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1
De Poli, Barbara. Freemasonry and the Orient. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-338-0.
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The symbolic and historical dimension of the main founding archetypes of Freemasonry – the Orient with a special focus on Egypt – are at the core of this book, which aims to recover the red thread with which masons tie together Masonry and Oriental esotericism. If, on the one hand, the Author points out mystifications and inventions that have characterised part of the Masonic narrative on its origins; on the other hand, she unearths the history of real contaminations and intersections between esotericism of the East and the West, digging up the common matrix that nourished them.
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Brennfleck, Shannon Joyce, ed. Pain sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about acute and chronic pain, including nerve pain, bone pain, muscle pain, cancer pain, and disorders characterized by pain, such as arthritis, temporomandibular muscle and joint (tmj) disorder, carpal tunnel syndrome, headaches, heartburn, sciatica, and shingles, and facts about diagnostic tests and treatment options for pain, including over-the-counter and prescription drugs, physical rehabilitation, injection and infusion therapies, implantable technologies, and complementary medicine; along with tips for living with pain, a glossary of related terms, and a directory of additional resources. 3rd ed. Detroit: Omnigraphics, 2008.
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Araujo, Abelardo Q.-C. Neurological Manifestations of the Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type 1. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0161.
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The human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that infects about 20 million individuals worldwide. Its typical neurological presentation is of a chronic, slowly progressive myelopathy named “HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis” (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP emerges as the tip of the iceberg among numerous other neurological clinical syndromes caused by this virus, such as inflammatory myopathies, polyneuropathies, ALS-like syndromes, dysautonomia, etc. HAM/TSP designates a spastic paraparesis with neurogenic bladder, and minor sensory signs. Pathologically, HAM/TSP is characterized initially by perivascular lymphocytic cuffing and mild parenchymal mononuclear infiltrates affecting mainly the thoracic spinal cord. This is followed by gliosis and scarring in later stages. The neuropathogenesis of HTLV-1 is still poorly understood but is apparently immune mediated. The therapy of TSP/HAM remains basically symptomatic.
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Bloch, Michael H. Comorbidity in Pediatric OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0053.
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Tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome (TS), are not formally part of the category of “OCD-related disorders” in the DSM; but the association with OCD is sufficiently strong, and clinically important, that the OCD diagnosis now carries an optional “tic-related” specifier. Comorbidity is the norm in TS; in addition to OCD, attention deficit symptoms are particularly common. The presence of these comorbidities can affect both behavioral and pharmacological treatments, which are reviewed in this chapter. Tics commonly begin in childhood (part of the definition of TS), often improving in late adolescence. Approximately 30% of children with TS will develop OCD; the onset of OCD symptoms is usually later than that of tics, and they are more likely to persist into adulthood. Tic-associated OCD has a male preponderance and is more likely to be characterized by symmetry-related obsessions and compulsions. Like OCD, tic disorders are characterized by abnormalities in the cortico-striatal circuitry.
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Franklin, Martin E., Diana Antinoro, Emily J. Ricketts, and Douglas W. Woods. Treatment of Tic Disorders and Trichotillomania. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0095.
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This chapter briefly describes tic disorders and trichotillomania (TTM) and reviews the pharmacotherapy and psychosocial treatment outcome literature for each of these conditions. In contrast to anxiety or depression, distorted or maladaptive cognitions do not appear to play a central role in the etiology or maintenance of tic disorders and TTM, and therefore cognitive therapy is not emphasized in the psychosocial treatments studied to date. Treatment protocols are best characterized as “behavioral,” although some include ancillary cognitive interventions. Behavioral treatments that include habit reversal training (HRT) appear to hold the greatest promise for each of these conditions, and these are described in some detail. Future directions in treatment research are suggested.
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Herrington, William G., Aron Chakera, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Interstitial renal disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0160.
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Tubulointerstitial renal diseases affect the renal tubules and/or the supporting interstitial tissue around them. The glomeruli are typically spared in early disease. Acute interstitial nephritis is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate (often containing eosinophils). Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is characterized by extensive tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The processes are clinically distinct but a prolonged acute interstitial nephritis will develop into chronic disease. This chapter looks at the etiology of interstitial renal disease, as well as its symptoms and clinical features, demographics, complications, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Bronson, Vincent. Guide to Food Presentation Tips for Beginners: The Dairy Group Is Characterized by Providing Calcium and Protein While the Fruit Group Usually Provides a Greater Amount of Vitamins. Independently Published, 2021.
