Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tin hydride

Academic literature on the topic 'Tin hydride'

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Published: 4 June 2021
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Journal articles on the topic "Tin hydride"

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Light, James, and Ronald Breslow. "A water soluble tin hydride reagent." Tetrahedron Letters 31, no. 21 (1990): 2957–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)88997-2.

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Belletire, J. L., and N. O. Mahmoodi. "Direct butyrolactone production using tin hydride." Tetrahedron Letters 30, no. 33 (January 1989): 4363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)99361-4.

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Torvisco, Ana, Judith Binder, Melanie Wolf, Cathrin Zeppek, Hans-Georg Stammler, Norbert Mitzel, and Frank Uhlig. "Crystallographic studies of novel aryl heavy Group 14/15 halides and hydrides." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314093231.

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A series of novel aryl (phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, mesityl, naphthyl, anthracenyl) heavy Group 14 and 15 halides (Cl, Br) and hydrides have been synthesized and structurally characterized via X-ray diffraction. Depending on the nature of the aryl substituent, these compounds display a range of non-covalent intermolecular interactions in the form of edge to face, π-π stacking and C-H···π interactions resulting in discrete arrangements in the solid state. The strength of these interactions as well as halide or hydride substituent effects and their consequences on resulting structural parameters will be highlighted and discussed. In addition, in situ crystallization techniques were employed to elucidate the structures of highly air sensitive novel aryl tin and silicon hydride species.
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Martin, F., FM Corrigan, Ofx Donard, J. Kelly, Jao Besson, and DF Horrobin. "Organotin compounds in trimethyltin-treated rats and in human brain in Alzheimer's Disease." Human & Experimental Toxicology 16, no. 9 (September 1997): 512–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719701600906.

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As blood tin concentrations are elevated in Alzheimer's disease and as some low molecular weight organotin compounds are neurotoxic, we have attempted to detect organotins in brain in Alzheimer's Disease. First we measured the concentration of trimethyltin (TMT) in the brains of rats which had been exposed to memory- impairing concentrations of TMT and, as the method of linking hydride generation, cryogenic trapping, gas chromatographic separation and atomic absorption spec trophotometric detection permitted the measurements of organotin compounds when the total tin was greater than 0.2 nanograms, we applied these techniques to human brain tissue, some of which showed neuropathological evidence of Alzheimer's Disease. No low molecular weight organotin compounds were detected in the human brain tissue, but it is possible that tin may be complexed with large organic molecules, the hydrides of which would not be volatile, but which could be identified by liquid chromatography.
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Weiß, Sebastian, Max Widemann, Klaus Eichele, Hartmut Schubert, and Lars Wesemann. "Low valent lead and tin hydrides in reactions with heteroallenes." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 14 (2021): 4952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt00542a.

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Novák, Miroslav, Libor Dostál, Zdenka Růžičková, Stefan Mebs, Jens Beckmann, and Roman Jambor. "From Monomeric Tin(II) Hydride to Nonsymmetric Distannyne." Organometallics 38, no. 12 (June 5, 2019): 2403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00215.

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Curran, Dennis P., and Churl Min Seong. "The Tin Hydride Reductive Decyanation of Geminal Dinitriles." Synlett 1991, no. 02 (1991): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1991-20644.

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LIGHT, J., and R. BRESLOW. "ChemInform Abstract: A Water Soluble Tin Hydride Reagent." ChemInform 22, no. 23 (August 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199123211.

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Studer, Armido, and Stephan Amrein. "Tin Hydride Substitutes in Reductive Radical Chain Reactions." Synthesis 2002, no. 07 (2002): 835–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-28507.

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Kerschl, Susanna, and Bernd Wrackmeyer. "Notizen: Versuche zur Herstellung eines Alkenyl(dimethyl)zinnhydrids: Gibt es eine intramolekulare Sn–H–B-Brücke?/ Attempts at the Synthesis of an Alkenyl(dimethyl)tin Hydride: Is there an Intramolecular Sn–H–B Bridge?" Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 42, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 1047–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1987-0820.

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Abstract2-(E)-Dim ethyl(chloro)stannyl-3-diethylboryl-2- pentene (lc) reacts with trimethyltin hydride (3) to give the corresponding alkenyl(dim ethyl)tin hydride (2). Compound 2 has been characterized by 1H, 11B, 13C, 119Sn NMR . Neither the NMR nor the IR data are in support of an intramolecular Sn-H-B bridge.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tin hydride"

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Galazzi, Rodrigo Moretto 1988. "Emprego da técnica MF-HG-AAS na determinação de estanho : análise de parâmetros analíticos e morfológicos do atomizador metálico." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248591.

