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Journal articles on the topic 'Tip Characterizer'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Itoh, Hiroshi, Toshiyuki Fujimoto, and Shingo Ichimura. "Tip characterizer for atomic force microscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 77, no. 10 (October 2006): 103704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2356855.

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2

Wu, Ziruo, Yingfan Xiong, Lihua Lei, Wen Tan, Zhaohui Tang, Xiao Deng, Xinbin Cheng, and Tongbao Li. "Sub-5 nm AFM Tip Characterizer Based on Multilayer Deposition Technology." Photonics 9, no. 9 (September 17, 2022): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9090665.

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Atomic force microscope (AFM) is commonly used for three-dimensional characterization of the surface morphology of structures at nanoscale, but the “Inflation effect” of the tip is an important factor affecting the accuracy. A tip characterizer has the advantages of in situ measurement, higher accuracy of probe inversion results, and relatively simple fabrication process. In this paper, we developed a rectangular tip characterizer based on multilayer film deposition technology with protruding critical dimension parts and grooves parts. And the tip characterization is highly consistent across the line widths and grooves, and still performs well even in the sub-5 nm line width tip characterizer. This indicates that tip characterizers produced by this method can synergistically meet the combined requirements of standard rectangular structure, very small line edge roughness, very small geometry dimension, and traceable measurements.

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3

Takenaka, Hisataka, Masatoshi Hatayama, Hisashi Ito, Tadayuki Ohchi, Akio Takano, Satoru Kurosawa, Hiroshi Itoh, and Shingo Ichimura. "AFM Tip Characterizer fabricated by Si/SiO2 multilayers." e-Journal of Surface Science and Nanotechnology 9 (2011): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/ejssnt.2011.293.

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4

Xu, Min, Ziqi Zhou, Thomas Ahbe, Erwin Peiner, and Uwe Brand. "Using a Tip Characterizer to Investigate Microprobe Silicon Tip Geometry Variation in Roughness Measurements." Sensors 22, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031298.

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Given their superior dynamics, microprobes represent promising probe candidates for high-speed roughness measurement applications. Their disadvantage, however, lies in the fact that the volume of the microprobe’s silicon tip decreases dramatically during roughness measurement, and the unstable tip geometry leads to an increase in measurement uncertainty. To investigate the factors that influence tip geometry variation during roughness measurement, a rectangular-shaped tip characterizer was employed to characterize the tip geometry, and a method for reconstructing the tip geometry from the measured profile was introduced. Experiments were conducted to explore the ways in which the tip geometry is influenced by tip wear, probing force, and the relative movement of the tip with respect to the sample. The results indicate that tip fracture and not tip wear is the main reason for tip volume loss, and that the lateral dynamic load on the tip during scanning mode is responsible for more tip fracture than are other factors.

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5

Orji, Ndubuisi G., Hiroshi Itoh, Chumei Wang, Ronald G. Dixson, Peter S. Walecki, Sebastian W. Schmidt, and Bernd Irmer. "Tip characterization method using multi-feature characterizer for CD-AFM." Ultramicroscopy 162 (March 2016): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.12.003.

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6

Inaba, Takumi, Jianping Xie, Ryohei Sugiyama, and Yoshikazu Homma. "Tip characterizer for atomic force microscopy using singly suspended carbon nanotube." Surface and Interface Analysis 44, no. 6 (December 12, 2011): 690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.4813.

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7

Abu Quba, Abd Alaziz, Gabriele E. Schaumann, Mariam Karagulyan, and Doerte Diehl. "Quality control of direct cell–mineral adhesion measurements in air and liquid using inverse AFM imaging." RSC Advances 11, no. 10 (2021): 5384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra00110h.

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Setup for a reliable cell-mineral interaction at the single-cell level, (a) study of the mineral by a sharp tip, (b) study of the bacterial modified probe by a characterizer, (c) cell-mineral interaction, (d) subsequent check of the modified probe.

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8

HAN, GUOQIANG, YUQIN CHEN, and BINGWEI HE. "BIAXIALLY ORIENTED POLYPROPYLENE FILM FOR AFM TIP CHARACTERIZATION." Nano 09, no. 03 (April 2014): 1450029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292014500295.

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigating the sample morphology is the process of direct interaction between tip and surface features. The geometry of probe tip is a determining factor in correcting AFM images distorted by tip size itself. A quantitative knowledge of the current tip shape is needed to improve the reliability of AFM images. The biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film was fabricated and used as tip characterizer to estimate the morphology of AFM Si tip based on the blind reconstruction algorithm. The surface of the BOPP film was covered by nanometer-scale-sized structures which ensure that the tip profile can be determined accurately. Without independent knowledge of the sample, the three-dimensional (3D) shape of Si probe tip was obtained with high aspect ratio. BOPP film is not only a simple, cheap material but also a soft one which can also avoid tip damage in scanning. It was demonstrated reliable and suitable for tip characterization.

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9

Villarrubia, J. S. "Blind Estimation of Tip Geometry in Scanned Probe Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 1259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013180.

