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Journal articles on the topic 'Timing detectors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 11 January 2025

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1

Tan, Yuhang, Tao Yang, Kai Liu, Congcong Wang, Xiyuan Zhang, Mei Zhao, Xiaochuan Xia, et al. "Timing Performance Simulation for 3D 4H-SiC Detector." Micromachines 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010046.

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To meet the high radiation challenge for detectors in future high-energy physics, a novel 3D 4H-SiC detector was investigated. Three-dimensional 4H-SiC detectors could potentially operate in a harsh radiation and room-temperature environment because of its high thermal conductivity and high atomic displacement threshold energy. Its 3D structure, which decouples the thickness and the distance between electrodes, further improves the timing performance and the radiation hardness of the detector. We developed a simulation software—RASER (RAdiation SEmiconductoR)—to simulate the time resolution of planar and 3D 4H-SiC detectors with different parameters and structures, and the reliability of the software was verified by comparing the simulated and measured time-resolution results of the same detector. The rough time resolution of the 3D 4H-SiC detector was estimated, and the simulation parameters could be used as guideline to 3D 4H-SiC detector design and optimization.

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2

Duranti, Matteo, Valerio Vagelli, Giovanni Ambrosi, Mattia Barbanera, Bruna Bertucci, Enrico Catanzani, Federico Donnini, et al. "Advantages and Requirements in Time Resolving Tracking for Astroparticle Experiments in Space." Instruments 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5020020.

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A large-area, solid-state detector with single-hit precision timing measurement will enable several breakthrough experimental advances for the direct measurement of particles in space. Silicon microstrip detectors are the most promising candidate technology to instrument the large areas of the next-generation astroparticle space borne detectors that could meet the limitations on power consumption required by operations in space. We overview the novel experimental opportunities that could be enabled by the introduction of the timing measurement, concurrent with the accurate spatial and charge measurement, in Silicon microstrip tracking detectors, and we discuss the technological solutions and their readiness to enable the operations of large-area Silicon microstrip timing detectors in space.

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3

Lisowska, M., Y. Angelis, S. Aune, J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, E. Chatzianagnostou, K. Dehmelt, et al. "Towards robust PICOSEC Micromegas precise timing detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 07 (July 1, 2023): C07018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/07/c07018.

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Abstract The PICOSEC Micromegas (MM) detector is a precise timing gaseous detector consisting of a Cherenkov radiator combined with a photocathode and a MM amplifying structure. A 100-channel PICOSEC MM prototype with 10 × 10 cm2 active area equipped with a Cesium Iodide (CsI) photocathode demonstrated a time resolution below σ = 18 ps. The objective of this work is to improve the PICOSEC MM detector robustness aspects, i.e. integration of resistive MM and carbon-based photocathodes, while maintaining good time resolution. The PICOSEC MM prototypes have been tested in laboratory conditions and successfully characterised with 150 GeV/c muon beams at the CERN SPS H4 beam line. The excellent timing performance below σ = 20 ps for an individual pad obtained with the 10 × 10 cm2 area resistive PICOSEC MM of 20 MΩ/□ showed no significant time resolution degradation as a result of adding a resistive layer. A single-pad prototype equipped with a 12 nm thick Boron Carbide (B4C) photocathode presented a time resolution below σ = 35 ps, opening up new possibilities for detectors with robust photocathodes. The results made the concept more suitable for the experiments in need of robust detectors with good time resolution.

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Sun, M. D., C. H. Zhang, and B. Q. Zhao. "Coincidence time resolution measurements for dual-ended readout PET detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 07 (July 1, 2023): P07003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/07/p07003.

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Abstract Coincidence time resolution (CTR) is an important performance parameter of clinical positron emission tomography (PET) detectors, which is dependent on the parameters of the scintillation crystal, the timing measurement methods, and the electronics. In this work, CTRs of PET detectors using dual-ended readout of segmented LYSO arrays were measured with different timing measurement methods. The detector modules were composed of LYSO arrays of 8 × 8 with a crystal size of 3.10 × 3.10 × 20 mm3 or 13 × 13 with a crystals size of 1.88 × 1.88 × 20 mm3, coupled at each end to an 8 × 8 Hamamatsu SiPM array (S13361-3050NE-08) with pixel active area of 3.00 × 3.00 mm2 and pitch of 3.20 mm. The signals of the SiPM arrays were individually read out and processed by using the TOFPET2 ASICs. The CTRs of the detectors were measured after the timing alignment of the ASICs was performed. Timing measurement methods of the dual-ended readout detector such as the average time of the two SiPMs, the faster time of the two SiPMs, the time of the back SiPM, and the time of the front SiPM were compared. The average time of the two SiPMs provides the best CTR, which is explained by a simple model about the timing measurement methods of a dual-ended readout detector. The detector with one-to-one crystal-to-SiPM coupling provides better CTR than the detector with a crystal size smaller than the pixel size of the SiPM. The best CTR of 367 ± 6 ps was obtained by using the 8 × 8 LYSO array with unpolished lateral crystal surfaces and ESR reflectors. The CTR of the dual-ended readout detector can be improved if a DOI-dependent timing correction is used.

