Academic literature on the topic 'Tip Characterizer'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tip Characterizer"
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Itoh, Hiroshi, Toshiyuki Fujimoto, and Shingo Ichimura. "Tip characterizer for atomic force microscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 77, no. 10 (October 2006): 103704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2356855.
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Wu, Ziruo, Yingfan Xiong, Lihua Lei, Wen Tan, Zhaohui Tang, Xiao Deng, Xinbin Cheng, and Tongbao Li. "Sub-5 nm AFM Tip Characterizer Based on Multilayer Deposition Technology." Photonics 9, no. 9 (September 17, 2022): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9090665.
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Atomic force microscope (AFM) is commonly used for three-dimensional characterization of the surface morphology of structures at nanoscale, but the “Inflation effect” of the tip is an important factor affecting the accuracy. A tip characterizer has the advantages of in situ measurement, higher accuracy of probe inversion results, and relatively simple fabrication process. In this paper, we developed a rectangular tip characterizer based on multilayer film deposition technology with protruding critical dimension parts and grooves parts. And the tip characterization is highly consistent across the line widths and grooves, and still performs well even in the sub-5 nm line width tip characterizer. This indicates that tip characterizers produced by this method can synergistically meet the combined requirements of standard rectangular structure, very small line edge roughness, very small geometry dimension, and traceable measurements.
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Takenaka, Hisataka, Masatoshi Hatayama, Hisashi Ito, Tadayuki Ohchi, Akio Takano, Satoru Kurosawa, Hiroshi Itoh, and Shingo Ichimura. "AFM Tip Characterizer fabricated by Si/SiO2 multilayers." e-Journal of Surface Science and Nanotechnology 9 (2011): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/ejssnt.2011.293.
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Xu, Min, Ziqi Zhou, Thomas Ahbe, Erwin Peiner, and Uwe Brand. "Using a Tip Characterizer to Investigate Microprobe Silicon Tip Geometry Variation in Roughness Measurements." Sensors 22, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031298.
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Given their superior dynamics, microprobes represent promising probe candidates for high-speed roughness measurement applications. Their disadvantage, however, lies in the fact that the volume of the microprobe’s silicon tip decreases dramatically during roughness measurement, and the unstable tip geometry leads to an increase in measurement uncertainty. To investigate the factors that influence tip geometry variation during roughness measurement, a rectangular-shaped tip characterizer was employed to characterize the tip geometry, and a method for reconstructing the tip geometry from the measured profile was introduced. Experiments were conducted to explore the ways in which the tip geometry is influenced by tip wear, probing force, and the relative movement of the tip with respect to the sample. The results indicate that tip fracture and not tip wear is the main reason for tip volume loss, and that the lateral dynamic load on the tip during scanning mode is responsible for more tip fracture than are other factors.
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Orji, Ndubuisi G., Hiroshi Itoh, Chumei Wang, Ronald G. Dixson, Peter S. Walecki, Sebastian W. Schmidt, and Bernd Irmer. "Tip characterization method using multi-feature characterizer for CD-AFM." Ultramicroscopy 162 (March 2016): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.12.003.
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Inaba, Takumi, Jianping Xie, Ryohei Sugiyama, and Yoshikazu Homma. "Tip characterizer for atomic force microscopy using singly suspended carbon nanotube." Surface and Interface Analysis 44, no. 6 (December 12, 2011): 690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.4813.
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Abu Quba, Abd Alaziz, Gabriele E. Schaumann, Mariam Karagulyan, and Doerte Diehl. "Quality control of direct cell–mineral adhesion measurements in air and liquid using inverse AFM imaging." RSC Advances 11, no. 10 (2021): 5384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra00110h.
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Setup for a reliable cell-mineral interaction at the single-cell level, (a) study of the mineral by a sharp tip, (b) study of the bacterial modified probe by a characterizer, (c) cell-mineral interaction, (d) subsequent check of the modified probe.
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HAN, GUOQIANG, YUQIN CHEN, and BINGWEI HE. "BIAXIALLY ORIENTED POLYPROPYLENE FILM FOR AFM TIP CHARACTERIZATION." Nano 09, no. 03 (April 2014): 1450029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292014500295.
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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigating the sample morphology is the process of direct interaction between tip and surface features. The geometry of probe tip is a determining factor in correcting AFM images distorted by tip size itself. A quantitative knowledge of the current tip shape is needed to improve the reliability of AFM images. The biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film was fabricated and used as tip characterizer to estimate the morphology of AFM Si tip based on the blind reconstruction algorithm. The surface of the BOPP film was covered by nanometer-scale-sized structures which ensure that the tip profile can be determined accurately. Without independent knowledge of the sample, the three-dimensional (3D) shape of Si probe tip was obtained with high aspect ratio. BOPP film is not only a simple, cheap material but also a soft one which can also avoid tip damage in scanning. It was demonstrated reliable and suitable for tip characterization.
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Villarrubia, J. S. "Blind Estimation of Tip Geometry in Scanned Probe Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 1259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013180.
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In topographs produced by scanned probe microscopy, positive-going surface features are broadened due to the non-vanishing tip size. This well-known imaging artifact is of particular importance for feature width or surface microroughness determinations. Its correction requires a 3-d model of the tip.Most proposed methods of tip estimation begin with the same set of experimental conditions and model assumptions. Experimentally, a special specimen (a “tip characterizer”) is imaged with the unknown tip. The image model assumes the image is formed by contact of the tip with the surface at one or more points without significant bending of the tip or compression of the surface. Under these circumstances, it has been shown1 that I = S ⊕ P, where S is the set of all points in the specimen, P a reflection of the tip through the origin, I the image, and ⊕ denotes dilation.
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Wang, Chunmei, Hiroshi Itoh, Yoshikazu Homma, Jielin Sun, Jun Hu, and Shingo Ichimura. "Geometric Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes by Atomic Force Microscopy in Conjunction with a Tip Characterizer." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 47, no. 7 (July 18, 2008): 6128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.47.6128.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Tip Characterizer"
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Santagata, F. "ANALYSIS OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS (MSCS) SECRETOME FROM MOUSE MODELS AND HUMAN PATIENTS TO CHARACTERIZE THEIR IMMUNOMODULATORY PROPERTIES: A PROTEOMIC APPROACH." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/542981.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent progenitor cells with self-renewable capacity and the potential to differentiate into various cell types, especially of the mesodermal lineages. They have immunomodulatory properties and, in particular, when exposed to pro-inflamatory cytokines, they acquire immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties due in part to an array of soluble mediators. These cells can be used for a potential therapeutic application but, until now, a thourough characterization of pro-inflammatory primed MSC secretome is still lacking, because its characterization in vivo is very difficult. So, a commonly used approach is the analysis of media conditioned (CM) by cells in culture. The aim of this investigation is the proteomic characterization of bone marrow derived cultured MSC secretome following stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines, using two different models: mouse and human patients. This is a fundamental step in order to clarify the mechanism of MSC activity and to design strategies to modulate their properties for rational therapy design and improvement of existing therapies. The proteomic analysis of human MSC-CM and mouse MSC-CM confirms that exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines results in significantly higher secretion of a number of immunomodulatory and angiogenesis-related proteins by MSC from both species. Notably, 62% of the proteins identified in st hMSC-CM were also identified in st mMSC-CM, clearly highlighting the existence of a common signature in the secretome of human and mouse MSC. However, although human and mouse MSC show a similar proteomic signature in response to stimulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines, our data indicate that they may induce different biological responses. In both species, several up-regulated proteins are associated with angiogenesis, a process that requires degradation of the vascular basement membrane and remodelling of the extracellular matrix to allow endothelial cells migration and invasion into the surrounding tissue. This is possible through the action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade both matrix and non-matrix proteins and have central roles. So, the balance between MMPs and their natural inhibitors, the TIMPs, is critical for extracellular matrix remodelling and angiogenesis. Using both in vitro and in vivo assays, we identified the metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP-1 as the molecule responsible for the anti-angiogenic effects of MSC. By identifying TIMP-1 as a critical effector of the anti-inflammatory properties of MSC, and by observing its anti-angiogenic role, both in mouse and in human, we can confirm the important role of TIMP-1 as key secreted molecule targeting endothelial cells. The identification of TIMP-1 as potential effector molecule responsible for the anti –angiogenic properties of MSC, both in mouse and in human, allow to confirm that MSC exert specific effect by secretion of a broad range of bioactive molecules and allow to design pre-clinical experiments and clinical trials, with the aim of exploit thei r potentially therapeutic role.