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8
Herman, David. Explanation and Understanding in Animal Narratives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850401.003.0008.
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With chapter 6 having described the way norms for mental-state ascriptions operate in a top-down manner in discourse domains, chapter 7 explores how individual narratives can in turn have a bottom-up impact on the ascriptive norms circulating within particular domains. To this end, the chapter discusses how Thalia Field’s 2010 experimental narrative Bird Lovers, Backyard employs a strategic oscillation between two nomenclatures that can be used to profile nonhuman as well as human behaviors: (1) the register of action, which characterizes behavior in terms of motivations, goals, and projects; and (2) the register of events, which characterizes behavior in terms of caused movements that have duration in time and direction in space. In braiding together these two registers, Field’s text suggests not only how discourse practices can be repatterned, but also how such repatterning enables broader paradigm shifts—in this case shifts in ways of understanding cross-species encounters and entanglements.
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Graff-Radford, Jonathan, and Keith A. Josephs. Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0018.
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Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an uncommon but important form of degenerative disease characterized by clinical syndromes that result from degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes. FTD is divided based on clinical presentation into behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), semantic dementia, and progressive nonfluent/agrammatic aphasia. Several recent studies have advanced our knowledge of the genetics of FTD, with the three most common FTD genes being microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and progranulin (GRN), and a noncoding repeat expansion in C9ORF72. Tau and TDP-43 are the most common pathologies associated with FTD. No pharmacological therapies are currently approved for use in FTD.
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Sakamoto, Arthur, ChangHwan Kim, and Isao Takei. Moving out of the Margins and into the Mainstream. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037832.003.0006.
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This chapter explores the beginning of a new stage of Asian American history that is characterized by improved socioeconomic opportunities and a move away from the Asian American strongholds of Hawaii and California. The high levels of Asian American demographic growth and migration to the New South are facilitated by a less discriminatory labor market than was characteristic of the pre-Civil Rights era. Many Asian Americans are flocking to the New South to take advantage of its improved socioeconomic opportunities. Whereas the better-paying and more desirable jobs were reserved for whites in the Old South, Asian Americans in the New South no longer appear to be automatically excluded from the top of the “racial hierarchy.”
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Ferlie, Ewan, Sue Dopson, Chris Bennett, Michael D. Fischer, Jean Ledger, and Gerry McGivern. The political economy of English public services reform and implications for management knowledges in health care organizations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777212.003.0003.
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This chapter explores, in greater depth, the idea floated in the Introduction that the macro-level political economy of public services reform can exert effects on preferred management knowledges at both national and local levels. We argue that an important series of New Public Management reforms evident since the 1980s have made UK public agencies more ‘firm like’ and receptive to firm-based forms of management knowledge. We characterize key features of the UK’s long-term public management reform strategy, benchmarking it against, and also adding to, Pollitt and Bouckaert’s well-known comparativist typology. We specifically add to their model a consideration of the extent to which public management reform is constructed as a top-level political issue.
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Powers, Melinda. ‘Disidentification’ in Allain Rochel’s Bacchae, Tim O’Leary’s The Wrath of Aphrodite, and Aaron Mark’s Another Medea. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777359.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses Allain Rochel’s Bacchae (2007), Tim O’Leary’s The Wrath of Aphrodite (2008), and Aaron Mark’s Another Medea (2013), based on Euripides’ Bacchae, Hippolytus, and Medea respectively. Through their use of performance strategies such as ‘camp’ (an aesthetic characterized by irony, ostentation, and exaggeration), these productions engage in queer performative counter-discourses that challenge popular stereotypes of gay men, such as the ‘fit, fashion-savvy sidekick’ and the ‘tragic’ or ‘suicidal homosexual’. In the process, they illustrate what José Esteban Muñoz has defined as ‘disidentification’ or ‘the survival strategies the minority subject practices in order to negotiate a phobic majoritarian public sphere that continuously elides or punishes subjects who fail to conform to normative culture’ (1999, 4). Thus, through reframing ancient mythological narratives, these productions serve not only to queer classical drama but also to classicize queer performance.