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Orientador: Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T10:57:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galazzi_RodrigoMoretto_M.pdf: 2262907 bytes, checksum: fb6e92051f6858cd925c525071ce6540 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Nessa dissertação, otimizou-se um método para a determinação de estanho (Sn) em amostras biológicas empregando a técnica de Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica por Geração de Hidretos e Forno Metálico (MF-HG-AAS, do inglês Metallic Furnace Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Foram avaliadas algumas variáveis químicas como o tipo e concentração do carregador/diluente da solução padrão, concentração do redutor tetraidridoborato (-1) de sódio (THB) e concentração de hidróxido de sódio, bem como variáveis físicas do sistema dentre elas a vazão de carregador, proporção de acetileno:ar na chama, volume de solução injetado, vazão de argônio como gás de arraste, vazão de água no nebulizador e área total de furos no tubo metalico Inconel600®. Foi realizado um estudo do efeito de memória observado em condições de chama oxidante nas vazões de 1,5:9; 1,4:9; 1,3:9; 1,4:10; 1,4:8 e 1,5:11 L min de acetileno:ar, respectivamente. Em todas essas proporções de chama diferentes da otimizada (1,5:10 L min acetileno:ar) há efeito de memória, o que é extremamente indesejável. Após a otimização do sistema, foram realizados testes de exatidão e precisão do mesmo com os materiais PACS-2 (sedimento) e SRM 1643e (amostra de água) em que, em ambos, foi possível recuperar o Sn adicionado obtendo limites de detecção (LD) de 7,1 mg kg e 7,6 mg L, respectivamente. Um estudo com concomitantes foi realizado para avaliar se algum dos elementos em questão poderia interferir na determinação do Sn. Foram estudados como possíveis concomitantes o cobre, chumbo e zinco em três níveis diferentes. Somente o cobre, nas razões de 1:10 e 1:20 (Sn:concomitante), interferiu na detecção de Sn. Por fim, a morfologia do atomizador foi avaliada por meio da técnica de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (SEM, do inglês Scanning Electron Microscopy). Mesmo após a realização de todos os experimentos envolvendo a otimização do sistema e análise das amostras, os principais constituintes do tubo metálico Inconel600® (ferro, níquel e cromo) permaneceram homogeneamente distribuídos, indicando que esses metais podem não participar da rota de atomização do Sn. Além disso, houve formação de óxidos no atomizador que, juntamente com o uso de uma chama oxidante, sugerem uma rota de atomização do Sn via formação de óxidos. Considerando os LD, bem como a exatidão e precisão por meio da recuperação de Sn obtida nas amostras, constata-se a potencialidade da MF-HG-AAS frente a outras técnicas empregadas na determinação de Sn
Abstract: In this work, a Metallic Furnace Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (MF-HG-AAS) was optimized for tin (Sn) determination in biological samples. Chemical variables, such as the type and carrier concentration, the sodium tetrahydrideborate (-1) (THB), and the sodium hydroxide concentration, as well as physical variables, such as carrier flow-rate, ratio of acetylene and air in the flame, injection volume, argon flow-rate as carrier of stannane, water flow-rate in nebulizer and total hole area of a Inconel600® metallic furnace were evaluated. A study of a memory effect observed in oxidant flame conditions such as 1.5:9; 1.4:9; 1.3:9; 1.4:10; 1.4:8 e 1.5:11 L minof acetylene:air, respectively, was realized. In any other flame flow-rate, which the optimized flame ratio (1.5:10 L min acetylene:air) was observed a memory effect, which is very undesirable. After optimizing of the system, test of accuracy and precision were realized with the PACS-2 (sediment) and SRM 1643e (water sample) materials wherein, in both, a recovery of the Sn added to the samples was possible with limits of detection (LOD) as 7,1 mg kg and 7,6 mg L, respectively. A concomitant study was carried out for checking the interferences in the Sn determination. Copper, lead and zinc at three different levels were studied as possible concomitants. Only copper, at 1:10 and 1:20 (Sn:concomitant) ratios interfered in the determination of Sn. Finally, the morphology of the atomizer employed was evaluated through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique. Even after carrying out all experiments involved in the optimization of the system and in the sample analysis, the main constituents of Inconel600® metallic furnace (iron, nickel and chromium) remained homogeneously distributed, indicating which these elements may not participate of the Sn atomization route. Moreover, the oxide formation in the atomizer was detected, which, together with an oxidant flame used, suggests the Sn atomization route via oxides formation. Considering the LOD, as well the accuracy and precision through the Sn recovery in the samples, the MF-HG-AAS potentially is well pointed out when it is compared to other techniques employed for Sn determination
Mestrado
Quimica Analitica
Mestre em Química
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Kunati, Sandeep Reddy. "Trace Measurements of Tellurium, Tin and Other Metals by Atomic and Laser Spectroscopy Techniques." Connect to resource online, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1219695278.

