Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tin-lead alloy'
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Lee, Richard. "The Production, Use and Disposal of Romano-British Tin and Tin and Lead Alloy Tableware." Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486350.
Full textJiang, Hongjin. "Synthesis of tin, silver and their alloy nanoparticles for lead-free interconnect applications." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22636.
Full textCommittee Chair: Dr. C. P. Wong; Committee Member: Dr. Boris Mizaikoff; Committee Member: Dr. Rigoberto Hernandez; Committee Member: Dr. Z. John Zhang; Committee Member: Dr. Z.L. Wang.
Nibhanupudi, Syam S. "Affect of pressurised solidification on the secondary dentritic arm spacing in lead-tin alloy." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1453603.
Full textMabiala, Floyd Lionel. "Photo-physical properties of lead-tin binary Perovskite thin films." University of Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8002.
Full textOrganic-inorganic lead-based perovskite has exhibited great performance in the past few years. However, the lead (Pb) embedded in those compounds is a significant drawback to further progress, due to its environmental toxicity. As an alternative, tin (Sn) based-perovskites have demonstrated promising results in terms of electrical and optical properties for photovoltaic devices, but the oxidation of tin ion- from stannous ion (Sn2+) to stannic ion (Sn4+) presents a problem in terms of performance and stability when exposed to ambient conditions. A more feasible approach may be in a Pb-Sn binary metal perovskite in pursuit of efficient, stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with reduced Pb-content, as compared to pure Pb- or Sn-based PSCs. Here, we report on the deposition of a Pb-Sn binary perovskite by sequential chemical vapor deposition.
Koegel, David Eric. "SPECIFIC PERMEABILITIES OF METALLIC COLUMNAR STRUCTURES AT LOW LIQUID-VOLUME FRACTIONS (MACROSEGREGATION, LEAD-TIN ALLOY, DENDRITIC)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275455.
Full textZhang, Yi. "The electrodeposition and characterisation of compositionally modulated tin-cobalt alloy coatings as lead-free plain bearing material." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/15138.
Full textGao, Yang 1966. "Solderability Study of Tin/Lead Alloy Under Steam-Aging Treatment by Electrochemical Reduction Analysis and Wetting Balance Tests." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501051/.
Full textДячок, Дарія Романівна. "Оптимізація технологічного процесу відтворення художніх виробів у металі." Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/43657.
Full textBachelor’s dissertation: 86 pages, 20 figures, 30 tables, 16 references. The purpose of the work – optimize the technological processes of reproduction in metal copies, two works of art, according to the available non metallic originals. Research methodology – production of silicone and plaster molds with different variants of the foundry system; production of plaster-silica molds, their calcination and pouring at different temperatures; control of quality parameters of castings (surface roughness and the presence of casting defects). Results of the work and their novelty – theoretically and practically established the suitability of silicone molds for the manufacture of high-quality castings from low-melting (tin-lead) alloys; the parameters of technological processes of reproduction in metal copies of art products are investigated; made a series of high-quality art castings from tin-lead and copper alloy. The main indicators – as a result of work the optimum parameters of technological processes of manufacturing of art products are defined. A 0.099 kg Viking figure made of tin-lead alloy and 0.073 kg L63 brass was cast, as well as a 0.468 kg Celt statue made of L63 brass. The products do not have casting defects, the surface roughness does not exceed 12,5 microns and 6,3 microns, Areas of application – art and jewelry casting of unique products. Economic efficiency – UAH 214,137.4. Predictive assumptions about the development of the object of study – by analogy with the studied technological processes, the development of plans for the manufacture of similar size and complexity of cast art products in small scale production.
Mahapatra, Rama Ballav. "Columnar to equiaxed transition in tin-lead alloys." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26313.
Full textApplied Science, Faculty of
Materials Engineering, Department of
Graduate
Wang, Xiangjun. "Sliding behavior of lead and tin based alloys /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148785607641229.
Full textNasser-Rafi, Rahbar. "FLUID FLOW AND PERMEABILITY OF SOLIDIFYING LEAD-20 WEIGHT PERCENT TIN ALLOYS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275244.
