzije, a opseg radnih protoka i TMP uslovljen velikim padom pritiska. Uštede energije u slučaju primene Keniks miksera su od 30 do 65% u odnosu na rad bez promotora. Međutim, primenom UT1,0 umesto Keniks miksera iste dimenzije obezbeđuju se od 10 do 35 % vece uštede energije pri istom radnom fluksu. Sa aspekta potrošnje energije, Koflo mikseri su najmanje efikasni. KF1,3 mikser je manje efikasan u odnosu na KF2,5 zbog većeg pada pritiska i ne proporcionalno veceg fluksa. Primenom ovih promotora se postižu uštede energije od 20 do 70% u odnosu na konvencionalan način rada, ali je ipak njihova efikasnost manja u odnosu na uvrnutu traku iste dimenzije zbog razlike u padu pritiska Pravilnim izborom geometrije promotora može postici povecanje fluksa uz nisku potrošnju energije odnosno niže padove pritiska. Slika strujanja koja zavisi od geometrije promotora najviše utice na povecanje fluksa pri čemu je najbitnije da se pored povećanja brzine obezbedi pojave strujnica helikoidnog oblika u graničnom sloju. Upravo ovakav nacin strujanja najviše doprinosi odnošenju cestica istaloženih na površini membrane i povecanju prenosa mase. Pojave radijalnog mešanja ili sudaranja struja mogu se smatrati sporednim pojavama u odnosu na to koliko doprinose povecanju fluksa međutim, njihovo postojanje doprinosi povećanju pada pritiska i smanjuju energetsku efikasnost promotora. Uticaj tipa promotora turbulencije na unapređenje membranske filtracije. Rezultati istraživanja su potvrdili polaznu pretpostavku, definisanu ciljem istraživanja, da helikoidna putanja strujanja kod uvrnutih traka obezbeđuje najintenzivnije odnošenje istaloženog materijala sa površine membrane uz najmanji pad pritiska odnosno gubitak energije. Sa druge strane, pojava mešanja koje je primarno kod Keniks i Koflo miksera izaziva, pored odnošenja istaloženih čestica i dodatno vrtloženje koje za posledicu ima veći pad pritiska i manju energetsku efikasnost.
This work investigates influence of tubulence promotor geometry and its characteristic dimension on the improvement of membrane filtration of milk proteins. The investigation was performed using a ceramic tubular membrane with 100 nm pore size which is commonly used in the dairy industry. As turbulence promoters two main geometry types were chosen: a helical (twisted tape and Kenics mixer) and a blade shaped (Koflo mixer). Except the geometry type, influence of an aspect ratio was studied, also. Efficiency of turbulence promoters was evaluated from the point of view of flux improvement and specific energy consumption. The experimental results clearly show that microfiltration process can be improved by proper choice of a turbulence promoter geometry, its aspect ratio and operating conditions. The process efficiency is increased by achievement of a significant flux increase and lowered energy consumption. Application of twisted tapes as turbulence promoters yields in the flux improvement of 200 to 600% depending on the aspect ratio of twisted tape but at two or three times lower cross-flow rates compared to conventional MF. The higher flux improvement of 600% was achieved by using twisted tape with aspect ratio 1.0, which induces the highest turbulence and the longest helical stream path so the scouring of particles from the membrane surface is the most intensive. By applying Kenics mixer as turbulence promoter significant flux improvement can be achieved at five fold lower cross-flow rates. Kenics mixer is also helical insert but its elements are right and left-hand orientated what causes the local resistances and much higher pressure drop compared to the twisted tape of the same aspect ratio. This resulted in higher energy consumption and in lower efficiency of the process fitted with Kenics mixer. Application of blade type insert, such is Koflo mixer, enables flux improvement of 200 to 650% and operation at lower cross-flow rates compared to conventional MF. The higher flux improvement, 500 to 600%, was yielded using the mixer of lower aspect ratio, 1.3. Blade mixers divide and redistribute streamlines after each element and also induce helical flow path near the membrane surface. Flow field defers from the flow field of twisted tape and Kenics mixer by the appearance of stream collision in the center of blade structure. This causes grater pressure gradient than for the twisted tape but lower than for the Kenics mixer. Investigation of membrane fouling confirmed that the membrane fitted with promoter is less fouled compared to the plane membrane. The reversible fouling resistance is reduced for order of magnitude especially for the case of Kenics mixer application. All types of promoters improve the mass transfer in the boundary layer at membrane surface inducing the helical path streamlines which take away deposited material. Energy consumption analysis has shown that the energy consumption can be significantly reduced by proper promoter geometry and aspect ratio. Operation with promoters proved to be more efficient from energy consumption point of view compared to the conventional operation. Using twisted tape of 1.0 aspect ratio energy can be saved for 50 to 75%. Blade type mixers are the less efficient, but still more efficient than the conventional filtration. In general, when the twisted tapes were used as promoters generated helical streamline path enables the most intensive fouling reduction with lowest pressure drop i.e. energy consumption. On the other hand, when the Kenics and blade mixers were used, except helical streamline path the secondary flows and mixing are induced what along with fouling reduction causes the higher pressure loss making these promoters energetically less efficient.

The purpose of the current study was to provide both additional evidence of the psychometric properties of the TIPSA by examining reliability and validity coefficients, and to add to the empirical evidence for the application of betrayal trauma theory outside the context of complex and/or historical trauma. It was hypothesized that internal-consistency coefficients for the TIPSA would exceed 0.70; the TIPSA and the PTSD Checklist for DSM 5 (PCL-5) would be significantly positively correlated; the TIPSA and the Composite Codependency Scale (CCS) would not be significantly correlated; and that neither Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) nor Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCE) scores would be significantly correlated with, or have a significant effect on TIPSA or PCL-5 scores. This study was conducted using anonymous survey data from192 female participants who self-identified as partners of sex addicts. Participants completed the TIPSA, PCL-5, CCS, ACE, and BCE measures. All reliability estimates for the TIPSA were above 0.70, as were all total-scale reliability estimates for the additional measures. Correlation between the TIPSA and PCL-5 produced a Pearson's r of 0.851 (p = 5.541 E-55), which indicated a large effect size. Correlations with additional measures produced statistically significant, yet small to weak, effect sizes (CCS: r = 0.292; ACE: r = -0.173; BCE: r = 0.244). Based on study results, there appears to be sufficient evidence to establish convergent validity of the TIPSA as a measure of trauma symptoms. Moreover, statistical evidence indicates only a weak relationship between the TIPSA and the CCS, thus establishing divergent validity of the TIPSA. Finally, neither the BCE nor the ACE was strongly correlated with the TIPSA, which adds to the empirical evidence for utilizing betrayal trauma theory outside the context of complex trauma, and also serves to provide additional evidence for divergent validity of the TIPSA.

Det svenska samhället och dess konkurrenslagstiftning bygger på principer om frihandel och perfekt konkurrens där monopol i princip är förbjudna. Tanken bakom detta är att konkurrens är något bra som leder till välfungerande marknader. Den rivalitet som uppstår mellan företag som konkurrerar med varandra föder ett större utbud för konsumenterna med varor och tjänster till bättre kvalité och lägre priser än om konkurrensen inte funnits. Samhällskollektivet som helhet vinner också på konkurrens då det bl a möjliggör nya innovationer, forskning och utveckling, högre sysselsättning och en starkare internationell ställning i världshandeln – något som främjar samhällsekonomin. För att konkurrensen ska fungera på ett bra sätt måste marknadens aktörer hålla sig till samma spelregler. Dessa spelregler återfinns i konkurrenslagen. Lagen innehåller två centrala förbudsbestämmelser varav en förbjuder konkurrensbegränsande samarbeten d v s karteller. Karteller stör konkurrensen på marknaden, något lagstiftaren och samhället ser mycket allvarligt på. Bryter ett företag mot förbudet kan det åläggas att betala konkurrensskadeavgift till staten, en slags böter som kan uppgå till mycket stora belopp. Konkurrensskadeavgifterna ska verka avskräckande och på så sätt motverka kartellbildning. Som ett komplement till detta finns det också inom konkurrensrätten utrymme för eftergift och nedsättning av konkurrensskadeavgifter för de företag som avslöjar en kartell som de medverkar i. Denna uppsats frågar sig vad syftet och tanken bakom detta eftergiftsprogram är då benådning är en aning främmande i den svenska rättsordningen samt om det finns andra åtgärder för att avskräcka företag från att bilda karteller.   Tanken bakom det svenska eftergiftsprogrammet är att det ska motverka företag från att medverka i karteller då incitamenten för alla deltagande parter att avslöja det förbjudna samarbetet och komma undan utan böter är påtagligt stor. Att delta i en kartell är förbjudet och osäkerheten i vilka man kan och inte kan lita på i ett förbjudet samarbete är något som bör få en part som överväger att ingå i ett sådant samarbete att tänka till igen. Vidare ska konkurrensmyndighetens arbete med att utreda kartellsamarbeten underlättas med hjälp av eftergiftsprogrammet, något det sannolikt också gör. Men, genom att snegla på länder som USA och Kanada från vilka inspirationen till eftergift i huvudsak kommer, skulle det även kunna finnas andra åtgärder att tillgripa i jakten på karteller.