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Wang, Yung-Chi, and 王泳麒. "Characterized the surface of indium-tin-oxide upon excimer laser irradiation." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04791156155893394129.
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碩士逢甲大學
電機工程所
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In this study, the effects of a KrF excimer laser irradiation on the surface work function (SWF) and surface roughness (SR) of the indium-tin-oxide (ITO) were investigated. From the observed x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and four-point probe measurements, it is suggested that the induced surface chemical changes by laser irradiation had strong effects on the SR and SWF of ITO. Incorporation of oxygen atoms near the ITO surface during laser irradiation led to the formation of a peroxidic ITO surface, an increase in the SWF and the reduction of the SR, which could be useful for the enhancement of the hole injection in organic light emitting diodes.
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Wu, Chu-ya, and 吳竹雅. "Characterize the biophysical and chemical properties of TDP-43 in ALS." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36535436805614182951.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
工程技術研究所
99
Recently, TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) has been found to play an important role in many neurodegenerative disease, such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this study, we have tried to synthesize the TDP-43 of different length, including TDPFL, TDP1-265, TDP1-207, TDP106-265. All proteins are expressed in E.coli BL21(DE3), purified by Ni column and identified on the SDS PAGE. Via two experiments, cross-linking and gel filtration, we have characterized the conformations of these recombinant TDP-43. According to our preliminary Gel filtration chromatography results, we have found that TDPFL forms trimer and hexamer, and the major forms of TDP1-265 and TDP1-207 were monomer and dimer. In contrast, TDP106-265 was mainly monomer. By cross-linking experiments, we could see oligomers on TDPFL, TDP1-265 and TDP1-207, but not on TDP106-265, indicating that N-terminal probably plays an important role in the oligomerization and aggregation. Meanwhile, we used circular dichroism to study protein conformational changes. The results showed that TDP1-265 and TDP1-207 had high percentage of random coil structure. Also, α-helix and β-sheet structures were found. Besides, TDP106-265 was mainly α-helix and anti-parallel β-sheet. After binding with ss (TG) 6DNA, it was found that random coil of TDP1-265 changed significantly more than that of TDP106-265, which as far as we know was the first study to discover the role of N-terminal on DNA binding. Our new findings can shed light on future TDP-43 protein research.
Books on the topic "Tip Characterizer"
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De Poli, Barbara. Freemasonry and the Orient. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-338-0.
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The symbolic and historical dimension of the main founding archetypes of Freemasonry – the Orient with a special focus on Egypt – are at the core of this book, which aims to recover the red thread with which masons tie together Masonry and Oriental esotericism. If, on the one hand, the Author points out mystifications and inventions that have characterised part of the Masonic narrative on its origins; on the other hand, she unearths the history of real contaminations and intersections between esotericism of the East and the West, digging up the common matrix that nourished them.
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Brennfleck, Shannon Joyce, ed. Pain sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about acute and chronic pain, including nerve pain, bone pain, muscle pain, cancer pain, and disorders characterized by pain, such as arthritis, temporomandibular muscle and joint (tmj) disorder, carpal tunnel syndrome, headaches, heartburn, sciatica, and shingles, and facts about diagnostic tests and treatment options for pain, including over-the-counter and prescription drugs, physical rehabilitation, injection and infusion therapies, implantable technologies, and complementary medicine; along with tips for living with pain, a glossary of related terms, and a directory of additional resources. 3rd ed. Detroit: Omnigraphics, 2008.
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Araujo, Abelardo Q.-C. Neurological Manifestations of the Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type 1. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0161.
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The human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that infects about 20 million individuals worldwide. Its typical neurological presentation is of a chronic, slowly progressive myelopathy named “HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis” (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP emerges as the tip of the iceberg among numerous other neurological clinical syndromes caused by this virus, such as inflammatory myopathies, polyneuropathies, ALS-like syndromes, dysautonomia, etc. HAM/TSP designates a spastic paraparesis with neurogenic bladder, and minor sensory signs. Pathologically, HAM/TSP is characterized initially by perivascular lymphocytic cuffing and mild parenchymal mononuclear infiltrates affecting mainly the thoracic spinal cord. This is followed by gliosis and scarring in later stages. The neuropathogenesis of HTLV-1 is still poorly understood but is apparently immune mediated. The therapy of TSP/HAM remains basically symptomatic.
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Bloch, Michael H. Comorbidity in Pediatric OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0053.
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Tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome (TS), are not formally part of the category of “OCD-related disorders” in the DSM; but the association with OCD is sufficiently strong, and clinically important, that the OCD diagnosis now carries an optional “tic-related” specifier. Comorbidity is the norm in TS; in addition to OCD, attention deficit symptoms are particularly common. The presence of these comorbidities can affect both behavioral and pharmacological treatments, which are reviewed in this chapter. Tics commonly begin in childhood (part of the definition of TS), often improving in late adolescence. Approximately 30% of children with TS will develop OCD; the onset of OCD symptoms is usually later than that of tics, and they are more likely to persist into adulthood. Tic-associated OCD has a male preponderance and is more likely to be characterized by symmetry-related obsessions and compulsions. Like OCD, tic disorders are characterized by abnormalities in the cortico-striatal circuitry.
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Franklin, Martin E., Diana Antinoro, Emily J. Ricketts, and Douglas W. Woods. Treatment of Tic Disorders and Trichotillomania. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0095.
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This chapter briefly describes tic disorders and trichotillomania (TTM) and reviews the pharmacotherapy and psychosocial treatment outcome literature for each of these conditions. In contrast to anxiety or depression, distorted or maladaptive cognitions do not appear to play a central role in the etiology or maintenance of tic disorders and TTM, and therefore cognitive therapy is not emphasized in the psychosocial treatments studied to date. Treatment protocols are best characterized as “behavioral,” although some include ancillary cognitive interventions. Behavioral treatments that include habit reversal training (HRT) appear to hold the greatest promise for each of these conditions, and these are described in some detail. Future directions in treatment research are suggested.
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Herrington, William G., Aron Chakera, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Interstitial renal disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0160.