Full textJaworski, Christopher M. "An Investigation Into Lead Telluride Lead Sulfide Composites And Bismuth Tin Telluride Alloys For Thermoelectric Applications." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1228340969.
Full textStoneman, Alan Michael. "A determination of the factors which control the oxidation rate of agitated tin-lead alloys." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1986. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/848061/.
Full textÖrnberg, Andreas. "Study of Electrochemical Behaviour and Corrosion Resistance of Materials for Pacemaker Lead Applications." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Chemistry, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4650.
Full textFor patients suffering bradycardia, i.e., too slow heart rhythm, the common treatment is having a pacemaker implanted. The pacemaker system consists of the pacemaker and a pacing lead. The pacing lead is connected to the pacemaker and at the other end there is a stimulation electrode. The most common conductor material is a cobalt-based super alloy (MP35N® or 35N LT®), with the main constituents Ni, Co, Cr and Mo. The pacemaker electrode is often made of a substrate material with a rough surface coating. The substrate materials are predominantly platinum/iridium alloy and titanium. The material choice is of great importance for the performance and stability during long-term service. Excellent corrosion resistance is required to minimize elution of metal ions in the human body.
In this thesis, the electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance of the Co-based alloys and Ta (as electrode substrate), in a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution with and without addition of H2O2, was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and simulated pacemaker pulsing. The metal release from the Co-based alloy during the passivation treatment and exposure in the synthetic biological media was measured by using inductive coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Moreover, surface composition was analyzed by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
The results show that the chemical passivation of Co-based alloy 35N LT® increased the corrosion resistance and reduced Co release significantly, even in more hostile environment, i.e. PBS with addition of H2O2. The increased corrosion resistance is due to the Cr enrichment in the surface layer. The reduced Co release is due to a preferential dissolution of Co from the surface oxide layer during the chemical passivation. The electrochemical investigation of uncoated and rough TiN coated Ta show that uncoated Ta is not suitable electrode material due to formation of a highly resistive surface oxide film. Whereas the rough TiN coated Ta exhibits desirable electrochemical performance for pacemaker electrodes. The addition of H2O2 in the PBS has a large influence on the electrochemical behaviour of Ta, but the influence is small on the rough TiN coated Ta.
Yu, Hsiao-Han, and 于曉涵. "Carbon Fiber-reinforced Tin-lead Alloy Composites." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4x27vf.
Full text國立虎尾科技大學
機械設計工程研究所
102
In this project, in order to carry greater bearing loads and hence offer the possibility of reduction in overall bearing size for a given application.Use brominated, anodically oxidized, and pristine p-100 carbon fiber reinforced tin-lead alloy composites were fabricated by squeeze casting. The fibers were brominated by bromine vapor for 48 hours and then desorbed at 200℃ in air for 12 hours. The anodic oxidation treatment of fibers involved electrochemical etching in a dilute sodium hydroxide electrolyte for 3 min, or immersing in nitric acid for 72 hours. Finally, we accurately reproduce the composites containing surface-treated carbon fibers had higher tensile and interlaminar shear strength than the ones containing pristine carbon fibers. The composite containing brominated carbon fibers had better tensile strength than the other two surface treatments.
呂佳鴻. "Soldering character of tin-lead alloy coating larer." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32241324072443145054.