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In topographs produced by scanned probe microscopy, positive-going surface features are broadened due to the non-vanishing tip size. This well-known imaging artifact is of particular importance for feature width or surface microroughness determinations. Its correction requires a 3-d model of the tip.Most proposed methods of tip estimation begin with the same set of experimental conditions and model assumptions. Experimentally, a special specimen (a “tip characterizer”) is imaged with the unknown tip. The image model assumes the image is formed by contact of the tip with the surface at one or more points without significant bending of the tip or compression of the surface. Under these circumstances, it has been shown1 that I = S ⊕ P, where S is the set of all points in the specimen, P a reflection of the tip through the origin, I the image, and ⊕ denotes dilation.

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10

Wang, Chunmei, Hiroshi Itoh, Yoshikazu Homma, Jielin Sun, Jun Hu, and Shingo Ichimura. "Geometric Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes by Atomic Force Microscopy in Conjunction with a Tip Characterizer." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 47, no. 7 (July 18, 2008): 6128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.47.6128.

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11

Skårman, Björn, L. Reine Wallenberg, Sissel N. Jacobsen, Ulf Helmersson, and Claes Thelander. "Evaluation of Intermittent Contact Mode AFM Probes by HREM and Using Atomically Sharp CeO2Ridges as Tip Characterizer." Langmuir 16, no. 15 (July 2000): 6267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la000078t.

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12

Xu, Mingsheng, Daisuke Fujita, and Keiko Onishi. "Reconstruction of atomic force microscopy image by using nanofabricated tip characterizer toward the actual sample surface topography." Review of Scientific Instruments 80, no. 4 (April 2009): 043703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3115182.

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13

van Kooten, Maaike A. M., Sam Ragland, Rebecca Jensen-Clem, Yinzi Xin, Jacques-Robert Delorme, and J. Kent Wallace. "On-sky Reconstruction of Keck Primary Mirror Piston Offsets Using a Zernike Wavefront Sensor." Astrophysical Journal 932, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6ba2.

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Abstract The next generation of large ground- and space-based optical telescopes will have segmented primary mirrors. Co-phasing the segments requires a sensitive wavefront sensor capable of measuring phase discontinuities. The Zernike wavefront sensor (ZWFS) is a passive wavefront sensor that has been demonstrated to sense segmented-mirror piston, tip, and tilt with picometer precision in laboratory settings. We present the first on-sky results of an adaptive optics fed ZWFS on a segmented aperture telescope, W.M. Keck Observatory's Keck II. Within the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer light path, the ZWFS mask operates in the H band using an InGaAs detector (CRED2). We piston segments of the primary mirror by a known amount and measure the mirror's shape using both the ZWFS and a phase retrieval method on data acquired with the facility infrared imager, NIRC2. In the latter case, we employ slightly defocused NIRC2 images and a modified Gerchberg–Saxton phase retrieval algorithm to estimate the applied wavefront error. We find good agreement when comparing the phase retrieval and ZWFS reconstructions, with average measurements of 408 ± 23 and 394 ± 46 nm, respectively, for three segments pistoned by 400 nm of optical path difference (OPD). Applying various OPDs, we find that we are limited to ∼100 nm OPD of applied piston, due to insufficient averaging of the adaptive optics residuals of our observations. We also present simulations of the ZWFS that help to explain the systematic offset observed in the ZWFS reconstructed data.

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14

Cui, Hai Long, Zhong Min Zhao, Long Zhang, and Xue Gang Huang. "Microstructure and Fracture Behavior of the Joint of Solidified TiB₂ Ceramic with Ti-6Al-4V Achieved by Reaction Fusion Bonding in Ultrahigh-Gravity Field." Key Engineering Materials 591 (November 2013): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.591.90.

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Based on taking combustion synthesis in ultrahigh-gravity field to prepare solidified TiC-TiB2 ceramic, laminated composite of TiC-TiB2 to Ti-6Al-4V was successfully obtained by fusion bonding, and within the joint there achieved multi-scale (micron-submicron-micro-nano) and multi-level (TiC1-x-TiB-TiB2 + TiB2-Ti-TiC1-x-TiB + TiB2-TiC1-x-TiB-Ti + TiB-TiC1-x-Ti + TiC1-x-Ti + Ti) composite structures characterized by size and distribution of TiB2 and TiB phases. As micro-nano TiB2, TiB platelets and needle-like nano TiB grains at the joint area initiated residual stress toughening and pinning at crack tip, while Ti phases initiated ductile phase toughening and subsequent bridging in crack-tip wake, a typical delayed fracture under external stress was manifested obviously in the joint of TiC-TiB2 to Ti-6Al-4V. As a result, the shear fracture of the joint of ceramic toTi-6Al-4V alloy usually occurred in solidified area of Ti alloy rather than the joint, and the shear strength between the ceramic and Ti alloy was maintained at 375 ± 55 MPa.

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15

Villarrubia, J. S. "Scanned probe microscope tip characterization without calibrated tip characterizers." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 14, no. 2 (March 1, 1996): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.589130.