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5

Ge, Zhuang. "Overview of High-Performance Timing and Position-Sensitive MCP Detectors Utilizing Secondary Electron Emission for Mass Measurements of Exotic Nuclei at Nuclear Physics Facilities." Sensors 24, no. 22 (November 13, 2024): 7261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24227261.

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Timing and/or position-sensitive MCP detectors, which detect secondary electrons (SEs) emitted from a conversion foil during ion passage, are widely utilized in nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics experiments. This review covers high-performance timing and/or position-sensitive MCP detectors that use SE emission for mass measurements of exotic nuclei at nuclear physics facilities, along with their applications in new measurement schemes. The design, principles, performance, and applications of these detectors with different arrangements of electromagnetic fields are summarized. To achieve high precision and accuracy in mass measurements of exotic nuclei using time-of-flight (TOF) and/or position (imaging) measurement methods, such as high-resolution beam-line magnetic-rigidity time-of-flight (Bρ-TOF) and in-ring isochronous mass spectrometry (IMS), foil-MCP detectors with high position and timing resolution have been introduced and simulated. Beyond TOF mass measurements, these new detector systems are also described for use in heavy ion beam trajectory monitoring and momentum measurements for both beam-line and in-ring applications. Additionally, the use of position-sensitive timing foil-MCP detectors for Penning trap mass spectrometers and multi-reflection time-of-flight (MR-TOF) mass spectrometers is proposed and discussed to improve efficiency and enhance precision.

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6

Ferrero, V., J. Werner, M. Aglietta, P. Cerello, E. Fiorina, A. Gorgi, A. Vignati, M. Rafecas, and F. Pennazio. "The MERLINO project:characterization of LaBr₃:Ce detectors for stopping power monitoring in proton therapy." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): C11013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/c11013.

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Abstract The MERLINO project is developing a multi-detector setup with the goal of evaluating the beam stopping power from Prompt-Gamma-Timing measurements in proton therapy. The detectors are based on the cerium-doped lanthanum bromide crystal, LaBr3:Ce, coupled to photo-multiplier tubes. The system characterization is ongoing and the first calibration measurements with two detectors showed 124 ps σ and σ E/E = 3% for the timing and energy resolution, respectively. The measured experimental parameters were then used to carry out a preliminary estimation of the stopping power. Results from the simulation of a 189 MeV proton beam impinging on an homogeneous phantom are presented for the optimisation of the MERLINO detector setup.

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7

Hart, S., P. Jones, L. Pellegri, and S. Peterson. "A hybrid CZT-LaBr₃:Ce Compton camera system for improving proton therapy imaging." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2586, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2586/1/012130.

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Abstract This work aims to combine the Polaris-J cadmium zinc telluride semi-conductor detector with a LaBr3:Ce scintillation detector as a hybrid Compton camera that can produce high-quality prompt γ ray images. The LaBr3:Ce detectors (Saint-Gobain Crystals) have outstanding timing resolution (< 350 ps), great energy resolution (< 2.5 % at 1332 keV), and a higher maximum energy range. The goal is to use the strengths of the LaBr3:Ce detectors to offset some of the limitations of the Polaris-J detector.

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8

Taylor, Gregor G., Ewan N. MacKenzie, Boris Korzh, Dmitry V. Morozov, Bruce Bumble, Andrew D. Beyer, Jason P. Allmaras, Matthew D. Shaw, and Robert H. Hadfield. "Mid-infrared timing jitter of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 21 (November 21, 2022): 214001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128129.

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Detector timing jitter is a key parameter in advanced photon counting applications. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors offer the fastest timing jitter in the visible to telecom wavelength range and have demonstrated single-photon sensitivity in the mid-infrared spectral region. Here, we report on timing jitter in a NbTiN nanowire device from 1.56 to 3.5 μm wavelength, achieving a FWHM jitter from 13.2 to 30.3 ps. This study has implications for emerging time-correlated single-photon counting applications in the mid-infrared spectral region.

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9

Manthos, I., K. Kordas, I. Maniatis, M. Tsopoulou, and S. E. Tzamarias. "Signal processing techniques for precise timing with novel gaseous detectors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2105, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2105/1/012015.

