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Journal articles on the topic 'Timer signals'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Korchynskyi, V. V., V. I. Kildishev, A. M. Berdnikov, and K. O. Smazhenko. "INCREASE OF STEALTH TRANSMISSION BASED ON TIMER SIGNALS AND LINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATION." Proceedings of the O.S. Popov ОNAT 1, no. 1 (August 27, 2020): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33243/2518-7139-2020-1-1-53-58.

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Recently, much attention has been paid to the research of the properties and methods of forming complex noise-like signals to increase the noise immunity of radio communication systems operating in the conditions of electronic conflict. Using such signals, the tasks are resolved to improve the noise immunity and the main indicators of transmission stealth (energy, structural and information). For the task of the synthesis noise-like signals using timer signal designs in combination with the method of spreading the spectrum based on linear frequency modulation is proposed. The advisability of using timer signals is justified by their properties, which increase the noise immunity and stealth transmission. In contrast to positional codes, timer signals have more complex structure for construct signal construction. The initial parameters for constructing timer signals allow the formation of various sets of signal constructions. Such variational possibilities of constructing timer signals substantially increase the potential structural stealth of the transmission. Also based on timer signals, noise immunity coding is implemented without additional test elements. In the article A method for synthesizing noise-like signals based on linear frequency modulation and timer signal designs is proposed.
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2

Saptadi, Arief Hendra. "Perbandingan Kecepatan Pencacahan Antara Timer 0 (8 Bit) Dengan Timer 1 (16 Bit) Pada Sistem Mikrokontroler." JURNAL INFOTEL - Informatika Telekomunikasi Elektronika 3, no. 2 (November 10, 2011): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v3i2.90.

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The application of timer/counter in microcontroller system had provided advantages in a way that it didn’t put the burden on CPU resources and enabled CPU to perform other tasks. With the availability of 8-bit and 16-bit timer/counter, the problem laid on the selection of the type of timer/counter being used. From the experiments performed, the minimum system of AVR ATmega8535 microcontroller had precisely counted a number using two different timers/counters, namely, Timer/Counter 0 (8 bit) and Timer/Counter 1 (16 bit). The overflow condition achieved on 8-bit and 16-bit counting cycle activated OCR0 and OCR1AL registers, respectively. Output signals from port B.3 (OC0) and port D.5 (OC1A) are then fed to oscilloscope and put into comparison. From the observation of output signals, it could be proven that the two different timers/counters had equal counting speed. Hence, it can be concluded that the selection of timers/counters is more likely based on the flexibility of count range, program size and execution time
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3

Mohan, Nikam, Attikachallil Ajith, Barkale Adwait, Khan Abdulkadir, and Jadhav Pushparaj. "Dynamic Traffic Signals Timer Using Iot - A Survey." International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology 68, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22312803/ijctt-v68i1p114.

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4

Reverter, Ferran. "Rail-to-Rail Timer-Based Demodulator for AM Sensor Signals." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 68, no. 1 (January 2019): 306–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2879127.

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5

Zakharchenko N.V., Gadzhiev M.M., Zakharchenko N. V. ,. Gadzhiev M. M. "TIMED SIGNAL CONSTRUCTIONS AS A TOOL FOR INCREASING THE NUMBER OF CODEWORDS BY IMPLEMENTING THEIR CONSTANT LENGTH." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 10, no. 06 (October 10, 2021): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1006202164.

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It is indicated that due to changes in the restrictions on the duration of the basic element, which is the basis for the construction of the signal structure, an increase in the channel capacity was obtained by reducing the energy distance between the signal structures. In this case, the information parameter in these structures is not the parameters of the current or voltage, but the time. The work uses timer signal structures, which are synthesized, as well as positional signals from segments not less than the Nyquist element, but not multiples of it. It is this principle of formation that significantly increases the number of synthesized code structures in comparison with positional coding. It is noted that the information content of any event is determined by the number of its states, and the entropy and the probability of the occurrence of a particular event are interrelated values. In addition, timer signaling constructs allow synthesizing ensembles with a large information content in comparison with positional coding. Keywords: basic element, Nyquist element, information parameter, entropy, probability of occurrence, information segment, message, timer signal structure.
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6

Reverter, Ferran, and Manel Gasulla. "Demodulating AM Square Signals via a Digital Timer for Sensor Applications." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 69, no. 5 (May 2020): 2593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.2964075.

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7

Su, Hongqi, Feng Yang, Kai Ma, and Wenxian Kang. "Research on high-accuracy programmable timer used in acquiring UWB signals." Applied Geophysics 2, no. 2 (June 2005): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11770-005-0044-2.

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8

Jia, Shi Sheng, Bao Yin Li, and Xue Hui Gao. "The Application of Microcontroller Timer/Counter in Speed Measuring/Speed Regulation System." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 1541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.1541.

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The system, a closed-loop control system which consists of single chip computer, control circuit, frequency converter and motor, can not only measure the motor’s speed, but also can set the motor’s speed conveniently and make the motor run at the set speed at last. There need to be three timers/counters to realize this function. As an enhanced 51 series microcontroller AT89S52, There are three such timers/counters (T0, T1, T2) in it. We can determine the motor’s speed with T2 by installing powerful magnet and Hall sensor on the motor’s axle. The Hall sensor generates a pulse when the motor’s axle turn a round. We can get the motor’s speed by calculating the cycle of the pulse. T1 and T2, as pulse width modulation signal generator, produce the pulse signals. Here T1 determines the cycle, and T0 determines the duty ratio. The duty ratio of pulse signals can be regulated according to the deviation between the real speed and set speed. Then the single chip computer generates corresponding DC voltage, which controls the frequency converter and makes the motor run at the set speed finally. The system can be applied to many field that has special requirements to motor’s speed.
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9

Maliq, Tatang Maulana, Harnen Sulistio, Ludfi Djakfar, and Sonya Sulistyono. "THE EFFECT OF USING A COUNTDOWN TIMER ON THE SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PERFORMANCE IN MALANG CITY." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Lingkungan 2, no. 02 (December 3, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jrsl.v2i02.6442.