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Tubulointerstitial renal diseases affect the renal tubules and/or the supporting interstitial tissue around them. The glomeruli are typically spared in early disease. Acute interstitial nephritis is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate (often containing eosinophils). Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is characterized by extensive tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The processes are clinically distinct but a prolonged acute interstitial nephritis will develop into chronic disease. This chapter looks at the etiology of interstitial renal disease, as well as its symptoms and clinical features, demographics, complications, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Bronson, Vincent. Guide to Food Presentation Tips for Beginners: The Dairy Group Is Characterized by Providing Calcium and Protein While the Fruit Group Usually Provides a Greater Amount of Vitamins. Independently Published, 2021.
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Herman, David. Explanation and Understanding in Animal Narratives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850401.003.0008.
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With chapter 6 having described the way norms for mental-state ascriptions operate in a top-down manner in discourse domains, chapter 7 explores how individual narratives can in turn have a bottom-up impact on the ascriptive norms circulating within particular domains. To this end, the chapter discusses how Thalia Field’s 2010 experimental narrative Bird Lovers, Backyard employs a strategic oscillation between two nomenclatures that can be used to profile nonhuman as well as human behaviors: (1) the register of action, which characterizes behavior in terms of motivations, goals, and projects; and (2) the register of events, which characterizes behavior in terms of caused movements that have duration in time and direction in space. In braiding together these two registers, Field’s text suggests not only how discourse practices can be repatterned, but also how such repatterning enables broader paradigm shifts—in this case shifts in ways of understanding cross-species encounters and entanglements.
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Graff-Radford, Jonathan, and Keith A. Josephs. Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0018.
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Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an uncommon but important form of degenerative disease characterized by clinical syndromes that result from degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes. FTD is divided based on clinical presentation into behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), semantic dementia, and progressive nonfluent/agrammatic aphasia. Several recent studies have advanced our knowledge of the genetics of FTD, with the three most common FTD genes being microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and progranulin (GRN), and a noncoding repeat expansion in C9ORF72. Tau and TDP-43 are the most common pathologies associated with FTD. No pharmacological therapies are currently approved for use in FTD.
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Sakamoto, Arthur, ChangHwan Kim, and Isao Takei. Moving out of the Margins and into the Mainstream. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037832.003.0006.
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This chapter explores the beginning of a new stage of Asian American history that is characterized by improved socioeconomic opportunities and a move away from the Asian American strongholds of Hawaii and California. The high levels of Asian American demographic growth and migration to the New South are facilitated by a less discriminatory labor market than was characteristic of the pre-Civil Rights era. Many Asian Americans are flocking to the New South to take advantage of its improved socioeconomic opportunities. Whereas the better-paying and more desirable jobs were reserved for whites in the Old South, Asian Americans in the New South no longer appear to be automatically excluded from the top of the “racial hierarchy.”
Book chapters on the topic "Tip Characterizer"
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Molnar, Gergely. "Economics of Gas Transportation by Pipeline and LNG." In The Palgrave Handbook of International Energy Economics, 23–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86884-0_2.
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AbstractThe relatively low energy density of natural gas on a volumetric basis—almost 1000 times lower compared to crude oil—makes it one of the most challenging and expensive primary fuels to transport from the wellhead to the burner tip of end-consumers. Internationally traded natural gas is typically transported either in gaseous form via long-distance pipeline systems or in the form of liquefied natural gas on ships (LNG carriers). This chapter provides a focus on the economics and commercial aspects of these large, often multibillion-dollar infrastructure projects characterized by high upfront investment costs—and requiring complex risk-sharing mechanisms between all parties involved.
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Müller, Birgit Charlotte. "The Pricing of European Non-Performing Real Estate Loan Portfolios." In Three Essays on Empirical Asset Pricing in International Equity Markets, 94–126. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35479-4_4.
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ZusammenfassungNon-performing loans (NPL), commonly referred to as loans in arrears for at least 90 days, have continuously been characterized as the top priority of the European Central Bank (ECB) and continue to attract central attention (ECB, 2018a,b). With the outbreak of the European debt crisis, the quality of banks’ assets had deteriorated in a manner that, despite robust economic recovery and a variety of regulatory efforts, NPL still today pose a threat to bank and thrift institutions. Against this backdrop, the European regulator requires banks to develop effective strategies for reducing NPL, to set up clear governance and to operate powerful work-out structures (ECB, 2017).
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Mari, Luca, Mark Wilson, and Andrew Maul. "Fundamental Concepts in Measurement." In Springer Series in Measurement Science and Technology, 19–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22448-5_2.
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AbstractThis chapter aims to present the general context of a measurement system and basic concepts of measurement and related terms. The presentation develops according to a step-by-step, top-down strategy, which progressively characterizes measurement as (i) an empirical process, (ii) designed on purpose, (iii) whose input is a property of an object, and (iv) that produces information in the form of values of that property. These are proposed as necessary but not sufficient conditions for a process to be identified as a measurement: as such the contents of this chapter should be uncontroversial to be read and accepted by most, if not all, researchers and practitioners.
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Linder, Wolf, and Sean Mueller. "Federalism." In Swiss Democracy, 59–118. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63266-3_3.
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AbstractThis chapter focuses on Swiss federalism. Federalism allows the division of power between one central and many regional governments and is therefore a widely used institutional arrangement in multicultural societies. But rather than just focusing on local and regional autonomy and differences, Swiss federalism also allows for collective participation and coming-together for the purpose of joint problem-solving. Federalism thus understood and practised has helped bridge the gap between different cultural communities. In difference to other countries, not so much competition and regional rivalries than rather solidarity and mutuality characterise Swiss federalism. Key expression of this solidarity is a sophisticated system of fiscal equalisation made up of both vertical (top-down) and horizontal (inter-cantonal) payments.
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Gomendio, Montse. "Spain: The Evidence Provided by International Large-Scale Assessments About the Spanish Education System: Why Nobody Listens Despite All the Noise." In Improving a Country’s Education, 175–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59031-4_9.
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AbstractILSAs show that student performance in Spain is lower than the OECD average and has shown no progress from 2000 until 2011/2012. One of the main features is the low proportion of top performers. During this long period of stagnation, the education system was characterized by having no national (or standardized regional) evaluations and no flexibility to adapt to the different needs of the student population. The fact that the system was blind and rigid, plus the lack of common standards at the national level, gave rise to three major deficiencies: a high rate of grade repetition, which led to high rates of early school leaving, and large differences between regions. These features of the Spanish education system represent major inequities. However, PISA findings were used to reinforce the misguided view that the Spanish education system prioritized equity over excellence. After the implementation of an education reform, some improvements in student performance took place in 2015 and 2016. Unfortunately, the results for PISA 2018 in reading were withdrawn for Spain, apparently due to changes in methodology which led to unreliable results. To this date, no explanation has been provided raising concerns about the reliability and accountability of PISA.
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Barklage, Alexander, and Rolf Radespiel. "Interaction of Wake and Propulsive Jet Flow of a Generic Space Launcher." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 129–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_8.