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16

Luo, Ping, Shi Jie Dong, Zhang Qiang Mei, and Zhi Xiong Xie. "Strengthening Mechanism of TiB2-TiC Complex Phases Coated Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.251.

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TiB2-TiC complex phases coating deposited onto the surface of electrodes by electro-spark deposition (ESD) in order to prolong the life of single phase coated electrode (TiB2 or TiC) during resistance welding of galvanized steels. The microstructures and TiB2-TiC complex phases coatings were characterized by SEM and XRD. The results indicate that life of TiB2-TiC complex phases coated electrode is prolonged significantly than life of single-phase coated electrode （TiB2 or TiC ）, failure mechanism of TiB2-TiC complex phases coated electrode is mainly wear to cause diameter increase on electrode tip, which results in lower current density during welding process, and then nugget size cannot satisfy the requirement of resistance spot welding. The failure mechanism of TiB2-TiC complex phases coated electrode is obviously different from uncoated electrode, the failure mechanism of uncoated electrode is wear and alloying between electrode tip surface and molten Zn on galvanized steel weld surface.

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17

Mareanukroh, Methporn, R. K. Eby, R. J. Scavuzzo, Gary R. Hamed, and Judith Preuschen. "Use of Atomic Force Microscope as a Nanoindenter to Characterize Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, no. 5 (November 1, 2000): 912–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547629.

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Abstract The atomic force microscope (AFM) in the force mode has been used as a nanoindenter for determining the crosslink density and modulus of rubber on a fine scale. The force—distance curves obtained as the sample is moved against the tip can render information about mechanical properties of the sample. The technique for this purpose has been established. Several instrumental and technical difficulties encountered during the development of the technique have been identified and solved. The difficulties include surface roughness, thickness variation of the sample, hysteresis of the scanner, determining the stiffness of the cantilever, determining the geometry of the tip, converting the sensor output to force and determining the penetration depth of the tip. The determination of the effective tip geometry requires use of a calibration material. Force—distance measurements were made on a series of styrene-butadiene rubbers (SBR) with different crosslink densities. The modulus determined by AFM agreed with the modulus measured with dynamic mechanical analysis. The results of force/penetration depth show a linear relationship with crosslink density. The AFM results are shown to correlate with those from NMR. The effects of rubber oxidation in air were examined. The results show that both homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation can be detected by this method.

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18

Higashida, K., N. Narita, M. Tanaka, T. Morikawa, Y. Miura, and R. Onodera. "Crack tip dislocations in silicon characterized by highvoltage electron microscopy." Philosophical Magazine A 82, no. 17-18 (November 20, 2002): 3263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418610210141307.

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19

Dai, Gaoliang, Xiukun Hu, and Johannes Degenhardt. "Bottom-up approach for traceable calibration of tip geometry of stylus profilometer." Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 10, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 015018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ac4f36.

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Abstract A novel approach for accurate and traceable calibration of stylus tip geometry is introduced in the paper. The approach consists of several steps. Firstly, the geometry of an AFM tip is calibrated to a kind of line width standard whose geometry is traceably calibrated to the lattice constant of crystal silicon. Then, the stylus tip to be calibrated is measured by the calibrated AFM tip in an AFM, thus its tip geometry can be accurately determined after the contribution of the AFM tip geometry being corrected from the measured AFM image. After being calibrated, the stylus tip can be applied in measurements of vast microstructures and surfaces, where the measurement results can be in turn corrected using the characterized stylus tip geometry. In such a way, the stylus tip geometry and its measurement results can be finally traceable to the lattice constant of silicon, using this bottom-up approach. Detailed experimental examples are illustrated. For a stylus type RFTHB-50 studied in this paper, its tip radius is measured as 1.727 μm with a standard deviation of 0.007 μm. It is significantly smaller than its nominal value of 2 μm, indicating the need of the calibration. The application of calibrated stylus tip in measurements of microspheres is demonstrated. Compared to conventional tip characterization methods based on tip characterizers the proposed method has advantages of (i) no risk of damaging sharp edges of tip characterizers, (ii) capable of directly characterizing the 3D geometry of stylus tip, (iii) high accuracy.

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20

Higashida, K., N. Narita, M. Tanaka, T. Morikawa, Y. Miura, and R. Onodera. "Crack tip dislocations in silicon characterized by high-voltage electron microscopy." Philosophical Magazine A 82, no. 17-18 (November 2002): 3263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418610208240439.

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21

Cvetković, Vesna S., Nataša M. Vukićević, Ksenija Milićević-Neumann, Srećko Stopić, Bernd Friedrich, and Jovan N. Jovićević. "Electrochemical Deposition of Al-Ti Alloys from Equimolar AlCl3 + NaCl Containing Electrochemically Dissolved Titanium." Metals 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010088.