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Bond, Johanna. The Challenges of Parity: Increasing Women’s Participation in Informal Justice Systems within Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829621.003.0007.
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This chapter argues that gender parity should be a priority for both formal governance structures and traditional authorities in sub-Saharan African countries. The path to gender parity within traditional decision-making authorities in the region, however, may be a long one. Efforts to achieve gender parity within traditional institutions are more likely to succeed when they involve local initiatives to facilitate women’s participation in public life and community problem-solving rather than top-down legislative requirements. Efforts to more fully integrate women in positions of public authority and community problem-solving, such as efforts in Tanzania to provide widespread paralegal training for women, may offer more promise in breaking down the public/private divide that continues to characterize much of customary law within the region.
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Lee, Sukjae. Berkeley on Continuous Creation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755685.003.0007.
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This paper argues that Berkeley restricts his endorsement of the continuous creation thesis to the domain of physical bodies. Such a restricted application of the thesis reveals the distinctive nature of Berkeley’s occasionalism, an occasionalism ‘contained’. In contrast to the ‘top-down’ approach of Malebranche, where foundational theological principles dictate the nature of divine and creaturely causality, resulting in a type of global occasionalism, in the case of Berkeley, the approach is better characterized as one that is ‘bottom up’, an occasionalism that finds its place after the basic setup of the metaphysical makeup of the world is in place. Consistent with this reading is the suggestion that Berkeley’s occasionalism thus restricted is motivated by the explanatory advantages of occasionalism rather than the theological claim that conservation is continuous creation.
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Cruse, Holk, and Malte Schilling. Pattern generation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0024.
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The faculty to generate patterns is a basic feature of living systems. This chapter concentrates on patterns used in the context of control of behavior. Spatio-temporal patterns appear as quasi-rhythmic patterns mainly in the domain of locomotion (e.g. swimming, flying, walking). Such patterns may be rooted directly in the nervous system itself, or may emerge in interaction with the environment. The examples given show simulation of the corresponding behaviors that in most cases are applied to robots (e.g. walking in an unpredictable environment). In addition, non-rhythmic patterns will be explained which are linked to internal states and are required to select specific behaviors and control behavioral sequences. Such states may be relevant for top-down attention and may or may not be accompanied with subjective experiences, then called mind patterns. Specific cases concern the application of an internal body model, as well as states characterized as cognitive or as conscious.
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Ferlie, Ewan, Sue Dopson, Chris Bennett, Michael D. Fischer, Jean Ledger, and Gerry McGivern. English public management reform after 2010. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777212.003.0004.
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This chapter characterizes the overall strategy of public services reform apparent in England after the global financial crisis of 2008 and during the period of the UK’s Coalition government 2010–15. It argues that what can be termed a ‘proto narrative’ of reform, orientated around so-called ‘Big Society’ ideas, emerged around 2010. However, we argue it was trumped in the end by Treasury-led and New Public Management-friendly austerity discourse. The concrete example is taken of the health policy to form new clinical commissioning groups in the primary care sector. They were presented as a mechanism which could promote professional engagement in commissioning. However, they were soon subjected to top-down performance management pressures and systems, including strong attempts to prevent financial deficits from emerging at a local level, which eroded bottom-up and professionally driven innovation. We conclude that the Big Society proto reform narrative failed to consolidate itself.
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Chrzanowski, Daniel T., Elisabeth B. Guthrie, Matthew B. Perkins, and Moira A. Rynn. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0015.
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Common disorders of children and adolescents include neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., intellectual disability, autistic spectrum disorder, and learning disorders), internalizing disorders (e.g., mood and anxiety disorders), and externalizing disorders (e.g., oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder). The assessment of a child or adolescent patient always includes multiple informants, the context in which the child’s difficulties occur, and a functional behavioral assessment. Patients with autism spectrum disorder tend to have persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, a restricted repertoire of behaviors and interests, and abnormal cognitive functioning. Children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder experience chronic and severe irritability and frequent temper outbursts. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention before 12 years of age. Behavior therapy has been effectively used to treat children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tic disorders, feeding and elimination disorders, and externalizing disorders. Fluoxetine is approved for treatment of depression in children and escitalopram, for adolescents. Methylphenidate and amphetamine preparations are first-line treatment for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Noris, Marina, and Tim Goodship. The patient with haemolytic uraemic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0174.