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Harman, David Grant, and harmandg@hotmail com. "Mechanisms of the Intriguing Rearrangements of Activated Organic Species." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20031210.143110.

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The β-acyloxyalkyl radical rearrangement has been known since 1967 but its mechanism is still not fully understood, despite considerable investigation. Since the migration of a β-trifluoroacetoxy group generally proceeds more rapidly and with more varied regiochemistry than its less electronegative counterparts, this reaction was studied in the hope of understanding more about the subtleties of the mechanism of the β- acyloxyalkyl radical rearrangement. The mechanism of the catalysed rearrangement of Nalkoxy- 2(1H)-pyridinethiones was also explored because preliminary studies indicated that the transition state (TS) for this process was isoelectronic with TSs postulated for the β-acyloxyalkyl radical and other novel rearrangements. ¶ A kinetic study of the rearrangement of the 2-methyl-2-trifluoroacetoxy-1-heptyl radical in solvents of different polarity was undertaken using a radical clock method. Arrhenius equations for the rearrangement in each solvent were: hexane, log10[kr (s-1)] = 11.8±0.3 – (48.9±0.7)/ θ; benzene, log10[kr (s-1)] = 12.0±0.2 – (43.7±0.8)/ θ; and propionitrile, log10[kr (s-1)] = 11.9±0.2 – (42.0±0.3)/ θ. Rate constants at 75˚C were: hexane, kr = 2.9 × 104; benzene, kr = 2.8 × 105; and propionitrile, kr = 4.0 × 105 s-1. The equilibrium constant for the reversible rearrangement at 80°C in benzene was 15.1
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Danielsson, Mathias. "Spectroscopic study of titanium monohydride and storage ring experiments." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Physics Department, Stockholm University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7451.

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Kazi, Suraya. "Electric Transport of Rare-earth Metal Oxy-hydride Thin Films." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Materialfysik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-440954.

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In this project, I investigate the photoconductivenature of photochromic rare-earth metal oxy hydrides (REMHO). Such materials have received increasingscientific attention since they show a color-neutralphotochromic effect that can be applied, e.g., in smartwindows or chromogenic devices. Photochromicmaterials reversibly turn opaque from transparentunder illumination with light of optical wavelength. Inrecent studies it was found that these materials alsoshow an instant decrease in resistivity whenilluminated which can be used in optical sensors. Tounderstand the nature of this photoconductive effect,I grew yttrium oxy hydride thin films by reactivemagnetron sputtering. I measured the resistivity forillumination from front and substrate side, opticaltransmission and compositions of the samples andrelated the results to photoconductivity. I show thatphotoconductivity is a bulk effect and not directlyrelated to photochromism. Samples that almost lostphotochromism due to aging, still show strongphotoconductivity. Moreover, it was observed that theresistance increased faster during bleaching for frontillumination than for back illumination.
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Melle-Franco, Manuel. "Computer simulation of ionic solids of technological interest." Thesis, University of Kent, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327447.

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Aracheloff, Camille. "An in-situ study of the controlled oxidation of yttrium hydride thin films." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad kärnfysik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-417762.

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Miniotas, Andrius. "Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetoresistive Thin Film Oxides and Hydrides." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 2001. http://media.lib.kth.se:8080/kthdisseng.html.

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Pan, Yi. "Formation of Superhexagonal Chromium Hydride by Exposure of Chromium Thin Film to High Temperature, High Pressure Hydrogen in a Ballistic Compressor." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1243.

