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Journal articles on the topic 'Timing detectors'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Tan, Yuhang, Tao Yang, Kai Liu, Congcong Wang, Xiyuan Zhang, Mei Zhao, Xiaochuan Xia, et al. "Timing Performance Simulation for 3D 4H-SiC Detector." Micromachines 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010046.

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To meet the high radiation challenge for detectors in future high-energy physics, a novel 3D 4H-SiC detector was investigated. Three-dimensional 4H-SiC detectors could potentially operate in a harsh radiation and room-temperature environment because of its high thermal conductivity and high atomic displacement threshold energy. Its 3D structure, which decouples the thickness and the distance between electrodes, further improves the timing performance and the radiation hardness of the detector. We developed a simulation software—RASER (RAdiation SEmiconductoR)—to simulate the time resolution of planar and 3D 4H-SiC detectors with different parameters and structures, and the reliability of the software was verified by comparing the simulated and measured time-resolution results of the same detector. The rough time resolution of the 3D 4H-SiC detector was estimated, and the simulation parameters could be used as guideline to 3D 4H-SiC detector design and optimization.

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2

Duranti, Matteo, Valerio Vagelli, Giovanni Ambrosi, Mattia Barbanera, Bruna Bertucci, Enrico Catanzani, Federico Donnini, et al. "Advantages and Requirements in Time Resolving Tracking for Astroparticle Experiments in Space." Instruments 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5020020.

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A large-area, solid-state detector with single-hit precision timing measurement will enable several breakthrough experimental advances for the direct measurement of particles in space. Silicon microstrip detectors are the most promising candidate technology to instrument the large areas of the next-generation astroparticle space borne detectors that could meet the limitations on power consumption required by operations in space. We overview the novel experimental opportunities that could be enabled by the introduction of the timing measurement, concurrent with the accurate spatial and charge measurement, in Silicon microstrip tracking detectors, and we discuss the technological solutions and their readiness to enable the operations of large-area Silicon microstrip timing detectors in space.

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3

Ferrero, V., J. Werner, M. Aglietta, P. Cerello, E. Fiorina, A. Gorgi, A. Vignati, M. Rafecas, and F. Pennazio. "The MERLINO project:characterization of LaBr₃:Ce detectors for stopping power monitoring in proton therapy." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): C11013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/c11013.

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Abstract The MERLINO project is developing a multi-detector setup with the goal of evaluating the beam stopping power from Prompt-Gamma-Timing measurements in proton therapy. The detectors are based on the cerium-doped lanthanum bromide crystal, LaBr3:Ce, coupled to photo-multiplier tubes. The system characterization is ongoing and the first calibration measurements with two detectors showed 124 ps σ and σ E/E = 3% for the timing and energy resolution, respectively. The measured experimental parameters were then used to carry out a preliminary estimation of the stopping power. Results from the simulation of a 189 MeV proton beam impinging on an homogeneous phantom are presented for the optimisation of the MERLINO detector setup.

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4

Tully, Christopher G. "Fast timing for collider detectors." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 33 (November 22, 2016): 1644022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1644022x.

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Advancements in fast timing particle detectors have opened up new possibilities to design [Formula: see text] collider detectors that fully reconstruct and separate event vertices and individual particles in the time domain. The applications of these techniques are considered for the physics at CEPC.

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5

Staszewski, Rafał, and Janusz J. Chwastowski. "Timing detectors for forward physics." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 940 (October 2019): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.090.

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6

Hitomi, Keitaro, Tsutomu Tada, Toshiyuki Onodera, Tadayoshi Shoji, Seong-Yun Kim, Yuanlai Xu, and Keizo Ishii. "Timing Performance of TlBr Detectors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 60, no. 4 (August 2013): 2883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2013.2268855.

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7

Klein, Ch, J. Trötscher, and H. Wollnik. "Fast timing position sensitive detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 335, no. 1-2 (October 1993): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90266-k.

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8

Baldazzi, G., D. Bollini, F. Casali, P. Chirco, A. Donati, W. Dusi, G. Landini, M. Rossi, and J. B. Stephen. "Timing response of CdTe detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 326, no. 1-2 (March 1993): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90372-o.

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9

Va’vra, J. "Picosecond timing detectors and applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1498 (April 2020): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1498/1/012013.

