Relevant bibliographies by topics / Time-space pathways

Academic literature on the topic 'Time-space pathways'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Time-space pathways"

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Saltiel, Alan R., and Jeffrey E. Pessin. "Insulin signaling pathways in time and space." Trends in Cell Biology 12, no. 2 (February 2002): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-8924(01)02207-3.

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Smith, C. A. B., and V. V. Nalimov. "Space, Time and Life: The Probabilistic Pathways of Evolution." Biometrics 43, no. 1 (March 1987): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2531973.

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Lukas, Jiri, Claudia Lukas, and Jiri Bartek. "Mammalian cell cycle checkpoints: signalling pathways and their organization in space and time." DNA Repair 3, no. 8-9 (August 2004): 997–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.03.006.

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Wang, Siqin, Yan Liu, Thomas Sigler, and Jonathan Corcoran. "3D space–time visualization of individual settlement pathways of Mainland China-born migrants in Queensland, Australia." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51, no. 2 (October 4, 2018): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18805752.

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The number of migrants from Mainland China (MC) to Australia have been sharply increasing since 2000 and MC became the largest non-Commonwealth source country in 2011. The integration process of migrants to the host society involves the exposure and movement of migrants to the majority, which is reflected by the settlement pathways of migrants moving from ethnic to non-ethnic communities over time. Most of the existing research regarding migrants’ pathways is constrained by the limitations of cross-sectional data, which are usually available at the community or above levels. Little is known about the individual-level settlement pathways of migrants due to lack of data availability. In order to address this deficit, a 3D visualization is used to express the individual pathways of MC-born migrants based on primary survey data. This enables a more detailed, spatio-temporal picture of how long migrants live at each address and how they move across neighbourhoods.
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Mills, Denise A., and Shelagh Ferguson-Miller. "Proton uptake and release in cytochrome c oxidase: separate pathways in time and space?" Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1365, no. 1-2 (June 1998): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-2728(98)00040-1.

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Pérez, María Lucía, and José Luis Peña. "Comparison of Midbrain and Thalamic Space-Specific Neurons in Barn Owls." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 2 (February 2006): 783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00833.2005.

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Spatial receptive fields of neurons in the auditory pathway of the barn owl result from the sensitivity to combinations of interaural time (ITD) and level differences across stimulus frequency. Both the forebrain and tectum of the owl contain such neurons. The neural pathways, which lead to the forebrain and tectal representations of auditory space, separate before the midbrain map of auditory space is synthesized. The first nuclei that belong exclusively to either the forebrain or the tectal pathways are the nucleus ovoidalis (Ov) and the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICx), respectively. Both receive projections from the lateral shell subdivision of the inferior colliculus but are not interconnected. Previous studies indicate that the owl's tectal representation of auditory space is different from those found in the owl's forebrain and the mammalian brain. We addressed the question of whether the computation of spatial cues in both pathways is the same by comparing the ITD tuning of Ov and ICx neurons. Unlike in ICx, the relationship between frequency and ITD tuning had not been studied in single Ov units. In contrast to the conspicuous frequency independent ITD tuning of space-specific neurons of ICx, ITD selectivity varied with frequency in Ov. We also observed that the spatially tuned neurons of Ov respond to lower frequencies and are more broadly tuned to ITD than in ICx. Thus there are differences in the integration of frequency and ITD in the two sound-localization pathways. Thalamic neurons integrate spatial information not only within a broader frequency band but also across ITD channels.
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King, Wayne E., Michael Armstrong, Victor Malka, Bryan W. Reed, and Antoine Rousse. "Ultrafast Imaging of Materials: Exploring the Gap of Space and Time." MRS Bulletin 31, no. 8 (August 2006): 614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2006.158.

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AbstractThe materials science community is poised to take advantage of new technologies that add unprecedented time resolution to already existing spatial-resolution capabilities. In the same way that chemists and biologists are using ultrafast optical, photon, and particle techniques to reveal transition pathways, materials scientists can expect to use variations of these methods to probe the most fundamental aspects of complex transient phenomena in materials. The combination of high-spatial-resolution imaging with high time resolution is critical because it enables the observation of specific phenomena that are important to developing fundamental understanding. Such a capability is also important because it enables experiments that are on the same time and length scales as recent high-performance computer simulations. This article describes several new techniques that have great potential for broader application in materials science, including electron, x-ray, and γ-ray imaging.
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Pidoux, Guillaume, and Kjetil Taskén. "Specificity and spatial dynamics of protein kinase A signaling organized by A-kinase-anchoring proteins." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 44, no. 5 (February 11, 2010): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme-10-0010.