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Al-Ti alloys were electrodeposited from equimolar chloroaluminate molten salts containing up to 0.1 M of titanium ions, which were added to the electrolyte by potentiostatic dissolution of metallic Ti. Titanium dissolution and titanium and aluminium deposition were investigated by linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry at 200 and 300 °C. Working electrodes used were titanium and glassy carbon. The voltammograms on Ti obtained in the electrolyte without added Ti ions indicated titanium deposition and dissolution proceeding in three reversible steps: Ti4+ ⇄ Ti3+, Ti3+ ⇄ Ti2+ and Ti2+ ⇄ Ti. The voltammograms recorded with glassy carbon in the electrolyte containing added titanium ions did not always clearly register all of the three processes. However, peak currents, which were characteristics of Al, Ti and Al-Ti alloy deposition and dissolution, were evident in voltammograms on both working electrodes used. A constant potential electrodeposition regime was used to obtain deposits on the glassy carbon working electrode. The obtained deposits were characterized by SEM, energy-dispersive spectrometry and XRD. In the deposits on the glassy carbon electrode, the analysis identified an Al and AlTi3 alloy formed at 200 °C and an Al2Ti and Al3Ti alloy obtained at 300 °C.

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22

GRANT, C. D., B. D. KAY, P. H. GROENEVELT, G. E. KIDD, and G. W. THURTELL. "SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF MICROPENETROMETER DATA TO CHARACTERIZE SOIL STRUCTURE." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, no. 4 (November 1, 1985): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-083.

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A micropenetrometer with a diameter similar in magnitude to that of a root is capable of measuring variations in tip resistance over distances as small as 0.1 mm. Measurements at this scale offer the potential of characterizing zones of high resistance to penetration and the frequency of occurrence of zones of low resistance which could be exploited by a growing root. Spectral analysis provides a new approach to characterizing soil structure and has been applied to the micropenetrometer tip resistance profiles obtained from beds of aggregates. Nine different aggregate size ranges were considered; the aggregate diameters varied from less than 0.36 mm to 6.4–12.8 mm. The analyses indicate that larger aggregates are more resistant to penetration. In addition, comparison of variance spectra among several of the aggregate sizes reveals information on the structural make up of soil aggregates, namely that larger aggregates are made up of smaller "component" aggregates which offer higher resistance when they occur in large aggregates than when they occur individually in loose packing. The use of spectral analysis also appears to provide information on the spatial separation of zones of low resistance which correlate with aggregate size if the aggregate diameters are larger than 1.6 mm. Key words: Soil strength, soil resistance to penetration, micropenetrometer, aggregate size

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23

Han, Guoqiang, Shuguang Cao, Xiumei Wang, Bo Lin, and Yuqin Chen. "Blind evaluation of AFM tip shape by using optical glass surface with irregular nanostructures as a tip characteriser." Micro & Nano Letters 12, no. 12 (December 2017): 916–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2017.0200.

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24

Takenaka, Hisataka, Masatoshi Hatayama, Hisashi Ito, Tadayuki Ohchi, Akio Takano, Satoru Kurosawa, Hiroshi Itoh, and Shingo Ichimura. "Development of Si/SiO₂ Multilayer Type AFM Tip Characterizers." Journal of Surface Analysis 17, no. 3 (2011): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1384/jsa.17.264.

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25

Aloi, Laura E., and Robert S. Cherry. "Cellular response to agitation characterized by energy dissipation at the impeller tip." Chemical Engineering Science 51, no. 9 (May 1996): 1523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(95)00307-x.

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26

Cui, Hai Long, Zhong Min Zhao, and Long Zhang. "Composite of TiC-TiB₂ Ceramic with Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Prepared by Combustion Synthesis in Ultrahigh Gravity Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.134.

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Based on taking combustion synthesis into high-gravity field to fabricate high-hardness bulk solidified TiC-TiB2 composite, layered composite of solidified TiC-TiB2 ceramic to Ti-6Al-4V alloy was obtained by the introduction of Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates at the bottom of graphite crucible. XRD, FESEM and EDS results showed that the layered composite was achieved in multi-scale (micron/submicron/micro-nanometer) and multi-level (TiC1-x-TiB-TiB2 + TiB2-Ti-TiC1-x-TiB + TiB2-TiC1-x-TiB-Ti + TiB-TiC1-x-Ti + TiC1-x-Ti + Ti) graded microstructure between the ceramic and Ti alloy, which was characterized by size and distribution of TiB2 and TiB, thereby paving a new way for developing light-weight materials for special engineering.

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27

Chen, Yuqin, Guoqiang Han, and Bingwei He. "Atomic force microscopy tip characteriser based on the fabrication of nanorod array structures." Micro & Nano Letters 8, no. 12 (December 2013): 861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2013.0577.

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28

O'Dowd, N. P., and C. F. Shih. "Family of crack-tip fields characterized by a triaxiality parameter—II. Fracture applications." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 40, no. 5 (July 1992): 939–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(92)90057-9.

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29

Myalska-Głowacka, Hanna, Bartosz Chmiela, Marcin Godzierz, and Maria Sozańska. "Residual Stress Induced by Addition of Nanosized TiC in Titanium Matrix Composite." Materials 15, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 2517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072517.