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Abstract The experimental requirements in current and near-future accelerators and experiments have stimulated intense interest in R&D of detectors with high precision timing capabilities, resulting in novel instrumentation. During the R&D phase, the timing information is usually extracted from the signal using the full waveform collected with fast oscilloscopes; this method produces a large amount of data and it becomes impractical when the detector has many channels. Towards practical applications, the data acquisition should be undertaken by dedicated front-end electronic units. The selected technology should retain the signal timing characteristics and consequently the timing resolution on the particle’s arrival time. We investigate the adequacy of the Leading-edge discrimination timing technique to achieve timing with a precision in the order of tens of picosecond with novel gaseous detectors. The method under investigation introduces a “time-walk” which impinges on the timing resolution. We mitigate the effect of time-walk using three different approaches; the first based on multiple Time-over-Threshold, the second based on multiple Charge-over-Threshold information and the third uses artificial Neural Network techniques. The results of this study prove the feasibility of the methods and their ability to achieve a timing resolution comparable to that obtained using the full waveforms.

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10

Tully, Christopher G. "Fast timing for collider detectors." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 33 (November 22, 2016): 1644022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1644022x.

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Advancements in fast timing particle detectors have opened up new possibilities to design [Formula: see text] collider detectors that fully reconstruct and separate event vertices and individual particles in the time domain. The applications of these techniques are considered for the physics at CEPC.

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11

Staszewski, Rafał, and Janusz J. Chwastowski. "Timing detectors for forward physics." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 940 (October 2019): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.090.

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12

Hitomi, Keitaro, Tsutomu Tada, Toshiyuki Onodera, Tadayoshi Shoji, Seong-Yun Kim, Yuanlai Xu, and Keizo Ishii. "Timing Performance of TlBr Detectors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 60, no. 4 (August 2013): 2883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2013.2268855.

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13

Klein, Ch, J. Trötscher, and H. Wollnik. "Fast timing position sensitive detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 335, no. 1-2 (October 1993): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90266-k.

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14

Baldazzi, G., D. Bollini, F. Casali, P. Chirco, A. Donati, W. Dusi, G. Landini, M. Rossi, and J. B. Stephen. "Timing response of CdTe detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 326, no. 1-2 (March 1993): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90372-o.

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15

Va’vra, J. "Picosecond timing detectors and applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1498 (April 2020): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1498/1/012013.

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16

Darby, F. B., O. Pakari, M. Y. Hua, V. Lamirand, S. D. Clarke, A. Pautz, and S. A. Pozzi. "Investigation of organic scintillators for neutron-gamma noise measurements in a zero power reactor." EPJ Web of Conferences 288 (2023): 04015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328804015.

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Noise measurements in light water reactor systems aid in generating validation data for integral point kinetic parameter predictions and monitoring parameters for reactor safety and safeguards. The CROCUS zero-power reactor has been used to produce both data types to date, using thermal neutron detectors to observe neutron noise and inorganic scintillators to observe gamma noise. Also, the cross-correlation of gamma and neutron noise has been investigated at CROCUS with separate gamma and neutron detectors. Organic scintillators can be used to cross-correlate gamma and neutron noise with only one detector type, within a single detector volume, and provide nanosecond timing resolution for time-correlated measurements. Dual-particle measurements require particle-type discrimination and are hence possible with organic scintillators since such detectors have the property of presenting statistically different pulse shapes for gamma rays and fast neutrons. The fine timing precision increases the signal-to-noise ratio relative to moderated thermal neutron detectors for correlated measurements and the dual-particle sensitivity allows for multiple modalities of estimating the prompt neutron decay constant. In this work, we present data obtained with 5.08 cm-length by 5.08 cm-diameter trans-stilbene cylindrical detectors set in the water reflector of CROCUS. Preliminary results estimate the prompt neutron decay constant to be (155 ±5) s−1 at delayed critical.

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17

Kim, Sungjoon, Manoj B. Jadhav, Vikas Berry, Jessica E. Metcalfe, and Anirudha V. Sumant. "Novel indium phosphide charged particle detector characterization with a 120 GeV proton beam." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 08 (August 1, 2024): P08016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/08/p08016.

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Abstract Thin film detectors which incorporate semiconductor materials other than silicon have the potential to build upon their unique material properties and offer advantages such as faster response times, operation at room temperature, and radiation hardness. To explore the possibility, promising candidate materials were selected, and particle tracking detectors were fabricated. An indium phosphide detector with a metal-intrinsic-metal structure has been fabricated for particle tracking. The detector was tested using radioactive sources and a high energy proton beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. In addition to its simplistic design and fabrication process, the indium phosphide particle detector showed a very fast response time of hundreds of picoseconds for the 120 GeV protons, which are comparable to the ultra-fast silicon detectors. This fast-timing response is attributed to the high electron mobility of indium phosphide. Such material properties can be leveraged to build novel detectors with superlative performance.

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18

Pfäfflein, Philip, Günter Weber, Steffen Allgeier, Sonja Bernitt, Andreas Fleischmann, Marvin Friedrich, Christoph Hahn, et al. "Exploitation of the Timing Capabilities of Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters for a Coincidence Measurement Scheme." Atoms 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms11010005.