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The high growth of the population in Malang will trigger an increase in the activity of its, resulting in increased traffic. Increased traffic demands will add to traffic congestion problems on roads and intersections. One way of traffic engineering to improve signaled intersection performance is to equip traffic signals with countdown timers. This additional instrument serves to inform the duration of the signal setup time. This study aims to determine the effect of countdown timer use on saturation flow, performance and safety factor signalized intersection in Malang. The paired sample t-teste statistical method is used to see the influence of the countdown timer on saturation flow, and the impact on the performance and safety of the intersection arm. The use of countdown timer can increase the value of saturation flow, so the capacity of the intersection also increased 5-22% with decreasing delay time 5-13 sec/smp. But the less positive impact on the safety factor intersection, because there is an increase in the movement of vehicles before the green time. Tingginya pertumbuhan jumah penduduk di Kota Malang akan memicu peningkatan aktifitas penduduk sehingga berdampak pada meningkatnya lalu lintas. Peningkatan tuntutan lalu lintas akan menambah masalah kemacetan lalu lintas pada ruas jalan dan simpang. Salah satu cara rekayasa lalu lintas untuk meningkatkan kinerja simpang bersinyal adalah melengkapi sinyal lalu lintas dengan countdown timer. Instrumen tambahan ini berfungsi menginformasikan durasi waktu pengaturan sinyal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan countdown timer terhadap arus jenuh , kinerja dan faktor keselamatan simpang bersinyal di Kota Malang. Metode statistik paired sample t-teste digunakan untuk melihat pengaruh countdown timer terhadap arus jenuh, dan dampak pada kinerja serta keselamatan lengan simpang. Penggunaan countdown timer mampu meningkatkan nilai arus jenuh, sehingga kapasitas lengan simpang juga mengalami peningkatan 5-22% dengan penurunan waktu tundaan 5-13 detik/smp. Tetapi kurang berdampak positif terhadap faktor keselamatan simpang, karena terjadi peningkatan pergerakan kendaraan sebelum waktu hijau.
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10

Aditya Lahoty. "Traffic Light Optimization using OpenCV." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (December 5, 2020): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst061233.

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Traffic Light Optimization aims to find the solution for an increased amount of unnecessary waiting time on traffic signals. Traffic Signal Optimization is the process of changing the timing parameters relative to the length of the green light for each traffic movement and the timed relationship between signalized intersections using a computer software program. Our project aims to set the timer of green light based on real-time traffic congestion i.e. number of vehicles in a particular direction of the traffic light. To work in this project, we are using the OpenCV method to detect vehicles and then perform our calculation in the algorithm to predict the time for the green light to be in an active state.
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11

Korchynskyi, V. V., V. I. Kildishev, D. V. Holev, and O. M. Berdnikov. "RESEARCH METHODS FOR INCREASING THE SECURITY OF INFORMATION TRANSFER BASED ON TIMER SIGNALS." Proceedings of the O.S. Popov ОNAT 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33243/2518-7139-2018-1-2-109-116.

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12

Reverter, Ferran, and Manel Gasulla. "Timer-Based Demodulator for AM Sensor Signals Applied to an Inductive Displacement Sensor." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 66, no. 10 (October 2017): 2780–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2017.2711918.

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13

Gao, Mei Feng, and Shao Peng Yang. "Design of Spectral Acquisition System Based on the Linear Array CCD ILX554B." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 1926–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1926.

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The linear array CCD spectral acquisition system for a Photoelectric Direct Reading Spectrometer is presented. The spectral acquisition circuit, data processing and shortage circuit are designed. Taking microcontroller MSP430 as a control chip, Using PWM signals generated by MSP430 timer, the correct timing of CCD clock pulse, ADC clock and FIFO write enable signal was established. The experiment shows that the synchronization of spectral acquisition, data conversion and shortage was achieved, and the spectral acquisition system is feasible and reliability.
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14

Wei, Xin Hua, Xian Xing Duan, and Xiao Kan Wang. "Application of PLC in the Expressway Intelligent Traffic Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 2219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.2219.

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The expressway intelligent traffic control system based on S7-200 series Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) was introduced in this paper.PLC has strong adaptability in the complex environment and rich internal timer resources, it is easily to realize accuracy controlling the traffic lights, specially for multi-crossroads.PLC analyzed and processed the signals of the body flow, speed, vehicle size and other data by the sense coil, then transmitting the information to the host computer. The host computer might automatically adjust the length of time from the final signal to achieve intelligent scientific management of traffic lights.
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15

Yoshikawa, Tomoko, Michael Sellix, Pinar Pezuk, and Michael Menaker. "Timing of the Ovarian Circadian Clock Is Regulated by Gonadotropins." Endocrinology 150, no. 9 (June 11, 2009): 4338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1280.

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Abstract The timing of ovulation is critically important to the success of reproduction. Current thinking attributes the timing of ovulation to LH secretion by the pituitary, itself timed by signals from the hypothalamus. The discovery of an internal circadian timer in the ovary raises the possibility that ovulation is in fact timed by an interaction between clocks in the hypothalamus/pituitary and those in the ovary. We asked whether ovarian clocks were influenced by signals from the brain and pituitary. Ovaries of Period1-luciferase transgenic rats display circadian rhythms in vitro. To determine whether the phase of these rhythms is set by neural or endocrine signals, we surgically denervated or heterotopically transplanted ovaries with or without encapsulation in dialysis membranes. Animals’ light-dark cycles were phase advanced or delayed 6 h, and the resetting of the ovarian clock was tracked by culturing ovaries at intervals over the next 12 d. Resetting trajectories of control, surgically denervated, and encapsulated ovaries were similar, demonstrating that endocrine signals are sufficient to transmit phase information to the ovary. We next evaluated LH and FSH as potential endocrine signals. Using the phase of Per1-luc expression in granulosa cell cultures, we demonstrated that both of these pituitary hormones caused large phase shifts when applied to the cultured cells. We hypothesize that the ovarian circadian clock is entrained by hormonal signals from the pituitary and that ovulation depends, in part, on the phase in the ovarian circadian cycle at which these signals occur.
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16

Amaral, Pedro, Cândido Duarte, and Pedro Costa. "On the Impact of Timer Resolution in the Efficiency Optimization of Synchronous Buck Converters." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v6.i4.pp693-702.

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Excessive dead time in complementary switches causes significant energy losses in DC-DC power conversion. The optimization of dead time prevents the degradation of overall efficiency by minimizing the body diode conduction of power switches and, as a consequence, also reduces reverse recovery losses. The present work aims at analyzing the influence of one of the most important characteristics of a digital controller, the timer resolution, in the context of dead-time optimization for synchronous buck converters. In specific, the analysis quantifies the efficiency de-pendency on the timer resolution, in a parameter set that comprises duty-cycle and dead-time, and also converter frequency and analog-to-digital converter accuracy. Based on a sensorless optimization strategy, the relationship between all these limiting factors is described, such as the number of bits of timer and analog-to-digital converter. To validate our approach experimental results are provided using a 12-to-1.8V DC-DC converter, controlled by low- and high-resolution pulse-width modulation signals generated with an XMC4200 microcontroller from Infineon Technologies. The measured results are consistent with our analysis, which predicts the power efficiency improvements not only with a fixed dead time approach, but also with the increment of timer resolution.
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17

Summerfelt, Steven T., Kyle H. Holland, Joseph A. Hankins, and Martin D. Durant. "A hydroacoustic waste feed controller for tank systems." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 10 (May 1, 1995): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0368.