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The interaction of hydrogen with metals has great environmental significance in problems ranging from the catastrophic failure of materials due to hydrogen embrittlement to safe and efficient storage of hydrogen as a metal hydride. Chromium (Cr) is widely used as an alloying agent to produce materials such as stainless steel and as an electroplated coating on materials to prevent corrosion and to minimize wear. Hydrogen which co-deposits with chromium during electroplating forms hexagonal close packed CrH or face centered cubic CrH2 which cracks the deposit. The behavior of hydrogen in Cr, especially the crystal structure modifications of metal Cr when it is exposed to hot, dense hydrogen gas is not completely understood. In equilibrium study, chromium hydride has been found of hexagonal close packed structure under 400 °C with high hydrogen pressure. Experiments at higher temperatures are limited by the equipment and technology. This dissertation describes a novel, non-equilibrium method which was used to synthesize a new chromium hydride phase. Single crystal, body centered cubic Cr thin films were prepared by vacuum evaporation. These films were exposed to high temperature (close to the melting point of Cr), high pressure hydrogen gas in a ballistic compressor. This was followed by rapid cooling (>105 ˚C/s) to room temperature. Using the transmission electron microscope (TEM), second phase particles of superhexagonal structure, which has lattice constant A=4.77Å and C/A=1.84, are found in the films. This structure has a volume per Cr atom slightly larger than that of hexagonal closed packed CrH, so that the superhexagonal structure may contain more hydrogen than the hexagonal close packed CrH. The superhexagonal particles have a definite orientation relationship with the matrix: [021][subscript sh] II [OOl][subscript b] and (212)[subscript sh] II (IIO)[subscript ]b. The superhexagonal structure is quite stable in air and at room temperature, but decomposes to body centered cubic Cr when heated by the electron beam illumination in the TEM. No such particles were observed in Cr films exposed to pure argon under similar conditions in the ballistic compressor. Positive identification of hydrogen content was obtained by high-temperature vacuum extraction in a discharge tube. After vacuum extraction, hydrogen spectrum was observed, and the intensity of electron diffraction from superhexagonal structure decreased. Using an energy dispersive spectrometer with the capability of detecting elements down to atomic number six (carbon), no changes in composition of the films were found by comparing the characteristic x-ray spectra of the same film before and after exposure to hot, dense hydrogen in the ballistic compressor. This result suggests that this non-equilibrium method may be used for other metal-hydrogen systems to obtain new structural phases that are of scientific or technological interest.
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Bliersbach, Andreas. "Hydrogen diffusion in nano-sized materials : investigated by direct imaging." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Materialfysik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-156033.

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The kinetics of interstitial hydrogen are of great interest and importance for metal-hydride storage, purification, fusion and fission reactor technology, material failure processes, optical sensors for hydrogen gas and many other technologies. In particular nano-sized materials motivate fascinating applications and scientific questions. If hydrogen is absorbed in vanadium it alters the band structure around the Fermi energy. These modifications of the band structurelead to a change in the absorptance of vanadium which are in first order approximation proportional to the concentration. We present a methodto quantify chemical diffusion of hydrogen in nano-sized materials.The induced changes in the absorptance of vanadium hydride (VHx) thin-films are observed visually and in real-time as a function of position.Concentration profiles and their evolution in time, during chemicaldiffusion, were measured down to a hydrogen content corresponding tojust a few effective monolayers, randomly distributed within VHx. For concentrations reached via phase transitions distinct diffusional behavior was found, where a diffusion-front, a strong concentration gradient, migrates in the direction of the diffusive hydrogen flux. The results show that decreased size strongly influences the energy landscape and reveal different rate limiting steps for absorption and desorption.
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Books on the topic "Tin hydride"

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Pratt, Robert Mark. The synthesis of chiral tin hydrides. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1996.

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Donovan, Linda Ann. Efforts towards the synthesis of homochiral tin hydrides. Manchester: University ofManchester, 1996.

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Pratt, Robert Mark. Development of chiral tin hydrides and chiral auxiliaries for use on tin. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1993.

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Christie, Agatha. Ten Little Indians. New York, USA: Pocket Books, 1986.

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Christie, Agatha. Five complete novels of murder and detection. New York: Avenel Books, 1991.

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White, William. The application of polystyrene bound tin hydride to a continuous flow reactor system for the reduction of alkyl and aryl halides. 1990.

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Pike, Philip Willard. Synthesis and reactivity of monomeric and polymeric tin hydrides. 1989.

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Tien kleine negertjes. Brussel: Lefrancq, 1996.

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Christie, Agatha. Ten Little Indians. Chivers Audio Books, 1987.