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In this report, we compare two filter algorithms for extracting timing information using novel metallic magnetic calorimeter detectors, applied to the precision X-ray spectroscopy of highly charged ions in a storage ring. Accurate timing information is crucial when exploiting coincidence conditions for background suppression to obtain clean spectra. For X-rays emitted by charge-changing interactions between ions and a target, this is a well-established technique when relying on conventional semiconductor detectors that offer a good temporal resolution. However, until recently, such a coincidence scheme had never been realized with metallic magnetic calorimeters, which typically feature much longer signal rise times. In this report, we present optimized timing filter algorithms for this type of detector. Their application to experimental data recently obtained at the electron cooler of CRYRING@ESR at GSI, Darmstadt is discussed.

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19

Radogna, Raffaella, Piet Verwilligen, and Marcello Maggi. "Simulation of a Fast Timing Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector for TOF-PET and future accelerators." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 02033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921402033.

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Simulation is a powerful tool for designing new detectors and guide the construction of new prototypes. Advances in photolithography and micro-electronics led to the development of a new family of devices named Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs) [1], with main features: flexible geometry; high rate capability (> MHz/cm2); excellent spatial resolution ( 100µ m); good time resolution (5-10 ns); and reduced radiation length. A new detector layout, named Fast Timing MPGD (FTM), has been recently proposed [2] that would combine both the high spatial resolution and high rate capability of the MPGDs, while improving the time resolution with nearly two orders of magnitude to ~100ps. However charged particle timing with gaseous detector time resolution below 100 ps has been established with another detection scheme [3], this approach might not be able to sustain high particle rates. This contribution investigates the use of the FTM technology for an innovative TOF-PET imaging detector and emphases the importance of full detector simulation to guide the design of the detector geometry and performance.

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20

Paulus, T. J. "Timing Electronics and Fast Timing Methods with Scintillation Detectors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 32, no. 3 (1985): 1242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.1985.4337024.

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21

Bonesini, Maurizio, Roberto Bertoni, Andrea Abba, Francesco Caponio, Marco Prata, and Massimo Rossella. "Improving the Time Resolution of Large-Area LaBr3:Ce Detectors with SiPM Array Readout." Condensed Matter 8, no. 4 (November 17, 2023): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040099.

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LaBr3:Ce crystals have good scintillation properties for X-ray spectroscopy. Initially, they were introduced for radiation imaging in medical physics with either a photomultiplier or SiPM readout, and they found extensive applications in homeland security and gamma-ray astronomy. We used 1″ round LaBr3:Ce crystals to realize compact detectors with the SiPM array readout. The aim was a good energy resolution and a fast time response to detect low-energy X-rays around 100 keV. A natural application was found inside the FAMU experiment, at RIKEN RAL. Its aim is a precise measurement of the proton Zemach radius with impinging muons, to contribute to the solution to the so-called “proton radius puzzle”. Signals to be detected are characteristic X-rays around 130 KeV. A limit for this type of detector, as compared to the ones with a photomultiplier readout, is its poorer timing characteristics due to the large capacity of the SiPM arrays used. In particular, long signal falltimes are a problem in experiments such as FAMU, where a “prompt” background component must be separated from a “delayed” one (after 600 ns) in the signal X-rays to be detected. Dedicated studies were pursued to improve the timing characteristics of the used detectors, starting from hybrid ganging of SiPM cells; then developing a suitable zero pole circuit with a parallel ganging, where an increased overvoltage for the SiPM array was used to compensate for the signal decrease; and finally designing ad hoc electronics to split the 1″ detector’s SiPM array into four quadrants, thus reducing the involved capacitances. The aim was to improve the detectors’ timing characteristics, especially falltime, while keeping a good FWHM energy resolution for low-energy X-ray detection.

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22

Costa, M. "Low gain avalanche detectors for precision timing in the CMS MTD endcap timing layer." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 06 (June 1, 2024): C06010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/c06010.

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Abstract The MIP Timing Detector (MTD) of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is designed to provide precision timing information (with resolution of ∼40 ps per layer) for charged particles, with hermetic coverage up to a pseudo-rapidity of |η| = 3. This upgrade will reduce the effects of pile-up expected under the High-Luminosity LHC running conditions and brings new and unique capabilities to the CMS detector. The time information assigned to each track will enable the use of 4D reconstruction algorithms and will further discriminate in the time domain interaction vertices within the same bunch crossing to recover the track purity of vertices in current LHC conditions. The endcap region of the MTD, called the Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) will be instrumented with silicon-based low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs), covering the high radiation pseudo-rapidity region between |η| = 1.6 and 3.0. Each endcap will be instrumented with a two-disk system of LGADs, read out by Endcap Timing Readout Chips (ETROCs), being designed for precision timing measurements. We will present an overview of the MTD ETL design, which is detailed in the MTD technical design report. We will also present the R&D and test beam studies that were instrumental for achieving the ETL design, characterization of the LGAD sensors, as well as recent progress on the development of the ETROC readout electronics.