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The objective of this work was to develop a commercially viable method to reduce waste feed and thus improve production efficiency and reduce discharge of solids and nutrients within tank based aquaculture systems. We developed and custom fabricated a feeding controller which uses ultrasound to detect uneaten feed and controls feeding events based upon appetite satiation as measured by the quantity of waste feed detected. During feeding, the developed device functions as a combination ultrasonic detector, feedback controller, and interval timer. The device functions as a feedback controller by ultrasonically sampling the stock tank effluent and turning off the feeder when an excessive amount of feed enters the effluent flow. After feeding has been inactivated, the ultrasonic waste feed controller operates as an interval timer and provides a user selected delay between feedings. A custom hydroacoustic probe assembly was developed to detect uneaten feed. The controller can be calibrated by adjusting the transducer signal gain to detect signals resulting from feed pellets, while reducing signals resulting from faeces. The controller has an adjustable set-point for deactivating the feeder circuit based upon the number of feed pellets detected by the transducer and a programmable delay time interval (from 5 to 160 min) to set the time between feedings. The controller also has an adjustable sampling rate for detection at different pipe velocities and an adjustable observation volume for use in standard 2, 3, 4 and 6 inch diameter effluent pipes. The cost in materials and labour to produce this waste feed controller was estimated at around $100 (U.S.).
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18

Korchynskyi, V. V., V. I. Kildishev, A. M. Berdnikov, and I. V. Bielova. "METHODS FOR GENERATING NOISE-LIKE TIMER SIGNALS BASED ON PSEUDO-RANDOM TUNING OF THE OPERATING FREQUENCY." Proceedings of the O.S. Popov ОNAT 1, no. 2 (December 28, 2019): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33243/2518-7139-2019-1-2-98-103.

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19

Bending, David, Paz Prieto Martín, Alina Paduraru, Catherine Ducker, Erik Marzaganov, Marie Laviron, Satsuki Kitano, Hitoshi Miyachi, Tessa Crompton, and Masahiro Ono. "A timer for analyzing temporally dynamic changes in transcription during differentiation in vivo." Journal of Cell Biology 217, no. 8 (June 25, 2018): 2931–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201711048.

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Understanding the mechanisms of cellular differentiation is challenging because differentiation is initiated by signaling pathways that drive temporally dynamic processes, which are difficult to analyze in vivo. We establish a new tool, Timer of cell kinetics and activity (Tocky; or toki [time in Japanese]). Tocky uses the fluorescent Timer protein, which spontaneously shifts its emission spectrum from blue to red, in combination with computer algorithms to reveal the dynamics of differentiation in vivo. Using a transcriptional target of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, we establish Nr4a3-Tocky to follow downstream effects of TCR signaling. Nr4a3-Tocky reveals the temporal sequence of events during regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation and shows that persistent TCR signals occur during Treg generation. Remarkably, antigen-specific T cells at the site of autoimmune inflammation also show persistent TCR signaling. In addition, by generating Foxp3-Tocky, we reveal the in vivo dynamics of demethylation of the Foxp3 gene. Thus, Tocky is a tool for cell biologists to address previously inaccessible questions by directly revealing dynamic processes in vivo.
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20

Dias, José M., Zhanna Alekseenko, Ashwini Jeggari, Marcelo Boareto, Jannik Vollmer, Mariya Kozhevnikova, Hui Wang, et al. "A Shh/Gli-driven three-node timer motif controls temporal identity and fate of neural stem cells." Science Advances 6, no. 38 (September 2020): eaba8196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba8196.

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How time is measured by neural stem cells during temporal neurogenesis has remained unresolved. By combining experiments and computational modeling, we define a Shh/Gli-driven three-node timer underlying the sequential generation of motor neurons (MNs) and serotonergic neurons in the brainstem. The timer is founded on temporal decline of Gli-activator and Gli-repressor activities established through down-regulation of Gli transcription. The circuitry conforms an incoherent feed-forward loop, whereby Gli proteins not only promote expression of Phox2b and thereby MN-fate but also account for a delayed activation of a self-promoting transforming growth factor–β (Tgfβ) node triggering a fate switch by repressing Phox2b. Hysteresis and spatial averaging by diffusion of Tgfβ counteract noise and increase temporal accuracy at the population level, providing a functional rationale for the intrinsically programmed activation of extrinsic switch signals in temporal patterning. Our study defines how time is reliably encoded during the sequential specification of neurons.
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21

Durston, A. J., H. J. Jansen, and S. A. Wacker. "Time-Space Translation: A Developmental Principle." Scientific World JOURNAL 10 (2010): 2207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.208.

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We review a recently discovered developmental mechanism. Anterior-posterior positional information for the vertebrate trunk is generated by sequential interactions between a timer in the early nonorganizer mesoderm (NOM) and the Spemann organizer (SO). The timer is characterized by temporally collinear activation of a series of Hox genes in the early ventral and lateral mesoderm (i.e., the NOM) of the Xenopus gastrula. This early Hox gene expression is transient, unless it is stabilized by signals from the SO. The NOM and the SO undergo timed interactions due to morphogenetic movements during gastrulation, which lead to the formation of an anterior-posterior axial pattern and stable Hox gene expression. When separated from each other, neither the NOM nor the SO is able to induce anterior-posterior pattern formation of the trunk. We present a model describing that the NOM acquires transiently stable hox codes and spatial collinearity, and that morphogenetic movements then continually bring new cells from the NOM within the range of SO signals that cause transfer of the mesodermal pattern to a stable pattern in neurectoderm and, thereby, create patterned axial structures. In doing so, the age of the NOM, but not the age of the SO, defines positional values along the anterior-posterior axis. We postulate that the temporal information from the NOM is linked to mesodermal Hox expression. The role of the SO for trunk patterning turns out to be the induction of neural tissue as prerequisite for neural hox patterning. Apparently, development of a stable anterior-posterior pattern requires neural hox patterning. We believe that this mechanism represents a developmental principle.
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22

Sowmya, B. "Adaptive Traffic Management System using CNN (YOLO)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3726–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35768.