Full text中國文化大學
應用化學研究所
87
The electronic industry is the single largest user of tin-lead solder materials. As such, it is important that this industry have a comprehensive understanding of solder properties and application issues in order to maximize solderability and wetting force. Solder point integrity can be ensured only once quality is assured. This thesis study employs two principal instruments, the wetting balance and x-ray fluorescence, and three methodologies, measurement system analysis, design of experiment, and the Taguchi methods, to determine interrelationships between solder, steam aging, penetration depth, and application dwell time and determine ideal process conditions. Doing so will ensure users achieve optimal balance between solder wetting force and solder layer thickness. Prior to do experiment, we assessed the repeatability and reproducibility of wetting balance and x-ray fluorescence instruments. The long method of measurement system analysis was employed to confirm a high level of stability and reliability of instruments used. The first stage of research employed an L827 Orthoganal Array to determine the number and conditions of tests needed to identify factors influencing solder performance factors. Factors identified include depth of solder penetration, application dwell time, and flux type. The second stage, using the Taguchi Methods, subjected the three factors of penetration depth, application dwell time, and flux type to the additional two factors of solder temperature and steam aging. The L827 Orthoganal Array was employed to identify the link between the two soldering properties of application dwell time and wetting force. Subsequently, we analyzed the applied solder based on a balance between the-larger-the-better bonding strength analysis and the-larger-the-better application thickness analysis to determine the optimal process conditions. This was determined in our research to be 245oC, using SM/NA [R Type] flux type, with steam aging of 0 hour, an application penetration depth of 2.5mm, and an application dwell time of 5 seconds. Such conditions ensured maximum wetting force with equivalent layer thickness.
Shang-IChao and 趙上億. "Study On Directional Solidification Processing Of Lead-Tin Alloy." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77023085810173410782.
Full text國立成功大學
工程科學系專班
101
The casting skill has been developed for several thousand years. With the progress of time, the environment of application becomes more severe and hence the promotion requirements of material properties and mechanical strength increase. In a casting process, the temperature and concentration fields affect the microstructures of materials, which directly influence the mechanical and physical properties. The morphology of solidification microstructure is difficult to control in a casting process, while the grain size can be easily changed. The directional solidification and the growth of single crystal are the advanced casting techniques. In this experimental study of directional solidification, lead-tin alloy is used as the casting material and four experimental models with different heat temperatures, descending speeds of platform, water temperatures of copper chill are utilized to analyze their effects on the directional solidification. The microstructures are observed by using an optical microscope. The macro and micro structures are employed to investigate the influences of the four models on the control of preferred dendritic direction, the grain size, the constraint of dendritic growth, the temperature gradient and the growth rate. From the analysis results, it is expected to help the further grasp of the controlled mechanism of directional solidification.
Chang, Chih-Chia, and 張志嘉. "Wear of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Tin-Lead Alloy Composites." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pcu778.
Full text國立虎尾科技大學
機械設計工程研究所
103
Abstract Tin-lead alloys with stable performance, embedded, low melting point, good fluidity, and corrosion resistance properties. Currently most often used in solder, bearings, aerospace and electronics industry, and if we can increase the bearing strength, it can reduce the overall dimensions of the bearing will be more cost and space. This experiment will carbon fiber soaking in 0.1mol/L of concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) electrolytic liquid placed 3 minutes, in placed sulfuric acid nickel bath, by 8 volts and 10 amps plating 12-15 minutes, completed fiber surface processing, will carbon fiber into mold cavity, put mold temperature warming to 150 ℃, then will liquid solder heating to 300 ℃ pour mold, maintained in 150 ℃ and pressure range 30 to 50 MPa, immediately through piston in mold top Department put pressure on, in pressure maintained 10 minutes, While the mold is cooled to near room temperature. Test results found that after surface treatment of carbon fiber composite material and without surface treatment of carbon fiber composites, by contrast, after surface treatment has a high tensile strength and abrasion conditions, containing coated fiber composites are relatively good, but under sliding wear does not contain the coating of fiber composites are relatively good.
Swansson, Brenton Travis. "New generation submarine battery electrodes using a tin-lead grid alloy." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/95238.
Full textThesis (M.Eng.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2015
Hou, Kuan-Yu, and 侯冠佑. "Nickel- and copper-coated carbon fibre reinforced tin-lead alloy composites." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bfvf7z.