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23

Xie, Siwei, Zhiliang Zhu, Xi Zhang, Qiangqiang Xie, Hongsen Yu, Yibin Zhang, Jianfeng Xu, and Qiyu Peng. "Optical Simulation and Experimental Assessment with Time–Walk Correction of TOF–PET Detectors with Multi-Ended Readouts." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144681.

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As a commonly used solution, the multi-ended readout can measure the depth-of-interaction (DOI) for positron emission tomography (PET) detectors. In the present study, the effects of the multi-ended readout design were investigated using the leading-edge discriminator (LED) triggers on the timing performance of time-of-flight (TOF) PET detectors. At the very first, the photon transmission model of the four detectors, namely, single-ended readout, dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout, was established in Tracepro. The optical simulation revealed that the light output of the multi-ended readout was higher. Meanwhile, the readout circuit could be triggered earlier. Especially, in the triple-ended readout, the light output at 0.5 ns was observed to be nearly twice that of the single-ended readout after the first scintillating photon was generated. Subsequently, a reference detector was applied to test the multi-ended readout detectors that were constructed from a 6 × 6 × 25 mm3 LYSO crystal. Each module is composed of a crystal coupled with multiple SiPMs. Accordingly, its timing performance was improved by approximately 10% after the compensation of fourth-order polynomial fitting. Finally, the compensated full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) coincidence timing resolutions (CTR) of the dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout were 216.9 ps, 231.0 ps, and 203.6 ps, respectively.

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Bossini, Edoardo. "The Timing System of the TOTEM Experiment." Instruments 2, no. 4 (October 24, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments2040021.

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The new proton timing stations of the Totem experiment are based on UltraFast Silicon Detectors installed in Roman Pots at 220 m from the interaction point 5 at LHC. The sensors have shown in beam test a timing resolution in the range 30–100 ps, depending on the pixel size. The readout is performed through a fast sampler chip: the SAMPIC. The best timing resolution can indeed be obtained only by recording the full waveform of the detector signal. The challenges to integrate the chip and the detector in the Totem-CMS DAQ and control systems will be discussed, together with the solutions adopted. The system has been successfully operated in LHC during some commissioning runs and during the special run in July 2018.

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Leisos, Antonios, Stavros Nonis, Apostolos Tsirigotis, George Bourlis, Kostas Papageorgiou, Ioannis Gkialas, Ioannis Manthos, and Spyros Tzamarias. "Hybrid Detection of High Energy Showers in Urban Environments." Universe 5, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5010003.

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The Astroneu array comprises 9 large charged particle detectors and 3 RF antennas arranged in three autonomous stations operating at the University Campus of the Hellenic Open University in the city of Patras. Each station of the array detects extensive air showers with primary energy threshold of about 10 TeV, while double station coincidence events select showers with energies higher than 10 3 TeV. In such an environment, the radio detection of air showers is challenging. The RF signals besides being extremely weak they also suffer from strong human made electromagnetic noise. In this work, we present the analysis of double station coincidence events and we study the correlation of the RF data with the particle detectors data. We use the experimental information from the particle detectors and the antennas to select very high energy showers and we compare the timing of the RF signals with the timing of the particle detector signals as well as the strength of the RF signals with the simulation predictions.

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Royon, Christophe, William d’Assignies D., Florian Gautier, Tommaso Isidori, Nicola Minafra, and Alexander Novikov. "Fast Timing Detectors and Applications in Cosmic Ray Physics and Medical Science." Instruments 7, no. 2 (March 23, 2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments7020014.

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We use fast silicon detectors and the fast sampling method originally developed for high energy physics for two applications: cosmic ray measurements in collaboration with NASA and dose measurements during flash beam cancer treatment. The cosmic ray measurement will benefit from the fast sampling method to measure the Bragg peak where the particle stops in the silicon detector and the dose measurement is performed by counting the number of particles that enter the detector.

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27

Cerdonio, M., V. Crivelli Visconti, A. Ortolan, G. Prodi, L. Taffarello, G. Vedovato, and S. Vitale. "Sub-Millisecond Absolute Timing: Toward an Actual Gravitational Observatory." Modern Physics Letters A 12, no. 30 (September 28, 1997): 2261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732397002326.

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In this letter we report the results we obtained experimentally demonstrating the feasibility of absolute timing of impulsive gravitational wave signals by means of a resonant bar detector. We reached a resolution of less than 20 μs for SNR ≥ 10. We also discuss the important prospects this result opens for the present and for the future, as a necessary condition for the implementation of a global network of gravitational wave detectors.

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El-Wahab, M. A., A. El-Arabi, and M. H. Battrawi. "Constant fraction timing with scintillation detectors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 36, no. 1 (1989): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.34472.

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29

Lipton, Ronald, and Jason Theiman. "Fast timing with induced current detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 945 (November 2019): 162423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.162423.

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Amrami, R., G. Shani, Y. Hefetz, A. Pansky, and N. Wainer. "Timing performance of pixelated CdZnTe detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 458, no. 3 (February 2001): 772–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(00)00810-x.