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The huge number of vehicles on the roadways is making congestion a significant problem. The line longitudinal vehicle waiting to be processed at the crossroads increases quickly, and the traditionally used traffic signals are not able to program it properly. Manual traffic monitoring may be an onerous job since a number of cameras are deployed over the network in traffic management centers. The proactive decision-making of human operators, which would decrease the effect of events and recurring road congestion, might contribute to the easing of the strain of automation.The traffic control frameworks in India are now needed as it is an open-loop control framework, without any input or detection mechanism. Inductive loops and sensors employed in existing technology used to detect the number of passing vehicles. The way traffic lights are adapted is highly inefficient and costly in this existing technology. The aim was to build a traffic control framework by introducing a system for detection ,which gives an input to the existing system (closed loop control system) in order to adapt to the changing traffic density patterns and to provide the controller with a crucial indication for ongoing activities. By this technique, the improvement of the signals on street is extended and thus saves time by preventing traffic congestion. This study proposes an algorithm for real-time traffic signal control, depending on the traffic flow. In reality, the features of competitive traffic flow at the signposted road crossing are used by computer vision and by machine learning. This is done by the latest, real-time object identification, based on convolutional Neural Networks network called You Look Once (YOLO). Traffic signal phases are then improved by data acquired in order to allow more vehicles to pass safely over minimal wait times, particularly the line long and the time of waiting per vehicle.This adjustable traffic signal timer is used to calculate traffic density utilizing YOLO object identification using live pictures of cameras in intervals and adjusts the signal timers appropriately, therefore decreasing the road traffic congestion, ensuring speedier transit for persons, and reducing fuel consumption. The traffic conditions will improve enormously at a relatively modest cost. Inductive loops are a viable but costly approach. This method thereby cuts expenses and outcomes quickly.
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23

Wu, Peng Fei, Jian Xun Li, Yu Jian Wang, and Jian Xun Li. "Design and Implementation of the Computer Monitoring and Management System for the Multi-Mode Combination Timer Device." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 916–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.916.

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The multi-mode combination timer device can receive the GPS\GLONASS, No.1 BeiDou and loran-C at the same time. Since the multiple external frequency sources are introduced for the system, it is necessary to manage and monitor it. The wavelet decomposition atomic time algorithm is used to weight average the external reference signals in the wavelet domain, and the integrated time scales are obtained. The disciplined clock technology is employed to the time scale for calibrating the clock; the results indicate that the system can achieve fast timing and the complementary advantages of all kinds of resources.
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24

Lohitha, M., and M. Bhargava Krishna. "On Board Complete Traffic Signalling System Using Image Processing." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 758–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46280.

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Abstract: In this paper, an on-board traffic signalling system which can easily curb the problem of traffic congestion using image processing techniques is presented. In this system, the images of the four sides of the road are captured and the vehicle density is calculated using the haarcascade. This density is used to sort the sides of the roads with the respect to the highest density among the 4 and evaluate its timer for the green signals which can last for maximum of 80 seconds. The traffic on the sides of the roads are released in this sorted order of the vehicle density. After a round of all the roads receiving the green signal, the images of the 4 sides of the roads are again captured and it continues.
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25

Yammanuru, Pavani, and M. Amarnatha Reddy. "Design And Verification Of Advanced Peripheral Bus Protocol Using Uvm." Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Neural Network, no. 12 (November 22, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jaimlnn.12.1.9.

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The System on chip uses advanced micro controller bus architecture is on chip bus introduced by ARM. Advanced peripheral bus is the component of the AMBA bus architecture. APB is low bandwidth, low power and low performance it used to connect the peripherals like UART, Keypad, Timer and other peripheral devices to the bus architecture. This introduces the AMBA APB bus using UVM architecture design. The design created using the Verilog and HDL and tested by Verilog test bench and design is verified using universal verification methodology. In this, we have a master and a slave. The master sends the control signals as a packet to the slave and the slave addresses the packet if both are equal we are getting transaction of write and read data, Where the master send the address slave recognize and it sends the signal to the master as a read data.
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Yammanuru, Pavani, and M. Amarnatha Reddy. "Design And Verification Of Advanced Peripheral Bus Protocol Using Uvm." Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Neural Network, no. 12 (November 22, 2021): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jaimlnn.12.8.16.

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The System on chip uses advanced micro controller bus architecture is on chip bus introduced by ARM. Advanced peripheral bus is the component of the AMBA bus architecture. APB is low bandwidth, low power and low performance it used to connect the peripherals like UART, Keypad, Timer and other peripheral devices to the bus architecture. This introduces the AMBA APB bus using UVM architecture design. The design created using the Verilog and HDL and tested by Verilog test bench and design is verified using universal verification methodology. In this, we have a master and a slave. The master sends the control signals as a packet to the slave and the slave addresses the packet if both are equal we are getting transaction of write and read data, Where the master send the address slave recognize and it sends the signal to the master as a read data.
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27

Wan, Meilin, Yin Zhang, Ming Zhang, and Haoshuang Gu. "An On-Chip Digital Monostable Multivibrator Using Inverter-based Delay Chains." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 04 (March 31, 2019): 1920001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619200019.

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Monostable multivibrator or one-shot timer is widely used in signal processing. In this paper, a simple and useful way to realize retriggerable monostable multivibrator by using digital logic gates is presented. The basic circuit is composed of one D flip-flop, one NAND gate, one inverter (INV) and two inverter-based delay chains. The width of the output pulse is adjusted through tuning the delay of the inverter-based delay chain. The retriggerable characteristic is realized by resetting all the delayed signals when new triggering occurs in the current monostable period. The basic circuit is designed and fabricated on-chip using a 180[Formula: see text]nm standard CMOS process with effective area less than 1200[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m2. The retriggerable version is realized in a FPGA platform. Both simulated and measured results are in agreement with the theoretical analysis.
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28

Waltermann, Christian, and Edda Klipp. "Signal integration in budding yeast." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 5 (September 24, 2010): 1257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0381257.