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The patient who presents with microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and evidence of acute kidney injury presents a diagnostic and management challenge. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) are two of the conditions that frequently present with this triad. They are characterized by low platelet count with normal or near-normal coagulation tests, anaemia, and signs of intravascular red cell fragmentation on blood films, and high LDH levels.HUS associated with shiga-like toxins produced usually by E.coli (typically O157 strains) may occur in outbreaks or sporadically, with geographical variations in incidence. It is predominantly a disease of young children in which painful blood diarrhoea in a minority of infected patients is succeeded by microangiopathy and acute kidney injury. Management is supportive and recovery is usual, although permanent renal damage may lead to later deterioration. Older patients may be affected and tend to have worse outcomes. Neuraminidase-producing Streptococcus pneumoniae infections (usually pneumonia) very rarely cause a similar HUS.Atypical HUS occurs sporadically and is increasingly associated with defects in the regulation of the complement pathway, either genetic or autoimmune-caused. It may respond to plasma exchange for fresh frozen plasma. Recurrences are common, including after transplantation.TTP is associated with more neurological disease and less renal involvement, but HUS and TTP overlap substantially in their manifestations. The underlying problem is in von Willebrand factor (vWF) cleavage. The plasma metalloprotease ADAMTS13 is responsible for cleaving vWF multimers, a process that is important to prevent thrombosis in the microvasculature. Autoantibodies or rarely genetic deficiency may impair this process. Plasma exchange may remove antibodies and replenish the protease.
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Degani, Michael. The City Electric. Duke University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478023777.
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Over the last twenty years of neoliberal reform, the power supply in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania’s metropolis, has become less reliable even as its importance has increased. Though mobile phones, televisions, and refrigerators have flooded the city, the electricity required to run these devices is still supplied by the socialist-era energy company Tanesco, which is characterized by increased fees, aging infrastructure, and a sluggish bureaucracy. While some residents contemplate off-grid solutions, others repair, extend, or tap into the state network with the assistance of freelance electricians or moonlighting utility employees. In The City Electric Michael Degani explores how electricity and its piracy has become a key site for urban Tanzanians to enact, experience, and debate their social contract with the state. Moving from the politics of generation contracts down to the street-level experience of blackouts and disconnection patrols, he reveals the logics of infrastructural modification and their effects on everyday life. As politicians, residents, electricians, and utility inspectors all redistribute flows of payment and power, they reframe the energy grid both as a technical system and as an ongoing experiment in collective interdependence.
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Hansen, Hendrik, and Tim Kraski Lic., eds. Politischer und wirtschaftlicher Liberalismus. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845239286.
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The metaphor of the ‘invisible hand’ not only characterises Smith’s understanding of competitive processes in free markets but also his theory of political liberalism. Smithʼs theory of economic and political liberalism is based on the assumption of autonomous processes in the development of morality, laws and the social order. These processes lead to a natural harmony of individual interests in politics and economics. However, Smith does not associate these ideas with the demand for a minimal state. Instead, he assigns the state a much more active role than is generally assumed. The analyses in this book of Smith’s reception by authors in the 19th century (in the US and Germany) and of his relevance for current analyses of political challenges show that the question of which conditions need to be fulfilled to ensure the stability of liberal societies is still a crucial one in political philosophy and science. With contributions by Michael Aßländer, Christel Fricke, Hendrik Hansen, Michael Hochgeschwender, Tobias Knobloch, Tim Kraski, Heinz D. Kurz, Birger Priddat, Bastian Ronge, Rolf Steltemeier, Richard Sturn
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Bidese, Ermenegildo, and Alessandra Tomaselli. Developing pro-drop. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0003.
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The syntax of Cimbrian, a Germanic heritage language, is at a peculiar developmental stage: on the one hand it has lost the V2 linear restriction, but still maintains both pronominal subject inversion and a residual root-embedded word order asymmetry; on the other, it is characterized by both ‘free’ subject inversion (VP DP) and the systematic violation of the ‘that-trace’ filter, but does not allow null subjects (NSs). This specific mixture of both V2- and pro-drop properties gives us an opportunity to revisit the traditional assumption that Germanic V2 is incompatible with full pro-drop. In this work, we propose that the development of pro-drop crucially depends on the loss of V-to-Fin movement and, consequently, on the lowering of structural subject agreement within TP so that the whole complex process of feature sharing (KEEP, SHARE, DONATE) between C and I is restructured, changing from a C-dominant system to an I-dominant system.