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Christie, Agatha. Ten little niggers. Tsentrpoligraf, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tin hydride"

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Harrison, P. G. "From Tin Hydrides." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 332–33. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145234.ch134.

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Ukpai, Whitney Fisher, and Tabbetha A. Dobbins. "A Study of the Thermodynamic Destabilization of Sodium Aluminum Hydride (NaAlH4 ) with Titanium Nitride (TiN) using X-ray Diffraction and Residual Gas Analysis." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 99–106. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118019467.ch10.

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Jolly, William L., John E. Drake, Ralph Rudolph, and T. Wartik. "Hydrides of Germanium, Tin, Arsenic, and Antimony." In Inorganic Syntheses, 34–44. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132388.ch10.

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Lenardi, C., M. Marino, E. Barborini, P. Piseri, V. Briois, S. Maffi, and P. Milani. "Nexafs Spectroscopy for the Investigation of Hydrogen Absorption Properties of Nanostructured Carbon Thin Films." In Hydrogen Materials Science and Chemistry of Metal Hydrides, 327–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0600-2_40.

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Minakshi, Manickam, Pritam Singh, and Melody Carter. "Behavior of γ-MnO2 Containing TiB2 as a Cathode in Aqueous Lithium Hydroxide Electrolyte Battery." In Electroceramics in Japan X, 159–62. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-449-9.159.

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Yamaguchi, Naoko, Kiyoharu Tadanaga, and Masahiro Tatsumisago. "Direct Formation of Zn-Al Layered Double Hydroxide Thin Films Intercalated with Various Organic Anions through the Sol-Gel Method with Hot Water Treatment." In Solid State Phenomena, 635–38. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-31-0.635.

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Connolly, John W., and Carl D. Hoff. "Tris[n5-cyclopentadienyltricarbonylmolybdenum]tin hydride, tris[n5-cyclopentadienyltricarbonyltungsten]tin hydride, and corresponding tin halides." In Organometallic Syntheses, 67–72. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-42956-8.50027-x.

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Saito, S. "Diisobutylaluminum Hydride with Tin(II) Chloride." In Compounds of Groups 13 and 2 (Al, Ga, In, Tl, Be...Ba), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-007-00074.

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Clark, A. J. "Reduction of Tin Halides with Lithium Aluminum Hydride." In Compounds of Group 14 (Ge, Sn, Pb), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-005-00192.

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Smith, M. B. "Tin Hydride Mediated Radical Cyclization of N-Monosubstituted Amides." In Three Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds: Esters and Lactones; Peroxy Acids and R(CO)OX Compounds; R(CO)X, X=S, Se, Te, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-021-00627.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tin hydride"

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Cui, Jun, and Gordon K. Shek. "The Effect of Load Reduction on Crack Initiation Behavior of Hydrides From Flaws in Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tube Material." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29880.

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Flaws in Zr-2.5Nb alloy pressure tubes in CANDU® nuclear reactors are susceptible to a crack initiation and growth mechanism known as Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC). DHC is a repetitive process that involves hydrogen diffusion, hydride precipitation, growth of the hydrided region, and fracture of the hydrided region at the flaw tip. One scenario of crack initiation is that the flaw-tip hydrides are formed and cracked at the same stress under constant reactor operating pressure. This is known as crack initiation under constant-load condition. Another scenario of crack initiation is that the flaw-tip hydrides are formed at the operating pressure and then cracked during a transient over-pressure. This is known as crack initiation under overload condition as the hydrides are subjected to a stress higher than the hydride formation stress. In some CANDU reactors, a 20% reduction in pressure is implemented during reactor cool-down. This paper examines the effect of pressure reduction, and hence load reduction, on flaw-tip hydride morphology and crack initiation behavior under constant-load and overload conditions. Experiments were performed on specimens of an unirradiated Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube, with 57 wt. ppm hydrogen concentration. The specimens contained machined V-notches with a root radius of 0.015 mm to simulate service-induced debris fretting flaws. The results indicate that the 20% load reduction increases the threshold stresses for crack initiation under constant-load and overload conditions. Finite element stress analyses were performed to determine the notch-tip stress distribution under constant-load and 20% load-reduction conditions. The load reduction lowers the notch-tip peak stress and shifts its location away from the notch surface. This is consistent with the notch-tip hydride morphologies observed using optical and scanning electron microscopy.
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Shek, Gordon K., and Jun Cui. "Effects of Temperature and Thermal Cycling on the Threshold Stress Intensity Factor for Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tubes." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77332.