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Abstract This work investigates the interaction of the afterbody flow with the propulsive jet flow on a generic space launcher equipped with two alternative nozzle concepts and different afterbody geometries. The flow phenomena are characterized by experimental measurements and numerical URANS and LES simulations. Investigations concern a configuration with a conventional truncated ideal contour nozzle and a configuration with an unconventional dual-bell nozzle. In order to attenuate the dynamic loads on the nozzle fairing, passive flow control devices at the base of the launcher main body are investigated on the configuration with TIC nozzle. The nozzle Reynolds number and the afterbody geometry are varied for the configuration with dual-bell nozzle. The results for integrated nozzles show a shift of the nozzle pressure ratio for transition from sea-level to altitude mode to significant lower levels. The afterbody geometry is varied including a reattaching and non-reattaching outer flow on the nozzle fairing. Investigations are performed at supersonic outer flow conditions with a Mach number of $$Ma_\infty =3$$. It turns out, that a reattachment of the outer flow on the nozzle fairing leads to an unstable nozzle operation.
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AlRefaei, Yaqoub, Ali Najem, Aimen Amer, and Faisal Al-Qattan. "Surface Geology of Kuwait." In The Geology of Kuwait, 1–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16727-0_1.
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AbstractThis chapter represents a comprehensive review of Kuwait’s surface geology and stratigraphy from previous works accomplished by numerous geoscience researchers in the past decades. The surface of Kuwait is characterized by nearly flat topography, featureless to gently undulating, apart from a few tens of meters of escarpments in the north and south, and flat low to moderately elevated hills and ridges. It predominantly consists of siliciclastic sediments and sedimentary rock units ranging in age from Middle Eocene to Holocene. The main stratigraphic exposed successions are located in Jal Az-Zor escarpment, Al-Subyiah (Bahrah) area, Ahmadi Quarry, the Khiran Ridges, and the Enjefa Beach. The oldest exposed rock units are represented by the Middle Eocene Dammam Formation, which is exposed at the Ahmadi Quarry, whereas the youngest recent deposits cover most of Kuwait’s surficial area and lie on top of the Kuwait Group’s deposits. This chapter will illustrate the geology and stratigraphy of Kuwait's surface sediments and sedimentary rock strata. Recommendations and future insights were also documented as part of the way forward to improve the presently available work for the surface geology of Kuwait.
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Ingram, Beth, Maggie Jesse, Steve Fleagle, Jean Florman, and Sam Van Horne. "Transform, Interact, Learn, Engage (TILE)." In Cases on Higher Education Spaces, 165–85. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2673-7.ch009.
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The objective of this chapter is to describe and analyze the factors that enabled a new strategic vision and rapid change for course delivery at a large, decentralized research university. The authors outline how the university leadership facilitated collaboration among faculty, staff, and technology specialists to design, implement, and assess the value of special technology-rich learning environments. This case focuses on the following factors: the issue of balancing top-down (administrative) and bottom up (faculty-led) approaches that often characterize campus change; the role that external effects had on the ability to move the campus in the direction of a new type of classroom and teaching; an analysis of the University of Iowa’s decision-making structure, which sought a balance between the decentralized structure that characterizes faculty’s control over the curriculum and the centralized structure that characterizes decisions about facilities; the importance of a faculty-development program; and the role of assessment in evaluating the initiative.
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Bernhardt, Emil. "Tilbake til det neumiske: Fortolkning og dialektikk hos Adorno og Harnoncourt." In Musikkfilosofiske tekster. Tanker om musikk og språk, tolkning, erfaring, tid, klang, stillhet m.m., 215–42. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noasp.115.ch12.
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My aim in this article is to develop a possible understanding of Adorno’s thoughts on musical interpretation as they appear in a collection of fragments posthumously published in 2001 under the title of Zu einer Theorie der musikalischen Reproduktion [Towards a Theory of Musical Reproduction]. I do this by using an actual sounding example, with emphasis on the dialectical relationship between the written text and the sounding realization. On the one hand, I use a passage by Beethoven (Symphony No. 1, First Movement) that is characterized by some philological uncertainties regarding articulation, explained in slightly different ways in three so-called Urtext-editions of the score. On the other hand, I use a recorded interpretation of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Austrian Nikolaus Harnoncourt. I will argue that, in this performance, Harnoncourt’s articulation of the actual passage provides a useful illustration of the tension between text and sound. Moreover, as the interpretation is also musically intriguing, it seems to function as a thought-provoking example of the dialectical relationship which for Adorno characterizes a successful musical interpretation. Thus, the article aims to shed light on both Adorno’s somewhat intricate speculations and Harnoncourt’s personal practice of interpretation.
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Aadnanes, Per M. "Kristendommens metamorfosar. Eit essay om vilkåra for kristeleg livssynsdanning gjennom tidene." In Tru, språk, historie. Heidersskrift til Per Halse, 11–50. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noasp.165.ch1.
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This essay describes the changed conditions for the evolution of Christian beliefs and life view in the context of Western culture and society. An important premise for such description is the insight that reception of any religious or philosophical perspective on life will take place within the cultural preconditions that apply at any given time. This means that we must always expect a certain mutual diffusion and integration of notions, ideals and attitudes between a specific religious tradition and the wider cultural and societal context. This also applies to the role and destiny of Christianity in Western cultural development. To give an overview of this, the concepts Christianization/secularization and premodern/modern are of central importance. The first pair of concepts sheds light on the historical processes that allow us to place a crucial shift between epochs around 1500 AD. Furthermore, the second pair of concepts characterize the two opposite worldviews competing over the conditions for forming Christian views and beliefs in the aftermath of this shift. The main concern of the essay is the challenges the formation of a Christian view of life has been exposed to in modern times, where a tradition of premodern origin meets a cultural development characterized by modern life perspectives. This does not only concern a new worldview; it also concerns a new understanding of man and his place and role in the world. The fact that modernity in its late edition is somewhat ambiguous and struggling with inner paradoxes has led to more varied and pluralistic Christian views and beliefs today than in any previous era.
Conference papers on the topic "Tip Characterizer"
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Guissi, S., W. F. Clark, A. Juncker, J. Ervin, K. Greiner, D. Fried, B. Briggs, et al. "Modeling of tone inversion process flow for N5 interconnect to characterize block tip to tip." In 2017 IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference (IITC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iitc-amc.2017.7968952.
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Ho, Ong Chen. "Methodology to characterize the capillary tip ultrasonic vibration with laser Doppler vibrometer." In 2014 IEEE 36th International Electronics Manufacturing Technology Conference (IEMT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iemt.2014.7123071.
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Royston, D., Ronald W. Waynant, Alan Banks, Steve Ramee, and Christopher J. White. "Optical emission characteristics of fiber-optic surgical tips." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.tup1.
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Fiber optical delivery of laser power for surgery allows considerable freedom for external procedures and reduces the need for invasive surgery by using the natural vessels of the body. Irradiation of undesirable tissues is controlled by the optical properties of the emitting tip of the fiber. Numerous types of tip have been analyzed to characterize the emission patterns of the laser radiation. Ball tips being considered for angioplasty have been studied in air, liquid and solids. Sapphire cone tips, rounded tips, and other tip configurations have also been studied in air, liquid, and solids. The emission patterns have been compared to a simple optical theory which predicts the performance for near paraxial rays. Implications for improved designs can be seen.
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Zarzour, J. F., Y. Dah-Wei, and M. J. Kleinosky. "Crack-Tip Fields of Short Cracks in Bending As Characterized by Two Parameter Criterion." In ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0069.