Full text國立虎尾科技大學
機械設計工程系碩士班
105
The results of this paper can make the bearing bear a bigger load,in practical applications can reduce the bearing size. Carbon fibers are made by casting to produce bromide and anodized for surface treatment. These two way and general carbon fibers are coated with nickel and copper,and the fibers are used to strengthen the tin-lead alloy composite. The fibers were brominated for 48 hours by bromine vapor and then desorbed at 200c in air for 12 hours;the other fibers involved electrochemical etching in a dilute sodium hydroxide electrolyte for 3 minutes. The experimental results show that the composites containing coated treated carbon fibres had higher tensile and shear strength than the ones containing coated pristine carbon fibres.Moreover,the composite with coated brominated carbon fibres had better tensile strength and shear strength than the surface treatment. In addition,the study of buckling analysis is mainly to explore the general metal-based composite materials and carbon fiber,tin-lead mixing ratio of the elongated hollow cylinder,the results of the deformation produced by a load compression are compared.
Chen, C. S., and 陳嘉尚. "A Study of Tin-Lead Alloy Plating in Methane Sulfonic Acid Baths." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00184518974952301344.
Full textBhattacharya, Victoria. "Synthesis And Phase Transformation Behaviour Of Nanoscaled Alloys Embedded In Aluminium." Thesis, 2005. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/1385.
Full textLiu, Guo-Yan, and 劉國晏. "The Tin-Lead alloy gas sensor array nanowire manufacturing with die-casting in high vacuum." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m7ua8d.
Full text國立臺北科技大學
機電整合研究所
100
SnO2 is a very common materials used in gas sensor applications, caused by the change of resistance in a reducing atmosphere with the oxygen of the oxide surface adsorption reaction. Has been successfully applied to detect or identify a variety of toxic gases and combustion gases, such as CO, NO2, H2S, C2H6O2, CH4, etc. In this study, the use of vacuum die-casting will hypoeutectic, eutectic and hypereutectic molten tin-lead alloy molten metal cast into the nano template of anodic aluminum oxide(AAO), after curing of the liquid metal, the available array of tin-lead alloy nanowires after heat treatment oxidation array of tin-lead alloy nanowires, use wet etching to remove the template so that the wire bare copper thin films to complete device fabrication. Finally, on top of steamed copper thin films of metal semiconductor gas sensor production. The components of the composition, micro structure and nature of the detection while the Mapping、EDS、SEM、TEM、 XRD and DSC for analysis. The purpose of this study thin film sensor element as a control group, while the array of nanowire sensing element as a design group, the two groups of components in the same testing conditions, comparison of the sensitivity of the carbon monoxide response. Gas detection part is to design the measurement platform, the concentration of gas to be measured by MFC controls, signal measurement and signal data capture their writing LabView, finally confirmed with arrays of nanowire sensing element is much larger than than the surface area of thin film sensing element, therefore, the sensitivity increased substantially, the concentration of 500 ppm carbon monoxide atmosphere, nanowire array sensitivity of the sensing elements arranged in order SnO2(25.13%)>Sn70%-Pb30%(17.83%)>Sn63%-Pb37%(14.89%)>Sn50%-Pb50%(14.02%).
FANG, CHIU YU, and 邱于芳. "Solidification Simulation for the Reflow Process of Lead-Tin Alloy Solder Joint in Electronic Packaging." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15039750041076931463.
Full text國立成功大學
材料科學及工程學系
87
In electronic packaging lead-tin alloy is frequently used to joint electronic components. For the formation of solder joint, lead-tin alloy usually undergoes re-melting, fluid flow, and then solidification process. Therefore, the properties of lead-tin alloy solder joint and in turn the success of electronic packaging will be significantly affected by the reflow process. In this study, numerical analysis is employed to conduct solidification simulation for the reflow process. First a solid model for analysis is built based on the actual size and shape of the electronic component including the solder joint. Then the model has to be meshed for the subsequent numerical analysis. Since the components in electronic packaging, especially the solder joints, are usually very small and the element meshing has to be sufficiently fine for the analytical results to be meaningful, the element sizes are thus extremely small. The next step is to investigate all possible heat transfer mechanisms. All the relevant mechanisms have to be considered in the solidification model to calculate for the temperature distribution and variation of the lead-tin alloy solder joint during reflow process. A shrinkage criterion is also used to quantitatively predict the extent of shrinkage formation in the solder joint after the thermal history is calculated. In this study, heat transfer analysis is conducted for a particular electronic component to obtain the temperature distribution and variation of the lead-tin alloy as well as the whole electronic part during the reflow process. The calculated results are then compared to the cooling curves measured on designated locations of the actual part. As the solidification heat transfer analysis system proven to be reliable, it can then be used as a design tool to access the effects of design and operating conditions on the obtained properties of the lead-tin alloy solder joint after the reflow process.