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10

Taylor, Gregor G., Ewan N. MacKenzie, Boris Korzh, Dmitry V. Morozov, Bruce Bumble, Andrew D. Beyer, Jason P. Allmaras, Matthew D. Shaw, and Robert H. Hadfield. "Mid-infrared timing jitter of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 21 (November 21, 2022): 214001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128129.

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Detector timing jitter is a key parameter in advanced photon counting applications. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors offer the fastest timing jitter in the visible to telecom wavelength range and have demonstrated single-photon sensitivity in the mid-infrared spectral region. Here, we report on timing jitter in a NbTiN nanowire device from 1.56 to 3.5 μm wavelength, achieving a FWHM jitter from 13.2 to 30.3 ps. This study has implications for emerging time-correlated single-photon counting applications in the mid-infrared spectral region.

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11

Manthos, I., K. Kordas, I. Maniatis, M. Tsopoulou, and S. E. Tzamarias. "Signal processing techniques for precise timing with novel gaseous detectors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2105, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2105/1/012015.

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Abstract The experimental requirements in current and near-future accelerators and experiments have stimulated intense interest in R&D of detectors with high precision timing capabilities, resulting in novel instrumentation. During the R&D phase, the timing information is usually extracted from the signal using the full waveform collected with fast oscilloscopes; this method produces a large amount of data and it becomes impractical when the detector has many channels. Towards practical applications, the data acquisition should be undertaken by dedicated front-end electronic units. The selected technology should retain the signal timing characteristics and consequently the timing resolution on the particle’s arrival time. We investigate the adequacy of the Leading-edge discrimination timing technique to achieve timing with a precision in the order of tens of picosecond with novel gaseous detectors. The method under investigation introduces a “time-walk” which impinges on the timing resolution. We mitigate the effect of time-walk using three different approaches; the first based on multiple Time-over-Threshold, the second based on multiple Charge-over-Threshold information and the third uses artificial Neural Network techniques. The results of this study prove the feasibility of the methods and their ability to achieve a timing resolution comparable to that obtained using the full waveforms.

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12

Paulus, T. J. "Timing Electronics and Fast Timing Methods with Scintillation Detectors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 32, no. 3 (1985): 1242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.1985.4337024.

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13

Pfäfflein, Philip, Günter Weber, Steffen Allgeier, Sonja Bernitt, Andreas Fleischmann, Marvin Friedrich, Christoph Hahn, et al. "Exploitation of the Timing Capabilities of Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters for a Coincidence Measurement Scheme." Atoms 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms11010005.

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In this report, we compare two filter algorithms for extracting timing information using novel metallic magnetic calorimeter detectors, applied to the precision X-ray spectroscopy of highly charged ions in a storage ring. Accurate timing information is crucial when exploiting coincidence conditions for background suppression to obtain clean spectra. For X-rays emitted by charge-changing interactions between ions and a target, this is a well-established technique when relying on conventional semiconductor detectors that offer a good temporal resolution. However, until recently, such a coincidence scheme had never been realized with metallic magnetic calorimeters, which typically feature much longer signal rise times. In this report, we present optimized timing filter algorithms for this type of detector. Their application to experimental data recently obtained at the electron cooler of CRYRING@ESR at GSI, Darmstadt is discussed.

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14

Radogna, Raffaella, Piet Verwilligen, and Marcello Maggi. "Simulation of a Fast Timing Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector for TOF-PET and future accelerators." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 02033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921402033.

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Simulation is a powerful tool for designing new detectors and guide the construction of new prototypes. Advances in photolithography and micro-electronics led to the development of a new family of devices named Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs) [1], with main features: flexible geometry; high rate capability (> MHz/cm2); excellent spatial resolution ( 100µ m); good time resolution (5-10 ns); and reduced radiation length. A new detector layout, named Fast Timing MPGD (FTM), has been recently proposed [2] that would combine both the high spatial resolution and high rate capability of the MPGDs, while improving the time resolution with nearly two orders of magnitude to ~100ps. However charged particle timing with gaseous detector time resolution below 100 ps has been established with another detection scheme [3], this approach might not be able to sustain high particle rates. This contribution investigates the use of the FTM technology for an innovative TOF-PET imaging detector and emphases the importance of full detector simulation to guide the design of the detector geometry and performance.

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15

Bossini, Edoardo. "The Timing System of the TOTEM Experiment." Instruments 2, no. 4 (October 24, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments2040021.