U ovom radu ispitivana je uloga individualnih i situacionih faktora u predviđanju
obrazaca kognitivne obrade i socijalno anksioznog doživljaja. U cilju provere pretpostavki Medijacionog modela socijalne anksioznosti, osmišljena su dva eksperimenta. Uzorke istraživanja činili su studenti I i II godine psihologije Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu (N = 78) i Nišu (N = 121). U oba istraživanja primenjeni su isti instrumenti (FNE-B, BDI-II, UOP, DPT, IFRT, SPCQ, STAI-S), a njihova realizacija odvijala se u dve faze. Nekoliko nedelja nakon procena sociodemografskih karakteristika, straha od negativne evaluacije, kao i osobina ličnosti i depresivnosti, usledio je eksperimentalni deo. On se sastojao od indukcije potencijalne socijalne pretnje (BSTM procedura – prvi eksperiment), kao i od indukcije aktuelne društvene opasnosti kombinovane sa tri vrste neverbalnih povratnih informacija (negativna, pozitivna i neutralna) datih od strane profesora (STIP procedura – drugi eksperiment). Dodeljivanje ispitanika određenom nivou situacione provokacije bilo je randomizirano. Po završetku BSTM i STIP procedura, ispitanici su pristupili izvršenju kognitivnih zadataka na kompjuteru (procena pristrasnosti u pažnji i memoriji), kao i popunjavanju upitnika za procenu pristrasnosti u rasuđivanju i stanja afekata.
Rezultati prvog eksperimenta pokazuju da situacija nema samostalne i značajne
efekte na pojavu pristrasnosti u pažnji i memoriji. Međutim, taj efekat je značajan za pojavu negativnih pristrasnosti u rasuđivanju i socijalno anksiozne reakcije. Blokiranje, Borba i depresivnost povezuju se sa pristrasnostima u pažnji prema stimulusima odeđene kategorije, ali efekti poslednje dve varijable zavise od situacije. Borba je u sadejstvu sa situacijom prilikom određenja prosečnog broja negativnih reči. Depresivnost, BIS, Blokiranje i situacija predstavljaju značajne korelate percepcije društvene opasnosti. Detektovani su i značajni efekti interreagovanja BIS-a i situacije na procenu uznemirenosti, kao i Blokiranja i uslova manipulacije na istu. Za predikciju socijalno anksioznog iskustva izdvajaju se BIS, BAS i depresivnost, kao i društveni seting. Međutim, zabeleženo je odsustvo značajnih interakcija između individualnih i situacionih činilaca u određenju stanja socijalne anksioznosti. Nalazi medijacione analize upućuju na izostanak posredničke uloge kognitivnih pristrasnosti u odnosu između osobina ličnosti i trenutnog nivoa socijalne anksioznosti.
Generalno, ne postoje značajni efekti evalucije profesora na pojavu kognitivnih
pristrasnosti i socijalno anksioznih manifestacija. BIS i Blokiranje imaju samostalne efekte na različite indikatore pristrasnosti u pažnji. BAS i Borba takođe ostvaruju vezu sa pomenutim domenom ličnosti, ali njihovo dejstvo zavisi od nivoa situacione manipulacije.
Blokiranje se pokazuje bitnim za određenje negativne pristrasnosti u memoriji tek u
sadejstvu sa društvenim događajima. BIS, Blokiranje i Bežanje su, nakon kontrole efekata situacije, značajno povezani sa negativnim pristrasnostima u rasuđivanju, dok efekti BAS-a zavise od uslova provokacije. Porast u BIS-u, Blokiranju, Bežanju i depresivnosti predstavlja ličnosnu osnovu za javljanje specifične kognitivno-afektivne reakcije na socijalne stimuluse straha. I u drugom eksperimentu efekti osobina ličnosti na doživljaj socijalne anksioznosti ne zavise od situacionog konteksta. Rezultati medijacione analize idu u prilog potpunom posredničkom efektu procene verovatnoće pojave nepoželjnih društvenih dešavanja u relaciji BIS-a, Bežanja i Blokiranja, s jedne strane, i stanja socijalne anskioznosti, s druge, ali samo u uslovu sa pozitivnim i neutralnim socijalnim evaluacijama. Dakle, nalazi potvrđuju efikasnost ekperimentalnih manipulacija u izazivanju potencijalne i stvarne pretnje samopoštovanju u društvenom kontekstu. Iako ti efekti nisu toliko uočljivi u svim ispitivanim domenima, ipak se može reći da je uspešno isprovocirana određena kognitivno-afektivna reakcija. Međutim, bez obzira na to što je u prvom eksperimentu situacija doživljena kao potencijalno ugrožavajuća, kognitivne pristrasnosti nisu ostvarile medijatorske efekte u relaciji osobina ličnosti i socijalno anksioznog odgovora, što nije u skladu sa MMSA-om. U drugom eksperimentu zabeleženi su posrednički efekti između pojedinih varijabli, te su samim tim delimično potvrđene pretpostavke MMSA. Dakle, dobijeni podaci jednim delom podržavaju medijatorski i moderatorski pristup u ispitivanju trijade osoba, situacija i
ponašanje.

U disertaciji je predstavljen pristup zasnovan na algoritmu mešovitog celobrojnog linearnog programiranja (MILP) za određivanje optimalnog broja, tipa i lokacije uređaja za automatizaciju distributivne mreže. Ugradnja različitih tipova nove opreme (daljinski kontrolisani reklozeri, sekcioneri i indikatori prolaska struje kvara) kao i relokacija postojeće opreme su istovremeno razmatrani. Prilikom određivanja optimalnog scenarija za automatizaciju, predloženi pristup uvažava troškove ispada potrošača/proizvođača usled trenutnih, kratkotrajnih i dugotrajnih ispada, najčešće korišćene pokazatelje pouzdanosti (SAIFI, SAIDI, MAIFI, i ASIDI) kao i troškove distributivnog preduzeća, asocirane uređajima za automatizaciju i ekipama koje su uključene u proces rešavanja prekida napajanja.Dakle, osnovni cilj ove disertacije je, da se napravi model zasnovan na mešovitom celobrojnom linearnom programiranju koji će omogućiti određivanje najboljeg scenarija za automatizaciju distributivne mreže u slučajevima kada se ocena kvaliteta isporuke definiše preko pokazatelja pouzdanosti, preko troškova usled prekida napajanja ili kombinacijom ova dva pokazatelja.
The dissertation presents a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) based approach for determining the optimal number, type and location of automation devices to be installed in the network by considering different types of devices simultaneously (remotely controlled circuit breakers/reclosers, sectionalizing switches, remotely supervised fault passage indicators). Simultaneously, it determines the new (optimal) locations of the automation devices that already exist in the network. In determining the most effective network automation scenario, the proposed approach takes into account the outage cost of consumers/producers due to momentary, short-term, and long-term interruptions, the commonly used network reliability indices (SAIFI, SAIDI, MAIFI, and ASIDI) as well as the cost of automation devices and the cost of crews. It provides the best network automation scenario in distribution systems if the network reliability indices are used for measuring the distribution system reliability, if cost of interruptions is defined to all consumers/producers, and if both approaches (criteria) are used.

U disertaciji su posmatrani projektivni postupci tipa konjugovanih gradijenata za rešavanje nelinearnih monotonih sistema velikih dimenzija. Ovi postupci kombinuju projektivnu metodu sa pravcima pretraživanja tipa konjugovanih gradijenata. Zbog osobine monotonosti sistema, projektivna metoda omogućava jednostavnu globalizaciju, a pravci pretraživanja tipa konjugovanih gradijenata zahtevaju maloračunarske memorije pa su pogodni za rešavanje sistema velikih dimenzija. Projektivni postupci tipa konjugovanih gradijenata ne koriste izvode niti funkciju cilja i zasnovani su samo na izračunavanju vrednosti funkcije sistema, pa su pogodni i za rešavanje neglatkih monotonih sistema. Pošto se globalna konvergencija dokazuje bez pretpostavki o regularnosti, ovi postupci se mogu koristiti i za rešavanje sistema sa singularnim rešenjima. U disertaciji su definisana tri nova tročlana pravca pretraživanjatipa Flečer-Rivs i dva nova hibridna pravca tipa Hu-Stori. Formulisani su projektivni postupci sa novim pravcima pretraživanja i dokazana je njihova globalna konvergencija. Numeričke performanse postupaka testirane su na relevantnim primerima i poređene sa poznatim postupcima iz literature. Numerički rezultati potvrđuju da su novi postupci robusni, efikasni i uporedivi sa postojećim postupcima.
Projection based CG methods for solving large-scale nonlinear monotone systems are considered in this thesis. These methods combine hyperplane projection technique with conjugate gradient (CG) search directions. Hyperplane projection method is suitable for monotone systems, because it enables simply globalization, while CG directions are efficient for large-scale nonlinear systems, due to low memory. Projection based CG methods are funcion-value based, they don’t use merit function and derivatives, and because of that they are also suitable for solving nonsmooth monotone systems. The global convergence of these methods are ensured without additional regularity assumptions, so they can be used for solving singular systems.Three new three-term search directions of Fletcher-Reeves type and two new hybrid search directions of Hu-Storey type are defined. PCG algorithm with five new CG type directions is proposed and its global convergence is established. Numerical performances of methods are tested on relevant examples from literature. These results point out that new projection based CG methods have good computational performances. They are efficient, robust and competitive with other methods.