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Abstract Single edge notched bars (SENB), in the bending mode, with a/W ratios ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 were examined for fracture toughness in terms of the J-integral approach. The results indicate that for a/W ratios less than 0.3, there is a significant loss of J-dominance. This loss is attributed to the effect of plastic deformation on the cracked face. For a/W ratios greater than 0.3, J-dominance is maintained into the large scale yielding regime. According to the recently developed two-parameter criterion (J,Q), compressive Q-stress was interpreted as an indication of low crack-tip stress triaxiality for shallow cracks, while positive Q-stress was associated with high crack-tip stress triaxiality for deep cracks. For the material properties and specimen geometries considered herein, a fracture toughness locus was constructed in terms of the (J,Q) parameters for each of the a/W ratios. The overall fracture data are in agreement with those predicted by other approaches and provide a rigorous framework for interpreting the effect of loss of crack-tip constraint in elastic-plastic fracture analyses.
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Cernat, Bogdan, and Sergio Lavagnoli. "Experimental Investigation of Tip Design Effects on the Unsteady Aerodynamics and Heat Transfer of a High Speed Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15159.
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Abstract While modern engine manufacturers devote significant efforts to the development of reliable and efficient machines, the introduction of novel, optimized components in the hot gas path represents a risky opportunity. Accurate experimental and numerical data are critical to assess the impact of new technologies on the harsh engine environment. The present study addresses the impact of a selection of high-performance rotor blade tips on the aerodynamic and heat flux field of a high pressure turbine (HPT) stage. A combined numerical and experimental approach is employed to characterize the interaction of the tip leakage flow with the rotor secondary flows and the casing heat transfer mechanisms for each individual tip geometry. The turbine stage is tested at engine-scaled conditions in the rotating turbine facility of the von Karman Institute. For the present study, the turbine rotor is operated in rainbow configuration to allow the simultaneous testing of multiple blade tip geometries. RANS simulations are employed to predict the aerodynamic and thermal field of the individual profiles using test-calibrated boundary conditions. Isothermal steady computations are performed at different wall temperatures to compute the adiabatic wall temperature and heat transfer convective coefficient. Low-order models are used to represent the over-tip thermal field and the driving heat transfer mechanisms. The time-resolved outlet flow is characterized using a vortex tracking technique and high frequency aerodynamic measurements to identify the rotor secondary flow structures.
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Yuan, Lei, Seiji Nagahara, and Andrew Neureuther. "Applying double exposed sharp tip technique (DEST) to characterize material phenomena in DUV photoresist." In Microlithography 2005, edited by John L. Sturtevant. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.598944.
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Lo, Hsinyi, and James A. Bain. "Effects of High Current Density at Nanoscale Point Contacts." In ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52349.
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We examine the electrical/thermal contact between Pt-coated pyramidal Si probes and a 100 nm thick Au film using conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). For all tips, the series resistance after initial contact was not a strong function of applied force over the observed range. Mechanical contact in this range of forces without an applied voltage between tip and Au film did not produce any observable tip deformation or wear as determined by SEM examination. Changes in tip morphology after applying voltage between the tips and Au film can be attributed to two different mechanisms. At relatively high applied voltages, evidence for tip melting was observed. Increases in tip/film contact resistance as a function of applied power allows an estimate of the thermal resistance experienced by heat generated at the tip and flowing to thermal ground. In addition to tip damage caused by melting, evidence was also seen of current induced welding of the Pt coating to the Au film in the absence of any significant heating at low applied voltages (10 mV). To explain the observation in the absence of sufficient temperature rise to induce melting, we characterize electromigration in the C-AFM and examine the maximum permissible current density of tips with different sizes as a function of stress.
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Przysowa, Radoslaw, Peter Russhard, and Michal Wachlaczenko. "Using Blade Tip Timing and Pressure Data to Characterise Compressor Stall and Surge." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15412.
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Abstract Rotating stall and surge are common phenomena in compressors, and related research has been carried out since the invention of the gas-turbine engine. Signals of fast response pressure sensors analysed with spectral methods based on Fourier transform are primarily used to characterise compressor stall. This article focuses on the application of blade tip timing (BTT) for this purpose and aims to demonstrate current analysis capabilities, issues and challenges related to practical applications. By using real engine test results, we show that BTT provides more information at the cost of more complex analysis. The signals of four tip timing and three pressure probes installed in the first compressor stage are processed. We observed flow disturbances and blade responses caused by objects located in the inlet at a constant speed and also surge events during snap acceleration. All-blade spectrum and modal tracking are used to identify the presence of non-integral vibration and to determine the nominal frequency and nodal diameter. This data seeds the Least Squares Fitting, which delivers amplitude and phase. A method for sensor fusion is presented. For the selected non-integral responses, tip timing and pressure results are evaluated to show how they can complement each other. The proposed methodology can be used both for compressor development and Blade Health Monitoring.
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Biester, Marc H. O., Dimitri Karapetrow, and Joerg R. Seume. "Effect of the Tip Clearance on End Wall Heat-Transfer in a HP Turbine." In ASME 2013 Turbine Blade Tip Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/tbts2013-2069.
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The present investigation analyzes the effect of the extension of the radial gap on the heat transfer at the blade tip and the casing within a high-pressure turbine stage of an aircraft engine. Due to the rotation and the interaction of the adjacent blade-rows, the flow field in the tip region of an unshrouded rotor-blade is characterized by a high level of unsteadiness. Furthermore, the casing is exposed to the passing blade-gap and corresponding changes in the velocity-profile, the resulting near-wall velocity-gradients, and the resulting changes in heat transfer. In order to account for these effects, time-resolved RANS computations of three different radial gaps are performed and evaluated. The present analysis shows an influence of the radial gap on the characteristics of the steady and unsteady heat transfer and a correlation with the size of the tip-clearance vortex can be shown.
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Wernet, Mark P., Dale Van Zante, Tony J. Strazisar, W. Trevor John, and P. Susan Prahst. "3-D Digital PIV Measurements of the Tip Clearance Flow in an Axial Compressor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30643.
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The accurate characterization and simulation of rotor tip clearance flows has received much attention in recent years due to their impact on compressor-performance and stability. At NASA Glenn the first known three dimensional Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) measurements of the tip region of a low speed compressor rotor have been acquired to characterize the behavior of the rotor tip clearance flow. The measurements were acquired phase-locked to the rotor position so that changes in the tip clearance vortex position relative to the rotor blade can be seen. The DPIV technique allows the magnitude and relative contributions of both the asynchronous motions of a coherent structure and the temporal unsteadiness to be evaluated. Comparison of measurements taken at the peak efficiency and at near stall operating conditions characterizes the mean position of the clearance vortex and the changes in the unsteady behavior of the vortex with blade loading. Comparisons of the 3-D DPIV measurements at the compressor design point to a 3D steady N-S solution are also done to assess the fidelity of steady, single-passage simulations to model an unsteady flow field.
Reports on the topic "Tip Characterizer"
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zhang, Ziyu, Yingqiao Wang, Ziyun Jiang, Yuan Tang, Luyao Liu, and Xun Li. Thought Imprint Psychotherapy in a lowed resistance state(TIP) for Depression: A Systematic Review Based on RCT. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0076.