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The new proton timing stations of the Totem experiment are based on UltraFast Silicon Detectors installed in Roman Pots at 220 m from the interaction point 5 at LHC. The sensors have shown in beam test a timing resolution in the range 30–100 ps, depending on the pixel size. The readout is performed through a fast sampler chip: the SAMPIC. The best timing resolution can indeed be obtained only by recording the full waveform of the detector signal. The challenges to integrate the chip and the detector in the Totem-CMS DAQ and control systems will be discussed, together with the solutions adopted. The system has been successfully operated in LHC during some commissioning runs and during the special run in July 2018.

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16

El-Wahab, M. A., A. El-Arabi, and M. H. Battrawi. "Constant fraction timing with scintillation detectors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 36, no. 1 (1989): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.34472.

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17

Lipton, Ronald, and Jason Theiman. "Fast timing with induced current detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 945 (November 2019): 162423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.162423.

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18

Amrami, R., G. Shani, Y. Hefetz, A. Pansky, and N. Wainer. "Timing performance of pixelated CdZnTe detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 458, no. 3 (February 2001): 772–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(00)00810-x.

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19

Rijken, H. A., S. S. Klein, W. Jacobs, L. J. H. G. W. Teeuwen, M. J. A. de Voigt, and P. Burger. "Subnanosecond timing with ion-implanted detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 64, no. 1-4 (February 1992): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(92)95479-b.

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20

Cerdonio, M., V. Crivelli Visconti, A. Ortolan, G. Prodi, L. Taffarello, G. Vedovato, and S. Vitale. "Sub-Millisecond Absolute Timing: Toward an Actual Gravitational Observatory." Modern Physics Letters A 12, no. 30 (September 28, 1997): 2261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732397002326.

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In this letter we report the results we obtained experimentally demonstrating the feasibility of absolute timing of impulsive gravitational wave signals by means of a resonant bar detector. We reached a resolution of less than 20 μs for SNR ≥ 10. We also discuss the important prospects this result opens for the present and for the future, as a necessary condition for the implementation of a global network of gravitational wave detectors.

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21

Xie, Siwei, Zhiliang Zhu, Xi Zhang, Qiangqiang Xie, Hongsen Yu, Yibin Zhang, Jianfeng Xu, and Qiyu Peng. "Optical Simulation and Experimental Assessment with Time–Walk Correction of TOF–PET Detectors with Multi-Ended Readouts." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144681.

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As a commonly used solution, the multi-ended readout can measure the depth-of-interaction (DOI) for positron emission tomography (PET) detectors. In the present study, the effects of the multi-ended readout design were investigated using the leading-edge discriminator (LED) triggers on the timing performance of time-of-flight (TOF) PET detectors. At the very first, the photon transmission model of the four detectors, namely, single-ended readout, dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout, was established in Tracepro. The optical simulation revealed that the light output of the multi-ended readout was higher. Meanwhile, the readout circuit could be triggered earlier. Especially, in the triple-ended readout, the light output at 0.5 ns was observed to be nearly twice that of the single-ended readout after the first scintillating photon was generated. Subsequently, a reference detector was applied to test the multi-ended readout detectors that were constructed from a 6 × 6 × 25 mm3 LYSO crystal. Each module is composed of a crystal coupled with multiple SiPMs. Accordingly, its timing performance was improved by approximately 10% after the compensation of fourth-order polynomial fitting. Finally, the compensated full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) coincidence timing resolutions (CTR) of the dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout were 216.9 ps, 231.0 ps, and 203.6 ps, respectively.

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22

Leisos, Antonios, Stavros Nonis, Apostolos Tsirigotis, George Bourlis, Kostas Papageorgiou, Ioannis Gkialas, Ioannis Manthos, and Spyros Tzamarias. "Hybrid Detection of High Energy Showers in Urban Environments." Universe 5, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5010003.

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The Astroneu array comprises 9 large charged particle detectors and 3 RF antennas arranged in three autonomous stations operating at the University Campus of the Hellenic Open University in the city of Patras. Each station of the array detects extensive air showers with primary energy threshold of about 10 TeV, while double station coincidence events select showers with energies higher than 10 3 TeV. In such an environment, the radio detection of air showers is challenging. The RF signals besides being extremely weak they also suffer from strong human made electromagnetic noise. In this work, we present the analysis of double station coincidence events and we study the correlation of the RF data with the particle detectors data. We use the experimental information from the particle detectors and the antennas to select very high energy showers and we compare the timing of the RF signals with the timing of the particle detector signals as well as the strength of the RF signals with the simulation predictions.

