Journal articles on the topic 'Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH)'
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1
Teshome, Eden, Diana Deac, Steffen Thielemans, Matthias Carlier, Kris Steenhaut, An Braeken, and Virgil Dobrota. "Time Slotted Channel Hopping and ContikiMAC for IPv6 Multicast-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051771.
Abstract:
Smart buildings benefit from IEEE 802.15.4e time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) medium access for creating reliable and power aware wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs). As in these networks, sensors are supposed to communicate to each other and with actuators, IPv6 multicast forwarding is seen as a valuable means to reduce traffic. A promising approach to multicast, based on the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is Bidirectional Multicast RPL Forwarding (BMRF). This paper aimed to analyze the performance of BMRF over TSCH. The authors investigated how an adequate TSCH scheduler can help to achieve a requested quality of service (QoS). A theoretical model for the delay and energy consumption of BMRF over TSCH is presented. Next, BMRF’s link layer (LL) unicast and LL broadcast forwarding modes were analyzed on restricted and realistic topologies. On topologies with increased interference, BMRF’s LL broadcast on top of TSCH causes high energy consumption, mainly because of the amount of energy needed to run the schedule, but it significantly improves packet delivery ratio and delay compared to ContikiMAC under the same conditions. In most cases, the LL unicast was found to outperform the LL broadcast, but the latter can be beneficial to certain applications, especially those sensitive to delays.
2
Bae, Byeong-Hwan, and Sang-Hwa Chung. "Fast Synchronization Scheme Using 2-Way Parallel Rendezvous in IEEE 802.15.4 TSCH." Sensors 20, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051303.
Abstract:
The high level of robustness and reliability required in industrial environments can be achieved using time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) medium access control (MAC) specified in institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4. Using frequency channel hopping in the existing TSCH network, a parallel rendezvous technique is used to exchange packets containing channel information before network synchronization, thereby facilitating fast network synchronization. In this study, we propose a distributed radio listening (DRL)–TSCH technique that uses a two-way transmission strategy based on the parallel rendezvous technique to divide the listening channel by sharing the channel information between nodes before synchronization. The performance evaluation was conducted using the OpenWSN stack, and the actual experiment was carried out by utilizing the OpenMote-cc2538 module. The time taken for synchronization and the number of rendezvous packets transmitted were measured in linear and mesh topologies, and the amount of energy used was evaluated. The performance results demonstrate a maximum average reduction in synchronization time of 67% and a reduction in energy consumption of 58% when compared to the performance results of other techniques.
3
Sordi, Marcos A., Ohara K. Rayel, Guilherme L. Moritz, and João L. Rebelatto. "Towards Improving TSCH Energy Efficiency: An Analytical Approach to a Practical Implementation." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 24, 2020): 6047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216047.
Abstract:
The IEEE 802.15.4-2015 standard defines a number of Medium Access Control (MAC) layer protocols for low power wireless communications, which are desirable for energy-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Originally defined in the IEEE 802.15.4e amendment, the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) has recently been attracting attention from the research community due to its reduced contention (time scheduling) and robustness against fading (channel hopping). However, it requires a certain level of synchronization between the nodes, which can increase the energy consumption. In this work, we implement the Guard Beacon (GB) strategy, aiming at reducing the guard time usually implemented to compensate for imperfect synchronization. Moreover, besides presenting a realistic energy consumption model for a Contiki Operating System-based TSCH network, we show through analytical and practical results that, without the proposed scheme, the power consumption can be more than 13% higher.
4
Ortiz Guerra, Erik, Mario Martínez Morfa, Carlos Manuel García Algora, Hector Cruz-Enriquez, Kris Steenhaut, and Samuel Montejo-Sánchez. "Enhanced Beacons Dynamic Transmission over TSCH." Future Internet 16, no. 6 (May 24, 2024): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi16060187.