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Protein phosphorylation is the most common post-translational modification observed in cell signaling and is controlled by the balance between protein kinase and phosphatase activities. The cAMP–protein kinase A (PKA) pathway is one of the most studied and well-known signal pathways. To maintain a high level of specificity, the cAMP–PKA pathway is tightly regulated in space and time. A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) target PKA to specific substrates and distinct subcellular compartments providing spatial and temporal specificity in the mediation of biological effects controlled by the cAMP–PKA pathway. AKAPs also serve as scaffolding proteins that assemble PKA together with signal terminators such as phosphoprotein phosphatases and cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases as well as components of other signaling pathways into multiprotein-signaling complexes.
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Saul, Alan B., Peter L. Carras, and Allen L. Humphrey. "Temporal Properties of Inputs to Direction-Selective Neurons in Monkey V1." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 1 (July 2005): 282–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00868.2004.

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Motion in the visual scene is processed by direction-selective neurons in primary visual cortex. These cells receive inputs that differ in space and time. What are these inputs? A previous single-unit recording study in anesthetized monkey V1 proposed that the two major streams arising in the primate retina, the M and P pathways, differed in space and time as required to create direction selectivity. We confirmed that cortical cells driven by P inputs tend to have sustained responses. The M pathway, however, as assessed by recordings in layer 4Cα and from cells with high contrast sensitivity, is not purely transient. The diversity of timing in the M stream suggests that combinations of M inputs, as well as of M and P inputs, create direction selectivity.
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Denil, Misha, Loris Bazzani, Hugo Larochelle, and Nando de Freitas. "Learning Where to Attend with Deep Architectures for Image Tracking." Neural Computation 24, no. 8 (August 2012): 2151–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00312.

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We discuss an attentional model for simultaneous object tracking and recognition that is driven by gaze data. Motivated by theories of perception, the model consists of two interacting pathways, identity and control, intended to mirror the what and where pathways in neuroscience models. The identity pathway models object appearance and performs classification using deep (factored)-restricted Boltzmann machines. At each point in time, the observations consist of foveated images, with decaying resolution toward the periphery of the gaze. The control pathway models the location, orientation, scale, and speed of the attended object. The posterior distribution of these states is estimated with particle filtering. Deeper in the control pathway, we encounter an attentional mechanism that learns to select gazes so as to minimize tracking uncertainty. Unlike in our previous work, we introduce gaze selection strategies that operate in the presence of partial information and on a continuous action space. We show that a straightforward extension of the existing approach to the partial information setting results in poor performance, and we propose an alternative method based on modeling the reward surface as a gaussian process. This approach gives good performance in the presence of partial information and allows us to expand the action space from a small, discrete set of fixation points to a continuous domain.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Time-space pathways"

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Belkind, Ori. "Physical systems : conceptual pathways between spacetime and matter /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5703.

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Rosas, Blanch Faye, and faye blanch@flinders edu au. "Nunga rappin: talkin the talk, walkin the walk: Young Nunga males and Education." Flinders University. Yunggorendi First Nations Centre, 2009. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20090226.102604.

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Abstract This thesis acknowledges the social and cultural importance of education and the role the institution plays in the construction of knowledge – in this case of young Nunga males. It also recognizes that education is a contested field. I have disrupted constructions of knowledge about young Nunga males in mainstream education by mapping and rapping - or mappin and rappin Aboriginal English - the theories of race, masculinity, performance, cultural capital, body and desire and space and place through the use of Nunga time-space pathways. Through disruption I have shown how the theories of race and masculinity underpin ways in which Blackness and Indignity are played out within the racialisation of education and how the process of racialisation informs young Nunga males’ experiences of schooling. The cultural capital that young Nunga males bring to the classroom and schooling environment must be acknowledged to enable performance of agency in contested time, space and knowledge paradigms. Agency privileges their understanding and desire for change and encourages them to apply strategies that contribute to their own journeys home through time-space pathways that are (at least in part) of their own choosing.
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Chandra, Anchal [Verfasser], Philippe [Akademischer Betreuer] Bastiaens, and Alfred [Akademischer Betreuer] Wittinghofer. "The space-time continuum of ras signal transduction pathway / Anchal Chandra. Betreuer: Philippe Bastiaens. Gutachter: Alfred Wittinghofer." Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1098188071/34.

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Books on the topic "Time-space pathways"

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Nalimov, V. V. Space, time, and life: The probabilistic pathways of evolution. Philadelphia: ISI Press, 1985.