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23

Warren, Glen A., Sean C. Stave, and Erin A. Miller. "Detectors for Accelerator-Based Security Applications." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 08 (January 2015): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179362681530011x.

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We present a review of detector systems used in accelerator-based security applications. The applications discussed span stockpile stewardship, material interdiction, treaty verification, and spent nuclear fuel assay. The challenge for detectors in accelerator-based applications is the separation of the desired signal from the background, frequently during high input count rates. Typical techniques to address the background challenge include shielding, timing, selection of sensitive materials, and choice of accelerator.

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24

Manthos, I., S. Aune, J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, C. David, D. Desforge, G. Fanourakis, et al. "Precise timing and recent advancements with segmented anode PICOSEC Micromegas prototypes." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): C10009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/10/c10009.

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Abstract Timing information in current and future accelerator facilities is important for resolving objects (particle tracks, showers, etc.) in extreme large particles multiplicities on the detection systems. The PICOSEC Micromegas detector has demonstrated the ability to time 150 GeV muons with a sub-25 ps precision. Driven by detailed simulation studies and a phenomenological model which describes stochastically the dynamics of the signal formation, new PICOSEC designs were developed that significantly improve the timing performance of the detector. PICOSEC prototypes with reduced drift gap size (∼119 µm) achieved a resolution of 45 ps in timing single photons in laser beam tests (in comparison to 76 ps of the standard PICOSEC detector). Towards large area detectors, multi-pad PICOSEC prototypes with segmented anodes has been developed and studied. Extensive tests in particle beams revealed that the multi-pad PICOSEC technology provides also very precise timing, even when the induced signal is shared among several neighbouring pads. Furthermore, new signal processing algorithms have been developed, which can be applied during data acquisition and provide real time, precise timing.

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25

González-Díaz, D., F. R. Palomo, J. González, and H. Chen. "Detectors and Concepts for sub-100 ps timing with gaseous detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 03 (March 8, 2017): C03029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/03/c03029.

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26

Pestotnik, R., G. Razdevšek, R. Dolenec, G. El Fakhri, P. Križan, S. Majewski, A. Studen, and S. Korpar. "Simulation study of a 50 ps panel TOF PET imager." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): C12010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/12/c12010.

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Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) is one of the most important diagnostic tools in medicine, providing three-dimensional imaging of functional processes in the body. The method is based on detecting two gamma rays originating from the point of annihilation of the positron emitted by a radio-labeled agent and used to follow the human’s physiological processes. In Time-Of-Flight PET, gamma rays’ arrival time is measured in addition to their position. The coincidence timing resolution (CTR) of state-of-the-art scanners is between 200 ps and 500 ps FWHM, which can significantly improve the contrast in imaging large objects. However, increasing the sensitivity of the next-generation PET scanners requires increasing the imaging device’s timing accuracy. Using the latest advances, a multichannel system with improved CTR is becoming technologically possible. Generally, 3D images from limited angle PET scanners are distorted and have artifacts. Fortunately, with improving timing resolution of PET gamma detectors, artifact-free images can be obtained even by a very simplified detector. We were studying a simple panel PET detector consisting of gamma detectors with 50 ps coincidence timing resolution. With this new concept, the price of PET scanners for imaging single or multiple organs can be drastically decreased. We evaluated different panel detector arrangements by imaging different phantoms. The reconstructed images were compared with those obtained with the Siemens Biograph Vision, a state-of-the-art clinical PET scanner. We found comparable image quality parameters of both systems when the CTR approaches 50 ps FWHM and that good CTR can partially compensate for smaller gamma detection efficiency.

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27

LOSECCO, J. M. "NEUTRINO OBSERVATIONS OF THE 1987 SUPERNOVA: A Long Time Ago in a Galaxy Far Away." International Journal of Modern Physics D 01, no. 01 (January 1992): 69–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271892000045.

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A summary and comparison of neutrino observations of the 1987 supernova is presented. Attention is paid to comparing and contrasting the different observations and capabilities of the different detectors. Details of the timing, energy and angular distributions are discussed. Considerations for future detections are mentioned.

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28

Castillo García, Lucía, Evangelos Leonidas Gkougkousis, Chiara Grieco, and Sebastian Grinstein. "Characterization of Irradiated Boron, Carbon-Enriched and Gallium Si-on-Si Wafer Low Gain Avalanche Detectors." Instruments 6, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6010002.