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Ticona, Julia. Left to Our Own Devices. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190691288.001.0001.
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Over the past three decades, digital technologies like smartphones and laptops have transformed the way we work in the United States. Over the same period of time, workers at the top and the bottom of the income ladder have experienced rising levels of job insecurity and anxiety about their economic futures. Despite this connection, we rarely link our everyday technology problems to our economic climate. Left to Our Own Devices explores the ways that workers use their digital technologies to navigate insecure and flexible labor markets. Through one hundred interviews with high- and low-wage precarious workers across the United States, the book explores the surprisingly similar “digital hustles” they use to find work and maintain a sense of dignity and identity. However, although they shared similar practices, the digital hustle ultimately reproduces inequalities between workers at either end of polarized labor markets. The terms on which workers are included into the digital economy are marked by stark differences in power and privilege. Instead of a cognitive or individualistic approach to our “addictions” to technology, this book explains that our technologies must be understood as essential tools to cope with insecurity and manage the new risks that have emerged in the wake of the Great Recession and the crumbling social contract between employers and employees. In an economic climate characterized by unraveling social safety nets, workers use their devices to weave their own.
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Robb, Megan Eaton. Print and the Urdu Public. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190089375.001.0001.
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In early twentieth-century British India, prior to the arrival of digital medias and after the rise of nationalist political movements, a small-town paper from the margins became a key node for an Urdu journalism conversation with particular influence in the United Provinces and Punjab. Understanding this newspaper’s rise shows how a print public characterized by bottom-up as well as top-down approaches influenced the evolution of a new type of Urdu public in twentieth-century South Asia. Addressing a gap in scholarship on Urdu media in the early twentieth century, during the period when it underwent some of its most critical transformations, this book contributes a discursive and material analysis of a previously unexamined Urdu newspaper, Madinah, augmenting its analysis with evidence from contemporary Urdu, English, and Hindi papers; government records; private diaries; private library holdings; ethnographic interviews with families who owned and ran the newspaper; and training materials for newspaper printers. Madinah identified the Urdu newspaper conversation both explicitly and implicitly with Muslim identity, a commitment that became difficult to manage as the pro-Congress paper sought simultaneously to counter calls for Pakistan, to criticize Congress’s treatment of Muslims, and to emphasize Urdu’s necessary connection to Muslim identity. Since Madinah delineated the boundaries of a Muslim, public conversation in a way that emphasized rootedness to local politics and small urban spaces like Bijnor, this study demonstrates the necessity of considering spatial and temporal orientation in studies of the public in South Asia.
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Gatzia, Dimitria Electra, and Berit Brogaard, eds. The Epistemology of Non-Visual Perception. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648916.001.0001.
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Most of the research on the epistemology of perception has focused on visual perception. This is hardly surprising given that most of our knowledge about the world is attributable to our visual experiences. This edited volume is the first to instead focus on the epistemology of non-visual perception—hearing, touch, taste, and cross-sensory experiences. Drawing on recent empirical studies of emotion, perception, and decision-making, it breaks new ground on discussions of whether perceptual experience can yield justified beliefs and how to characterize those beliefs. The Epistemology of Non-Visual Perception explores questions not only related to traditional sensory perception, but also to proprioceptive, interoceptive, multisensory, and event perception, expanding traditional notions of the influence that conscious non-visual experience has on human behavior and rationality. Contributors investigate the role that emotions play in decision-making and agential perception and what this means for justifications of belief and knowledge. They analyze the notion that some sensory experiences, such as touch, have epistemic privilege over others, as well as perception’s relationship to introspection, and the relationship between action, perception, and belief. They engage with topics in aesthetics and the philosophy of art, exploring the role that artworks can play in providing us with perceptional knowledge of emotions. The essays collected here, written by top researchers in their respective fields, offer perspectives from a wide range of philosophical disciplines and will appeal to scholars interested in philosophy of mind, epistemology, and philosophical psychology, among other topics.