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A hot pressing process was employed to produce titanium-based composites. Nanosized TiC particles were incorporated in order to improve mechanical properties of the base material. The amount of nanosized additions in the composites was 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt %, respectively. Moreover, a TiB phase was produced by in situ method during sintering process. The microstructure of the Ti–TiB–TiC composites was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Due to the hot pressing process the morphology of primary TiC particles was changed. Observed changes in the size and shape of the reinforcing phase suggest the transformation of primary carbides into secondary carbides. Moreover, an in situ formation of TiB phase was observed in the material. Additionally, residual stress measurements were performed and revealed a mostly compressive nature with the fine contribution of shear. With an increase in TiC content, linear stress decreased, which was also related with the presence of the TiB phase.

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30

Muller, Markus P., and Michele Pastena. "A Generalization of Majorization that Characterizes Shannon Entropy." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 62, no. 4 (April 2016): 1711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2016.2528285.

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31

Sung, Si Young, Bong Jae Choi, and Young Jig Kim. "Synthesis and Forming of Titanium Matrix Composites by Casting Route." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.297.

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The aim of this study is to evaluated the possibility of the in-situ synthesized (TiC+TiB) reinforced titanium matrix composites (TMCs) for the application of structural materials. In-situ synthesis and casting of TMCs were carried out in a vacuum induction melting furnace with Ti and B4C. The synthesized TMCs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, an electron probe micro-analyzer and transmission electron microscopy, and evaluated through thermodynamic calculations. The spherical TiC plus needle-like and large, many-angled facet TiB reinforced TMCs can be synthesized with Ti and B4C by a melting route.

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O'Dowd, N. P., and C. F. Shih. "Family of crack-tip fields characterized by a triaxiality parameter—I. Structure of fields." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 39, no. 8 (January 1991): 989–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(91)90049-t.

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33

Makwiza, Chikondi, and Heinz Erasmus Jacobs. "Sound recording to characterize outdoor tap water use events." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 66, no. 6 (July 17, 2017): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2017.120.

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Obtaining disaggregated water use at the home typically involves expensive smart metering. In this study, water use events at the outdoor tap were captured using recorded sound. Outdoor taps at 10 homes were fitted with small-sized microphones and digital sound recorders. Sound files recorded over a 1-month period were used in the analysis. In the preliminary analysis, a human operator browsed through the sound recordings, picking out tap use events based on visually recognizable waveform and spectrogram features, then audibly verified each event identified before labeling. The performance of the corresponding automatic detection algorithm was reasonable, showing that water use events can be detected at precision and recall rates of at least 80% under suitable conditions. The results also showed that the technique is less suitable where the drop in pressure during peak demand periods results in significant reduction in the tap flowrate. Indirect flow sensing approaches are attractive for investigating water use event timing, because of the relatively lower cost when compared to conventional or smart water meters. Plumbing changes are not required as the recorder can be mounted on any exposed pipe section near the fixture of interest.

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34

Yeh, Tze Yang, and Kuo Yuan Peng. "Characterization of Simultaneously Gas Atomized Ti/TiC Composite Powders." Key Engineering Materials 704 (August 2016): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.704.302.

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Metallic composite materials are mainly manufactured by powder metallurgy (PM) or casting, with reinforced ceramic particulates dispersed in a metal matrix. The current study presents an investigation with respect to simultaneously gas-atomized spherical Ti/TiC composite powders. Various analytical methods are used to characterize the gas-atomized Ti/TiC composite powders, including XRD, laser particle size analysis, flow rate tests, apparent density and tap density tests, SEM, and alike. The spherical Ti/TiC composite powders will be further laser sintered at the next stage to utilize mechanical properties testing.

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35

Zhang, Xin Ge, Wei Xiang Jiang, Han Wei Tian, Zheng Xing Wang, Qiang Wang, and Tie Jun Cui. "Pattern-Reconfigurable Planar Array Antenna Characterized by Digital Coding Method." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 68, no. 2 (February 2020): 1170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2019.2938678.

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36

Mak, Jonathon, Richard Wuhrer, Greg Heness, J. Qin, W. Lu, D. Zhang, and Wing Yiu Yeung. "Microstructural Analysis on Ti-6Al-4V and 10 Vol.% (TiB+TiC)/Ti-6Al-4V Metal Matrix Composites." Advanced Materials Research 32 (February 2008): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.32.115.

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Particulate reinforced Ti based metal matrix composites (MMCs) were made by in-situ synthesis using vacuum arc re-melting process. The microstructure of the Ti-6Al-4V base alloy and 10 vol.% (TiB+TiC)/Ti-6Al-4V metal matrix composites was examined. The particulate reinforcements were analysed and identified TiB and TiC particles. The particle distribution was analysed using the quadrat method over 1620 quadrats. A homogeneous particle distribution was found to establish in the composites. The experimental distribution of the reinforcements agreed well with the theoretical Poisson distribution. A skew factor, which characterizes the degree of asymmetry of a statistical distribution, of 1.108 was determined for the particle distribution in the material.