Doktorska disertacija se bavi aktuelnom problematikom donošenja odluka u procesu prepoznavanja tipa funkcije pouzdanosti brodskih postrojenja. U uvodnom delu doktorata objašnjeni su motivi za rad na doktorskoj disertaciji. Motivacija je proizašla iz nastojanja da se unapredi teorija i praksa donošenja odluka u prepoznavanju tipa funkcije pouzdanosti brodskih postrojenja, koja se zasniva na analitič kim i matematič ko-statistič ikim metodama. Pristup za rešavanje tog problema, koji je predložen u doktoratu, svodi se na teorijsku analizu radova i tehnologija, kao i na primenu sistemske dinamike i simulacione tehnologije u eksploatacionom istraž ivanju, a koje se bave problematikom klasifikacije signala sa pragom za donošenje odluka o pouzdanosti brodskih postrojenja. To je uzrokovalo da se autor ove disertacije bavi istraživanjem novih metoda koje se mogu primeniti u oblasti pouzdanosti brodskih postrojenja. U doktoratu su razvijeni matematički i verbalni modeli ponašanja sistema pomoću signala na izlazu sistema za nekoliko slučajeva. U zaključku disertacije sistematično se interpretiraju rezultati istraživanja, potvrđuju hipoteze i komentarišu teorijska i praktična rešenja, daje se pregled mogućnosti daljih istraživanja rešenja koja su predložena disertacijom. Na primeru merenih i separiranih signala eksperimentalno, pomoću simulacione metodologije i sistemske dinamike, verifikovana je hipoteza statistič ke nezavisnosti izvornih signala. Sintezom teorijskih i analitičkih saznanja i numerički potkrepljenim praktič nim rezultatima (simulacijama), težilo se osmišljavanju preporuka za usklađivanje procesa donošenja odluka na bazi prepoznavanja oblika pouzdanosti sa ukupnom sigurnošću brodskih postrojenja, na način kako se do sada nije činilo.
This doctoral thesis deals with up-to-date problems related to decision making in theprocess of recognizing forms of reliability of marine plants. Marine propulsion plant is verycomplex and includes a set of interrelated and dependent subsystems with a large number ofcomponents. The reliability and availability of such complex system depends on reliability of itsall components.In the introductory part motives for work on this thesis are explained. Motivation hascome out of intention to develop the theory and practice of decision making in recognizing formsof reliability of marine plants based on analytical and mathematical-statistical methods. Theapproach to solving the problem, that is proposed in the thesis, corresponds to the theoreticalanalysis of works and technologies as well as to the application of system dynamics andsimulation technology in exploitation research that again deal with the problems of classificationof signals with the level of decision making on the reliability of marine plants. The abovementioned has lead the author to devote himself to researching new methods that can be appliedin the field of reliability of marine plants. The thesis presents developed mathematical and verbalmodels of system behaviour with the use of signals observed at the system output for severalcases. In the conclusion of the thesis results of the research are systematically interpreted,hypotheses are proved and theoretical and practical solutions commented on. Furthermore, arange of possibilities for further research of solutions proposed in the thesis are presented. On theexample of measured and separated signals the hypothesis of statistical independence of originalsignals has been verified experimentally using simulation methodology and system dynamics.Synthesis of theoretical and analytical newly gained knowledge and numerically supportedpractical results (simulations) have been used with the aim to reach reccomendations formatching the process of decision making based on recognizing forms of reliability with totalsafety of marine plants in a manner not used so far.

Disertacija istražuje primenu fleksibilne elektronike zakapacitivne senzore ugla i ugaone brzine tipa apsolutnog iinkrementalnog enkodera cilindrične strukture. Razmatraju se dvestrukture, apsolutnog i inkrementalnog enkodera. Izvršena je analizauticaja mehaničkih nesavršenosti na funkciju kapacitivnosti.Razvijena su dva prototipa kapacitivnih senzora za statičko idinamičko ispitivanje karakteristika senzora. Razvijena jeelektronika za obradu senzora inkrementalnog tipa saautokalibracijom senzora.
In this thesis a research on application of flexible electronics for capacitiveangular position and speed sensors, referred to as absolute and incrementalencoders, is done. It considers two structures of absolute and incrementalencoder type. An analysis of mechanical inaccuracies influence on acapacitance function is conducted. Two prototypes are developed and usedfor static and dynamic measurements of capacitive sensor's characteristics.An electronics front-end for a capacitive two channel incremental encoder withauto-calibration is developed.

U ovom radu ispitano je dinamičko ponašanje spregnutih međuspratnih  konstrukcija tipa drvo-laki  beton  usled  svakodnevnih  ljudskih  aktivnosti.  Pri  sanaciji,  nadogradnji  i seizmičkom ojačanju objekata na postojeće drvene međuspratne konstrukcije najčešće se izlivaju betonske ploče koje se sprežu sa postojećom konstrukcijom. Beton u gornjoj pločimeđuspratne konstrukcije povećava njenu krutost i time smanjuje  setljivost na dinamičku pobudu.  Potreba  da  se  smanji  dodatno  opterećenje  na  postojeće  temelje  konstrukcije, dovodi do sve češće upotrebe lakog betona pri sanaciji i rekonstrukciji objekata. NJegovom primenom povoljni efekti sprezanja ostaju očuvani, a prednosti u vidu smanjenja dodatne težine dolaze do izražaja.Međutim,  u  dostupnoj  literaturi,  podataka  o  dinamičkom  ponašanju  spregnutih međuspratnih konstrukcija izvedenih sa lakim betonima  malih zapreminskih masa nema, pa je cilj ovog rada bio da se ispitaju osnovne dinamičke  karakteristike drvenih međuspratnih konstrukcija saniranih lakim betonom raznih zapreminskih težina. Analizirano je  dinamičkoponašanje,  odnosno  sračunate  su  prve  tri  sopstvene  frekvencije  oscilovanja  četiri međuspratne  spregnute  konstrukcije  sa  identičnim  poprečnim  presecima  i  spojnim sredstvima,  ali  sa  različitom  klasom  zapreminske  mase  lakog  betona  u  gornjoj  betonskoj ploči.  Preliminarnim  laboratorijskim  ispitivanjem  relevantnih  svojstava  četiri  vrste  lakogbetona,  monolitnog  drveta  i  spojnih  sredstava,  koja  su  se  koristila  pri  sprezanju  drveta  i lakog betona, dobijeni su potrebni ulazni podaci za numerička istraživanja. Za  potrebe  analitičkog  istraživanja  predložena  je  jednostavna  metoda  dinamičkog proračuna  sopstvenih  frekvencija  oscilovanja  elastično  spregnutih  konstrukcija.  Tačnost rezultata predloženog dinamičkog proračuna potvđena je  eksperimentalno, i poređenjemsa rezultatima programskog paketa Ansys.
This  work  has  examines  dynamic  behavior  of  composite  wood-lightweight  concrete  floor structures  exposed  to  normal  everyday  human  activities.  In  a  case  of  restoration, renovation or seismic reinforcement, the most common approach is to pour concrete slabs onto  existing  wooden  floor  structures.  Concrete  in  the  upper  zone  of  floor  structure  is increasing its stiffness and thus reducing the dynamic excitation. In the attempt to reduce the  weight  on  the  existing  foundations,  lightweight  concrete  is  used  for  restoration  and renovation. Coupling effect remains undisturbed but added weight is   significantly reduced when lightweight concrete is used.However,  the  available  literature  does  not  provide  data  about  dynamic  behavior  of  the composite wood-lightweight concrete floor structures; therefore the goal of this research work  is  to  examine  the  characteristics  of  the  restored  wooden  structures  coupled  with lightweight concrete of the different specific weights. This research work analyzes dynamic behavior  that  included  first  three  frequencies  of  four  composite  floor  structures  with identical cross  sections and  connections,  but different specific weights  of the lightweight concrete  in  the  upper  layer  of  the  concrete  slab.  Preliminary  laboratory  testing  of  four different types of the lightweight concrete, wood and connections, yielded necessary data for the further numeric analysis.Simple  calculation  method  for  obtaining  mode  frequencies  of  the  partial  composite structures has been proposed, for the purpose of this analytical research. The accuracy of the  proposed  dynamic  model  has  been  confirmed  through  experimental  research  and compared up against the results from the Ansys

Syftet med denna uppsats är att redogöra för de bestämmelser kring sekretess och anmälningsplikt som berör skolan. Jag är även intresserad av att ta reda på vilka hinder och möjligheter som kan uppstå i samband med tillämpningen av dessa regler. Genom en kvalitativ undersökning har jag försökt att få svar på mina frågor och de som intervjuades var rektorer på olika skolor. För att bredda undersökningen har jag dessutom valt att intervjua rektorer från tre olika kommuner och från två skilda skolor inom varje kommun.

Genom informanterna har det framkommit mycket information om hur arbetet med sekretess och anmälningsplikt ser ut i skolan. Relativt tydligt är att det inom skolan finns brister över hur detta arbete sker. Kunskapen kring anmälningsplikt visade sig dock vara större än den kunskap som finns kring sekretessbestämmelserna och det är något som rektorerna är väl medvetna om. De menar dock att det är ett problematiskt område just på grund av att gränsdragningarna mellan vad som bör eller ej bör göras är svåra att dra. De möjligheter som ses i arbetet är chansen att kunna skydda eleverna och hjälpa de barn, och ibland även hela familjen, som har det svårt. Det har även framkommit att i slutändan är arbetet med sekretess och anmälningsplikt nästan alltid något som blir positivt för familjen, även om det kan vara problematisktunder arbetets gång.

Alla informanterna menar att sekretess och anmälningsplikt är något som är nödvändigt i skolan och större delen av dem är nöjda med de regler som finns. I resultatavsnittet presenteras rektorernas syn på dessa bestämmelser, hur de går tillväga vid tillämpningen av dem och de hinder och möjligheter som kan uppstå i detta arbete.