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CANDU™ reactor uses Zr-2.5 Nb alloy pressure tubes as the primary coolant containment. The pressure tubes are susceptible to a crack initiation and growth mechanism known as Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC), which is a repetitive process that involves hydrogen diffusion, hydride precipitation, hydrided region formation and fracture at a crack-tip. The threshold stress intensity factor for DHC initiation from a crack, KIH, is an important material parameter for assessing DHC initiation from crack-like or blunt flaws in the pressure tubes. Tests were performed on compact tension samples machined from hydrided unirradiated pressure tubes over the temperature range of 105°C and 286°C to determine the effect of test temperature on KIH. The results indicated that KIH values increased by about 10% from 105°C to 200°C. From 200°C to 286°C, a larger increase in the order of 30% was observed. The crack-tip hydrides when KIH was reached at different test temperatures were examined by metallography which showed that the hydrides had a taper shape and increased in both thickness and length with increasing test temperature. The test results were discussed in terms of the temperature dependence of material properties of the zirconium matrix and zirconium hydrides, as well as the hydride formation process. Implication of the experimental observations on the hydride fracture criteria was discussed. Another set of KIH tests was performed on C-shape hydrided unirradiated pressure tube samples to obtain KIH values under thermal cycling conditions. The test results were compared to KIH values obtained under isothermal condition at a test temperature of 200°C. The results indicated that the difference in KIH values was small and can be accounted for by the dependence of KIH on temperature.
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Cui, Jun, and Gordon K. Shek. "Effects of Hydride Morphology and Test Temperature on Fracture Toughness of Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tube Material." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77260.

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CANDU® reactor uses Zr-2.5Nb alloy pressure tubes as the primary coolant containment. Fracture toughness properties of the pressure tubes are required for evaluation of fracture initiation and leak-before-break. This paper presents an experimental study on the effects of hydride morphology and test temperature on axial fracture toughness of a cold-worked, unirradiated Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube. Compact tension specimens were prepared from one tube section which contained as-received hydrogen concentration and another section which was electrolytically hydrided to 70 ppm hydrogen. Reoriented hydrides were formed in the hydrided tube section in ten thermal cycles under an applied tensile hoop stress of 160 MPa. The hydride morphologies were characterized by a parameter referred to as the hydride continuity coefficient (HCC), which provided a measure of the extent to which the hydrides were reoriented with respect to the applied stress direction. Partially reoriented hydrides with HCC between 0.3–0.4 were formed under the stress and temperature cycles used to precipitate the hydrides. J-R curves were generated to characterize the fracture behavior of the specimens tested at five different temperatures: 25°C (room temperature), 100°C, 150°C, 200°C and 250°C. Test results indicate that, for the as-received specimens, the fracture toughness is relatively high at room temperature and not significantly affected by the test temperature between room temperature and 250°C. For the 70 ppm hydrided specimens containing partially reoriented hydrides, the fracture toughness is significantly lower than that of the as-received specimens at room temperature. At 100°C, the fracture toughness is higher than that at room temperature but the average value is still lower than that of the as-received specimens. The specimens exhibit either brittle or ductile fracture behavior with a sharp transition to an upper-shelf toughness value. At 150°C, the specimens achieve an upper-shelf toughness level. Between 150°C and 250°C, the fracture toughness is similar to that of the as-received specimens and not affected by the reoriented hydrides.
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Shek, Gordon K., and Don R. Metzger. "Effect of Hydrogen Concentration on the Threshold Stress Intensity Factor for Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tubes." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57624.