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Review question / Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Thought Imprint Psychotherapy in a lowed resistance state(TIP) for depression. Condition being studied: Depression is a kind of mental disease which is characterized by low mood and loss of interesting in daily life, accompanied by disturbance of appetite, sleep disturbance, psychomotor, retardation or agitation, loss of energy, feeling of worthlessness and guilt, difficulty in thinking and even recurrent thought of death or suicide. According to WHO, more than 320 million people are suffering from depression, which had caused great financial burden. It affects all kinds of people and all aspects of life, including performance at school, productivity at work, relationships with family and friends, and ability to participate in the community.
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Chiu, Chia-Yu, and Patrick Ching. Intravenous pentamidine for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients without human immunodeficiency virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0072.
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Review question / Objective: Breakthrough PJP rate and adverse reactions in HIV-uninfected immunocompromised patients who received intravenous pentamidine. Rationale: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is a first-line Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) prophylaxis agent, but intravenous pentamidine (IVP) every 4 weeks (Q4W) is commonly used in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected immunocompromised hosts because IVP is not associated with cytopenia and delayed engraftment. Breakthrough PJP rate on TMP-SMX prophylaxis, incidence of adverse reactions, and adverse events requiring discontinuation of TMP-SMX have been described in the literature. However, breakthrough PJP rate and adverse reactions are not well characterized in IVP.
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Yermiyahu, Uri, Thomas Kinraide, and Uri Mingelgrin. Role of Binding to the Root Surface and Electrostatic Attraction in the Uptake of Heavy Metal by Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7586482.bard.
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The principal accomplishment of the research supported by BARD was progress toward a comprehensive view of cell-surface electrical effects (both in cell walls [CWs] and at plasma membrane [PM] surfaces) upon ion uptake, intoxication, and amelioration. The research confirmed that electrostatic models (e.g., Gouy-Chapman-Stern [G-C-S]), with parameter values contributed by us, successfully predict ion behavior at cell surfaces. Specific research objectives 1. To characterize the sorption of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) to the root PM in the presence of other cations and organic ligands (citric and humic acids). 2. To compute the parameters of a G-C-S model for heavy-metal sorption to the root PM. 3. To characterize the accumulation of selected heavy metals in various plant parts. 4. To determine whether model-computed ion binding or ion activities at root PM surfaces predict heavy-metal accumulation in whole roots, root tips, or plant shoots. 5. To determine whether measured ion binding by protoplast-free roots (i.e., root CWs) predicts heavy-metal accumulation in whole roots, root tips, or plant shoots. 6. To correlate growth inhibition, and other toxic responses, with the measured and computed factors mentioned above. 7. To determine whether genotypic differences in heavy-metal accumulation and toxic responses correlate with genotypic differences in parameters of the G-C-S model. Of the original objectives, all except for objective 7 were met. Work performed to meet the other objectives, and necessitated on the basis of experimental findings, took the time that would have been required to meet objective 7. In addition, work with Pb was unsuccessful due to experimental complications and work on Cd is still in progress. On the other hand, the uptake and toxicity of the anion, selenate was characterized with respect to electrostatic effects and the influences of metal cations. In addition, the project included more theoretical work, supported by experimentation, than was originally planned. This included transmembrane ion fluxes considered in terms of PM-surface electrical potentials and the influence of CWs upon ion concentrations at PM surfaces. A important feature of the biogeochemistry of trace elements in the rhizosphere is the interaction between plant-root surfaces and the ions present in the soil solution. The ions, especially the cations, of the soil solution may be accumulated in the aqueous phases of cell surfaces external to the PMs, sometimes referred to as the "water free space" and the "Donnan free space". In addition, ions may bind to the CW components or to the PM surface with variable binding strength. Accumulation at the cell surface often leads to accumulation in other plant parts with implications for the safety and quality of foods. A G-C-S model for PMs and a Donnan-plus-binding model for CWs were used successfully to compute electrical potentials, ion binding, and ion concentration at root-cell surfaces. With these electrical potentials, corresponding values for ion activities may be computed that are at least proportional to actual values also. The computed cell-surface ion activities predict and explain ion uptake, intoxication, and amelioration of intoxication much more accurately than ion activities in the bulk-phase rooting medium.
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Davis, Robert E., Edna Tanne, James P. Prince, and Meir Klein. Yellow Disease of Grapevines: Impact, Pathogen Molecular Detection and Identification, Epidemiology, and Potential for Control. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568792.bard.
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Grapevine yellows diseases characterized by similar symptoms have been reported in several countries including Israel, the United States, France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Australia. These diseases are among the most serious known in grapevine, but precise knowledge of the pathogens' identities and modes of their spread is needed to devise effective control stratgegies. The overall goals of this project were to develop improved molecular diagnostic procedures for detection and identification of the presumed mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) pathogens, now termed phytoplasmas, and to apply these procedures to investigate impact and spread and potential for controlling grapevine yellows diseases. In the course of this research project, increased incidence of grapevine yellows was found in Israel and the United States; the major grapevine yellows phytoplasma in Israel was identified and tis 16S rRNA gene characterized; leafhopper vectors of this grapevine yellows phytoplasma in Israel were identified; a second phytoplasma was discovered in diseased grapevines in Israel; the grapevine yellows disease in the U.S. was found to be distinct from that in Israel; grapevine yellows in Virginia, USA, was found to be caused by two different phytoplasmas; both phytoplasmas in Virginia grapevines were molecularly characterized and classified; commercial grapevines in Europe were discovered to host a phytoplasma associated with aster yellow disease in the USA, but this phytoplasma has not been found in grapevine in the USA; the Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma was found to be distinct from the grapevine phytoplasmas in Israel, the United States and Europe and was described and named "Candidatus phytoplasma australiense", and weed host plants acting as potential reservoirs of the grapevine phytoplasmas were discovered. These and other findings from the project should aid in the design and development of strategies for managing the grapevine yellows disease problem.
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Zhao, Bingyu, Saul Burdman, Ronald Walcott, and Gregory E. Welbaum. Control of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbits Using the Maize Non-Host Disease Resistance Gene Rxo1. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699843.bard.