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Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are n-on-p silicon sensors with an extra doped p-layer below the n-p junction which provides signal amplification. The moderate gain of these sensors, together with the relatively thin active region, provides excellent timing performance for Minimum Ionizing Particles (MIPs). To mitigate the effect of pile-up during the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) era, both ATLAS and CMS experiments will install new detectors, the High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) and the End-Cap Timing Layer (ETL), that rely on the LGAD technology. A full characterization of LGAD sensors fabricated by Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica (CNM), before and after neutron irradiation up to 1015 neq/cm2, is presented. Sensors produced in 100 mm Si-on-Si wafers and doped with boron and gallium, and also enriched with carbon, are studied. The results include their electrical characterization (I-V, C-V), bias voltage stability and performance studies with the Transient Current Technique (TCT) and a Sr-90 radioactive source setup.

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29

Cartiglia, N., G. Dellacasa, S. Garbolino, F. Marchetto, G. Mazza, A. Rivetti, R. Arcidiacono, et al. "Timing Capabilities of Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors." Acta Physica Polonica B Proceedings Supplement 7, no. 4 (2014): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.5506/aphyspolbsupp.7.657.

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30

Antchev, G., P. Aspell, I. Atanassov, V. Avati, J. Baechler, V. Berardi, M. Berretti, et al. "Diamond detectors for the TOTEM timing upgrade." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 03 (March 9, 2017): P03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/03/p03007.

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31

Šaro, Š., R. Janik, S. Hofmann, H. Folger, F. P. Heßberger, V. Ninov, H. J. Schött, A. P. Kabachenko, A. G. Popeko, and A. V. Yeremin. "Large size foil-microchannel plate timing detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 381, no. 2-3 (November 1996): 520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(96)00651-1.

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32

Studen, A., N. Clinthorne, M. Mikuž, and G. Kramberger. "Timing in thick silicon detectors—An update." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 579, no. 1 (August 2007): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.04.060.

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33

Yeom, Jung Yeol, Ruud Vinke, Nikolai Pavlov, Stephen Bellis, Liam Wall, Kevin O'Neill, Carl Jackson, and Craig S. Levin. "Fast Timing Silicon Photomultipliers for Scintillation Detectors." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 25, no. 14 (July 2013): 1309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2013.2264049.

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34

Dalena, B., G. D’Erasmo, D. Di Santo, E. M. Fiore, M. Palomba, G. Simonetti, A. Andronenkov, A. Pantaleo, V. Paticchio, and D. Faso. "Timing resolution of the FINUDA scintillation detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 603, no. 3 (May 2009): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.02.025.

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35

Bornheim, A., C. Pena, M. Spiropulu, S. Xie, and Z. Zhang. "Precision timing detectors with cadmium-telluride sensor." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 867 (September 2017): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.04.024.

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36

Stoykov, A., R. Scheuermann, and K. Sedlak. "Fast timing detectors for high field spectrometers." Physica B: Condensed Matter 404, no. 5-7 (April 2009): 990–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2008.11.210.

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37

Rijken, H. A., S. S. Klein, and M. J. A. de Voigt. "Subnanosecond timing with semiconductor position sensitive detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 310, no. 1-2 (December 1991): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(91)91019-r.

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38

Bennett, S. J., J. B. A. England, M. Freer, B. R. Fulton, and J. T. Murgatroyd. "Timing response of silicon position-sensitive detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 311, no. 1-2 (January 1992): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90855-x.

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39

Bauer, Florian, Nan Zhang, Matthias Schmand, Michael Loope, Lars Eriksson, and Mehmet Aykac. "Dynode-Timing Method for PET Block Detectors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 55, no. 1 (2008): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2007.910879.

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40

Okada, Y., T. Takahashi, G. Sato, S. Watanabe, K. Nakazawa, K. Mori, and K. Makishima. "CdTe and CdZnTe detectors for timing measurements." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 49, no. 4 (August 2002): 1986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2002.801709.

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41

Ratnikov, Fedor, Denis Derkach, Alexey Boldyrev, Andrey Shevelev, Pavel Fakanov, and Leonid Matyushin. "Using machine learning to speed up new and upgrade detector studies: a calorimeter case." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024502019.