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Nalimov, V. V. Space, time, and life: The probabilistic pathways of evolution. Philadelphia: ISI Press, 1985.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Physical Systems: Conceptual Pathways between Flat Space-time and Matter. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2012.

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Belkind, Ori. Physical Systems: Conceptual Pathways between Flat Space-time and Matter. Springer, 2011.

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Belkind, Ori. Physical Systems: Conceptual Pathways between Flat Space-time and Matter. Springer, 2014.

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1935-, Regan D., Shapley R. M, and Spekreijse H, eds. Systemsapproach in vision: Proceedings of a workshop held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 27-29 August 1984. Oxford: Pergamon, 1986.

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Systems approach in vision: Proceedings of a workshop held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 27-29 August 1984. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1986.

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Sanders, Rebecca. The Fate of Human Rights in the Global War on Terror. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870553.003.0006.

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American officials attempted to construct the plausible legality of torture, indefinite detention, targeted killing, and mass surveillance in the global war on terror. These efforts were largely successful, foreclosing prosecution and ensuring impunity for human rights violations. Moreover, with the exception of torture, many of these counterterrorism practices persist and enjoy widespread acceptance. Around the world, international human rights and humanitarian law have been weakened by American efforts to erode and reinterpret constraints on state violence. This has created space for more overt attacks on legal norms by the Trump administration, which has signaled its intent to shift American national security legal culture toward the politics of exception. At the same time, international law advocates are pushing back. The chapter concludes by reflecting on possible pathways for promoting a culture of human rights in the United States.
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Romanowska, Iza. Agent-Based Modeling for Archaeology. SFI Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37911/9781947864382.

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To fully understand not only the past, but also the trajectories, of human societies, we need a more dynamic view of human social systems. Agent-based modeling (ABM), which can create fine-scale models of behavior over time and space, may reveal important, general patterns of human activity. Agent-Based Modeling for Archaeology is the first ABM textbook designed for researchers studying the human past. Appropriate for scholars from archaeology, the digital humanities, and other social sciences, this book offers novices and more experienced ABM researchers a modular approach to learning ABM and using it effectively. Readers will find the necessary background, discussion of modeling techniques and traps, references, and algorithms to use ABM in their own work. They will also find engaging examples of how other scholars have applied ABM, ranging from the study of the intercontinental migration pathways of early hominins, to the weather–crop–population cycles of the American Southwest, to the trade networks of Ancient Rome. This textbook provides the foundations needed to simulate the complexity of past human societies, offering researchers a richer understanding of the past—and likely future—of our species.
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Reynolds, Don R., and Jason W. Chapman. Long-range migration and orientation behavior. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0007.

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The dramatic long-distance flights of butterflies and other large insects, occurring near the ground, have long been regarded as migratory. In contrast, high-altitude wind-borne movements of small insects have often been viewed differently, as uncontrolled or even accidental displacements. This chapter shows how an individual-based behavioral definition provides a unifying framework for these, and other modes of migration in insects and other terrestrial arthropods, and how it can distinguish migration from other types of movement. The chapter highlights some remarkable behavioral phenomena revealed by radar, including sophisticated flight orientations shown by high-flying migrants. Migration behavior is always supported by a suite of morphological, physiological and life-history traits—together forming a ‘migration syndrome’, itself one interacting component of a ‘migration system’. These traits steer the migrants along a ‘population pathway’ through space and time, while natural selection acts contemporaneously, continually modifying behavior and other aspects of the syndrome.
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Book chapters on the topic "Time-space pathways"

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Roberts, Rosie. "Onward Migration Pathways Over Time and Space." In Ongoing Mobility Trajectories, 49–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3164-0_3.

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Chen, Cheng. "Pathways of Institutional Diffusion under Leninism: A Historical Comparison of Romania and Hungary." In Reconfiguring Institutions Across Time and Space, 205–24. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230603066_9.

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Kelly, Tom. "CityEngine: An Introduction to Rule-Based Modeling." In Urban Informatics, 637–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_35.

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AbstractCityEngine is a rule-based urban modeling software package. It offers a flexible pipeline to transform 2D data into 3D urban models. Typical applications include processing 2D urban cartographic geographic information system (GIS) data to create a detailed 3D city model, creating a detailed visualization of a proposed development, or exploring the design space of a potential project. The rule-based core of Esri’s CityEngine has some unique advantages: Huge cities can be created as easily as small ones, while the quality of the models is consistent throughout. Additionally, this rule-based approach means that large design spaces can be explored quickly, interactively, and analytically compared. Such advantages must be carefully balanced against the increased time to create and parameterize the rules and the sometimes stylistic or approximate models created; coming from more traditional workflows, CityEngine’s pipeline can be initially overwhelming. We introduce the principal workflows and the flexibility they afford, sketch the procedural programming language used, and discuss the export pathways available.
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Larsen, Erik Hviid, and Jens Nørkær Sørensen. "Stationary and Nonstationary Ion and Water Flux Interactions in Kidney Proximal Tubule: Mathematical Analysis of Isosmotic Transport by a Minimalistic Model." In Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, 101–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/112_2019_16.