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The specific objectives of this BARD proposal were: (1) To determine whether Rxol can recognize AacavrRxo1 to trigger BFB disease resistance in stable transgenic watermelon plants. (2) To determine the distribution of Aac-avrRxo1 in a global population of Aae and to characterize the biological function of Aac-avrRxo1. (3) To characterize other TIS effectors of Aae and to identify plant R gene(s) that can recognize conserved TIS effectors of this pathogen. Background to the topic: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits, caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aae), is a devastating disease that affects watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) production worldwide, including both Israel and USA. Two major groups of Aae strains have been classified based on their virulence on host plants, genetics and biochemical properties. Thus far, no effective resistance genes have been identified from cucurbit germplasm. In this project, we assessed the applicability of a non-host disease resistance gene, Rxol, to control BFB in watermelon. We also tried to identify Aae type III secreted (TIS) effectors that can be used as molecular probes to identify novel disease resistance genes in both cucurbits and Nieotianatabaeum. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We generated five independent transgenic watermelon (cv. Sugar Babay) plants expressing the Rxol gene. The transgenic plants were evaluated with Aae strains AAC001 and M6 under growth chamber conditions. All transgenic plants were found to be susceptible to both Aae strains. It is possible that watermelon is missing other signaling components that are required for Rxol-mediated disease resistance. In order to screen for novel BFB resistance genes, we inoculated two Aae strains on 60 Nieotiana species. Our disease assay revealed Nicotiana tabaeum is completely resistant to Aae, while its wild relative N. benthamiana is susceptible to Aae. We further demonstrated that Nieotiana benthamiana can be used as a surrogate host for studying the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Aae. We cloned 11 TIS effector genes including the avrRxolhomologues from the genomes of 22 Aae strains collected worldwide. Sequencing analysis revealed that functional avrRxol is conserved in group" but not group I Aae strains. Three effector genes- Aave_1548, Aave_2166 and Aave_2708- possessed the ability to trigger an HR response in N. tabacum when they were transiently expressed by Agrobaeterium. We conclude that N. tabacum carries at least three different non-host resistance genes that can specifically recognize AaeTIS effectors to trigger non-host resistance. Screening 522 cucurbits genotypes with two Aae strains led us to identify two germplasm (P1536473 and P1273650) that are partially resistant to Aae. Interestingly, transient expression of the TIS effector, Aave_1548, in the two germplasms also triggered HR-Iike cell death, which suggests the two lines may carry disease resistance genes that can recognize Aave_1548. Importantly, we also demonstrated that this effector contributes to the virulence of the bacterium in susceptible plants. Therefore, R genes that recognize effector Aave1548 have great potential for breeding for BFB resistance. To better understand the genome diversity of Aae strains, we generated a draft genome sequence of the Israeli Aae strain, M6 (Group I) using Iliumina technology. Comparative analysis of whole genomes of AAC001, and M6 allowed us to identify several effectors genes that differentiate groups I and II. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The diversity of TIS effectors in group I and II strains of Aae suggests that a subset of effectors could contribute to the host range of group I and II Aae strains. Analysis of these key effectors in a larger Aae population may allow us to predict which cucurbit hosts may be at risk to BFB. Additionally, isolation of tobacco and cucurbit Rgenes that can recognize Aae type III effectors may offer new genetic resources for controlling BFB.
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Fluhr, Robert, and Maor Bar-Peled. Novel Lectin Controls Wound-responses in Arabidopsis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697123.bard.
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Innate immune responses in animals and plants involve receptors that recognize microbe-associated molecules. In plants, one set of this defense system is characterized by large families of TIR–nucleotide binding site–leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) resistance genes. The direct interaction between plant proteins harboring the TIR domain with proteins that transmit and facilitate a signaling pathway has yet to be shown. The Arabidopsis genome encodes TIR-domain containing genes that lack NBS and LRR whose functions are unknown. Here we investigated the functional role of such protein, TLW1 (TIR LECTIN WOUNDRESPONSIVE1). The TLW1 gene encodes a protein with two domains: a TIR domain linked to a lectin-containing domain. Our specific aim in this proposal was to examine the ramifications of the TL1-glycan interaction by; A) The functional characterization of TL1 activity in the context of plant wound response and B) Examine the hypothesis that wounding induced specific polysaccharides and examine them as candidates for TL-1 interactive glycan compounds. The Weizmann group showed TLW1 transcripts are rapidly induced by wounding in a JA-independent pathway and T-DNA-tagged tlw1 mutants that lack TLW1 transcripts, fail to initiate the full systemic wound response. Transcriptome methodology analysis was set up and transcriptome analyses indicates a two-fold reduced level of JA-responsive but not JA-independent transcripts. The TIR domain of TLW1 was found to interact directly with the KAT2/PED1 gene product responsible for the final b-oxidation steps in peroxisomal-basedJA biosynthesis. To identify potential binding target(s) of TL1 in plant wound response, the CCRC group first expressed recombinant TL1 in bacterial cells and optimized conditions for the protein expression. TL1 was most highly expressed in ArcticExpress cell line. Different types of extraction buffers and extraction methods were used to prepare plant extracts for TL1 binding assay. Optimized condition for glycan labeling was determined, and 2-aminobenzamide was used to label plant extracts. Sensitivity of MALDI and LC-MS using standard glycans. THAP (2,4,6- Trihydroxyacetophenone) showed minimal background peaks at positive mode of MALDI, however, it was insensitive with a minimum detection level of 100 ng. Using LC-MS, sensitivity was highly increased enough to detect 30 pmol concentration. However, patterns of total glycans displayed no significant difference between different extraction conditions when samples were separated with Dionex ICS-2000 ion chromatography system. Transgenic plants over-expressing lectin domains were generated to obtain active lectin domain in plant cells. Insertion of the overexpression construct into the plant genome was confirmed by antibiotic selection and genomic DNA PCR. However, RT-PCR analysis was not able to detect increased level of the transcripts. Binding ability of azelaic acid to recombinant TL1. Azelaic acid was detected in GST-TL1 elution fraction, however, DHB matrix has the same mass in background signals, which needs to be further tested on other matrices. The major findings showed the importance of TLW1 in regulating wound response. The findings demonstrate completely novel and unexpected TIR domain interactions and reveal a control nexus and mechanism that contributes to the propagation of wound responses in Arabidopsis. The implications are to our understanding of the function of TIR domains and to the notion that early molecular events occur systemically within minutes of a plant sustaining a wound. A WEB site (http://genome.weizmann.ac.il/hormonometer/) was set up that enables scientists to interact with a collated plant hormone database.
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Benton, Tim, Antony Froggatt, Laura Wellesley, Owen Grafham, Richard King, Neil Morisetti, James Nixey, and Patrick Schröder. The Ukraine war and threats to food and energy security: Cascading risks from rising prices and supply disruptions. Royal Institute of International Affairs, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135225.
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Global resource markets are still reeling from the impacts of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine; the two countries are major suppliers of energy, food and fertilizers. Supply disruption and the sudden imposition, in response to the crisis, of unprecedented economic sanctions, trade restrictions and policy interventions have caused prices of commodities to skyrocket. Before the conflict, demand for global resources already exceeded supply and drove up prices as economies rebounded after the COVID-19 pandemic. This gave rise to a global cost-of-living crisis, characterized by increasing levels of energy and food poverty. This situation is likely to become much worse as a consequence of the war in Ukraine, and poses a threat to human security, particularly among low-income and vulnerable populations. Governments must invest now to build resilient societies and economies to meet these long-term challenges. Mitigating the most immediate harms to populations is a top priority for policymakers, but failure to keep long-term objectives in mind – climate change mitigation, in particular – can lead to bad decisions that further embed existing fragilities in economic and social systems.
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Baader, Franz. The instance problem and the most specific concept in the description logic EL w.r.t. terminological cycles with descriptive semantics. Technische Universität Dresden, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.126.
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In two previous reports we have investigated both standard and non-standard inferences in the presence of terminological cycles for the description logic EL, which allows for conjunctions, existential restrictions, and the top concept. Regarding standard inference problems, it was shown there that the subsumption problem remains polynomial for all three types of semantics usually considered for cyclic definitions in description logics, and that the instance problem remains polynomial for greatest fixpoint semantics. Regarding non-standard inference problems, it was shown that, w.r.t. greatest fixpoint semantics, the least common subsumer and the most specific concept always exist and can be computed in ploynomial time, and that, w.r.t. descriptive semantics, the least common subsumer need not exist. The present report is concerned with two problems left open by this previous work, namely the instance problem and the problem of computing most specific concepts w.r.t. descriptive semantics, which is the usual first-order semantics for description logic. We will show that the instance problem is polynomial also in this context. Similar to the case of the least common subsumer, the most specific concept w.r.t. descriptive semantics need not exist, but we are able to characterize the cases in which it exists and give a decidable sufficient condition for the existence of the most specific concept. Under this condition, it can be computed in polynomial time.