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In this paper, we discuss the way advanced machine learning techniques allow physicists to perform in-depth studies of the realistic operating modes of the detectors during the stage of their design. Proposed approach can be applied to both design concept (CDR) and technical design (TDR) phases of future detectors and existing detectors if upgraded. The machine learning approaches may improve the precision of the reconstruction methods being considered during detector R&D. Moreover, such reconstruction methods can be reproduced automatically while changing the main optimisation parameters of the detector like geometrical size, position, configuration, radiation length, Molière radius of the sensitive elements. This allows us to speed up the verification of the possible detector configurations and eventually the entire detector R&D, which is often accompanied by a large number of scattered studies. We present the approach of using machine learning for detector R&D and its optimisation cycle with an emphasis on the project of the electromagnetic calorimeter upgrade for the LHCb detector[1]. The reconstruction methods such as spatial reconstruction, timing reconstruction, and distinguishing of overlapped signals are covered in this paper.

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Acernese, F., M. Agathos, A. Ain, S. Albanesi, A. Allocca, A. Amato, T. Andrade, et al. "Calibration of advanced Virgo and reconstruction of the detector strain h(t) during the observing run O3." Classical and Quantum Gravity 39, no. 4 (January 21, 2022): 045006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/ac3c8e.

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Abstract The three advanced Virgo and LIGO gravitational wave detectors participated to the third observing run (O3) between 1 April 2019 15:00 UTC and 27 March 2020 17:00 UTC, leading to several gravitational wave detections per month. This paper describes the advanced Virgo detector calibration and the reconstruction of the detector strain h(t) during O3, as well as the estimation of the associated uncertainties. For the first time, the photon calibration technique as been used as reference for Virgo calibration, which allowed to cross-calibrate the strain amplitude of the Virgo and LIGO detectors. The previous reference, so-called free swinging Michelson technique, has still been used but as an independent cross-check. h(t) reconstruction and noise subtraction were processed online, with good enough quality to prevent the need for offline reprocessing, except for the two last weeks of September 2019. The uncertainties for the reconstructed h(t) strain, estimated in this paper in a 20–2000 Hz frequency band, are frequency independent: 5% in amplitude, 35 mrad in phase and 10 μs in timing, with the exception of larger uncertainties around 50 Hz.

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Thorburn, Fiona, Xin Yi, Zoë M. Greener, Jaroslaw Kirdoda, Ross W. Millar, Laura L. Huddleston, Douglas J. Paul, and Gerald S. Buller. "Ge-on-Si single-photon avalanche diode detectors for short-wave infrared wavelengths." Journal of Physics: Photonics 4, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac3839.

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Abstract Germanium-on-silicon (Ge-on-Si) based single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have recently emerged as a promising detector candidate for ultra-sensitive and picosecond resolution timing measurement of short-wave infrared (SWIR) photons. Many applications benefit from operating in the SWIR spectral range, such as long distance light detection and ranging, however, there are few single-photon detectors exhibiting the high-performance levels obtained by all-silicon SPADs commonly used for single-photon detection at wavelengths <1 µm. This paper first details the advantages of operating at SWIR wavelengths, the current technologies, and associated issues, and describes the potential of Ge-on-Si SPADs as a single-photon detector technology for this wavelength region. The working principles, fabrication and characterisation processes of such devices are subsequently detailed. We review the research in these single-photon detectors and detail the state-of-the-art performance. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities offered by Ge-on-Si SPAD detectors are discussed.

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You, Lixing. "Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for quantum information." Nanophotonics 9, no. 9 (June 22, 2020): 2673–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0186.

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AbstractThe superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) is a quantum-limit superconducting optical detector based on the Cooper-pair breaking effect by a single photon, which exhibits a higher detection efficiency, lower dark count rate, higher counting rate, and lower timing jitter when compared with those exhibited by its counterparts. SNSPDs have been extensively applied in quantum information processing, including quantum key distribution and optical quantum computation. In this review, we present the requirements of single-photon detectors from quantum information, as well as the principle, key metrics, latest performance issues, and other issues associated with SNSPD. The representative applications of SNSPDs with respect to quantum information will also be covered.

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Xie, Siwei, Xi Zhang, Yibin Zhang, Gaoyang Ying, Qiu Huang, Jianfeng Xu, and Qiyu Peng. "Evaluation of Various Scintillator Materials in Radiation Detector Design for Positron Emission Tomography (PET)." Crystals 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100869.