U disertaciji je razmatran problem stohastičkog programiranja s ograničenjima tipa jednakosti, odnosno problem minimizacije s ograničenjima koja su u obliku matematičkog očekivanja. Za rešavanje posmatranog problema kreirana su dva iterativna postupka u kojima se u svakoj iteraciji računa s uzoračkim očekivanjem kao aproksimacijom matematičkog očekivanja. Oba postupka koriste prednosti postupaka s promenljivom veličinom uzorka zasnovanih na adaptivnom ažuriranju veličine uzorka. To znači da se veličina uzorka određuje na osnovu informacija u tekućoj iteraciji. Konkretno, tekuće informacije o preciznosti aproksimacije očekivanja i tačnosti aproksimacije rešenja problema definišu veličinu uzorka za narednu iteraciju. Oba iterativna postupka su zasnovana na linijskom pretraživanju, a kako je u pitanju problem s ograničenjima, i na kvadratnom kaznenom postupku prilagođenom stohastičkom okruženju. Postupci su zasnovani na istim idejama, ali s različitim pristupom.Po prvom pristupu postupak je kreiran za rešavanje SAA reformulacije problema stohastičkog programiranja, dakle za rešavanje aproksimacije originalnog problema. To znači da je uzorak definisan pre iterativnog postupka, pa je analiza konvergencije algoritma deterministička. Pokazano je da se, pod standardnim pretpostavkama, navedenim algoritmom dobija podniz iteracija čija je tačka nagomilavanja KKT tačka SAA reformulacije.Po drugom pristupu je formiran algoritam za rešavanje samog problemastohastičkog programiranja, te je analiza konvergencije stohastička. Predstavljenim algoritmom se generiše podniz iteracija čija je tačka nagomilavanja, pod standardnim pretpostavkama za stohastičku optimizaciju, skoro sigurnoKKT tačka originalnog problema.Predloženi algoritmi su implementirani na istim test problemima. Rezultati numeričkog testiranja prikazuju njihovu efikasnost u rešavanju posmatranih problema u poređenju s postupcima u kojima je ažuriranje veličine uzorkazasnovano na unapred definisanoj šemi. Za meru efikasnosti je upotrebljenbroj izračunavanja funkcija. Dakle, na osnovu rezultata dobijenih na skuputestiranih problema može se zaključiti da se adaptivnim ažuriranjem veličineuzorka može uštedeti u broju evaluacija funkcija kada su u pitanju i problemi sograničenjima.Kako je posmatrani problem deterministički, a formulisani postupci su stohastički, prva tri poglavlja disertacije sadrže osnovne pojmove determinističkei stohastiˇcke optimizacije, ali i kratak pregled definicija i teorema iz drugihoblasti potrebnih za lakše praćenje analize originalnih rezultata. Nastavak disertacije čini prikaz formiranih algoritama, analiza njihove konvergencije i numerička implementacija. 
Stochastic programming problem with equality constraints is considered within thesis. More precisely, the problem is minimization problem with constraints in the form of mathematical expectation. We proposed two iterative methods for solving considered problem. Both procedures, in each iteration, use a sample average function instead of the mathematical expectation function, and employ the advantages of the variable sample size method based on adaptive updating the sample size. That means, the sample size is determined at every iteration using information from the current iteration. Concretely, the current precision of the approximation of expectation and the quality of the approximation of solution determine the sample size for the next iteration. Both iterative procedures are based on the line search technique as well as on the quadratic penalty method adapted to stochastic environment, since the considered problem has constraints. Procedures relies on same ideas, but the approach is different.By first approach, the algorithm is created for solving an SAA reformulation of the stochastic programming problem, i.e., for solving the approximation of the original problem. That means the sample size is determined before the iterative procedure, so the convergence analyses is deterministic. We show that, under the standard assumptions, the proposed algorithm generates a subsequence which accumulation point is the KKT point of the SAA problem. Algorithm formed by the second approach is for solving the stochastic programming problem, and therefore the convergence analyses is stochastic. It generates a subsequence with  accumulation point that is almost surely the KKT point of the original problem, under the standard assumptions for stochastic optimization.for sample size. The number of function evaluations is used as measure of efficiency. Results of the set of tested problems suggest that it is possible to make smaller number of function evaluations by adaptive sample size scheduling in the case of constrained problems, too.Since the considered problem is deterministic, but the formed procedures are stochastic, the first three chapters of thesis contain basic notations of deterministic and stochastic optimization, as well as a short sight of definitions and theorems from another fields necessary for easier tracking the original results analysis. The rest of thesis consists of the presented algorithms, their convergence analysis and numerical implementation.

U disertaciji se navode definicije i svojstva malotalasne transformacije i kvaziasimptotskogponaˇsanja distribucija. Teoreme Abelovog i Tauberovog tipasu koriˇs´cene za asimptotsku analizu temperiranih distribucija, u odnosu nanjihovu malotalasnu transformaciju. Takode, prouˇcavana je i malotalasnatransformacija ultradiferencijabilnih funkcija i temperiranih ultradistribucija.
In thesis we give basic notions of wavelet transform and quasiasymptotic behavior of distributions. Via Abelian and Tauberian type of theorems we study quasiasymptotic behavior of tempered distributions, related to their wavelet transform. Further, we study wavelet transform of ultradifferential functions and tempered ultradistributions.

Proučeno je oscilatorno kretanje i disipacija energije stuba napravljenogod nekoliko krutih blokova, koji pri horizontalnom seizmičkom dejstvumogu da klize jedan po drugom. Pored međusobnog kontakta sa trenjem, koje jemodelirano neglatkom viševrednosnom funkcijom, veze između blokovasadrže i viskoelastične elemente, čije konstitutivne relacije uključujufrakcione izvode, kao i ograničenja na koeficijente koja slede izKlauzius-Dijemove nejednakosti. Postavljeni Košijev problem predstavljauopštenje klasičnog problema ponašanja konstrukcija pod dejstvomseizmičkog opterećenja, jer objedinjuje izvode proizvoljnog realnog redasa teorijom neglatkih viševrednosnih funkcija. Predložena je numeričkaprocedura za rešavanje postavljenog problema.
Seismic response and energy dissipation of a column made of several rigid blocks, which can slide along each other, was considered. Besides friction contact, which was modeled by a set valued function, viscoelastic elements whose constitutive equations include fractional derivatives as well as restrictions on the coefficients that follow from Clausius-Duhem inequality are present in connections between blocks. The posed Caushy problem represents the generalization of a classical problem of seismic response because it merges fractional derivatives with the theory of set valued functions. The numerical procedure for solving the problem was suggested.

Freedom of speech is under serious threat in the west, primarily in the US with policies and regulations infringing on this core value in democratic societies. Universities form policy in order to silence opinions they find contradictory to their values, causing students and teachers alike to risk academic punishment for statements which normally would be guarded within the First Amendment. The central argument behind these infringments are individuals subjective feelings towards, as one may put it, controversial opinions. The aim of this study is through an argument analysis, illustrate the values of freedom of speech in contrast to the demands of primarily minority groups and their advocates, using respectable philosophers and scientists such as John Stuart Mill to answer the question if infringements are applicable in democracies. The conclusions drawn in this essay based on all relevant arguments concludes the answer to be no; a democracy should not infringe on the freedom of speech to safeguard individuals from negative emotional reactions as a result of any legal speech.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the underlying latent factor structure of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA), a 53-item assessment designed to assess for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the context of sexual addiction. It was theorized that the factor structure mirrored the 5 core criteria for PTSD as constituted in DSM-5. Data were gathered from 3,199 self-selected respondents (ages 21 to 55) who completed an online version of the TIPSA. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed utilizing Mplus in order to confirm the hypothesized factor structure of the TIPSA. Several modifications were made to the model, based on factor loadings and modification indices, in order to improve goodness-of-fit. In addition to the original posited model, three other models were also examined: a second-order factor model; a general-factor model; and a bifactor model. The second-order factor model emerged as the model of choice, based on both statistical and theoretical underpinnings. As a result of the findings from this study, revision of the items contained in the TIPSA is recommended. In addition, in order to further establish the validity of the TIPSA as an assessment for PTSD, evaluating convergent and discriminant validity of the TIPSA with other established assessments, such as the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) PTSD Checklist, is also suggested.

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA). Using the Nominal Response Model (NRM), I examined several aspects of item and option functioning including discrimination, empirical category ordering, and information. Category Boundary Discrimination (CBD) parameters were calculated to determine the extent to which respondents distinguished between adjacent categories. Indistinguishable categories were collapsed through recoding. Empirically disordered response categories were also collapsed through recoding. Findings revealed that recoding solved some technical functioning issues in some items, and also revealed items (and perhaps option anchors) that were probably poorly conceived initially. In addition, nuisance or error variance was reduced only marginally by recoding, and the relative standing of respondents on the trait continuum remained largely unchanged. Items in need of modification or removal were identified, and issues of content validity were discussed.

Tacit knowledge refers to the knowledge that is located inside individuals; it is not expressed or written like explicit knowledge. Inherently, tacit knowledge is often limited solely to one person and consequently individually based. Project based companies need to acknowledge the importance of transforming tacit knowledge into explicit in order to preserve the knowledge inside the organisation. If the knowledge is not transformed, there is a great risk of losing the knowledge when a key individual leaves the organization.

One way of transforming the tacit knowledge is through Nonaka’s and Takeuchi’s knowledge spiral. But the knowledge spiral ignores some wider issues that should be included in order to achieve a transformation. This thesis shows that the knowledge spiral is a good base but the organisation has to provide a supporting context and an open culture to create an environment where a transformation can be accomplished. This thesis stresses that a transformation is not always the ultimate choice since it is not, at all times, possible. In some cases, distribution of tacit knowledge throughout the organisation is a better alternative to preserve the knowledge. A distribution can, for instance, be done through learning by doing. The thesis demonstrates that an organisation has to choose either a transformation or a distribution. The choice depends on which alternative that brings the most improvements, advantages and effectiveness for the organisation. The situation will then, as a consequence, decide whether the knowledge is to be transformed or not.