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AbstractOur mathematical model of epithelial transport (Larsen et al. Acta Physiol. 195:171–186, 2009) is extended by equations for currents and conductance of apical SGLT2. With independent variables of the physiological parameter space, the model reproduces intracellular solute concentrations, ion and water fluxes, and electrophysiology of proximal convoluted tubule. The following were shown: Water flux is given by active Na+ flux into lateral spaces, while osmolarity of absorbed fluid depends on osmotic permeability of apical membranes. Following aquaporin “knock-out,” water uptake is not reduced but redirected to the paracellular pathway. Reported decrease in epithelial water uptake in aquaporin-1 knock-out mouse is caused by downregulation of active Na+ absorption. Luminal glucose stimulates Na+ uptake by instantaneous depolarization-induced pump activity (“cross-talk”) and delayed stimulation because of slow rise in intracellular [Na+]. Rate of fluid absorption and flux of active K+ absorption would have to be attuned at epithelial cell level for the [K+] of the absorbate being in the physiological range of interstitial [K+]. Following unilateral osmotic perturbation, time course of water fluxes between intraepithelial compartments provides physical explanation for the transepithelial osmotic permeability being orders of magnitude smaller than cell membranes’ osmotic permeability. Fluid absorption is always hyperosmotic to bath. Deviation from isosmotic absorption is increased in presence of glucose contrasting experimental studies showing isosmotic transport being independent of glucose uptake. For achieving isosmotic transport, the cost of Na+ recirculation is predicted to be but a few percent of the energy consumption of Na+/K+ pumps.
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"The Space-Time Continuum in Mammalian Sensory Pathways." In Time and the Brain, 128–65. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482284102-10.

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Fernandes, Luís, and Tiago Neves. "Ethnographic Space-Time: Culture of Resistance in a ‘Dangerous Place’." In Drugs and Crime Deviant Pathways, 71–82. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315257334-4.

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Bulatov, Vasily, and Wei Cai. "Finding Transition Pathways." In Computer Simulations of Dislocations. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198526148.003.0011.

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As was discussed in Chapter 2, stable and accurate numerical integration of the MD equations of motion demands a small time step. In MD simulations of solids, the integration step is usually of the order of one femtosecond (10−15 s). For this reason, the time horizon ofMDsimulations of solids rarely exceeds one nanosecond (10−9 s). On the other hand, dislocation behaviors of interest typically occur on time scales of milliseconds (10−3 s) or longer. Such behaviors remain out of reach for direct MD simulations. Time-scale limits of a similar nature also exist in MC simulations. For instance, the magnitude of the atomic displacements in the Metropolis algorithm has to be sufficiently small to ensure a reasonable acceptance ratio, which results in a slow exploration of the configurational space. This disparity of time scales can be traced to certain topographical features of the potential-energy function of the many-body system, typically consisting of deep energy basins separated by high energy barriers. The system spends most of its time wandering around within the energy basins (metastable states) only rarely interrupted by transitions from one basin to another. Whereas the long-term evolution of a solid results from transitions between the metastable states, direct MDand MC simulations spend most of the time faithfully tracing the unimportant fluctuations within the energy basins. In this sense, most of the computing cycles are wasted, leading to very low simulation efficiency. Because the transition rates decrease exponentially with the increasing barrier heights and decreasing temperature, this problem of time-scale disparity can be severe.
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McCann, Kevin S. "Coupling Modules in Space: A Landscape Theory." In Food Webs (MPB-50). Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691134178.003.0009.

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This chapter examines food webs at the landscape scale by focusing on the large-scale food web architecture that is deeply constrained by space. It begins with a discussion of how variability in space, time, and food web structure, coupled with the ability of organisms to rapidly respond to variation, affect the maintenance of the food web and its functions. It then explains how individual traits such as body size and foraging behavior relate to food web structure in space and time. It also considers the role of spatial constraints on food webs and how the existence of fast–slow pathways coupled by mobile adaptive predators gives rise to spatial asynchrony in the resources. The chapter concludes with a review of some empirical examples to show that some food webs display the bird feeder effect and that resource coupling of distinct habitats appears to stabilize food webs.
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Mantoro, Teddy, Media Anugerah Ayu, and Adamu Ibrahim. "Visualizing Pathway on 3D Maps for an Interactive User Navigation in Mobile Devices." In Algorithms, Methods, and Applications in Mobile Computing and Communications, 237–60. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5693-0.ch010.