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A complex signalling network governs the response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to an array of environmental stimuli and stresses. In the present article, we provide an overview of the main signalling system and discuss the mechanisms by which yeast integrates and separates signals from these sources. We apply our classification scheme to a simple semi-quantitative model of the HOG (high-osmolarity glycerol)/FG (filamentous growth)/PH (pheromone) MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling network by perturbing its signal integration mechanisms under combinatorial stimuli of osmotic stress, starvation and pheromone exposure in silico. Our findings include that the Hog1 MAPK might act as a timer for filamentous differentiation, not allowing morphological differentiation before osmo-adaptation is sufficiently completed. We also see that a mutually exclusive decision-making between pheromone and osmo-response might not be taken on the MAPK level and transcriptional regulation of MAPK targets. We conclude that signal integration mechanisms in a wider network including the cell cycle have to be taken into account for which our framework might provide focal points of study.
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29

Praveena, Dr S. Mary, B. Akshaya, BB Devipriya, C. Divya, and K. Mirudhula. "FOREST FIRE DETECTION USING DRONE." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 7 (November 1, 2021): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2021.v06i07.018.

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Forest fires are a major reason behind forest degradation and have wide ranging adverse ecological, economic and social impacts, including loss of valuable timber resources, degradation of catchment areas, loss of biodiversity and extinction of plants and animals. In the recent times forests of Amazon and Australia faced a serious a threat to both wildlife and mankind. It also caused an enormous loss to both the countries. This paper describes early detection of fire by sectionally dividing the forest for efficient monitoring. The flame sensor is used to detect fire and a drone is employed as a mobile object which monitors the respective section. This drone travels from one pole to a different every alternate hour and gets charged while it's on a pole, because the pole has solar array. There is a timer also used at the poles which indicate the time of arrival and time of departure of the drone. The transponders are accustomed receive and transmit the signals. By this detection the nearby department of local government can get the precise location of the wildfire and early measures will be taken accordingly
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30

Meyer, Daniel M., Pascal Crottet, Bohumil Maco, Elena Degtyar, Dan Cassel, and Martin Spiess. "Oligomerization and Dissociation of AP-1 Adaptors Are Regulated by Cargo Signals and by ArfGAP1-induced GTP Hydrolysis." Molecular Biology of the Cell 16, no. 10 (October 2005): 4745–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e05-06-0568.

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The mechanism of AP-1/clathrin coat formation was analyzed using purified adaptor proteins and synthetic liposomes presenting tyrosine sorting signals. AP-1 adaptors recruited in the presence of Arf1·GTP and sorting signals were found to oligomerize to high-molecular-weight complexes even in the absence of clathrin. The appendage domains of the AP-1 adaptins were not required for oligomerization. On GTP hydrolysis induced by the GTPase-activating protein ArfGAP1, the complexes were disassembled and AP-1 dissociated from the membrane. AP-1 stimulated ArfGAP1 activity, suggesting a role of AP-1 in the regulation of the Arf1 “GTPase timer.” In the presence of cytosol, AP-1 could be recruited to liposomes without sorting signals, consistent with the existence of docking factors in the cytosol. Under these conditions, however, AP-1 remained monomeric, and recruitment in the presence of GTP was short-lived. Sorting signals allowed stable recruitment and oligomerization also in the presence of cytosol. These results suggest a mechanism whereby initial assembly of AP-1 with Arf1·GTP and ArfGAP1 on the membrane stimulates Arf1 GTPase activity, whereas interaction with cargo induces oligomerization and reduces the rate of GTP hydrolysis, thus contributing to efficient cargo sorting.
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31

Wood, Shona, and Andrew Loudon. "Clocks for all seasons: unwinding the roles and mechanisms of circadian and interval timers in the hypothalamus and pituitary." Journal of Endocrinology 222, no. 2 (June 2, 2014): R39—R59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-14-0141.

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Adaptation to the environment is essential for survival, in all wild animal species seasonal variation in temperature and food availability needs to be anticipated. This has led to the evolution of deep-rooted physiological cycles, driven by internal clocks, which can track seasonal time with remarkable precision. Evidence has now accumulated that a seasonal change in thyroid hormone (TH) availability within the brain is a crucial element. This is mediated by local control of TH-metabolising enzymes within specialised ependymal cells lining the third ventricle of the hypothalamus. Within these cells, deiodinase type 2 enzyme is activated in response to summer day lengths, converting metabolically inactive thyroxine (T4) to tri-iodothyronine (T3). The availability of TH in the hypothalamus appears to be an important factor in driving the physiological changes that occur with season. Remarkably, in both birds and mammals, the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary gland plays an essential role. A specialised endocrine thyrotroph cell (TSH-expressing) is regulated by the changing day-length signal, leading to activation of TSH by long days. This acts on adjacent TSH-receptors expressed in the hypothalamic ependymal cells, causing local regulation of deiodinase enzymes and conversion of TH to the metabolically active T3. In mammals, the PT is regulated by the nocturnal melatonin signal. Summer-like melatonin signals activate a PT-expressed clock-regulated transcription regulator (EYA3), which in turn drives the expression of the TSHβ sub-unit, leading to a sustained increase in TSH expression. In this manner, a local pituitary timer, driven by melatonin, initiates a cascade of molecular events, led byEYA3, which translates to seasonal changes of neuroendocrine activity in the hypothalamus. There are remarkable parallels between this PT circuit and the photoperiodic timing system used in plants, and while plants use different molecular signals (constans vsEYA3) it appears that widely divergent organisms probably obey a common set of design principles.
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32

Dinh, Ngoc Tan. "Novel approaches for quickly measuring engine speed applied to gasoline engine diagnostics." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 3, SI2 (February 11, 2021): SI47—SI59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v3isi2.550.

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The parameter of engine speed plays an important role to recognize the engine's condition while working. By using this parameter, it is possible to diagnose engine's malfunctions. In this study, in case of the gasoline engine, we introduce two efficient methods for measuring the engine speed without extracting electrical signals from conventional engine speed sensors. For the first approach, based on the signal pin of the sensor, the engine speed was determined from the frequency of manifold absolute pressure. For the second approach, the frequency of the voltage drop measured at the battery positive terminal caused by ignition operation is the key to calculate the engine speed. The noise filter circuits and the amplifier circuits are used to refine signal, Besides, a Schmitt Trigger circuit using a NE555 timer IC was designed to reshape the oscillation signal from either of these sources into a square wave of which frequency was measured and converted to the engine speed by a microprocessor and display the result on the LCD screen.Compared to engine speed measured by a conventional inductive sensor, the proposed methods provide a competitive result with fast response. The second approach was highly promising due to its simplicity involving in direct voltage measurement at the battery positive terminal.
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33

Huang, Cheng, Ping Yi, Futai Zou, Yao Yao, Wei Wang, and Ting Zhu. "CCID: Cross-Correlation Identity Distinction Method for Detecting Shrew DDoS." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (February 20, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6705347.