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37

Ando, Bruno, Pietro Giannone, and Salvatore Graziani. "A Low-Cost Experimental Setup to Characterize Piezoelectric Cantilever Bimorphs." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 57, no. 1 (January 2008): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2007.909409.

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38

Blijdorp, Charles J., Omar A. Z. Tutakhel, Thomas A. Hartjes, Thierry P. P. van den Bosch, Martijn H. van Heugten, Juan Pablo Rigalli, Rob Willemsen, et al. "Comparing Approaches to Normalize, Quantify, and Characterize Urinary Extracellular Vesicles." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 32, no. 5 (March 29, 2021): 1210–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2020081142.

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BackgroundUrinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are a promising source for biomarker discovery, but optimal approaches for normalization, quantification, and characterization in spot urines are unclear.MethodsUrine samples were analyzed in a water-loading study, from healthy subjects and patients with kidney disease. Urine particles were quantified in whole urine using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TR-FIA), and EVQuant, a novel method quantifying particles via gel immobilization.ResultsUrine particle and creatinine concentrations were highly correlated in the water-loading study (R2 0.96) and in random spot urines from healthy subjects (R2 0.47–0.95) and patients (R2 0.41–0.81). Water loading reduced aquaporin-2 but increased Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) and particle detection by NTA. This finding was attributed to hypotonicity increasing uEV size (more EVs reach the NTA size detection limit) and reducing THP polymerization. Adding THP to urine also significantly increased particle count by NTA. In both fluorescence NTA and EVQuant, adding 0.01% SDS maintained uEV integrity and increased aquaporin-2 detection. Comparison of intracellular- and extracellular-epitope antibodies suggested the presence of reverse topology uEVs. The exosome markers CD9 and CD63 colocalized and immunoprecipitated selectively with distal nephron markers.Conclusions uEV concentration is highly correlated with urine creatinine, potentially replacing the need for uEV quantification to normalize spot urines. Additional findings relevant for future uEV studies in whole urine include the interference of THP with NTA, excretion of larger uEVs in dilute urine, the ability to use detergent to increase intracellular-epitope recognition in uEVs, and CD9 or CD63 capture of nephron segment–specific EVs.

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Apaydin, Hulya, Gulçin Benbir, and Andrew Lees. "A stimulus-sensitive tic disorder characterized by echophenomena and coprolalia." Movement Disorders 27, no. 1 (September 13, 2011): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.23952.

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40

Jung, Yohan, Minsuk Choi, Seonghwan Oh, and Jehyun Baek. "Effects of a Nonuniform Tip Clearance Profile on the Performance and Flow Field in a Centrifugal Compressor." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/340439.

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This paper presents a numerical investigation of the effects of a nonuniform tip clearance profile on the performance and flow field in a centrifugal compressor with a vaneless diffuser. This study focuses in particular on the magnitude and location of the wake. Six impellers with different tip clearance profiles were tested in the flow simulations. The accuracy of the numerical simulations was assessed by comparing the experimental data with the computational results for a system characterized by the original tip clearance. Although the performance improved for low tip clearances, a low tip clearance at the trailing edge improved the compressor performance more significantly than a low tip clearance at the leading edge. The flow field calculated for a system characterized by a low tip clearance at the trailing edge produced a more uniform velocity distribution both in the circumferential and in the axial directions at the impeller exit because the wake magnitude was reduced. As a consequence, this impeller provided a better potential for diffusion processes inside a vaneless diffuser.

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Hedayati, Fares, and Peter L. Bartlett. "Exchangeability Characterizes Optimality of Sequential Normalized Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Prediction." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 63, no. 10 (October 2017): 6767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2017.2735799.

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42

Zhao, Zhong Min, Long Zhang, Shuan Jie Wang, and Min Quan Wang. "Multiscale and Multilevel Composite of Solidified TiC-TiB₂ with Ti-6Al-4V Achieved by Fusion Bonding in High-Gravity Field." Advanced Materials Research 833 (November 2013): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.833.136.

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By putting Ti-6Al-4V plate at the bottom of the blend of (Ti+B4C) and the high-energy thermit, a novel laminated composite of TiC-TiB2 ceramic to Ti alloy is achieved by combustion synthesis in high-gravity field, and within the joint there presents multiscale and multilevel microstructures characterized by size and distribution of TiB2 and TiB phases, thereby showing microstructure evolution rather than a clear interface from the ceramic to Ti alloy. The reasons for the unique microstructures in the joint came is considered a result of fusion bonding and atomic interdiffusion between liquid TiC-TiB2 and liquid Ti in thermal vacuum circumstances, followed by a series of metallurgical reaction including peritectic reaction of TiB2 solid and Ti liquid, direct growth of TiB from Ti liquid and subsequent eutectic reaction of TiB and Ti, so a continuously-graded microstructure consisting of the multiphases in size from micrometer to nanometer is eatablieshed in the joint.