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Horigan, Kate Parker. Consuming Katrina. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496817884.001.0001.
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When survivors are seen as agents in their own stories, they will be seen as agents in their own recovery. A better grasp on the processes of narration and memory is critical for improved disaster response because stories that are widely shared about disaster determine how communities recover. This book shows how the public understands and remembers large-scale disasters like Hurricane Katrina, discussing unique contexts in which personal narratives about the storm are shared: interviews with survivors, Dave Eggers’ Zeitoun, Josh Neufeld’s A.D.: New Orleans After the Deluge, Tia Lessin and Carl Deal’s Trouble the Water, and public commemoration during the storm’s 10th anniversary in New Orleans. In each case, survivors initially present themselves in specific ways, counteracting negative stereotypes that characterize their communities. However, when adapted for public presentation, their stories get reduced back to stereotypes. As a result, people affected by Katrina continue to be seen in limited terms, as either undeserving of or incapable of managing recovery. This project is rooted in the author’s own experiences living in New Orleans before and after Katrina. But this is also a case study illustrating an ongoing problem and an innovative solution: survivors’ stories should be shared in a way that includes their own engagement with the processes of narrative production, circulation, and reception. In other words, we should know—when we hear the dramatic tale of disaster victims—what they think about how their story is being told to us.
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Thomas, Aled. Free Zone Scientology. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350182578.
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In this novel academic study, Aled Thomas analyses modern issues surrounding boundaries and fluidity in contemporary Scientology. By using the Scientologist practice of ‘auditing’ as a case study, this book explores the ways in which new types of ‘Scientologies’ can emerge. The notion of Free Zone Scientology is characterised by its horizontal structure, in contrast to the vertical-hierarchy of the institutional Church of Scientology. With this in mind, Thomas explores the Free Zone as an example of a developing and fluid religion, directly addressing questions concerning authority, leadership and material objects. This book, by maintaining a double-focus on the top-down hierarchy of the Church of Scientology and the horizontal-fluid nature of the Free Zone, breaks away from previous research on new religions, with have tended to focus either on new religions as indices of broad social processes, such as secularization or globalization, or as exemplars of exotic processes, such as charismatic authority and brainwashing. Instead, Thomas adopts auditing as a method of providing an in-depth case study of a new religion in transition and transformation in the 21st century. This opens the study of contemporary and new religions to a series of new questions around hybrid religions (sacred and secular), and acts as a framework for the study of similar movements formed in recent decades.
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Capussela, Andrea Lorenzo. The Political Economy of Italy's Decline. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796992.001.0001.
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This book offers an interpretation of Italy’s decline, which began two decades before the Great Recession. It argues that its deeper roots lie in the political economy of growth. This interpretation is illustrated through a discussion of Italy’s political and economic history since its unification, in 1861. The emphasis is placed on the country’s convergence to the productivity frontier and TFP performance, and on the evolution of its social order and institutions. The lens through which its history is reviewed, to illuminate the origins and evolution of the current constraints to growth, is drawn from institutional economics and Schumpeterian growth theory. It is exemplified by analysing two alternative reactions to the insufficient provision of public goods: an opportunistic one—employing tax evasion, corruption, or clientelism as means to appropriate private goods—and one based on enforcing political accountability. From the perspective of ordinary citizens and firms such social dilemmas can typically be modelled as coordination games, which have multiple equilibria. Self-interested rationality can thus lead to a spiral, in which several mutually reinforcing vicious circles lead society onto an inefficient equilibrium characterized by low political accountability and weak rule of law. The book follows the gradual setting in of this spiral, despite an ambitious attempt at institutional reform, in 1962–4, and its resumption after a severe endogenous shock, in 1992–4. It concludes that innovative ideas can overcome the constraints posed by that spiral, and ease the country’s shift onto a fairer and more efficient equilibrium.
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Zakrzewska, Joanna M., and Turo Nurmikko, eds. Trigeminal Neuralgia and Other Cranial Neuralgias. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198871606.001.0001.