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This study presents a new method for detecting Shrew DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks and analyzes the characteristics of the Shrew DDoS attack. Shrew DDoS is periodic to be suitable for the server’s TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) timer. It has lower maximum to bypass peak detection. This periodicity makes it distinguishable from normal data packets. By proposing the CCID (Cross-Correlation Identity Distinction) method to distinguish the flow properties, it quantifies the difference between a normal flow and an attack flow. Simultaneously, we calculated the cross-correlation between the attack flow and the normal flow in three different situations. The server can use its own TCP flow timer to construct a periodic attack flow. The cross-correlation between Gaussian white noise and simulated attack flow is less than 0.3. The cross-correlation between single-door function and simulated attack flow is 0.28. The cross-correlation between actual attack flow and simulated attack flow is more than 0.8. This shows that we can quantitatively distinguish the attack effects of different signals. By testing 4 million data, we can prove that it has a certain effect in practice.
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34

Rao, A. Jagannadha, Yasuhiro Shimada, Chandrasekhar R. Aiyer, Noriyuki Yanagita, Toru Komatsu, and Shuzo Hattori. "Model of a New Generation of Tracheostomy and Endotracheal Tubes." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 98, no. 2 (February 1989): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948909800214.

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The feasibility of monitoring cannula obstruction was studied by conversion of the electrical resistance of substances that are capable of causing obstruction into audible auditory signals. Copper-nickel-gold electrodes were thermal pressed onto polyimide-based flexible films placed as 1-mm wide strips along the inner surface of tracheostomy and endotracheal tubes. The responses were fed into a resistance-to-frequency converter (IC 555 timer), and the output was frequency selected to generate auditory responses through a piezoelectric beeper. Quantitative estimates of responses from the IC output were computer averaged. Instantaneous obstruction detection was made possible by the immediate responsiveness of the device in the presence of obstruction.
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35

Zakharchenko, N. V., M. М. Hajiyev, N. S. Salmanov, D. V. Golev, and К. S. Sedov. "CODING EFFICIENCY IN RESIDUAL CLASS SYSTEMS." Proceedings of the O.S. Popov ОNAT 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33243/2518-7139-2020-1-2-25-30.

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In the process of transmitting signals over channels of different data transmission systems to provide high reliability and transmission performance can use various coding methods and ways of converting transmitted data. Moreover, each of the methods has its own advantages and disadvantages in comparison with others. For example, when using timer signaling structures (TSC), it is possible to provide the transmission of significantly more information in one time interval in comparison, for example, with positional coding. Also, classical positional coding is inferior in such important parameters of data transmission as information capacity and entropy. At the same time, the used language of the transmitted text information significantly affects the results of calculating these parameters, based on which the calculations are carried out or the type of text used (literary, technical, etc.). Also, the result of the calculations can be affected by the volume of the analyzed text (the influence is likely to be noticeable in particular cases, and not in general). In these conditions, the possibility of using a certain / adapted type of coding of the transmitted data in the corresponding information transmission systems becomes especially important. Conducted theoretical studies show that timer signal coding under these conditions can be successfully applied in residual class systems, in contrast to positional coding. This possibility provides a number of advantages over the classical positional coding method in terms of reliability, performance and amount of transmitted information. To fully confirm the validity of the results obtained in the course of theoretical research, it is necessary to conduct appropriate practical research, for example, with the simulation on a software model of the application of a particular transmission system with different coding principles.
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36

Rabadan, Jose, Victor Guerra, Carlos Guerra, Julio Rufo, and Rafael Perez-Jimenez. "A Novel Ranging Technique Based on Optical Camera Communications and Time Difference of Arrival." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (June 11, 2019): 2382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112382.

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In this work, a new Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) scheme for distance measurement based on Optical Camera Communication (OCC) systems is proposed. It relies on the use of optical pulses instead of radio-frequency signals as the time reference triggers, and the introduction of a rolling shutter camera, whose characteristics allows substituting the timer modules used in conventional TDoA techniques by image processing of the illuminated area in the picture. This processing on the camera’s images provides time measurements and implies and specific analysis, which is presented in this work. The system performance and properties, such as resolution and range, mainly depends on the camera characteristics, such as the frames capture rate and the image quality. This new technique is suitable to be implemented in smartphones or other Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) devices equipped with a camera and speakers.
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37

Mishra, S., D. Bhattacharya, A. Gupta, and V. R. Singh. "ADAPTIVE TRAFFIC LIGHT CYCLE TIME CONTROLLER USING MICROCONTROLLERS AND CROWDSOURCE DATA OF GOOGLE APIs FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W7 (September 20, 2018): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w7-83-2018.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Controlling of traffic signals optimally helps in avoiding traffic jams as vehicle volume density changes on temporally short and spatially small scales. Nowadays, due to embedded system development with the rising standards of computational technology, condense electronics boards as well as software packages, system can be developed for controlling cycle time in real time. At present, the traffic control systems in India lack intelligence and act as an open-loop control system, with no feedback or sensing network, due to the high costs involved. This paper aims to improve the traffic control system by integrating different technologies to provide intelligent feedback to the existing network with congestion status adapting to the changing traffic density patterns. The system presented in this paper aims to sense real-time traffic congestion around the traffic light using Google API crowdsource data and hence avoids infrastructure cost of sensors. Subsequently, it manipulates the signal timing by triggering and conveying information to the timer control system. Generic information processing and communication hardware system designed in this paper has been tested and found to be functional for a pilot run in real time. Both simulation and hardware trials show the transmission of required information with an average time delay of 1.2 seconds that is comparatively very small considering cycle time.</p>
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38

Firdaus, Firdaus, Rivanol Chadri, and Nasrullah Nasrullah. "Rancang Bangun Generator PWM Berbasis Mikrokontroler AVR ATmega." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 12, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.12.2.171.