In this thesis I place detailed descriptions of Talang Mamak lives in an historically reconstructed context which focuses upon the Talang Mamak's status as debt-bondsmen of the Sultans of the kingdom of Inderagiri (1509-1963). Information about current Talang Mamak lives is presented in the form of five life-histories, or biographies, in which both local issues (development; deforestation; drought; crime; relationships with wider, Muslim, society; debt- management; ) and local practices (leadership, rice-farming, rubber cultivation and tapping, cock-fighting, shamanism, marriage, etc) are described in terms of the biographical subjects' experiences of them. Preceding the life-histories and forming a context in which they can be understood, is an historical reconstruction of Minangkabau and Malay settlements along the Inderagiri river, the establishment of the kingdom of Inderagiri and its relationship with the Dutch and the Republic of Indonesia. In this history I re-describe both the well-documented Minangkabau and the as-yet undocumented Talang Mamak, in terms of relationships between rulers and their debt-bondsmen subjects and show that forms of social organisation such as matrilineal inheritance, duolocal residence and bride-price were enforced, by rulers, upon their debt-bondsmen subjects as a means of maintaining and manipulating social inequalities. After the five life-histories, by way of a conclusion, I suggest that the `culture' of many isolated, non-Muslim groups on both sides of the Straits of Melaka, including Talang Mamak and Kubu in Sumatra, and Semai and Temuan in Malaysia, can be best understood in terms of their economic relationships with Malay and Minangkabau rulers and recent changes to these ties introduced by modern nation-states. Using this perspective I reject the label `Proto- Malay' which has been customarily used to describe isolated non-Muslim populations in Sumatra, such as Talang Mamak, and in Malaysia, such as Semai, in terms of so-called ethnic characteristics. I propose that what these groups of people have in common is not an ascribed ethnicity but rather similar historical relationships with Muslim kingdoms who they served as debt-bondsmen.

Syfte Syftet med arbetet var att beskriva och analysera ett barn med språkstörning utifrån de olika verksamheter barnet ingått i. Vi valde att lägga tyngdpunkten på nuvarande och framtida skolsituation. Metod Vi utformade arbetet som en fallbeskrivning. Undersökningen utgjordes dels av intervjuer, varav djupintervjun med barnets mamma låg till grund för själva arbetet, och dels av granskning av befintlig dokumentation. Vi genomförde totalt åtta intervjuer samt granskade dokumentation från det att barnet var 18 månader och framåt. Resultat De resultat vi fick fram analyserades utifrån Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska systemteori. Undersökningens resultat visade främst på stora samverkansbrister mellan olika parter. Resultatet påvisade även vikten av interpersonella relationer. Vi kunde även utläsa en betydande brist på kompetens. Våra resultat var, till stor del, samstämmiga med aktuell forskning inom det berörda området. De forskare vi främst hänvisar till är; Bishop, Leonard och Nettelbladt. Utvecklingsmöjligheter Vi har under arbetets gång sett utvecklingsmöjligheter inom en del områden. De idéer vi har utvecklat rör samverkan mellan BVC, föräldrar och förskola. En annan idé rör samverkan över kommungränser gällande barn med språkstörning. Nyckelord: språkstörning, samverkan, språk-/kommunikationsklass, fallbeskrivning.

In the light of overall democratic and normative values for Swedish education, including freedom of expression, the aim of this study was to examine how teachers’ critical comments on a school organization at upper secondary level (post-16 education) can be received and possible implications for teachers who express such criticism and for the school organization. The questions focused on criticism in relation to the core values of education and freedom of expression, in a policy context of marketization of the Swedish school system. The study was conducted as a qualitative case study; empirical data were collected from depth interviews with five teachers in two different municipalities in different parts of the country. The theoretical framework regarding criticism as a Phenom is based on the model of the whistle-blowing process by Miceli & Near (1992) and Hedin et. al. (2008). The informants’ statements are interpreted from two normative ethical theories: a deontological and a teleological perspective. Possibilities and limitations for criticism are looked upon in relation to the economic management ideology of New Public Management. The study identifies a critic process which is linked to the ideology and the school governance; in particular, in relation to the school and the school's Educational Marketization adjustment. It also shows on retaliation for the teachers - in this case study, among others, negative salary developments, redeployment but also shutdowns and buyouts. The interviewed teachers often had high confidence and high status within the school but the whistle-blowing process changed their position as self-confidence and hollowed working drive. Critical implications regarding the school's organization remained unchanged in four of five cases. The study notes, finally, that in today's school there seem to be two parallel discourses; one of speaking up and another of silence. Furthermore, the study indicates that the two discourses shape different kinds of loyalty structures in a kind of reward and punishment system.
Den här studiens övergripande syfte var att mot bakgrund av gymnasieskolans generella normativa värden undersöka hur lärares kritiska synpunkter på en skolorganisation kan mottas och eventuella konsekvenser för lärare som framför sådan kritik och för skolorganisationen. Frågeställningarna fokuserarkritikiförhållandetillskolansvärdegrundochyttrandefriheti kontextenavettmarknadsutsatt skolsystem. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ fallstudie; empirisk data insamlades i djupintervjuer med fem lärare i två olika kommuner i olika delar av landet. Det teoretiska ramverk vad gäller kritik som fenomen utgår ifrån modellen kritikerprocessen (Miceli &Near 1992; Hedin et. al. 2008); därtill tolkas informanternas utsagor utifrån två normativa etiska teorier: ett deontologiskt och ett teleologiskt perspektiv. Möjligheter och begränsningar för kritik kopplas därutöver till den ekonomiska förvaltningsideologin New Public Management. Resultaten i undersökningen identifierar en kritikerprocess som vidare kan kopplas till ideologi och skolans styrning; framför allt i relation till skolans kommunalisering och skolans marknadsanpassning. Resultaten visar även på repressalier för de kritiska lärarna - i denna fallstudie bl.a. negativ löneutveckling, omplaceringar men också avstängning och utköp. De intervjuade lärarna hade ofta ett högt förtroendekapital och hög status inom skolan men i och med repressalieprocessen förändrades deras position samtidigt som både självförtroendet och arbetslusten urholkades. Kritikens konsekvenser vad gäller skolans organisation föreföll i fyra av fem fall oförändrad. Studien konstaterar avslutningsvis att det i dagens skola, inom ramen för de normativa värdena om demokrati och yttrandefrihet, förefaller finnas två parallella diskurser, den ena talandets – och den andra tigandets diskurs. Studien tyder vidare på att de två diskurserna formar olika slags lojalitetsstrukturer i ett slags belönings- och bestraffnings-system.

The aim of this thesis is to undertake a theoretical analysis of the dynamics of change in pre-Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Māmoe oral traditions of Te Waipounamu to gain a deeper understanding of their nature, function, evolution and meaning. For the purposes of this thesis a framework will be established to classify changes to encompass different types of alterations made pre-contact and post-contact to authentic and un-authentic oral traditions. This model will analyse the continuum of change and will be applied in later chapters to pre-Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Māmoe traditions to gain an understanding of the dynamics, evolution and construction of the oral traditions of Te Waipounamu. This study of the morphology of tradition will demonstrate they were never fixed but evolved alongside their communities as they adapted to ensure tribal identity and mana was firmly entrenched in their local landscape. A major component of this thesis will be analysis of Waitaha traditions centring upon three key questions; firstly who were Waitaha peoples, secondly, where were they from, and thirdly, were they, and do they continue to be separate social units? This thesis will contribute to this discussion by analysing literature concerning pre-Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Māmoe tribal identities to ascertain not just who they were and where they were from but how their identities have been constructed and modified over time. Analysis will examine the role of oral tradition in establishing tribal identity and how Waitaha traditions were changed both pre and post-contact to suit the cultural, political and ideological imperatives of the time, providing an insight into how our ancestors perceived, recollected and constructed the past to suit the needs of the present.

Ova disertacija se bavi problemom određivanja višestrukih rešenja realnih nelinearnih jednačina kada je višestrukost unapred poznati prirodan broj. Teorijski se analiziraju i numerički testiraju red konvergencije i optimalnost neki dobro poznatih metoda poput Liu-Čou metoda i Čou-Čen-Song metoda. Izvodi se i objašnjava zavisnost optimalnog reda konvergencije i parnosti/neparnosti višestrukosti rešenja. Takođe, konstruišu se dve nove familije postupaka osmog reda konvergecnije. Razmatraju se nove familije dvokoračnih postupaka namenjene za rešavanje problema koje klasični metodi NJutnovog tipa ne mogu da reše.
This thesis deals with the problem of determing multiple roots of real nonlinear equations where the multiplicity is some integer known in advance. The convergence order and optimal properties of some well-known methods such as Liu-Zhou method and Zhou-Chen-Song method are theoretically analyzed and numerically tested. The dependence of optimal convergence order on multiplicity has been derived and explained. Further, two new efficient families of methods with optimal eighth convergence order have been constructed. Furthermore, some new families of two-step methods are considered to solve certain problems where the classical Newton-type methods fail.