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González, Marta, J. Peña, Jose Maria Manero, and F. J. Gil. "Influence of Cold Work in the Elastic Modulus of the Ti-16.2Hf-24.8Nb-1Zr Alloy Characterized by Instrumented Nanoindentation." Key Engineering Materials 423 (December 2009): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.423.113.

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Nowadays, β type Ti-based alloys have been developed for load transfer clinical applications due to their superelasticity, shape memory effect, low elastic modulus and high damping capacity [1]. These properties promote bone regeneration and make them promising candidates for being used in load transfer implantology. The objective of the present work is to achieve a material with shape memory properties and/or low elastic modulus. The influence of cold work on the thermoelastic martensitic transformation and elastic modulus of the Ti-16.2Hf-24.8Nb-1Zr alloy has been investigated to determine optimal conditions. The homogenized vacuum arc melted button was heat treated at 1100°C during 2 hours and quenched. Samples of each alloy were microstructurally and mechanically characterized after being cold rolled from 5 up to 95%. The elastic response for each condition was evaluated by instrumented nanoindentation by using a Berkovich tip and a spherical tip. A decrease in elastic modulus was observed when increasing the cold work percentage. The lowest value, 44 GPa, similar to that of cortical bone, was found in the 95% cold worked condition.

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Zhao, Li Ping, Zong De Liu, Song Wang, and Jun Peng Liu. "Research on the Microstructure and High Temperature Creep Behavior of In Situ TiC/Ni Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 79 (July 2011): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.79.151.

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TiC/Ni composite material was synthesized by melt in-situ reaction from mixed Ti, C, Mo and Ni powders. Microstructure and phase composition of the composite were characterized by SEM and XRD. Creep behavior of the composite had been investigated under constant tensile stress, and the creep damage of the creep specimen was characterized by elastic modulus. The results show that the composite consists of nearly spherical TiC particle and Ni, the addition of Molybdenum has effect on refining the size of TiC particle; the mechanism of creep fracture is inter-granular fracture; relative variable curve of modulus resemble to creep curve, the method of elastic modulus is well to characterize the creep damage.

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Pukhova, Valentina, Francesco Banfi, and Gabriele Ferrini. "Energy dissipation in multifrequency atomic force microscopy." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (April 17, 2014): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.57.

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The instantaneous displacement, velocity and acceleration of a cantilever tip impacting onto a graphite surface are reconstructed. The total dissipated energy and the dissipated energy per cycle of each excited flexural mode during the tip interaction is retrieved. The tip dynamics evolution is studied by wavelet analysis techniques that have general relevance for multi-mode atomic force microscopy, in a regime where few cantilever oscillation cycles characterize the tip–sample interaction.

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Zhang, Guitao, Xi Chen, Weihe Xu, Wei-Dong Yao, and Yong Shi. "Piezoelectric property of PZT nanofibers characterized by resonant piezo-force microscopy." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0081109.

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Nano-piezoelectric materials have drawn tremendous research interest. However, characterization of their piezoelectric properties, especially measuring the piezoelectric strain coefficients, remains a challenge. Normally, researchers use an AFM-based method to directly measure nano-materials’ piezoelectric strain coefficients. But, the extremely small piezoelectric deformation, the influence from the parasitic electrostatic force, and the environmental noise make the measurement results questionable. In this paper, a resonant piezo-force microscopy method was used to accurately measure the piezoelectric deformation from 1D piezoelectric nanofibers. During the experiment, the AFM tip was brought into contact with the piezoelectric sample and set to work at close to its first resonant frequency. A lock-in amplifier was used to pick up the sample’s deformation signal at the testing frequency. By using this technique, the piezoelectric strain constant d33 of the Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) nanofiber with a diameter of 76 nm was measured. The result showed that d33 of this PZT nanofiber was around 387 pm/V. Meanwhile, by tracking the piezoelectric deformation phase image, domain structures inside PZT nanofibers were identified.

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Lu, Yirui, Lei Yan, Shafqat Hussain, Mengtao Sun, Zhenglong Zhang, and Hairong Zheng. "Interlayer Coulomb interaction in twisted bilayer graphene nanofragments characterized by the vibrational mode of G_r⁺ band." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 8 (February 21, 2022): 083103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0082541.

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Tip enhanced Raman spectra of AB-stacked bilayer graphene (BLG) and twisted bilayer graphene (TwBLG) nanofragments have been studied by using density functional theory. Different from a normal Raman spectrum of BLG, a unique Raman band Gr+ is observed in its tip enhanced Raman spectrum and assigned as a split of the G band. We attribute this split to the nonuniformity distribution of the charge on carbon atoms. Compared with BLG, the Gr+ band intensity of TwBLG is dramatically enhanced at a small twist angle and decreases with the angle increasing. Interlayer Coulomb interaction represented in the Gr+ mode of TwBLG matches well with the atom vibration strength distribution of the Gr+ band at different twist angles, and thereby the properties of the Gr+ band can be tuned by the twisted angle. The results may help to further understand the Raman spectra of TwBLG and provide deep insights for exploring vibrational modes of two-dimensional nanomaterials.