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PWM is widely used in the fields of automatic control, power electronics and cellular communications. Previous research designed a PWM generator using the OMAP-L138 chip to produce a simple, high-precision, flexible and portable circuit. Another generator uses a single board computer FEZ Panda III and an Arduino board for power inverters. While the FPGA Spartan 3 is also used to generate PWM signals that can vary the duty cycle. In this paper, the PWM signal generator is made using the AVR ATmega8535 microcontroller where the frequency parameters and the output signal duty cycle can be adjusted via the keypad. The signal is tested using a measuring instrument for its accuracy. The ATmega AVR microcontroller family has a timer / counter with one of its operating modes, namely fast PWM. In order to change the frequency and duty cycle as desired, the ICR register is used to store the TOP value and the OCR register for the MAX value. The OCR value determine the duty cycle and the ICR value specify the frequency. The results are the higher the PWM frequency, the greater the value of the measured and desired frequency difference, this is because the large frequency makes ICR register value becomes small even though the frequency divider at minimum value. The difference between measurements and calculations on the Duty Cycle gives the result under 1%. This difference also occurs due to the rounding of the ICR and OCR values, but at a frequency of 20 kHz and a 25% Duty Cycle where the ICR value is 599 and OCR is 116 resulting in the minimum difference in frequency and Duty Cycle. From the experiments that have been carried out, the design of the PWM generator based on the AVR ATmega microcontroller has been successfully realized
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39

Firdaus, Firdaus, Rivanol Chadri, and Nasrullah Nasrullah. "Rancang Bangun Generator PWM Berbasis Mikrokontroler AVR ATmega." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 12, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.12.2.171.

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PWM is widely used in the fields of automatic control, power electronics and cellular communications. Previous research designed a PWM generator using the OMAP-L138 chip to produce a simple, high-precision, flexible and portable circuit. Another generator uses a single board computer FEZ Panda III and an Arduino board for power inverters. While the FPGA Spartan 3 is also used to generate PWM signals that can vary the duty cycle. In this paper, the PWM signal generator is made using the AVR ATmega8535 microcontroller where the frequency parameters and the output signal duty cycle can be adjusted via the keypad. The signal is tested using a measuring instrument for its accuracy. The ATmega AVR microcontroller family has a timer / counter with one of its operating modes, namely fast PWM. In order to change the frequency and duty cycle as desired, the ICR register is used to store the TOP value and the OCR register for the MAX value. The OCR value determine the duty cycle and the ICR value specify the frequency. The results are the higher the PWM frequency, the greater the value of the measured and desired frequency difference, this is because the large frequency makes ICR register value becomes small even though the frequency divider at minimum value. The difference between measurements and calculations on the Duty Cycle gives the result under 1%. This difference also occurs due to the rounding of the ICR and OCR values, but at a frequency of 20 kHz and a 25% Duty Cycle where the ICR value is 599 and OCR is 116 resulting in the minimum difference in frequency and Duty Cycle. From the experiments that have been carried out, the design of the PWM generator based on the AVR ATmega microcontroller has been successfully realized
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40

Wood, Shona H. "How can a binary switch within the pars tuberalis control seasonal timing of reproduction?" Journal of Endocrinology 239, no. 1 (October 2018): R13—R25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-18-0177.

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Life in seasonally changing environments is challenging. Biological systems have to not only respond directly to the environment, but also schedule life history events in anticipation of seasonal changes. The cellular and molecular basis of how these events are scheduled is unknown. Cellular decision-making processes in response to signals above certain thresholds regularly occur i.e. cellular fate determination, apoptosis and firing of action potentials. Binary switches, the result of cellular decision-making processes, are defined as a change in phenotype between two stable states. A recent study presents evidence of a binary switch operating in the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary, seemingly timing seasonal reproduction in sheep. Though, how a binary switch would allow for anticipation of seasonal environmental changes, not just direct responsiveness, is unclear. The purpose of this review is to assess the evidence for a binary switching mechanism timing seasonal reproduction and to hypothesize how a binary switch would allow biological processes to be timed over weeks to years. I draw parallels with mechanisms used in development, cell fate determination and seasonal timing in plants. I propose that the adult PT is a plastic tissue, showing a seasonal cycle of cellular differentiation, and that the underlying processes are likely to be epigenetic. Therefore, considering the mechanisms behind adult cellular plasticity offers a framework to hypothesize how a long-term timer functions within the PT.
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41

Wang, Yue, and Jia Ying Zhang. "Research on Embedded Numerical Control System Software Based on ARM Microprocessor." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 2026–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.2026.

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The design thought of "dual-CPU architecture" is used on the basis of a deep study of embedded systems and multi-functional CNC machine tools. That is to say, microprocessor S3C2440A of Samsung ARM9 series is used as control core, whose PWM timer produces pulse to realize the automatic control of the process. As the main control center, it plays the main functions of NC program input, keyboard entry, LCD display, the interpretation of the program, crude interpolation and so on. Using CPU as auxiliary equipment, it receives signals from master control center to realize fine interpolation through further calculation. Simultaneously the periphery of the system expands modules of human-computer interaction, communication, servo, and input/output to realize human-machine interaction, data communication and motor control. Finally, the hardware modules are debugged and the results are analyzed, which shows that the system is of fast response, reliability, low cost and good cutting and portability. This system has achieved the desired anticipation and has broad prospect in the economical CNC field which requires fast moving and proper processing speed.
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42

Kemper, Guillermo, Angel Oshita, Ricardo Parra, and Carlos Herrera. "An algorithm for obtaining the frequency and the times of respiratory phases from nasal and oral acoustic signals." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp358-373.

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<span lang="EN-US">This work proposes a computational algorithm which extracts the frequency, timings and signal segments corresponding to respiratory phases, through buccal and nasal acoustic signal processing. The proposal offers a computational solution for medical applications which require on-site or remote patient monitoring and evaluation of pulmonary pathologies, such as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). The state of the art presents a few respiratory evaluation proposals through buccal and nasal acoustic signals. Most proposals focus on respiratory signals acquired by a medical professional, using stethoscopes and electrodes located on the thorax. In this case the signal acquisition process is carried out through the use of a low cost and easy to use mask, which is equipped with strategically positioned and connected electret microphones, to maximize the proposed algorithm’s performance. The algorithm employs signal processing techniques such as signal envelope detection, decimation, fast Fourier transform (FFT) and detection of peaks and time intervals via estimation of local maxima and minima in a signal’s envelope. For the validation process a database of 32 signals of different respiratory modes and frequencies was used. Results show a maximum average error of 2.23% for breathing rate, 2.81% for expiration time and 3.47% for inspiration time.</span>
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43

Hu, Jia Wen, and Xi Qiu Fan. "Research on the Control System of Sorting Machine for IC Chips Based on AVR Microcontroller." Advanced Materials Research 211-212 (February 2011): 540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.211-212.540.