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The Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes of CANDU reactors are susceptible to a crack initiation and growth mechanism known as Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC), which is a repetitive process that involves hydrogen diffusion, hydride precipitation, hydrided region formation and fracture at a flaw or crack tip. The threshold stress intensity for DHC initiation from a crack, KIH, is an important material parameter for assessing DHC initiation from flaws in pressure tubes. KIH is used to determine whether DHC initiation may occur from flaws which are postulated as crack-like. It is also an input parameter in the engineering process-zone methodology to assess DHC initiation from blunt flaws. Tests were performed to determine the effect of hydrogen concentration in solution on KIH in unirradiated Zr-2.5 Nb material, subjected to different thermo-mechanical treatments to obtain different yield strength or hardness. Hydrogen concentration in solution represents the diffusible hydrogen available for the DHC process, and is different than the total hydrogen concentration which includes the immobile hydrogen in the zirconium hydride phase. For all material conditions, the KIH values at 250°C are significantly higher when the hydrogen concentration in solution is low. Post test metallographic examination indicates that the crack-tip hydride is large and has a taper shape when the hydrogen concentration in solution is high. This suggests that KIH is reached due to insufficient stress to crack the hydrides. When the hydrogen concentration in solution is low, the crack-tip hydride is small and KIH is reached due to limited hydride growth. Finite element diffusion analysis was performed to determine the crack tip hydride accumulation as a function of KI and hydrogen in solution. For high hydrogen concentration in solution, the model predicts a taper hydride shape and hydride lengths which are consistent with the trend observed in the experiments. Another set of KIH tests was performed at 200°C on unirradiated pressure tube material hydrided to 60 and 100 ppm hydrogen. The test results indicated that KIH is controlled by the hydrogen in solution and is not affected by the amount of hydrogen in bulk hydrides.
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Wu, Shengjia, Jwo Pan, Douglas A. Scarth, and Sterling St. Lawrence. "Deformation Behavior and J-Integral of Macroscopic Hydride Platelet Clusters in Hydrided Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tube Materials Under Plane Strain Conditions." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93763.

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Abstract The mechanical behavior and J-integral of macroscopic hydride platelet clusters in hydrided Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube materials are investigated by two-dimensional finite element analyses with cohesive zone model under plane strain conditions. The hydride platelets are assumed to be separated at the early stage of the loading and are treated as cracks. The cohesive zone model with a trapezoidal traction-separation law is adopted. The macroscopic mechanical behavior is quantified by the macroscopic stress-strain relations and the fracture parameter of the bulk radial hydride is specified by the J integral-stress relations. The hydride platelet spacing has major effects while the cohesive energy and cohesive strength have minor effects on the mechanical behavior and fracture properties of the bulk hydrides. The computational results suggest that the hydride platelet cluster can be viewed as a soft region with a reduced load carrying capacity at large stress under plane strain loading conditions. A hydride platelet cluster may be treated as a cracked bulk hydride but with a reduced crack tip driving force for fracture.
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Cui, Jun, Gordon K. Shek, Douglas A. Scarth, and William K. Lee. "Delayed Hydride Cracking Initiation at Simulated Secondary Flaws in Zr-2.5 Nb Pressure Tube Material." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2301.

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Flaws in Zr-2.5 Nb alloy pressure tubes of CANDU nuclear reactors are susceptible to a crack initiation and growth mechanism called Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC), which is a repetitive process that involves hydrogen diffusion, hydride precipitation, growth of the hydrided region and fracture of the hydrided region at the flaw-tip. The presence of small surface irregularities, or secondary flaws, at the bottom of service-induced fretting flaws in pressure tubes requires an integrity assessment in terms of DHC initiation. Experimental data and analytical modeling are required to predict whether DHC initiation can occur from the secondary flaws. In the present work, an experimental program was carried out to examine the impact of small secondary flaws with sharp radii on DHC initiation from simulated fretting flaws. Groups of cantilever beam specimens containing blunt notches with and without secondary flaws were prepared from unirradiated pressure tube materials hydrided to a nominal concentration of 50 wt ppm hydrogen. The specimens were subjected to multiple thermal cycles to form hydrides at the flaw-tip at different applied stress levels, which straddled the threshold value for DHC initiation. The threshold conditions for DHC initiation were established for different simulated fretting and secondary flaws. The experimental results are compared with predictions from the engineering process-zone DHC initiation model.
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Cui, Jun, Gordon K. Shek, Douglas A. Scarth, and Zhirui Wang. "Delayed Hydride Cracking Initiation at Simulated Debris Fretting Flaws in Zr-2.5Nb Alloys." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93325.

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Flaws in Zr-2.5Nb alloy pressure tubes in CANDU nuclear reactors are susceptible to a crack initiation and growth mechanism known as Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC), which is a repetitive process that involves hydrogen diffusion, hydride precipitation, growth and fracture of the hydrided region at the flaw-tip. In-service flaw evaluation requires an analysis to demonstrate DHC will not initiate from the flaw. The work presented in this paper examines DHC initiation behavior from simulated debris fretting flaws. Groups of cantilever beam specimens containing V-notches with root radii of 15, 30 and 100 μm were prepared from two unirradiated pressure tubes hydrided to a nominal hydrogen concentration of 57 wt. ppm. The specimens were loaded to different stress levels that straddled the threshold value predicted by an engineering model, and subjected to multiple thermal cycles relevant to reactor operating conditions to form hydrides at the flaw-tip. Threshold conditions for DHC initiation were established for the flaw geometries and thermal cycling conditions used in this program. Test results indicate that the susceptibility to DHC initiation was affected by material variability and notch root radius. The results are also compared with model predictions.
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Sung, Shin-Jang, Jwo Pan, Poh-Sang Lam, and Douglas A. Scarth. "Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analyses of Thin-Sliced Compact Tension Specimens of Irradiated Zr-2.5Nb Materials With Consideration of Split Circumferential Hydrides." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63863.