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Lyzanchuk, Vasyl. THE CHARITABLE ENERGY OF THE JOURNALISTIC WORD. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11415.
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The article investigates the immortality of books, collections, including those, translated into foreign languages, composed of the publications of publications of worldview journalism. It deals with top analytics on simulated training of journalists, the study of events and phenomena at the macro level, which enables the qualitative forecast of world development trends in the appropriate contexts for a long time. Key words: top, analytics, book, worldview journalism, culture, arguments, forecast.The article is characterized intellectual-spiritual, moral-aesthetic and information-educational values of of scientific and journalistic works of Professor Mykola Hryhorchuk “Where are you going, Ukraine?” and “Freedom at the Barricades”. Mykola Ivanovych’s creative informational and educational communication are reviews, reviews, reviews and current works of writers, poets, publicists. Such as Maria Matios, Vira Vovk, Roman Ivanychuk, Dmytro Pavlychko, Yuriy Shcherban, Bohdan Korsak, Hryhoriy Huseynov, Vasyl Ruban, Yaroslav Melnyk, Sofia Andrukhovych. His journalistic reflections are about memorable events of the recent past for Ukrainians and historical figures are connected with them. It is emphasized that in his books Mykola Hryhorchuk convincingly illuminates the way to develop a stable Ukrainian immunity, national identity, development and strengthening of the conciliar independent state in the fight against the eternal Moscow enemy. Among the defining ideological and political realization of the National Idea of Ukrainian statehood, which are mentioned in the scientific and journalistic works of M. Hryhorchuk, the fundamental ones – linguistic and religious – are singled out. Israel and Poland are a clear example for Ukrainians. In these states, language and religion were absolutized and it is thanks to this understanding of the essence of state-building and national identity that it is contrary to many difficulties achieve the desired life-affirming goal. The author emphasizes that any information in the broadest and narrow sense can be perceived without testing for compliance with the moral and spiritual mission of man, the fundamental values of the Ukrainian ethnic group, putting moral and spiritual values in the basis of state building. The outstanding Ukrainian philosopher Hryhoriy Skovoroda emphasized: “Faith is the light that sees in the darkness…” Books by physicist Mykola Hryhorchuk “Where are you going, Ukraine?” and “Freedom at the Barricades” are illuminated by faith in the Victory over the bloody centuries-old Moscow darkness.
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Wu, Yingjie, Selim Gunay, and Khalid Mosalam. Hybrid Simulations for the Seismic Evaluation of Resilient Highway Bridge Systems. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ytgv8834.
Full textAbstract:
Bridges often serve as key links in local and national transportation networks. Bridge closures can result in severe costs, not only in the form of repair or replacement, but also in the form of economic losses related to medium- and long-term interruption of businesses and disruption to surrounding communities. In addition, continuous functionality of bridges is very important after any seismic event for emergency response and recovery purposes. Considering the importance of these structures, the associated structural design philosophy is shifting from collapse prevention to maintaining functionality in the aftermath of moderate to strong earthquakes, referred to as “resiliency” in earthquake engineering research. Moreover, the associated construction philosophy is being modernized with the utilization of accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques, which strive to reduce the impact of construction on traffic, society, economy and on-site safety. This report presents two bridge systems that target the aforementioned issues. A study that combined numerical and experimental research was undertaken to characterize the seismic performance of these bridge systems. The first part of the study focuses on the structural system-level response of highway bridges that incorporate a class of innovative connecting devices called the “V-connector,”, which can be used to connect two components in a structural system, e.g., the column and the bridge deck, or the column and its foundation. This device, designed by ACII, Inc., results in an isolation surface at the connection plane via a connector rod placed in a V-shaped tube that is embedded into the concrete. Energy dissipation is provided by friction between a special washer located around the V-shaped tube and a top plate. Because of the period elongation due to the isolation layer and the limited amount of force transferred by the relatively flexible connector rod, bridge columns are protected from experiencing damage, thus leading to improved seismic behavior. The V-connector system also facilitates the ABC by allowing on-site assembly of prefabricated structural parts including those of the V-connector. A single-column, two-span highway bridge located in Northern California was used for the proof-of-concept of the proposed V-connector protective system. The V-connector was designed to result in an elastic bridge response based on nonlinear dynamic analyses of the bridge model with the V-connector. Accordingly, a one-third scale V-connector was fabricated based on a set of selected design parameters. A quasi-static cyclic test was first conducted to characterize the force-displacement relationship of the V-connector, followed by a hybrid simulation (HS) test in the longitudinal direction of the bridge to verify the intended linear elastic response of the bridge system. In the HS test, all bridge components were analytically modeled except for the V-connector, which was simulated as the experimental substructure in a specially designed and constructed test setup. Linear elastic bridge response was confirmed according to the HS results. The response of the bridge with the V-connector was compared against that of the as-built bridge without the V-connector, which experienced significant column damage. These results justified the effectiveness of this innovative device. The second part of the study presents the HS test conducted on a one-third scale two-column bridge bent with self-centering columns (broadly defined as “resilient columns” in this study) to reduce (or ultimately eliminate) any residual drifts. The comparison of the HS test with a previously conducted shaking table test on an identical bridge bent is one of the highlights of this study. The concept of resiliency was incorporated in the design of the bridge bent columns characterized by a well-balanced combination of self-centering, rocking, and energy-dissipating mechanisms. This combination is expected to lead to minimum damage and low levels of residual drifts. The ABC is achieved by utilizing precast columns and end members (cap beam and foundation) through an innovative socket connection. In order to conduct the HS test, a new hybrid simulation system (HSS) was developed, utilizing commonly available software and hardware components in most structural laboratories including: a computational platform using Matlab/Simulink [MathWorks 2015], an interface hardware/software platform dSPACE [2017], and MTS controllers and data acquisition (DAQ) system for the utilized actuators and sensors. Proper operation of the HSS was verified using a trial run without the test specimen before the actual HS test. In the conducted HS test, the two-column bridge bent was simulated as the experimental substructure while modeling the horizontal and vertical inertia masses and corresponding mass proportional damping in the computer. The same ground motions from the shaking table test, consisting of one horizontal component and the vertical component, were applied as input excitations to the equations of motion in the HS. Good matching was obtained between the shaking table and the HS test results, demonstrating the appropriateness of the defined governing equations of motion and the employed damping model, in addition to the reliability of the developed HSS with minimum simulation errors. The small residual drifts and the minimum level of structural damage at large peak drift levels demonstrated the superior seismic response of the innovative design of the bridge bent with self-centering columns. The reliability of the developed HS approach motivated performing a follow-up HS study focusing on the transverse direction of the bridge, where the entire two-span bridge deck and its abutments represented the computational substructure, while the two-column bridge bent was the physical substructure. This investigation was effective in shedding light on the system-level performance of the entire bridge system that incorporated innovative bridge bent design beyond what can be achieved via shaking table tests, which are usually limited by large-scale bridge system testing capacities.