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Rijken, H. A., S. S. Klein, W. Jacobs, L. J. H. G. W. Teeuwen, M. J. A. de Voigt, and P. Burger. "Subnanosecond timing with ion-implanted detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 64, no. 1-4 (February 1992): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(92)95479-b.

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Warren, Glen A., Sean C. Stave, and Erin A. Miller. "Detectors for Accelerator-Based Security Applications." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 08 (January 2015): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179362681530011x.

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We present a review of detector systems used in accelerator-based security applications. The applications discussed span stockpile stewardship, material interdiction, treaty verification, and spent nuclear fuel assay. The challenge for detectors in accelerator-based applications is the separation of the desired signal from the background, frequently during high input count rates. Typical techniques to address the background challenge include shielding, timing, selection of sensitive materials, and choice of accelerator.

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Manthos, I., S. Aune, J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, C. David, D. Desforge, G. Fanourakis, et al. "Precise timing and recent advancements with segmented anode PICOSEC Micromegas prototypes." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): C10009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/10/c10009.

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Abstract Timing information in current and future accelerator facilities is important for resolving objects (particle tracks, showers, etc.) in extreme large particles multiplicities on the detection systems. The PICOSEC Micromegas detector has demonstrated the ability to time 150 GeV muons with a sub-25 ps precision. Driven by detailed simulation studies and a phenomenological model which describes stochastically the dynamics of the signal formation, new PICOSEC designs were developed that significantly improve the timing performance of the detector. PICOSEC prototypes with reduced drift gap size (∼119 µm) achieved a resolution of 45 ps in timing single photons in laser beam tests (in comparison to 76 ps of the standard PICOSEC detector). Towards large area detectors, multi-pad PICOSEC prototypes with segmented anodes has been developed and studied. Extensive tests in particle beams revealed that the multi-pad PICOSEC technology provides also very precise timing, even when the induced signal is shared among several neighbouring pads. Furthermore, new signal processing algorithms have been developed, which can be applied during data acquisition and provide real time, precise timing.

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Pestotnik, R., G. Razdevšek, R. Dolenec, G. El Fakhri, P. Križan, S. Majewski, A. Studen, and S. Korpar. "Simulation study of a 50 ps panel TOF PET imager." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): C12010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/12/c12010.

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Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) is one of the most important diagnostic tools in medicine, providing three-dimensional imaging of functional processes in the body. The method is based on detecting two gamma rays originating from the point of annihilation of the positron emitted by a radio-labeled agent and used to follow the human’s physiological processes. In Time-Of-Flight PET, gamma rays’ arrival time is measured in addition to their position. The coincidence timing resolution (CTR) of state-of-the-art scanners is between 200 ps and 500 ps FWHM, which can significantly improve the contrast in imaging large objects. However, increasing the sensitivity of the next-generation PET scanners requires increasing the imaging device’s timing accuracy. Using the latest advances, a multichannel system with improved CTR is becoming technologically possible. Generally, 3D images from limited angle PET scanners are distorted and have artifacts. Fortunately, with improving timing resolution of PET gamma detectors, artifact-free images can be obtained even by a very simplified detector. We were studying a simple panel PET detector consisting of gamma detectors with 50 ps coincidence timing resolution. With this new concept, the price of PET scanners for imaging single or multiple organs can be drastically decreased. We evaluated different panel detector arrangements by imaging different phantoms. The reconstructed images were compared with those obtained with the Siemens Biograph Vision, a state-of-the-art clinical PET scanner. We found comparable image quality parameters of both systems when the CTR approaches 50 ps FWHM and that good CTR can partially compensate for smaller gamma detection efficiency.

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LOSECCO, J. M. "NEUTRINO OBSERVATIONS OF THE 1987 SUPERNOVA: A Long Time Ago in a Galaxy Far Away." International Journal of Modern Physics D 01, no. 01 (January 1992): 69–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271892000045.

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A summary and comparison of neutrino observations of the 1987 supernova is presented. Attention is paid to comparing and contrasting the different observations and capabilities of the different detectors. Details of the timing, energy and angular distributions are discussed. Considerations for future detections are mentioned.

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Castillo García, Lucía, Evangelos Leonidas Gkougkousis, Chiara Grieco, and Sebastian Grinstein. "Characterization of Irradiated Boron, Carbon-Enriched and Gallium Si-on-Si Wafer Low Gain Avalanche Detectors." Instruments 6, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6010002.