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3D maps have become an essential tool for navigation aid. The aim of a navigation aid is to provide an optimal route from the current position to the destination. Unfortunately, most mobile devices' GPS signal accuracy and the display of pathways on 3D maps in the small screen of mobile devices affects the pathway architectural from generating accurate initial positions to destinations. This chapter proposed a technique for visualizing pathway on 3D maps for an interactive user navigation aid in mobile devices. This technique provides visualization of 3D maps in virtual 3D workspace environments which assists a user to navigate to a target location. The Bi-A* path-finding algorithm was used for establishing dynamic target location in Voronoi diagram/Delaunay triangulation. This approach could navigate more than two users in a 3D walk-space and at the same time showing their whereabouts on 3D projections mapped. The map shows the users' location in the scene to navigate from source to the target and the target also moves to the source to meet on the same physical location and image plane.
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Vargas-Ibarra, Dadnover, Mariana Velez-Vasquez, and Maria Bermudez-Munoz. "Regulation of MAPK ERK1/2 Signaling by Phosphorylation: Implications in Physiological and Pathological Contexts." In Post-Translational Modifications in Cellular Functions and Diseases [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97061.

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Protein phosphorylation represents a rapid and reversible post-translational regulation that enables a fast control of protein activation that play key roles in cell signaling. For instance, Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways are activated upon sequential phosphorylations, resulting in phosphorylation of cytosol and nuclear targets. We focus here on MAPK ERK1/2 signaling that accounts for diverse cellular responses such as cell cycle progression, proliferation, differentiation, senescence, migration, formation of GAP junctions, cell adhesion, cell motility, survival and apoptosis. We review the role of protein phosphorylation in MAPK ERK1/2 activation, in its regulation in time and space and how its dysregulation can lead to tumorigenesis.
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Conference papers on the topic "Time-space pathways"

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Wendling, J., F. Plas, and E. Treille. "Simulation of Gas Migration in a Waste Disposal in Deep Clay Formation – What Pathways? What Time and Space Scales?" In 2nd EAGE International Conference on Fault and Top Seals - From Pore to Basin Scale 2009. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20147168.

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Maizi, Nadia, Vincent Krakowski, Edi Assoumou, Vincent Mazauric, and Xiang Li. "Time reconciliation and space agregation to shed light on the plausibility of long-term low carbon pathways for power systems." In 2016 IEEE Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sege.2016.7589509.

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"Changes in Center of Mass during Preliminary Motion for Prediction of Direction Change." In Structural Health Monitoring. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901311-35.

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Abstract. In recent years, the number of single elderly people has been increasing, and the needs of residents have been diversifying. Towards these backgrounds, we propose the concept of "Biofiled bulding". The aim of Biofied Building is to create living spaces where residents can live safely, securely and comfortably. Small robots are used as an interface between residents and living space in Biofied Building. The aim of using robots is to sense the position and movement of residents in real time and providing feedback to them. However,he present control systems of the robot do not have enough functions to estimate the risk of accidents such as falls and choose the pathways which do not disturb residents. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to recognize and predict human behavior in a living space by using a robot to realize Biofied Building. In particular, we focus on the direction change motion, which is an important behavior in a living space, and extract the prediction parameters. In particular, it is reported that the direction change motion account for about 20% of gait during the daily life. Therefore, our research group decided to focus on direction change motion. In this study, we focused on the center of the head to extract parameters for prediction of the direction change motion. There are features in the velocity change of the center of the head compared with straight-line gait. There was a velocity amplification of the opposite direction of the direction change before the start of the motion. It is assumed that the shift of the center of mass make it to easier to step out to the direction of the turn.
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Nakamura, Yuji, Nobuko Yoshimura, Tomohiro Matsumura, Hiroyuki Ito, and Osamu Fujita. "Flame Spread Along PE-Insulated Wire in Sub-Atmospheric Pressure Enclosure." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32657.