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The performance of radiation detectors used in positron-emission tomography (PET) is determined by the intrinsic properties of the scintillators, the geometry and surface treatment of the scintillator crystals and the electrical and optical characteristics of the photosensors. Experimental studies were performed to assess the timing resolution and energy resolution of detectors constructed with samples of different scintillator materials (LaBr3, CeBr3, LFS, LSO, LYSO: Ce, Ca and GAGG) that were fabricated into different shapes with various surface treatments. The saturation correction of SiPMs was applied for tested detectors based on a Tracepro simulation. Overall, we tested 28 pairs of different forms of scintillators to determine the one with the best CTR and light output. Two common high-performance silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) provided by SensL (J-series, 6 mm) or AdvanSiD (NUV, 6 mm) were used for photodetectors. The PET detector constructed with 6 mm CeBr3 cubes achieved the best CTR with a FWHM of 74 ps. The 4 mm co-doped LYSO: Ce, Ca pyramid crystals achieved 88.1 ps FWHM CTR. The 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm 0.2% Ce, 0.1% Ca co-doped LYSO cubes achieved 95.6 ps, 106 ps and 129 ps FWHM CTR, respectively. The scintillator crystals with unpolished surfaces had better timing than those with polished surfaces. The timing resolution was also improved by using certain geometric factors, such as a pyramid shape, to improve light transportation in the scintillator crystals.

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Nonis, S., A. Leisos, A. Tsirigotis, G. Bourlis, K. Papageorgiou, I. Gkialas, I. Manthos, and S. Tzamarias. "Extensive Air Shower Reconstruction using the timing information from the RF-system of the Astroneu array." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2105, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2105/1/012018.

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Abstract The Astroneu cosmic ray telescope is a distributed hybrid array consisting of both scintillator counters and RF antenna detectors used for the detection of extensive air showers (EAS). The array is deployed at the Hellenic Open University campus, on the outskirts of the urban area of Patras in Greece. In the present development phase, the Astroneu telescope includes two stations consisting of 3 scintillation detectors modules (SDM) and one RF antenna while a third station includes 3 particle detectors and 4 RF antennas (3SDM-4RF). In each station, the RF-detectors are operating receiving a common trigger upon a 3-fold coincidence between the particle detectors of the station. In this study we present recent results from the 3SDM-4RF autonomous station related to the estimation of the direction of the incoming cosmic air shower using only the timing information from the 4 RF detectors. The directions of the reconstructed showers using the RF timing are in agreement with the corresponding results using the SDMs timing as well as with the simulation predictions. This verifies that the RF signal emitted from EAS originating form Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR), can be detected even in areas with strong electromagnetic background.

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Liang, Yinong, Ting Zhu, and Andreas Enqvist. "Timing Characterization of Helium-4 Fast Neutron Detector with EJ-309 Organic Liquid Scintillator." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817007005.

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Recently, the Helium-4 gas fast neutron scintillation detectors is being used in time-sensitive measurements, such time-of-flight and multiplicity counting. In this paper, a set of time aligned signals was acquired in a coincidence measurement using the Helium-4 gas detectors and EJ-309 liquid scintillators. The high-speed digitizer system is implanted with a trigger moving average window (MAW) unit combing with its constant fraction discriminator (CFD) feature. It can calculate a “time offset” to the timestamp value to get a higher resolution timestamp (up to 50 ps), which is better than the digitizer's time resolution (4 ns) [1]. The digitized waveforms were saved to the computer hard drive and post processed with digital analysis code to determine the difference of their arrival times. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the Gaussian fit was used as to examine the resolution. For the cascade decay of Cobalt-60 (1.17 and 1.33 MeV), the first version of the Helium-4 detector with two Hamamatsu R580 photomultipliers (PMT) installed at either end of the cylindrical gas chamber (20 cm in length and 4.4 cm in diameter) has a time resolution which is about 3.139 ns FWHM. With improved knowledge of the timing performance, the Helium-4 scintillation detectors are excellent for neutron energy spectrometry applications requiring high temporal and energy resolutions.

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Royon, Ch, M. Saimpert, O. Kepka, and R. Zlebcik. "Timing Detectors for Proton Tagging at the LHC." Acta Physica Polonica B Proceedings Supplement 7, no. 4 (2014): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.5506/aphyspolbsupp.7.735.

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Nakhostin, M. "Optimizing timing performance of CdTe detectors for PET." Physics in Medicine & Biology 62, no. 19 (September 12, 2017): N485—N505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/aa8664.

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Hungerford, Graham, and David J. S. Birch. "Single-photon timing detectors for fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy." Measurement Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/7/2/002.

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