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IC- (Integrated circuits) sorting machine is a kind of special equipment used for testing, classifying and grading IC chips, which is of significances in IC industry. Traditionally, IC- sorting machine is controlled by industry personal computer (IPC), which bears disadvantages such as large size and high cost. By contrast, the control system for IC-sorting machines presented in this paper is based on micro control unit (MCU), which is of relatively high reliability as well as high stability but low cost. First, we gave an outline of the configuration and operation principle of the sorting machine. Second, the input and output (I/O) signals that should be controlled were classified. Last but not least, the control strategy was presented both from the hardware side and the software side. In terms of the hardware design, touch screen was adopted as the human interface device (HID) for the sake of convenience, and isolated power module as well as optical isolated module were applied to improve the anti- electro magnetic interference (EMI) performance; In terms of software design, mechanisms such as multi-task by-turn and timer interrupt delay were adopted to improve the operation efficiency.
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44

Gerasimov, S. I., V. D. Glushnev, and I. N. Zhelbakov. "Determination of Propagation Times of Finite Ultrasonic Signals in the UFM Measuring Path." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2096, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2096/1/012189.

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Abstract This article provides a brief analysis of the error in calculating the discrete crosscorrelation function of the transit-time ultrasonic flowmeter signals. Special attention is paid to the study of the influence of the obtained discrete correlation function inaccuracy on the ultrasonic flowmeter’s propagation times determining error. It is known that for real time-limited acoustic signals, the discrete correlation function values are calculated with a significant error. The consequence of this is the appearance of the measurement error of the time delay between signals. The reason for this phenomenon is incorrect truncation of finite length digital sequences of the received acoustic signals. The report presents and describes an improved cross-correlation method for determining the time difference. The new algorithm takes into account the existing discretizing parameters of the received UPS – sampling frequency, sequence size and the truncated signal’s shape. Theoretical analytical expressions for the signals discrete cross-correlation function estimating are obtained as an approximation of a continuous function (the method of trapezoids and Simpson is used as an integral replacement). The numerical simulation by MatLab explains the error formation essence in the signal times difference calculating.
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45

Bullough, John D. "Onset Times and Detection of Colored Signal Lights." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1918, no. 1 (January 2005): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191800116.

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Light sources used in signal lights for transportation applications have a variety of temporal onset characteristics, including a wide range of onset times. These characteristics, along with luminous intensity and color characteristics, can have important impacts on the ability to detect and respond to colored signal lights. Studies of the impact of these factors on responses to colored signals are reviewed, along with potential implications for the selection of light sources used in traffic and vehicle signals. The onset characteristics of recently developed light sources might offer significant potential to improve visual detection of signal lights. Nonetheless, it is important to understand the context in which a signal light is presented to determine whether such improvements in visual detection have practical significance.
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46

Chao, Xiuli. "A Note on Queueing Networks with Signals and Random Triggering Times." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 8, no. 2 (April 1994): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964800003351.

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There is a growing interest in networks of queues with customers and signals. The signals in these models carry commands to the service nodes and trigger customers to move instantaneously within the network. In this note we consider networks of queues with signals and random triggering times; that is, when a signal arrives at a node, it takes a random amount of time to trigger a customer to move with distribution depending on the source of the signal. By appropriately choosing the triggering times, we can obtain network models such that a signal changes a customer's service time distribution – for example, the signal increases or decreases the service time of a customer. We show that the stationary distribution of this model has a product form solution.
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47

Hrishikeshavan, Vikram, and Inderjit Chopra. "Refined lightweight inertial navigation system for micro air vehicle applications." International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 9, no. 2 (June 2017): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756829316682534.

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This paper discusses the design, hardware and software methodology, and testing of an ultralight inertial navigation system (Embedded Lightweight Kinematic Autopilot-Revised (ELKA-R)) that can be used as a controller in a wide range of micro air vehicle systems. ELKA-R was designed using the 32-bit low-power ARM Cortex-M4 microprocessor as the microcontroller unit. The microcontroller unit interfaced with state of the art 9 degrees-of-freedom inertial measurement unit using inter-integrated circuit communication (I2C) protocol. A wireless transceiver was also incorporated with serial peripheral interface to wirelessly coordinate pilot inputs and sensor information with a remote basestation. Multiple timer protocols were configured to generate individual driver signals to a wide variety of motor and actuator configurations. The printed circuit board was designed as a four layer layout. ELKA-R weighed 1.7 g with a board area of 4.82 cm2, thus making it one of the smallest and lightest kinematic autopilots in open literature that can be applied to any generic micro air vehicle system. ELKA-R was tested on a variety of micro air vehicle flight demonstrators. Hover stabilization rates of 1000 Hz were achieved which were comparable to the autopilots on larger quad rotor systems such as DJI Phantom and AR-Drone. Oscillations in attitude were reduced by up to 50%–70% when compared with a previous generation lightweight autopilot.
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48

LUOMA, JUHA, MICHAEL J. FLANNAGAN, MICHAEL SIVAK, MASAMI AOKI, and ERIC C. TRAUBE. "Effects of turn-signal colour on reaction times to brake signals." Ergonomics 40, no. 1 (January 1997): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/001401397188378.

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49

Noland, Robert B. "Pedestrian Travel Times and Motor Vehicle Traffic Signals." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1553, no. 1 (January 1996): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155300104.

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Traffic signals generally have been installed to maximize the flow of motor vehicle traffic by reducing the average travel delay time. Under free-flow conditions, motor vehicle travel delay is very sensitive to the amount of green phase and the total cycle of the traffic signal. Average pedestrian delay at traffic signals is not taken into account. Some simple examples are used to demonstrate that travel time delay costs to pedestrians caused by existing signalization cycles may often result in increased travel time costs to society. In areas with heavy pedestrian traffic (or during peak pedestrian hours), traffic signals should trade off the costs of motor vehicle delay with pedestrian delay. This may suggest that in some areas, motor vehicle traffic should be banned or severely restricted. Narrower street widths that can allow reduced total signal cycle times can also reduce pedestrian delay.
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50

Panayotova, Galina S., and Dimitar A. Dimitrov. "Modeling from Time Series of Complex Brain Signals." International Journal of Signal Processing Systems 9, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijsps.9.1.1-6.

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Abstract:
Signals obtained from most of real-world systems, especially from living organisms, are irregular, often chaotic, non-stationary, and noise-corrupted. Since modern measuring devices usually realize digital processing of information, recordings of the signals take the form of a discrete sequence of samples (a time series). In the paper given a brief overview of the possibilities of such experimental data processing based on reconstruction and usage of a predictive empirical model of a time series. Brain signals can be recorded by brainwave controlled applications, such as EMotiv Epoc +14. The paper investigates the models of the observed brain signals using time series, analyzes their applicability and develops new statistical models for their study.
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