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DAVIES, KERRIE A., WEIMIN YE, GARY S. TAYLOR, SONJA SCHEFFER, F. BARTHOLOMAEUS, and ROBIN M. GIBLIN-DAVIS. "Nematodes from galls on Myrtaceae. XI. Descriptions of five new species of Fergusobia from Australia." Zootaxa 4399, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4399.1.1.

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Five new species of Fergusobia are described. Fergusobia janetae Davies n. sp. is characterized by the combination of an arcuate to straight, spindle-shaped parthenogenetic female with a relatively small oesophageal gland, an extensile uterus and a conoid tail, an arcuate infective female with a bluntly rounded tail tip, and a C-shaped male with an arcuate to angular spicule and bursa arising at more than 90% of body length. Fergusobia robustae Davies n. sp. is characterized by the combination of a small, C-shaped parthenogenetic female with a short cylindroid tail with a broadly rounded tip; an arcuate to C-shaped, relatively broad, infective female with a tail tip that is almost hemispherical; and an arcuate male with a strong angular spicule and a bursa arising at 30–40% of body length. Fergusobia pruinosae Davies n. sp. is characterized by the combination of a medium sized, open C-shaped, parthenogenetic female in which the cuticle does not swell upon fixation, with a strongly sclerotised stylet, with a more or less narrowly conoid tail with a bluntly or broadly rounded tip; infective female that is arcuate to J-shaped with a notched tail tip; and open C-shaped males with stout, angular spicules and bursa arising near the secretory/excretory pore. Fergusobia pauciflorae Davies n. sp. is characterized by the combination of a medium sized, arcuate, parthenogenetic female with a small stylet, and a conoid tail with a bluntly rounded tip; a small, open C to J-shaped infective female with a broadly rounded to almost hemispherical tail tip; and straight to arcuate males with stout, angular spicules and bursa at ~70% of body length anterior to the cloaca. Fergusobia obliquae Davies n. sp. has a relatively broad, arcuate, parthenogenetic female having a small but strongly sclerotised stylet, and a short conoid tail with a bluntly rounded tip; an arcuate, infective female with an almost hemispherical tail tip; and C-shaped males with arcuate to angular (not heavily sclerotised) spicules and bursa arising 50–80% of body length anterior to tail. Sequencing of the 18S and 28S rDNA domains for F. janetae n. sp. and of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) for F. pauciflorae n. sp. confirm that they are distinct species.

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Muscari, Roberto, Giulio Dubbioso, and Andrea Di Mascio. "Analysis of the flow field around a rudder in the wake of a simplified marine propeller." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 814 (February 9, 2017): 547–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.43.

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The vortex–body interaction problem, which characterizes the flow field of a rudder placed downstream of a single-blade marine rotor, is investigated by numerical simulations. The particular topology of the propeller wake, consisting of a helicoidal vortex detached from the blade tips (tip vortex) and a longitudinal, streamwise oriented vortex originating at the hub (hub vortex), embraces two representative mechanisms of vortex–body collisions: the tip vortices impact almost orthogonally to the mean plane, whereas the hub vortex travels in the mean plane of the wing (rudder), perpendicularly to its leading edge. The two vortices evolve independently only during the approaching and collision phases. The passage along the body is instead characterized by strong interaction with the boundary layer on the rudder and is followed by reconnection and merging in the middle and far wake. The features of the wake were investigated by the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{2}$-criterion (Jeong & Hussain, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 285, 1995, pp. 69–94) and typical flow variables (pressure, velocity and vorticity) of the instantaneous flow field; wall pressure spectra were analysed and related to the tip and hub vortices evolution, revealing a non-obvious behaviour of the loading on the rudder that can be related to undesired unsteady loads.

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Viana, Ana Cecília Diniz, Maria Guiomar de Azevedo Bahia, and Vicente Tadeu Lopes Buono. "Comparison between the Flexibility of Three Different Types of Rotary NiTi Endodontic Instruments." Materials Science Forum 643 (March 2010): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.643.61.

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The aim of this study was to characterize metallurgical properties and the dimensions of three types of rotary NiTi endodontic instruments and to establish a correlation between these characteristics and the flexibility of the instruments. Their chemical composition and constitution were characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Transformation temperatures were assessed by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Computer software was used to analyse images of the longitudinal and transverse sections for determining instrument diameter and cross-sectional area at 3mm from the tip. The flexibility of the instruments was evaluated in bending tests performed according to the ISO 3630-1 specification, in which the instruments are clamped at 3mm from their tip and bent by 45° along their longitudinal axis. The values of bending moment at 45° were correlated with instrument diameter and cross-sectional area at 3mm from the tip. The results of EDX, XRD and DSC showed that physical and chemical properties of the materials differed slightly among the files analyzed. A direct relationship was found between bending moment and the geometric characteristics of the instruments. Resistance to bending of NiTi root canal instruments depended on their geometrical shapes and metallurgical properties, but the cross-sectional configuration can be seen as an important parameter affecting this property.

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