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Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are n-on-p silicon sensors with an extra doped p-layer below the n-p junction which provides signal amplification. The moderate gain of these sensors, together with the relatively thin active region, provides excellent timing performance for Minimum Ionizing Particles (MIPs). To mitigate the effect of pile-up during the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) era, both ATLAS and CMS experiments will install new detectors, the High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) and the End-Cap Timing Layer (ETL), that rely on the LGAD technology. A full characterization of LGAD sensors fabricated by Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica (CNM), before and after neutron irradiation up to 1015 neq/cm2, is presented. Sensors produced in 100 mm Si-on-Si wafers and doped with boron and gallium, and also enriched with carbon, are studied. The results include their electrical characterization (I-V, C-V), bias voltage stability and performance studies with the Transient Current Technique (TCT) and a Sr-90 radioactive source setup.

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González-Díaz, D., F. R. Palomo, J. González, and H. Chen. "Detectors and Concepts for sub-100 ps timing with gaseous detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 03 (March 8, 2017): C03029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/03/c03029.

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Utrobicic, A., Y. Angelis, J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, E. Chatzianagnostou, K. Dehmelt, G. Fanourakis, et al. "A large area 100-channel PICOSEC Micromegas detector with time resolution at the 20 ps level." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 07 (July 1, 2023): C07012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/07/c07012.

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Abstract The PICOSEC Micromegas precise timing detector is based on a Cherenkov radiator coupled to a photocathode operating in a semi-transparent mode and a Micromegas amplification structure. The first proof of concept single-channel prototype was able to achieve a time resolution below 25 ps. One of the crucial aspects in the development of precise timing gaseous detectors applicable in high-energy physics experiments is a modular design that enables large area coverage. The first 19-channel multi-pad prototype with an active area of approximately 10 cm2 suffered from degraded timing resolution due to the non-uniformity of the preamplification gap thickness. A new 100 cm2 detector module with 100 channels based on a rigid hybrid ceramic/FR4 Micromegas board for improved drift gap uniformity was developed. Initial measurements with 80 GeV/c muons showed improvements in timing response over the measured pads and a time resolution below 25 ps. More recent measurements with a thinner drift gap detector module and newly developed RF pulse amplifiers show that the pad centre resolution can be enhanced to the level of 17 ps. This work will present the development of the detector from structural simulations, design, and beam test commissioning with a focus on the timing performance of a thinner drift gap detector module in combination with new electronics using an automated timing scan method.

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Acernese, F., M. Agathos, A. Ain, S. Albanesi, A. Allocca, A. Amato, T. Andrade, et al. "Calibration of advanced Virgo and reconstruction of the detector strain h(t) during the observing run O3." Classical and Quantum Gravity 39, no. 4 (January 21, 2022): 045006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/ac3c8e.

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Abstract The three advanced Virgo and LIGO gravitational wave detectors participated to the third observing run (O3) between 1 April 2019 15:00 UTC and 27 March 2020 17:00 UTC, leading to several gravitational wave detections per month. This paper describes the advanced Virgo detector calibration and the reconstruction of the detector strain h(t) during O3, as well as the estimation of the associated uncertainties. For the first time, the photon calibration technique as been used as reference for Virgo calibration, which allowed to cross-calibrate the strain amplitude of the Virgo and LIGO detectors. The previous reference, so-called free swinging Michelson technique, has still been used but as an independent cross-check. h(t) reconstruction and noise subtraction were processed online, with good enough quality to prevent the need for offline reprocessing, except for the two last weeks of September 2019. The uncertainties for the reconstructed h(t) strain, estimated in this paper in a 20–2000 Hz frequency band, are frequency independent: 5% in amplitude, 35 mrad in phase and 10 μs in timing, with the exception of larger uncertainties around 50 Hz.

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Ratnikov, Fedor, Denis Derkach, Alexey Boldyrev, Andrey Shevelev, Pavel Fakanov, and Leonid Matyushin. "Using machine learning to speed up new and upgrade detector studies: a calorimeter case." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024502019.

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In this paper, we discuss the way advanced machine learning techniques allow physicists to perform in-depth studies of the realistic operating modes of the detectors during the stage of their design. Proposed approach can be applied to both design concept (CDR) and technical design (TDR) phases of future detectors and existing detectors if upgraded. The machine learning approaches may improve the precision of the reconstruction methods being considered during detector R&D. Moreover, such reconstruction methods can be reproduced automatically while changing the main optimisation parameters of the detector like geometrical size, position, configuration, radiation length, Molière radius of the sensitive elements. This allows us to speed up the verification of the possible detector configurations and eventually the entire detector R&D, which is often accompanied by a large number of scattered studies. We present the approach of using machine learning for detector R&D and its optimisation cycle with an emphasis on the project of the electromagnetic calorimeter upgrade for the LHCb detector[1]. The reconstruction methods such as spatial reconstruction, timing reconstruction, and distinguishing of overlapped signals are covered in this paper.

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Hamdan, M., B. Feng, K. Shimazoe, M. Nogami, K. Hitomi, H. Takahashi, M. Uenomachi, and H. Toyokawa. "Characterization of TlBr gamma detector based on electrical charge and Cherenkov light analysis." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 11 (November 1, 2024): C11017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/11/c11017.