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Flame spread over polymer-insulated wire in reduced (sub-atmospheric) pressure has been studied experimentally in order to evaluate the fire safety of electric circuit in the aircraft as well as the space habitats. Polyethylene (PE) insulated NiCr wire is used as the burning sample. Ambient gas is the mixture of nitrogen and oxygen, and the composition is fixed as air (79 vol.% of N2 and 21 vol.% of O2) throughout the study. Total pressure is reduced from atmospheric (101 kPa) to sub-atmospheric (20 kPa) in order to investigate the role of the reduced pressure on the flame spread along the wire. Spread event followed by the forced ignition is recorded by digital video camera to obtain any time-dependent flame behavior. Experimental results show that the flame shape is changed from typical “teardrop” to “round” (and even oval) with the decrease in total pressure. Flame spread rate increases in the reduced pressure although the partial pressure of oxygen is “reduced” with the total pressure. Such “pronounced” spread behavior is continuously observed until just before the extinction condition (∼25 kPa in the present study). The change in flame shape could enhance thermal input to the unburned PE through gas-phase conduction as well as conduction along the wire, and these should be responsible for the faster flame spread in sub-atmospheric pressure. Heat balance is roughly estimated with measured temperature and relative contribution of above two thermal input pathways is understood almost comparable. Importance of the presence of conductive material, such as metal wire, on flame spread is addressed in the current spread behavior.
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Perini, Federico, Anand Krishnasamy, Youngchul Ra, and Rolf D. Reitz. "Computationally Efficient Simulation of Multi-Component Fuel Combustion Using a Sparse Analytical Jacobian Chemistry Solver and High-Dimensional Clustering." In ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2013-19039.

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The need for more efficient and environmentally sustainable internal combustion engines is driving research towards the need to consider more realistic models for both fuel physics and chemistry. As far as compression ignition engines are concerned, phenomenological or lumped fuel models are unreliable to capture spray and combustion strategies outside of their validation domains — typically, high-pressure injection and high-temperature combustion. Furthermore, the development of variable-reactivity combustion strategies also creates the need to model comprehensively different hydrocarbon families even in single fuel surrogates. From the computational point of view, challenges to achieving practical simulation times arise from the dimensions of the reaction mechanism, that can be of hundreds species even if hydrocarbon families are lumped into representative compounds, and thus modeled with non-elementary, skeletal reaction pathways. In this case, it is also impossible to pursue further mechanism reductions to lower dimensions. CPU times for integrating chemical kinetics in internal combustion engine simulations ultimately scale with the number of cells in the grid, and with the cube number of species in the reaction mechanism. In the present work, two approaches to reduce the demands of engine simulations with detailed chemistry are presented. The first one addresses the demands due to the solution of the chemistry ODE system, and features the adoption of SpeedCHEM, a newly developed chemistry package that solves chemical kinetics using sparse analytical Jacobians. The second one aims to reduce the number of chemistry calculations by binning the CFD cells of the engine grid into a subset of clusters, where chemistry is solved and then mapped back to the original domain. In particular, a high-dimensional representation of the chemical state space is adopted for keeping track of the different fuel components, and a newly developed bounding-box-constrained k-means algorithm is used to subdivide the cells into reactively homogeneous clusters. The approaches have been tested on a number of simulations featuring multi-component diesel fuel surrogates, and different engine grids. The results show that significant CPU time reductions, of about one order of magnitude, can be achieved without loss of accuracy in both engine performance and emissions predictions, prompting for their applicability to more refined or full-sized engine grids.
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6

Kavuri, Chaitanya, and Sage L. Kokjohn. "Computational Study to Identify Feasible Operating Space for a Mixed Mode Combustion Strategy: A Pathway for PCI High Load Operation." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3668.