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In this paper, the low energy mode associated with split circumferential hydrides is examined by conducting three-dimensional finite element analyses of thin-sliced compact tension (CT) specimens of irradiated Zr-2.5Nb materials with split circumferential hydrides. Finite element models of thin-sliced CT specimens with split circumferential hydrides and various slice thicknesses are developed with the assumption of the plane strain condition in the thickness direction except in the split circumferential hydride regions. The computational results indicate that with split circumferential hydrides, the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) can increase 50% for thinner thin-sliced specimens under the same load per unit thickness. With the use of a strain-based failure criterion with split circumferential hydrides, the load per unit thickness for thinner thin-sliced specimens can reduce by at most 70% to meet the failure criterion.
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Cui, Jun, and Gordon K. Shek. "Overload Fracture of Hydrided Region at Simulated Blunt Flaws in Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tube Material." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71273.

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Flaws in Zr-2.5Nb alloy pressure tubes in CANDU nuclear reactors are susceptible to a crack initiation and growth mechanism known as Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC), which is a repetitive process that involves hydrogen diffusion, hydride precipitation, growth of the hydrided region and fracture of the hydrided region at the flaw-tip. An overload occurs when the hydrided region at a flaw is loaded to a stress higher than that at which this region is formed. Flaw disposition requires justification that the hydrided region overload from normal reactor operating and transient loading conditions will not fracture the hydrided region, and will not initiate DHC. Some preliminary test results on the effect of hydrided region overload on DHC initiation were presented in Reference [1]. In the present work, several series of more systematically designed monotonically increasing load experiments were performed on specimens prepared from an unirradiated pressure tube with hydrided region formed at flaws with a root radius of 0.1 or 0.3 mm under different hydride formation stresses and thermal histories. Crack initiation in the overload tests was detected by the acoustic emission technique. Test results indicate that the resistance to overload fracture is dependent on a variety of parameters including hydride formation stress, thermal history, flaw geometry and hydrogen concentration.
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Shek, Gordon K., and Jun Cui. "Effects of Hydrided Region Overload on Delayed Hydride Cracking Initiation From Flaws in Zr-2.5 Nb Pressure Tubes." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-2015.

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The Zr-2.5 Nb pressure tubes of CANDU™ (CANada Deuterium Uranium) reactors are susceptible to a crack initiation and growth mechanism known as Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC), which is a process that involves hydrogen diffusion, hydride precipitation, hydrided region formation and fracture at a flaw-tip. An overload occurs when the hydrided region at a flaw is loaded to a stress higher than that at which this region is formed. Flaw disposition requires justification that the hydrided region overload from normal reactor operating and transient loading conditions will not fracture the hydrided region, and will not initiate DHC. To evaluate the effects of hydrided region overload on DHC initiation, a series of monotonically increasing load experiments were performed on specimens prepared from unirradiated pressure tube materials with the hydrided region formed at flaws with root radii varying from 15 to 350 μm, and blunt notches with and without secondary flaws. Test results indicate that the resistance to overload fracture is dependent on a variety of parameters including flaw geometry, hydride formation stress, loading history, and overload test temperature.
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Reports on the topic "Tin hydride"

1

Ting, Jason. Gas atomization processing of tin and silicon modified LaNi5 for nickel-metal hydride battery applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/348924.

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ADAMS, DAVID P., JUAN A. ROMERO, MARK A. RODRIGUEZ, JERROLD A. FLORO, and PAUL G. KOTULA. Microstructure, Phase Formation, and Stress of Reactively-Deposited Metal Hydride Thin Films. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/800984.

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Pan, Yi. Formation of Superhexagonal Chromium Hydride by Exposure of Chromium Thin Film to High Temperature, High Pressure Hydrogen in a Ballistic Compressor. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1242.

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