I litteraturen beskrivs controllern väldigt olika från författare till författare, vilket kan förklaras med att controllerrollen varierar från företag till företag, därav är controllerns roll väldigt omdiskuterad angående titel, placering i företaget, dess funktion och arbetsuppgifter. Forskare påpekar att detta är ett område som bör studeras mer. I vår uppsats försöker vi återberätta hur controllerfunktionen beskrivs i tre svenska företag: Duni AB, Höganäs AB och Gekås. Tidigare studier angående controllerns relation gentemot sina ovanställda chefer har visat att den ekonomiska information, produkt, controllern arbetar fram inte är tillfredsställande och i värsta fall irrelevant för beslutsfattandet inom verksamheten. Denna uppsats ämnar beskriva framtagningsprocessen av controllerns produkter, mottagarens uppfattning av slutprodukten samt situationen mellan controllern som producent och ekonomichefen som mottagare i de tre undersökta företagen. Med hjälp av intervjuer med controllern och ekonomichefen på de tre företagen ska vi tolka deras återgivelser och sedan analysera detta mot vår teoretiska referensram med avsikt att finna en förklaring på varför situationer stämmer överrens eller ter sig annorlunda gentemot teorin. Uppsatsens resultat visar att ekonomichefen är tillfredsställd gällande controllerns slutprodukt samt att ekonomichefen och controllern för en nära dialog med varandra kring vilken information som ska tas fram, där även ekonomichefen varit involverad i framtagningsprocessen. Vi har kommit fram till att den informella kommunikationen mellan controller och ekonomichef samt ekonomichefens involvering är den gemensamma faktorn hos företagen som bidragit till att den produkt som tas fram är relevant.
The literature describes the role of the controller very differently, reflecting the fact that the controller role varies from company to company, hence the controller's role is very widely debated regarding title, position in the company, its function and duties. Researchers point out that this is an area that should be studied more. In our paper, we try to retell the role of the controller function as described in three Swedish companies: Duni AB, Höganäs AB and Gekås. Previous studies discussing the controller's relationship towards their CFO has shown that the economic product the controller produce is not satisfactory and at worst irrelevant to decision making within the company. This paper intends to describe the development process of the controller products, the CFO’s perception of the end product and the situation between the controller, as producer, and CFO, as recipients, in the three companies surveyed. Using interviews with the controller and CFO of the three companies, we interpret their stories and then analyze this against our theoretical framework with a view to seek an explanation on why the situation appear differently towards theory. Thesis results show that the CFO is satisfied regarding the end produt. And the CFO and the controller use a close dialogue with each other about what information should be developed, which shows that the CFO has been involved in the development process. We conclude that the informal communication between the controller and the CFO and the involvement of the CFO is the common factor among companies that have contributed to the product being relevant.

The main purpose of this study is to find out how active clerics within the Church of Sweden experience working under the clerical vow of silence, which is mandatory for all clerical members practising individual pastoral care within the church organisation. Another purpose is to find out whether there are any occurring ethical or moral dilemmas related to the clerics’ experiences of their vow of silence. This study was conducted using semi-structured qualitative interviews with seven clerics from different parishes, mainly from the Stockholm region, with a minimum of five years of clerical work experience. The participants were asked how they regard the clerical vow of silence and if they ever considered breaking the vow during their careers. Furthermore, the participants were asked how the clerical vow of silence affects their everyday lives. The applied method for this study is the narrative analysis with a thematic approach, as described by Riessman (2008). This resulted in five recurrent main themes deriving from the interviewees answers to our main questions. Our result implies that the participants regard the clerical vow of silence as important, albeit being described as difficult to contain and cope with, thus giving rise to morally and ethically related dilemmas for some of the participants.
Huvudsyftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur yrkesverksamma präster inom Svenska kyrkan upplever att arbeta med den absoluta tystnadsplikten, som omfattar Svenska kyrkans präster inom den enskilda själavården. Ytterligare ett syfte är att ta reda på huruvida det uppstår etiska eller moraliska dilemman i samband med deras erfarenheter av den absoluta tystnadsplikten. Genom semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer har dessa utförts med sju präster från olika församlingar i Sverige, främst i Stockholmsregionen, under förutsättningen att de har varit yrkesverksamma i minst fem år. Informanterna har tillfrågats hur de betraktar den absoluta tystnadsplikten och om de någonsin har funderat kring att bryta den. Vidare har informanterna även frågats hur den absoluta tystnadsplikten påverkar dem i deras vardagsliv. Genom att använda Riessmans (2008) tematiska narrativa analys har fem huvudteman uppkommit. Dessa teman utgör resultat utifrån informanternas svar kopplade till studiens frågeställningar. Resultatet visar att informanterna upplever den absoluta tystnadsplikten som meningsfull, samtidigt som den beskrivs som svårhanterlig och således har givit upphov till etiska och moraliska dilemman för vissa av informanterna.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur organisationer kan upphäva den tystnadskultur som förekommer vid sexuella trakasserier på arbetsplatsen. Därefter undersöka vilka risker som följer ett avslöjande. Teori: I den teoretiska referensramen presenteras centrala begrepp och tidigare forskning. De introducerade teorierna behandlar tystnadskulturen och sexuella trakasserier utifrån ett organisatorisk perspektiv.    Metod: Studien tillämpar en kvalitativ metodansats genom utförandet av semi-strukturerade intervjuer med personer som blivit utsatt för sexuella trakasserier på arbetsplatsen. Slutsats: Undersökningen konstaterar att det är i intresse för organisationen, arbetstagaren och samhället att avslöja missförhållanden för att att bekämpa det genom att motverka tystnadskulturen. Det finns åtgärder att vidta för att minska tystnadskultur med hjälp av arbetsmiljöenkäter, konstruerat skydd för visselblåsare och uppbyggnaden av förtroende.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how organizations can abolish theculture of silence that occurs in sexual harassment in the workplace. Then examine the risksthat follow a potential disclosure. Theory: The theoretical frame of reference presents key concepts and previous research. Theintroduced theories deal with the culture of silence and sexual harassment from anorganizational perspective. Method: The study applies a qualitative method through the execution of semi-structuredinterviews with people who have been experienced to sexual harassment in the workplace. Conclusion: The survey finds that it is in the interest of the organization, the employee andsociety to expose malpractice in order to combat it, by counteracting the culture of silence.There are measures to be taken to reduce the culture of silence, with the help ofwork-environment surveys, make a strong protection for whistleblowers and build trust.

Den här studien syftar till att undersöka elevers upplevelser av litteratursamtal i årskurs2. I studien deltog 30 elever och två lärare. Studiens empiriska material samlades ingenom intervjuer, som sedan analyserades och tolkades genom en innehållsanalys. Denteoretiska utgångspunkt som vi anser att litteratursamtalet är sprunget ur är densociokulturella teorin om lärande där man menar att kunskap nås genom socialinteraktion.Studien visar att elever i årskurs 2 deltar i olika typer av litteratursamtal. Det visade sigdock att eleverna hade svårt att initialt identifiera litteratursamtalet som en aktivitet.Först när eleverna blev direkt uppmärksammade på samtalet som en aktivitet kunde deurskilja olika typer av litteratursamtal. Resultatet visar också att elever i årskurs 2 inteupplever att de har litteratursamtal av mer tolkande och analyserande karaktär. Delitteratursamtal som studien visar att eleverna deltagit i var samtal i form av kontroll avkunskap, normdiskussioner och boktips. Avslutningsvis visar studien att elever i årskurs2 kan urskilja olika typer av lärande i litteratursamtalen samt att det är en positivupplevelse att få höra klasskamraters tankar och åsikter.

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FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
Crocodilians reproduction, especially for Spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) is well described, however few studies were carried out on movements of nesting females. Knowledge on behaviors displayed for space occupancy should help future conservation actions for C. crocodilus in Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve and in others areas where, for next years, the species can be manage under economical harvesting conditions. Our main objective was to evaluate how females ‘movement is influenced by water level of Purus river and how it vary between pre-nest, nesting and post-nest phases. We also analyzed relation between nest location and habitat use by females. Eight females (mean SVL = 76.5 cm ± 4.7) were marked with a VHF transmitter and monitored from 52 to 408 days. Purus river water level did not influenced significantly C. crocodilus females movements. Females with nest hatched, flooded or predated by primates Sapajus apella, presented similar patterns of movement. By the way, our study demonstrated that adult females of C. crocodilus stay most of the year in proximity of respective nesting sites. Similar behaviors were already demonstrated for females other species. In same population, past studies revealed that nesting females had a worse body condition than non-nesting females. Future studies may target on movement of these two categories, aiming understand better the reproductive strategy of C. crocodilus females in flooded forests of Amazon basin
A reprodução em crocodilianos, especialmente do jacaré-tinga (Caiman crocodilus), é bem conhecida, mas, pouco se investigou sobre a movimentação de fêmeas nidificantes dessa e de outras espécies do grupo. O conhecimento do comportamento de uso do espaço poderá nortear ações futuras de conservação para o C. crocodilus na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Piagaçu-Purus, e em outras áreas onde a espécie poderá ser submetida ao manejo econômico legal nos próximos anos. Os nossos objetivos nesse estudo foram avaliar como a movimentação das fêmeas variou nas fases de Pré-ninho, de Nidificação e de Pós-ninho, e com o nível da água do Rio Purus. Além de analisar a relação entre a posição do ninho e o uso do habitat pelas fêmeas. Oito fêmeas (CRC médio = 76,5 cm ± 4,7) foram marcadas com rádiotransmissor VHF, e monitoradas durante o período de 52 a 408 dias. A cota do Rio Purus não afetou significativamente a movimentação das fêmeas de C. crocodilus, aquelas que perderam os seus ovos por afogamento, ou foram predados pelo primata Sapajus apella, ou tiveram sucesso com o nascimento dos filhotes, apresentaram padrão de movimento similar. Sendo assim, a nossa pesquisa evidenciou que fêmeas adultas de C. crocodilus podem passar a maior parte do ano nas proximidades do seu local de nidificação. Comportamento similar também foi demonstrado para fêmeas de outras espécies. Estudo prévio realizado com a mesma população de C. crocodilus demonstrou que fêmeas nidificantes apresentaram diferenças marcantes na condição corporal e fisiológica quando comparadas com fêmeas não nidificantes. Estudos futuros poderiam comparar o movimento dessas duas categorias de fêmeas visando entender a relação entre movimentação e estratégia reprodutiva de C. crocodilus em florestas de várzea da Bacia Amazônia.