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Mixed mode combustion strategies have shown great potential to achieve high load operation but soot emissions were found to be problematic. A recent study investigating soot emissions in such strategies showed that delaying the load extension injection sufficiently late after the primary heat release makes the soot production dependent solely on the temperature field inside the combustion chamber and eliminates any dependence on mixing time and oxygen availability. The current study focuses on furthering this research to identify a feasible operating space to operate in and enable high load operation with this mixed mode combustion strategy. A PCI combustion event was achieved using a premixed charge of gasoline (early cycle injection) and a load extension injection of gasoline was added near top dead center. CFD modeling considering polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) chemistry up to pyrene was used to perform a full factorial design of experiments (DOE) to study the effects of premixed fuel fraction (fraction of total fuel that is premixed), load extension injection timing and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The early injection timings for EGR rates less than 40% showed a soot-NOx tradeoff which constrained operating with SOI timings before TDC. The late injection timings showed reductions in soot and NOx at the expense of gross indicated efficiency (GIE). GIE increased with increasing premixed fuel until the premixed fuel quantity reached 80% of the total fuel mass. Premixed fuel quantities higher than 80% resulted in an efficiency penalty due to increased wall heat transfer losses resulting from early combustion phasing. However, at premixed fuel quantities close to 80%, the peak pressure rise rate became the dominating constraint. This confined the feasible operating space to a premix fuel mass range of 70% to 80%. For this premix fuel mass range, the feasible operating space had two regions; one in the early SOI regime before TDC at EGR rates higher than 38% and the other in the late SOI regime (SOI > 15° ATDC) across the entire EGR space. The study was repeated by splitting the premixed fuel into an early cycle injection and a stratified injection with SOI timing of −70° ATDC. The ratio of fuel in the two injections was varied in the DOE. The results showed that adding a stratified injection increases the ignition delay due to in-cylinder equivalence ratio stratification and relaxes the pressure rise rate effect on the operating space. This allows operation at high premix fuel quantities of 70% and higher with EGR rates less than 40% which yields significant increase in GIE. It was also identified that by targeting the fuel from the stratified injection into the squish region, there is improved oxygen availability in the bowl for the load extension injection, which results in the reduction of soot emissions. This allows the load extension injection to be brought closer to TDC while meeting the soot constraint, which further improves the GIE. Finally, the results from the study were used to demonstrate high load operation at 20 bar and 1300 rpm.
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Uddin, Sardar M. Zia, and Yi-Xian Qin. "Anabolic Effects of Ultrasound as Countermeasures of Simulated Microgravity in In-Vitro and In-Vivo Functional Disuse Models." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53796.

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Microgravity (MG) during space flight has been known to cause adverse effect on bone quality. Data collected from studies done on spaceflights show loss of 1–1.6% bone mineral density (BMD) per space-flight-month[1]. Most BMD has been recorded in load-bearing bones [2]. Some studies has considered using drugs and different growth factors to maintain bone mass in microgravity conditions but it can be too expensive to maintain over longer periods of time besides the systematic effects of such treatments [3]. Considering the effects of microgravity are partially attributed to lack of mechanical force on bone tissue, which alters gene expression, reduction in transcription factors and growth factors. Furthermore, lack of gravity effects cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, cytoskeleton polymerization and cellular morphology [4, 5]. Thus to reverse these adverse effects on bone physiology, it is important to provide cells with mechanical stimulus which can provide essential mechanical signal for cells to counter the effects of microgravity. Ultrasound acoustic vibrations can be readily applied in, in vivo and human studies and has shown anabolic effects on osteopenic bone tissue [6]. Furthermore, ultrasound is a non-invasive and more target specific treatment relative to cyclic strain and vibration. The objective of this study is to see effects of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on disused bone model and osteogenic activity of osteoblast cells cultures in simulated microgravity. This will help us understand that effects of ultrasound on microgravity and mechanotransduction pathway responsible for anabolic effect on bone cells.
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8

Gachet, C., A. Stierlé, C. Bouloux, J.-P. Maffrand, and J.-P. Cazenave. "THE THIENOPYRIDINE PCR 4099 INHIBITS THE ADP AGGREGATION PATHWAY OF HUMAN PLATELETS BY INTERFERING WITH THE BINDING OF FIBRINOGEN TO THE GLYCOPROTEIN IIb-IIIa COMPLEX." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643581.

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The thienopyridine, PCR 4099, is a synthetic structural analog of ticlopidine. After oral administration in man, it prolongs the bleeding time (BT) and inhibits ADP-induced aggregation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of oral administration of 200 mg per day PCR 4099 to 10 human volunteers for 7 days on primary hemostasis and to study the mechanism of inhibition of the drug on the ADP-fibrinogen-GPIIb-IIIa pathway of aggregation. BT (measured by a Simplate device) was 4-8 min before treatment and 30 min after 7 days of treatment. Platelets were washed and resuspended in Tyrode’s buffer containing apyrase and 0.35 % human albumin. Washed platelet suspensions were used at 37°C for aggregation and fibrinogen binding studies. Human fibrinogen was purified by successive ether precipitation and gelatin affinity chromatography to remove fibronectin. Fibrinogen was pure bv SDS-PAGE and > 95 % clottable by thrombin. It was labeled with 125I by the Iodogen method. The binding of 125I-fibrinogen to intact washed platelets exposed to ADP or thrombin was measured after centrifugation at 11 ,000 g for 1 min in the presence of 131I-human albumin as a space marker. The membrane GPIIb-IIIa complex was examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) in the presence of rabbit anti-human platelet antiserum. The prolonged administration of PCR 4099 inhibited almost completely platelet aggregation induced by 0.5 to 10 μM ADP. Although the effect of ADP on aggregation was blocked at high concentrations, PCR 4099 did not modify ADP-induced shape change. Only the effects of low concentrations of thrombin (< 0.05 U/ml) were inhibited by PCR 4099 administration. The binding of 125I-fibrin0gen was reduced by 50 to 90 % when platelets were stimulated by 5 μM ADP or by 0.05 U/ml thrombin. PCR 4099 did not modify the pattern of immunoprecipitates as revealed by CIE. In particular the GPIIb-IIIa complex was not dissociated and its electrophoretic mobility was not changed. In conclusion, PCR 4099, which is more potent than ticlopidine in man, inhibits specifically the ADP aggregation pathway by interfering with the binding of fibrinogen to the GPIIb-IIIa complex in platelets having undergone shape change.
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9