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Trigeminal neuralgia and other cranial neuralgias comprise a group of facial pain conditions, characterized by disabling pain attacks that selectively respond to specific treatments. Although not as common as migraine they affect over 1% of the population. The spectrum of cranial neuralgias is wide and as a consequence, the conditions are managed by a range of different specialists. Studies show that delayed diagnoses and mismanagement are common and can lead to depression and suicide. This book aims to change that. It brings together the expertise of over 30 internationally recognized authors to guide the reader through the maze of pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis-making, and condition-specific treatments. The approach is practical and evidence based and ready for real-world applications. The value of phenotyping, targeted investigations, and treatment algorithms is emphasized. There needs to be a holistic approach with multidisciplinary teams working together and with patients being at the centre of this process and sharing the decision-making process. There remain considerable challenges but the field is rapidly evolving and there are increasing numbers of opportunities opening up to improve our understanding of these conditions and hence their management. The reader is introduced to patient scenarios, algorithms, self-administered tools for training in diagnosis and management, clinical tips, and carefully chosen references. Each chapter includes key points and a lay summary and each can be read as a stand-alone unit. The intended audience includes medical and dental postgraduates, a wide range of specialities, including primary care teams, allied healthcare professionals and expert patients.
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Mehta, Jal. The Allure of Order. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199942060.001.0001.
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Ted Kennedy and George W. Bush agreed on little, but united behind the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Passed in late 2001, it was hailed as a dramatic new departure in school reform. It would make the states set high standards, measure student progress, and hold failing schools accountable. A decade later, NCLB has been repudiated on both sides of the aisle. According to Jal Mehta, we should have seen it coming. Far from new, it was the same approach to school reform that Americans have tried before. In The Allure of Order, Mehta recounts a century of attempts at revitalizing public education, and puts forward a truly new agenda to reach this elusive goal. Not once, not twice, but three separate times-in the Progressive Era, the 1960s and '70s, and NCLB-reformers have hit upon the same idea for remaking schools. Over and over again, outsiders have been fascinated by the promise of scientific management and have attempted to apply principles of rational administration from above. Each of these movements started with high hopes and ambitious promises, but each gradually discovered that schooling is not easy to "order" from afar: policymakers are too far from schools to know what they need; teachers are resistant to top-down mandates; and the practice of good teaching is too complex for simple external standardization. The larger problem, Mehta argues, is that reformers have it backwards: they are trying to do on the back-end, through external accountability, what they should have done on the front-end: build a strong, skilled and expert profession. Our current pattern is to draw less than our most talented people into teaching, equip them with little relevant knowledge, train them minimally, put them in a weak welfare state, and then hold them accountable when they predictably do not achieve what we seek. What we want, Mehta argues, is the opposite approach which characterizes top-performing educational nations: attract strong candidates into teaching, develop relevant and usable knowledge, train teachers extensively in that knowledge, and support these efforts through a strong welfare state. The Allure of Order boldly challenges conventional wisdom with a sweeping, empirically rich account of the last century of education reform, and offers a new path forward for the century to come.
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Prados, John. The US Special Forces. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199354283.001.0001.
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The assassination of Osama bin Laden by SEAL Team 6 in May 2011 will certainly figure among the greatest achievements of US Special Forces. After nearly ten years of searching, they descended into his Pakistan compound in the middle of the night, killed him, and secreted the body back into Afghanistan. Interest in these forces had always been high, but it spiked to new levels following this success. There was a larger lesson here too. For serious jobs, the president invariably turns to the US Special Forces: the SEALs, Delta Force, the Green Berets, and the USAF’s Special Tactics squad. Given that secretive grab-and-snatch operations in remote locales characterize contemporary warfare as much as traditional firefights, the Special Forces now fill a central role in American military strategy and tactics. Not surprisingly, the daring and secretive nature of these commando operations has generated a great deal of interest. The American public has an overwhelmingly favorable view of the forces, and nations around the world recognize them as the most capable fighting units: the tip of the American spear, so to speak. But how much do we know about them? What are their origins? What function do they fill in the larger military structure? Who can become a member? What do trainees have to go through? What sort of missions do Special Forces perform, and what are they expected to accomplish? Despite their importance, much of what they do remains a mystery because their operations are clandestine and the sources elusive. In The US Special Forces: What Everyone Needs to Know, eminent scholar John Prados brings his deep expertise to the subject and provides a pithy primer on the various components of America’s special forces. The US military has long employed Special Forces in some form or another, but it was in the Cold War when they assumed their present form, and in Vietnam where they achieved critical mass. Interestingly, the Special Forces suffered a rapid decline in numbers after that conflict despite the fact that the United States had already identified terrorism as a growing security threat. The revival of Special Forces began under the Reagan administration. After 9/11 they experienced explosive growth, and are now integral to all US military missions. Prados traces how this happened and examines the various roles the Special Forces now play. They have taken over many functions of the regular military, a trend that Prados does not expect will end any time soon. This will be a definitive primer on the elite units in the most powerful military the world has ever known.