Iako je dijabetes melitus (DM) tip 2 je hronično oboljenje čija se stopa značajno povećala poslednjih decenija, podaci o odnosu pacijenta prema leku i lečenju dijabetes melitusa su retki i odnose se na pojedine aspekte terapije. Glavni kamen spoticanja u lečenju dijabetesa jeste nepridržavanje pacijenata propisanim lekovima, što otežava održavanje normalne glikoregulacije i doprinosi razvoju teških komplikacija koje značajno utiču na kvalitet života pacijenata sa DM. Raspolaganje tačnim podacima o upotrebi antidijabetičnim lekova, kao i uvidom u realno stanje o odnosu pacijenata prema leku u lečenju DM tipa 2, omogućava poboljšanje farmakoterapijske prakse i kreiranje intervencije za poboljšanje adherencije pacijenata Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su: 1) analiza obima potrošnje i strukture antidijabetičnih lekova na teritoriji Republike Srpske i njihovo poređenje sa upotrebom i strukturom propisivanja u okolnim zemljama kao i državama sa razvijenom farmakoterapijskom praksom; 2) analiza obima potrošnje i strukture antidijabetičnih lekova u opštini Foča i poređenje sa savremenim farmakoterapijskim smernicama; 3) određivanje procenta pokrivenosti antidijabetičnom terapijom pacijenata sa DM tip 2 tokom jedne godine u opštini Foča; 4) određivanje adherencije pacijenata sa DM tipa 2 prema antidijabetičnoj terapiji metodom brojanja tableta/doza insulina i putem validiranog upitnika; 5) određivanje kvaliteta života povezanog sa zdravljem pacijenata sa DM tipa 2 u opštini Foča primenom validiranog upitnika SF-36v2; 6) određivanje prediktora neadherenije kod primene obe metode merenja adherencije u odnosu na karakteristike i kvalitet života pacijenata sa DM tip 2 u opštini Foča. Ispitivanje se sastojalo iz dva dela. U prvom delu sprovedeno je retrospektivno farmakoepidemiološko praćenje upotrebe antidijabetičnih lekova kao i određivanje strukture ovih lekova na teritoriji Republike Srpske u periodu od 01.01.2013. do 31.12.2013.godine i izvršeno je poređenje sa upotrebom i strukturom propisivanja u okolnim zemljama kao i državama sa razvijenom farmakoterapijskom praksom. U drugom delu ispitivanja sprovedeno je farmakoepidemiološko ispitivanje primene antidijabetičnih lekova na nivou same opštine Foča u okviru koje je pored analize obima potrošnje i strukture antidijabetičnih lekova u istom periodu kao i na teritoriji Republike Srpske i poređenja sa savremenim farmakoterapijskim smernicama, određivan i procenta pokrivenosti antidijabetičnom terapijom mereno redovnošću ponovnih popunjavanja recepata od strane lekara opšte prakse tokom jednogodišnjeg perioda. Takođe je sprovedeno i ispitivanje adherencije prema antidijabetičnim lekovima primenom dve različite metode merenja kao i kvalitet života pacijenata sa DM tip 2 između 01.01.2015. i 31.12.2015.godine. Ukupna upotreba antidijabetika za lečenje dijabetesa tip 1 i tip 2 na teritoriji Republike Srpske iznosila je 38,29 DDD/1000st/dan. Upotreba insulina i analoga iznosila je 11,28 DDD/1000st/dan. Ukupna upotreba oralnih lekova koji snižavaju glukozu i krvi, isključujući insuline iznosila je 27,01 DDD/1000st/dan, a metformin je najčešće korišćeni predstavnik. Sličan obim i struktura upotrebe antidijabetičnih lekova utvrđena je i u opštini Foča. Procenat pokrivenosti antidijabetičnom terapijom pacijenata sa DM tip 2 tokom jedne godine u opštini Foča iznosio je više od 94,91%. Adherencija određivana metodom brojanja tableta/doza insulina iznosila je 52,3%, a merena primenom validiranog upitnikom iznosila je svega 44,9%. Statistički značajni prediktori neadherencije određivane primenom metode brojanja tableta/doza insulina su doplata cena leka kao i niži skor dimenzije mentalnog zdravlja kada je u pitanju kvalitet života. Prediktori neadherencije merene primenom validiranog upitnikom bili su muški pol, kao i niži skor dimenzije mentalnog kao i fizičkog zdravlja kada je u pitanju kvalitet života. Na osnovu ovih saznanja, intervencije za poboljšanje adherencije pacijenata bi bile usmerene na edukaciju pacijenata muškog pola, zatim na smanjivanje izdataka pacijenata za lekove, što će doprineti i boljem kvalitetu života ovih pacijenata.
Although diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 is a chronic disease whose rate has increased significantly in recent decades, data on the patient's attitudes towards the medicine and the treatment of diabetes mellitus are rare and relate to individual aspects of the therapy. The main stumbling block in the treatment of diabetes is not taking prescribed drugs regularly, which makes it difficult to maintain normal glycoregulation and contribute to the development of severe complications that significantly affect the quality of life of patients with DM. The disposition of accurate data on the use of antidiabeticdrugs, as well as the insight into the real state of the patient's relationship with the medication in the treatment of DM type 2, enables the improvement of pharmacotherapeutic practice and the creation of an intervention to improve patient adherence.The objectives of this research were:1) analysis of the volume of consumption and structure of anti-diabetic medicines on the territory of the Republic of Srpska and their comparison with the use and structure of prescribing in the surrounding countries as well as countries with developed pharmacotherapeutic practice;2) analysis of the volume of consumption and structure of antidiabetic drugs in the municipality of Foča and comparison with modern pharmacotherapeutic guidelines;3) determining the percentage of coverage with antidiabetic therapy of patients with DM type 2 during one year in the municipality of Foča;4) determining the adherence of patients with DM type 2 in antidiabetic therapy by the method of pill counts /volume of insulin and by validated questionnaire;5) determining the quality of life associated with the health of patients with DM type 2 in the municipality of Foča using the validated questionnaire SF-36v2;6) determination of the predictor of nonadherence in the application of both methods of adherence measurement in relation to the characteristics and quality of life of patients with DM type 2 in the municipality of Foča.The investigation consisted of two parts.In the first part, a retrospective pharmacoepidemiological monitoring of the use of antidiabetic drugs was carried out, as well as determining the structure of these drugs in the territory of the Republic of Srpska in the period from January, 1st 2013 until December, 31st 2013, and a comparison was made with the use and prescription structure in neighboring countries as well as countries with developed pharmacotherapeutic practices. In the second part of the study, a pharmacoepidemiological study was carried out on the use of antidiabetic drugs at the level of the municipality of Foča itself, in which, besides analyzing the volume of consumption and structure of anti-diabetic drugs in the same period as in the territory of the Republic of Srpska and comparison with modern pharmacotherapeutic guidelines, the percentage of coverage by antidiabetic therapy was measured by the regularity of the prescription prescribed by the general practitioner over a one-year period. Medication adherence to antidiabetic drugs was also carried out using two different methods of measurement as well as the quality of life of patients with DM type 2 between January, 1st 2015 and December, 31st 2015. The total use of antidiabetic for the treatment of type 1 diabetes and type 2 in the territory of the Republic of Srpska was 38.29 DDD / 1000st / day. The use of insulin and analogs was 11.28 DDD / 1000st / day. The total use of blood glucose lowering drugs , excluding insulins, was 27.01 DDD / 1000st / day, and metformin is the most commonly used representative. A similar volume and structure of the use of anti-diabetic drugs was also determined in the municipality of Foča. The percentage of coverage of antidiabetic therapy of patients with DM type 2 during one year in the municipality of Foca amounted to more than 94.91%. Adherence determined by the pill counts and the volume of insulin method was 52.3%, and measured by applying the validated questionnaire was only 44.9%. Statistically significant predictors of nonadherence determined by the method of pill counts/volume of insulin are copayment, a fix fee for prescription made by patients as well as the lower score of the mental health dimension when it comes to quality of life. The non-adherence predictors measured using the validated questionnaire were the male sex, as well as a lower score of the mental dimension as well as physical health when it comes to quality of life. Based on these findings, interventions to improve patient adherence would focus on health education of male patients, and policy changes regarding availability of antidiabetic medication through copayment reductions , which will contribute to a better quality of life for these patients.

The aim of this paper is to study the potential discourse has to alter the way that gentrification transforms neighbourhoods. In order to gather the knowledge necessary to answer that question this study has focused its attention on Crown Heights, a neighbourhood in Brooklyn, New York. It explores how resistance in the form of urban social movements were a factor in the Bedford Union Armory project, where several protests and discourse used over social media had arguably a large role in changing the scope of that project to be more inclusive and attend in a greater way to the needs of the local residents. The second focal point of this paper is to study the discourse used by local newspapers when articles are written about gentrification in Crown Heights. It aims to highlight the difference in the language used by employing a critical discourse analysis where the metaphors and the transitivity used by the authors is studied. The differences between the articles can in some places be regarded as quite stark, where that specific discourse is most likely used to reinforce their own world view.