Dorr, J. Lars, and Paul A. Erickson. "Preliminary Modeling and Design of an Autothermal Reformer." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59892.

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As fuel cells approach commercialization, hydrogen production becomes a critical step in the overall energy conversion pathway. Reforming is a process that produces a hydrogen-rich gas from hydrocarbon fuels (i.e., methanol, gasoline, natural gas). Hydrogen production via autothermal reforming (ATR) is particularly attractive for applications that demand a quick start-up and response time in a compact size. However, further research is required to optimize the performance of autothermal reformers and accurate models of reactor performance must be developed and validated. This paper discusses the preliminary modeling and design of an experimental autothermal reformer that will be used in several research projects at the University of California at Davis. The design includes the requirement of accommodating a wide range of experimental set ups. Factors considered in the design of the reformer are capability to use multiple fuels, ability to vary stoichiometry, precise temperature and pressure control, implementation of enhancement methods, capability to implement variable catalyst positions and catalyst arrangement, ability to monitor and change reactant mixing, and proper implementation of data acquisition. A model of the system was first developed in order to calculate flowrates, heating, space velocity, and other important parameters needed to select the hardware that comprises the reformer. Predicted performance will be compared to actual data once the reformer construction is completed. This comparison will quantify the accuracy of the model and should point to areas where further model development is required. The end result will be a research tool that allows engineers to optimize hydrogen production via autothermal reformation.
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10

Karalus, Megan F., K. Boyd Fackler, Igor V. Novosselov, John C. Kramlich, and Philip C. Malte. "A Skeletal Mechanism for the Reactive Flow Simulation of Methane Combustion." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95904.

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A skeletal mechanism for the prediction of NOx emissions from methane combustion at gas turbine conditions is developed in the present work. The goal is a mechanism that can be used in computational fluid dynamic modeling of lean premixed (LPM) combustors. A database of solutions from 0-D, adiabatic, homogeneous reactors (PSRs) is computed using CHEMKINPRO [1] over a parameter space chosen to include pressures from 1 to 30 atm, equivalence ratios from 0.4 to 1.0, and mean PSR residence times from slightly greater than blowout to 3ms. A resisidence time of 3 ms represents a useful maximum for the super-equilibrium flame zone where most of the NOx forms in LPM combustors. Fuel oxidation and NOx formation are treated separately in the reduction process. The method of Directed Relation Graph (DRG) is applied for methane oxidation and its extension, DRG-aided sensitivity analysis (DRGASA), is used to determine the skeletal NOx mechanism to append to the methane mechanism. Post-processing of the PSR solution database and implementation of the reduction algorithm are accomplished in SAGE [2], a Python based, open-source mathematics software package. The skeletal oxidation and NOx mechanisms are validated against full GRI 3.0 [3] in both PSR and laminar flame speed calculations. When compared with the detailed GRI 3.0 mechanism, NOx emissions are predicted within 7% near blowout and 3% at 3ms, and laminar flame speeds are predicted within 20% over the range of equivalence ratios and pressures. The skeletal mechanism is presented here and it should be noted that all reactions of the H2/CO submechanism are retained. The skeletal mechanism consists of 22 species and 122 reactions for methane oxidation and an additional 8 species and 55 reactions to describe NOx formation (30 species, 177 reactions total). The final skeletal mechanism with NOx chemistry is available for download here [4]. To demonstrate the predictive capability of the validated mechanism in a reactive flow system, it is implemented in an ANSYS Fluent model of a single jet stirred reactor, the results of which are compared to experimental reactor data presented in [5] and [6]. Predicted and measured profiles of temperature and NOx emissions are shown. Temperature and NOx emissions compare well in the recirculation zone of the JSR, although both NOx emissions and temperature are under-predicted in the jet region. Finally, the contribution of each chemical pathway for NOx formation is evaluated.
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