Basha, D. Althaf. "Phase Transformation Behavior Of Embedded Bimetallic Nanoscaled Alloy Particles In Immiscible Matrices." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/2599.
Full textKlassen, Michael. "The concentration and temperature dependence of the liquid diffusion coefficient in lead-tin alloys." 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/19423.
Full textYu-ShyangGuo and 郭祐祥. "Experimental Analysis of Static Magnetic Fieldson the Microstructures of Directionally Solidified Lead-Tin Alloys." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g9qhd5.
Full textTsai, Ying-Ling, and 蔡映麟. "A Study on the Thermo Physical Properties of Tin-Zinc Based Lead-Free Solder Alloys." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49269662003518862618.
Full text國立成功大學
材料科學及工程學系碩博士班
93
The thermal physical properties of the Sn-9Zn-xX (X = Ag, Cu) lead-free solder alloy systems are examined in this study. The effects of alloy composition and cooling rate on the liquidus temperature, solidus temperature, pasty ranges, latent heat release modes, fusion heats and coefficient of thermal expansion were investigated. A Computer Aided-Cooling Curve Analysis (CA-CCA) technique was used to determine the pasty ranges and latent heat release modes for the alloys. The solidification model proposed by Hwang was used to quantity the results. The Differential scanning calorimetry was also used to measure the liquidus temperature and solidus temperature of alloys. The fusion heat of the alloys was also calculated. The morphology of alloys and intermetallic compounds were observed with Scanning electron microscope and Electron probe microanalyzer. Energy dispersive spectrometer and Wave dispersive spectrometer were used to analyze the chemical compositions and elemental dispersion of intermetallic compounds. The CTE of Sn-Zn-xAg alloys is measured by using a dilatometer with a heating rate of 5 �aC/min from 40 �aC to 120 �aC. The experimental results show that as the silver content of the Sn-9Zn-xAg alloy increases, the liquidus temperature rises and the pasty range broadens. However, when the silver content exceeds 1.5%, a second peak can be observed from the heating and cooling curves. As long as the silver content is below 0.5 wt%, silver has little effect on the microstructure because it is basically the eutectic Sn-9Zn and the fs-T relationship is nearly a vertical line. However, as the silver content exceeds 1.5 wt%, the formation of the Ag-Zn intermetallic compounds becomes obvious. This causes the alloy composition to deviate from the eutectic and to lean towards the tin-rich side of the Sn-Zn phase diagram. This in turn causes the proportion of the primary tin phase to increase and that of the zinc-tin eutectic phase to decrease. This is reflected on the plot of the fs-T relationship by two distinct vertical regions. One corresponds to the primary tin phase and the other to the eutectic phase. As the silver content further increases, the effects of intermetallic compound formation become even more obvious. As an alternative to CA-CCA, Huang’s model can be used to obtain a quantitative fs-T function. As the silver content increases, the primary solid fraction for Huang’s model increases. As the cooling rate increases, the primary solid fraction and the nonlinearity factors ne and np decrease. The CTE is increased with increasing temperature. When the temperature reaches 90 ℃, the increase becomes less obvious. Furthermore, CTE increases linearly with increasing silver content. As the silver contents are over 1.5%, the values of CTE are greater than the conventional Sn-37Pb alloy. Based on the above observations, silver content should not exceed a maximum of 1.5% in order to develop a lead free solder with proper thermo-physical properties. The results also show that as the copper content of the Sn-9Zn-xCu alloy increases, the liquidus temperature rises and the pasty range broadens. However, when the copper content is 0.6 wt%, the eutectic like situation can be observed from the heating and cooling curves. As long as the copper content is below 0.1 wt%, copper has little effect on the microstructure, which is basically the eutectic Sn-9Zn and the fs-T relationship is nearly a vertical line. However, as the copper content exceeds 0.6 wt%, the formation of Cu-Zn intermetallic compounds becomes obvious. This is reflected on the plot of the fs-T relationship by two distinct vertical regions. One corresponds to the primary tin phase and the other to the eutectic phase. As the copper content further increases, the effects of intermetallic compound formation become even more obvious. As an alternative to CA-CCA, Huang’s model can be used to obtain a quantitative fs-T function. Sn-9Zn-xAg and Sn-9Zn-xCu ternary alloy systems have similar thermal physical behavior. The fusion heat of three Sn-Zn based lead free solder alloy experimental measured in this study are all higher than lead-tin solder alloy.