The aim of this study is to analyze the different discourses linked to so called honor related violence in course literature from term 1 through 6 during the fall of 2018 at the department of social work at Stockholm university. This due to the extensive debates on the subject that implies varied opinions from both media and the research community. To analyze the different discourses, Fairclough's critical discourse analysis is used by looking for modality, transitivity and intertextuality in the different texts. The analysis circles around three different discourses. One is the “us and them” discourse, which differentiates the Swedish ideals from “others” which are portrayed as worse. The second discourse handles “critique against polarization”, which can be connected to post colonialism that criticizes the “us and them” discourse. The third discourse is the “precautionary” discourse that can be connected to social constructionism, whereas the texts leave room for interpretation as they rarely make any certain statements. Throughout all of these discourses we also found that the perpetrator and the victim rarely is spoken of when talking honor related violence, as compared to “normal violence”, and more often structural explanations rather than individual ones were used.

Det finns mycket tidigare forskning inom området knowledge management och allt vad det kan innefatta. Den här fallstudien fokuserar på kunskapsöverföring av tyst och explicit kunskap som vi identifierade ett kunskapsgap för praktiska hjälpmedel och verktyg för kunskapsbevaringen. Tidigare studier tar snarare upp vad tyst och explicit kunskap är samt definitioner för det, snarare än hur företag praktiskt bör förhålla sig till det. I och med det har studenterna identifierat att det saknas ett informationslogistiskt perspektiv för lämpliga verktyg hur tyst och explicit kunskap bör bevaras. Problematiken för studien är att Electrolux Professional AB i Ljungby påstår att de i dagsläget inte använder några verktyg för kunskapsbevaring och kunskapsspridning. Företaget befinner sig i en period när många nyckelpersoner som arbetat på Electrolux under många år inom flera olika avdelningar och/eller befattningar slutar och går i pension. Nyckelpersonerna besitter bred kunskap, som riskerar att lämna företaget när nyckelpersonerna antingen säger upp sig eller går i pension. Problematiken har studerats genom intervjuer där problematiken har belysts genom intervju av sju anställda och för att identifiera deras perspektiv på hur de bevarar, sprider och lagrar kunskap. Genom resultatet lyfts olika verktyg och hjälpmedel fram som används idag på olika avdelningar. Studien har haft sin utgångpunkt i de teoretiska ramverken: Knowledge management, tyst och explicit kunskap, samt det intellektuella kapitalet. Studien har påvisat att Electrolux visst använder olika typer av hjälpmedel och verktyg för kunskapsspridning. Ett av det viktigast verktyget för kunskapsspridning är individernas sociala nätverk som den enskilda medarbetaren succesivt bygger upp på Electrolux med tidens gång. Faktorer som studien påstår påverka kunskapsbevaring, är en bredd på kunskapen, tidigare erfarenheter samt individens medvetenhet för hur viktig spridning, bevaring och lagring av kunskap är.Avslutningsvis kan vi inte nog understryka vikten och dess fördelar med att kartlägga det sociala nätverket med olika individer och befattningars kunskapsområden. Kartläggningen ger stora fördelar för att lagra, bevara och sprida kunskapen på ett optimalt och effektivt sätt i organisationer.
There is much previous research in the area of knowledge management and all that it may include. This case study focuses on knowledge transfer of tacit and explicit knowledge, where we identified a knowledge gap for practical tools for knowledge retention. We find that previous studies address what tacit and explicit knowledge is and the definitions for it, rather than how companies should practically use it. With this, the students have identified that there is missing an information logistic perspective for suitable tools for how tacit and explicit knowledge should be preserved in organizations. The problem in this study is that Electrolux Professional AB in Ljungby currently claim that they don't use any tools for knowledge retention and dissemination. The company is in a period when many key people who have worked at Electrolux for many years in several different departments and / or positions quit and retire. The key people possess broad knowledge, which risks leaving the company when the key people either resign or retire. The problem has been studied through interviews where the problem has been highlighted through interviews by seven employees to identify their perspective on how they preserve, disseminate and store knowledge. The result of the study highlights various tools that Electrolux use today in different departments. The study is based on the theoretical frameworks: Knowledge management, tacit and explicit knowledge, and intellectual capital.The result has shown that Electrolux already use different types of tools for spreading knowledge. The conclusion for this study is that the most important tools for the dissemination of knowledge is the individual's social network, which the individual employee gradually builds up on Electrolux over time. Factors that the study claims to influence knowledge retention are a breadth of knowledge, past experiences and the individual's awareness of how important the dissemination, preservation and storage of knowledge is. We cannot emphasize enough the importance and benefits of mapping the social network with different individuals and positions of knowledge. The mapping provides great advantages for storing, retaining and disseminating knowledge in an optimal and efficient way in organizations.

Gojaznost se najčešće definiše kao uvećanje udela masne mase u ukupnoj telesnoj masi. Danas gojaznost poprima pandemijske razmere i karakter globalnog zdravstveno-socijalnog problema jer predstavlja faktor rizika za razvoj masovnih nezaraznih bolesti, pre svega tipa 2 šećerne bolesti (T2DM) i kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Adipokini su molekule koje luči masno tkivo i koji imaju značajnu ulogu u regulaciji mnogobrojnih procesa u ljudskom organizmu. Adiponektin (ADN) je adipokin sa antidijabetogenim, antiinflamatornim i antiaterogenim dejstvom. Tokom razvoja, pre svega, centralnog tipa gojaznosti dolazi do poremećaja u sekretornom profilu masnog tkiva, nastaje pad serumske koncentracije ADN i dolazi do razvoja mnogobrojnih kardiometaboličkih poremećaja. Cilj rada je ispitivanje značaja određivanja serumskog ADN u proceni kardiometaboličkog profila i utvrđivanje povezanosti njegovog nivoa sa procenjenim desetogodišnjim rizikom za razvoj T2DM kod gojaznih osoba. Studija preseka sprovedena na Klinici za endokrinologiju, dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma, Kliničkog centra Vojvodine je obuhvatila 65 ispitanika sa hiperalimentacionim tipom gojaznosti. Kod ispitanika je procenjen desetogodišnji rizik za razvoj T2DM i sprovedena su odgovarajuća antropometrijska, laboratorijska i morfološka ispitivanja. Ispitanici sa sniženim serumskim ADN su imali nepovoljniji kardiometabolički profil u odnosu na ispitanike sa normalnom vrednošću serumskog ADN dok nije bilo razlike u nivou desetogodišnjeg rizika za razvoj T2DM između navedenih grupa. Takođe, ispitanici sa metaboličkim sindromom (MS) i ispitanici sa nealkoholnom masnom bolešću jetre (NAFLD) su imali niži serumski ADN u odnosu na osobe bez MS i osobe bez NAFLD. Kod gojaznih osoba postoji značajna povezanost serumskog ADN sa većim brojem pokazatelja kardometaboličkog profila ali ne i sa procenjenim desetogodišnjim rizikom za razvoj T2DM.
Obesity is often defined as the significant increase in proportion of fat mass in total body mass. Nowadays, obesity exhibits pandemic proportions and acquires character of the global health and social problem, as it represents the risk factor for the development of non-communicable diseases, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases. Adipokines are molecules secreted by adipose tissue which play an important role in the regulation of various processes in the human organism. Adiponectin (ADN) is an adipokine with anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects. During development of, above all, central obesity, disorders in the secretory profile of adipose tissue are arising, decline in serum concentrations of ADN advents, which leads to occurrence of numerous cardiometabolic disorders. The aim of study is to examine the significance of determining serum ADN in assessing the cardiometabolic profile, and determining its association with the estimated ten-year risk of developing T2DM in obese persons. Cross-sectional study conducted at the Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, included 65 persons with hyperalimentation type of obesity. Ten-year risk of developing T2DM was assessed and appropriate anthropometric, laboratory and morphological evaluations were performed. Persons with lower serum ADN had worse cardiometabolic profile compared to those with normal serum ADN value, while there was no difference in the level of ten-year risk of developing T2DM between two groups. Also, subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS) and subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) had lower serum ADN compared to persons without MS and to those without NAFLD. There is a significant association of serum ADN with a larger number of cardiometabolic profile indicators but not with the estimated ten-year risk of developing T2DM.

Tidigare forskning har visat att mediesituationen i Kurdistan är komplex och att medierna är politiserade. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa journalisters syn på deras yttrandefrihet i Kurdistan. Studien fokuserar på verksamma journalisters tankar kring yttrandefrihet, relationen med makthavare och tillgången till information. Kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer har tillämpats, med åtta yrkesverksamma kurdiska journalister bosatta i Kurdistan. Slutsatsen visar en komplexitet som är svår att synliggöra om man inte har förkunskaper i kurdisk politik och historia. Ramarna för yttrandefrihet skiljde sig helt från ramar som vi i västvärlden är vana vid. De åtta journalister som deltog i min studie hade varierande åsikter om yttrandefrihet.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur barnperspektivet används i det dagliga arbetet. Avsikten är också att undersöka hur barnens inflytande ser ut över de beslut som fattas kring deras livssituation. Studien genomfördes genom intervjuer med socialsekreterare på socialtjänsten. Teorin som användes är systemteori, även barnperspektivet och ett teoretiskt perspektiv på dominansförhållanden i samtal med barn tillämpas. Med hjälp av ovan nämnda teorier och teoretiska perspektiv analyseras och förklaras hur socialsekreterarna använder barnperspektivet. Resultatet visar att socialsekreterarna använder barnperspektivet i begränsad omfattning men att det finns en ambition att alltid utgå från barnets bästa.
The aim of this study is to examine how social workers use the child’s perspective in their daily work. The purpose is also to examine how the children are able to influence the decisions made about their lives. The study is conducted using a qualitative approach. The theory used is system theory and two theoretical perspectives: children’s perspective and the fact that there is a dominance relationship in conversations with children. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that social workers use children's perspective on a limited basis but there is an ambition to always proceed in a manner on the child’s best.