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Pain sourcebook : basic consumer health information about causes and types of acute and chronic pain and disorders and injuries characterized by pain, including arthritis, back pain, burns, carpal tunnel syndrome, headaches, fibromyalgia, neuropathy, neuralgia, sciatica, shingles, and more ; along with facts about over-the-counter and prescription analgesics, physical therapy, and complementary and alternative medicine therapies, tips for managing pain, a glossary of related terms, and a directory of additional resources. Omnigraphics, 2017.
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Vuorinen, Ilppo. Post-Glacial Baltic Sea Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.675.
Full textAbstract:
Post-glacial aquatic ecosystems in Eurasia and North America, such as the Baltic Sea, evolved in the freshwater, brackish, and marine environments that fringed the melting glaciers. Warming of the climate initiated sea level and land rise and subsequent changes in aquatic ecosystems. Seminal ideas on ancient developing ecosystems were based on findings in Swedish large lakes of species that had arrived there from adjacent glacial freshwater or marine environments and established populations which have survived up to the present day. An ecosystem of the first freshwater stage, the Baltic Ice Lake initially consisted of ice-associated biota. Subsequent aquatic environments, the Yoldia Sea, the Ancylus Lake, the Litorina Sea, and the Mya Sea, are all named after mollusc trace fossils. These often convey information on the geologic period in question and indicate some physical and chemical characteristics of their environment. The ecosystems of various Baltic Sea stages are regulated primarily by temperature and freshwater runoff (which affects directly and indirectly both salinity and nutrient concentrations). Key ecological environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and nutrient levels, not only change seasonally but are also subject to long-term changes (due to astronomical factors) and shorter disturbances, for example, a warm period that essentially formed the Yoldia Sea, and more recently the “Little Ice Age” (which terminated the Viking settlement in Iceland).There is no direct way to study the post-Holocene Baltic Sea stages, but findings in geological samples of ecological keystone species (which may form a physical environment for other species to dwell in and/or largely determine the function of an ecosystem) can indicate ancient large-scale ecosystem features and changes. Such changes have included, for example, development of an initially turbid glacial meltwater to clearer water with increasing primary production (enhanced also by warmer temperatures), eventually leading to self-shading and other consequences of anthropogenic eutrophication (nutrient-rich conditions). Furthermore, the development in the last century from oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) to eutrophic conditions also included shifts between the grazing chain (which include large predators, e.g., piscivorous fish, mammals, and birds at the top of the food chain) and the microbial loop (filtering top predators such as jellyfish). Another large-scale change has been a succession from low (freshwater glacier lake) biodiversity to increased (brackish and marine) biodiversity. The present-day Baltic Sea ecosystem is a direct descendant of the more marine Litorina Sea, which marks the beginning of the transition from a primeval ecosystem to one regulated by humans. The recent Baltic Sea is characterized by high concentrations of pollutants and nutrients, a shift from perennial to annual macrophytes (and more rapid nutrient cycling), and an increasing rate of invasion by non-native species. Thus, an increasing pace of anthropogenic ecological change has been a prominent trend in the Baltic Sea ecosystem since the Ancylus Lake.Future development is in the first place dependent on regional factors, such as salinity, which is regulated by sea and land level changes and the climate, and runoff, which controls both salinity and the leaching of nutrients to the sea. However, uncertainties abound, for example the future development of the Gulf Stream and its associated westerly winds, which support the sub-boreal ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic, in the Baltic Sea area. Thus, extensive sophisticated, cross-disciplinary modeling is needed to foresee whether the Baltic Sea will develop toward a freshwater or marine ecosystem, set in a sub-boreal, boreal, or arctic climate.