Li-ChiehWu and 吳俐潔. "Experimental Analysis of Control-Parameter Effects on the Solidification Microstructures of Directionally Solidified Lead-Tin Alloys." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94887257475052376750.
Full text國立成功大學
工程科學系碩博士班
101
Solidification processes play an important role in the morphology control of microstructures. The morphology of solidification microstructure is difficult to master in a casting process. Accordingly, in the thesis, four experimental models of different heating styles, contact surfaces of copper chill, environment temperatures and casting methods are used to study their effects on the directionally solidified lead-tin alloys. The heating style could affect the grain size. The copper chill supply an axial temperature gradient, which could make columnar grains grow along the opposite directional of the heat flow. The columnar growth could decrease the lateral grain boundaries and elevate the material life span. In addition, the microstructure observation through an optical microscope incorporated with the macrostructures and temperature-measured data is used to investigate the influences of the four experimental models on the constraint of dendrite growth, the equiaxed zone at the bottom of the casting, the competition zone of preferred growth directions for the columnar grains and the grain size. Furthermore, based on the classification of the microstructure morphology, the differences among the castings are analyzed.
Yu-FanLin and 林宇凡. "Experimental Analysis of Thermal and Solutal Effects on the Microstructure of Directionally Solidified Lead-Tin Alloys." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3w8q46.
Full textSzefer, Henry. "The Technology of Copper Alloys, Particularly Leaded Bronze, in Greece, its Colonies, and in Etruria during the Iron Age." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8414.
Full textThe subject of this study is the development, application and diffusion of the technology of various types of copper alloys, particularly that of leaded bronze, in ancient Greece, its colonies, and in Etruria. Leaded bronze is a mixture of tin, copper and lead in various proportions. The general consensus among archaeometallurgists is that leaded bronze was not commonly used in Greece until the Hellenistic period, and thus this alloy has not received very much attention in archaeological literature. However, metallographic analyses demonstrate that objects composed of leaded bronze had a wide distribution. The analyses also show differentiation in the composition of alloys that were used in the manufacture of various types of bronzes, a tangible indication that metalworkers distinguished between the properties of both tin bronze and leaded bronze. The knowledge of their different working characteristics is what enabled a bronzeworker to choose, in many cases, the appropriate alloy for a specific application. The influence of Near Eastern metallurgical practices produced variations in both the artistic forms as well as alloy compositions of Greek bronzes during the Late Geometric and Orientalizing periods. The use of leaded bronze for particular types of cast objects shows an increasing tendency from the Orientalizing period onwards, culminating in the late Hellenistic period when high-lead bronze became a common alloy. This study analyzes the metallographic data of specific categories of bronze and leaded bronze cast objects, and it will demonstrate that although the use of leaded bronze was not as prevalent as that of tin bronze, it was nevertheless a significant adjunct of ancient metallurgical practices. The periods surveyed range from the Geometric to the Hellenistic periods.
Kim, Dong Hyun 1968. "Reliability study of SnPb and SnAg solder joints in PBGA packages." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3722.
Full text