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Abstract Thallium Bromide (TlBr) semiconductors have been extensively studied for their potential as room-temperature gamma-ray detectors, owing to their advantageous material properties. Recent advancements have demonstrated that timing performance in TlBr detectors can be enhanced by incorporating Cherenkov photon detection during gamma-ray interactions. In this study, TlBr detector (5 × 5 × 5 mm3) was investigated through a combined analysis of electrical charge and Cherenkov light signals. The depth of interaction (DoI) correction applied to the trapezoidal filter output yielded significant improvements in energy resolution, reducing it from 5.6% to as low as 2.51% FWHM at 511 keV and from 4.6% to as low as 1.94% FWHM at 662 keV, within specific C/A ratio ranges. The drift time, ranging from 2 to 30 μs, was found to be proportional to the C/A ratio, covering 4 to 9 photoelectrons. Furthermore, a time resolution of 511 ps was achieved at 6 photoelectrons, based on the FWHM of the time difference distribution in coincidence measurements at 511 keV using a 22Na source. These results highlight the potential of TlBr detectors for achieving high energy and timing resolution in gamma detection, particularly for Compton-PET systems.

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Missio, Marion. "Overview of the ATLAS High-Granularity Timing Detector: project status and results." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 04 (April 1, 2024): C04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04008.

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Abstract The increase of the particle flux (pile-up) at the high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with an instantaneous luminosity up to L ≈ 7.5 × 1034 cm-2 s-1 will have a severe impact on the ATLAS detector reconstruction and trigger performance. A High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the forward region for pile-up mitigation and luminosity measurement. This detector, based on Low Gain Avalanche Detectors and custom ASICs, will provide a time resolution of 30 ps per track at the beginning of HL-LHC and 50 ps at the end. This proceeding paper will summarise the overall specifications of the HGTD as well as the project status.

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Thorburn, Fiona, Xin Yi, Zoë M. Greener, Jaroslaw Kirdoda, Ross W. Millar, Laura L. Huddleston, Douglas J. Paul, and Gerald S. Buller. "Ge-on-Si single-photon avalanche diode detectors for short-wave infrared wavelengths." Journal of Physics: Photonics 4, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac3839.

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Abstract Germanium-on-silicon (Ge-on-Si) based single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have recently emerged as a promising detector candidate for ultra-sensitive and picosecond resolution timing measurement of short-wave infrared (SWIR) photons. Many applications benefit from operating in the SWIR spectral range, such as long distance light detection and ranging, however, there are few single-photon detectors exhibiting the high-performance levels obtained by all-silicon SPADs commonly used for single-photon detection at wavelengths <1 µm. This paper first details the advantages of operating at SWIR wavelengths, the current technologies, and associated issues, and describes the potential of Ge-on-Si SPADs as a single-photon detector technology for this wavelength region. The working principles, fabrication and characterisation processes of such devices are subsequently detailed. We review the research in these single-photon detectors and detail the state-of-the-art performance. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities offered by Ge-on-Si SPAD detectors are discussed.

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Cartiglia, N., G. Dellacasa, S. Garbolino, F. Marchetto, G. Mazza, A. Rivetti, R. Arcidiacono, et al. "Timing Capabilities of Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors." Acta Physica Polonica B Proceedings Supplement 7, no. 4 (2014): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.5506/aphyspolbsupp.7.657.

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Antchev, G., P. Aspell, I. Atanassov, V. Avati, J. Baechler, V. Berardi, M. Berretti, et al. "Diamond detectors for the TOTEM timing upgrade." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 03 (March 9, 2017): P03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/03/p03007.

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Šaro, Š., R. Janik, S. Hofmann, H. Folger, F. P. Heßberger, V. Ninov, H. J. Schött, A. P. Kabachenko, A. G. Popeko, and A. V. Yeremin. "Large size foil-microchannel plate timing detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 381, no. 2-3 (November 1996): 520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(96)00651-1.

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Studen, A., N. Clinthorne, M. Mikuž, and G. Kramberger. "Timing in thick silicon detectors—An update." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 579, no. 1 (August 2007): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.04.060.

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Yeom, Jung Yeol, Ruud Vinke, Nikolai Pavlov, Stephen Bellis, Liam Wall, Kevin O'Neill, Carl Jackson, and Craig S. Levin. "Fast Timing Silicon Photomultipliers for Scintillation Detectors." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 25, no. 14 (July 2013): 1309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2013.2264049.

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Dalena, B., G. D’Erasmo, D. Di Santo, E. M. Fiore, M. Palomba, G. Simonetti, A. Andronenkov, A. Pantaleo, V. Paticchio, and D. Faso. "Timing resolution of the FINUDA scintillation detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 603, no. 3 (May 2009): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.02.025.

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Bornheim, A., C. Pena, M. Spiropulu, S. Xie, and Z. Zhang. "Precision timing detectors with cadmium-telluride sensor." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 867 (September 2017): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.04.024.

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