Abstract:
Time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) has become the standard multichannel MAC protocol for low-power lossy networks. The procedure for associating nodes in a TSCH-based network is not included in the standard and has been defined in the minimal 6TiSCH configuration. Faster network formation ensures that data packet transmission can start sooner. This paper proposes a dynamic beacon transmission schedule over the TSCH mechanism that achieves a shorter network formation time than the default minimum 6TiSCH static schedule. A theoretical model is derived for the proposed mechanism to estimate the expected time for a node to get associated with the network. Simulation results obtained with different network topologies and channel conditions show that the proposed mechanism reduces the average association time and average power consumption during network formation compared to the default minimal 6TiSCH configuration.
5
Elsts, Atis. "TSCH-Sim: Scaling Up Simulations of TSCH and 6TiSCH Networks." Sensors 20, no. 19 (October 3, 2020): 5663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195663.
Abstract:
TSCH (Time-Slotted Channel Hopping) and 6TiSCH (IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e) low-power wireless networks are becoming prominent in the industrial Internet of Things (IoT) and other areas where high reliability is needed in conjunction with energy efficiency. Due to the complexity of IoT deployments, network simulations are typically used for pre-deployment design and validation. However, it is currently difficult and time-consuming to simulate large-scale IoT networks with thousands of nodes. This paper proposes TSCH-Sim: a new discrete event simulator for IEEE 802.15.4-2015 TSCH and 6TiSCH networks. The evaluation shows that simulation results obtained with TSCH-Sim show a good match with results from other simulators that are commonly used to investigate TSCH networks. At the same time, TSCH-Sim is faster than these alternatives at least by an order of magnitude, making it more practical to carry out simulations of large networks.
6
Yang, Wei, Yadong Wan, Jie He, and Yuanlong Cao. "Security Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures for Time Synchronization in TSCH Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (December 10, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1954121.
Abstract:
Time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH), which can enable highly reliable and low-power wireless mesh networks, is the cornerstone of current industrial wireless standards. In a TSCH network, all nodes must maintain high-precision synchronization. If an adversary launches a time-synchronization attack on a TSCH network, the entire network communication system can be paralyzed. Thus, time-synchronization security is a key problem in this network. In this article, time synchronization is divided into single-hop pairwise, clusterwise, and three-level multihop according to the network scope. We deeply analyze their security vulnerabilities due to the TSCH technology itself and its high-precision synchronization requirements and identify the specific attacks; then, we propose corresponding security countermeasures. Finally, we built a test bed using 16 OpenMoteSTM nodes and the OpenWSN software to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. The experimental results showed that serious security vulnerabilities exist in time-synchronization protocols, and the proposed countermeasures can successfully defend against the attacks.
7
Deac, Diana, Eden Teshome, Roald Van Glabbeek, Virgil Dobrota, An Braeken, and Kris Steenhaut. "Traffic Aware Scheduler for Time-Slotted Channel-Hopping-Based IPv6 Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 6397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176397.
Abstract:
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in numerous fields. Industrial applications and natural-disaster-detection systems need fast and reliable data transmission, and in several cases, they need to be able to cope with changing traffic conditions. Thus, time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) offers high reliability and efficient power management at the medium access control (MAC) level; TSCH considers two dimensions, time and frequency when allocating communication resources. However, the scheduler, which decides where in time and frequency these communication resources are allotted, is not part of the standard. Orchestra has been proposed as a scheduler which allocates the communication resources based on information collected through the IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL). Orchestra is a very elegant solution, but does not adapt to high traffic. This research aims to build an Orchestra-based scheduler for applications with unpredictable traffic bursts. The implemented scheduler allocates resources based on traffic congestion measured for the children of the root and RPL subtree size of the same nodes. The performance analysis of the proposed scheduler shows lower latency and higher packet delivery ratio (PDR) compared to Orchestra during bursts, with negligible impact outside them.
8
Perumalla, Vijaya, B. Seetha Ramanjaneyulu, and Ashok Kolli. "Simulation Study of Topological Structures and Node Coordinations for Deterministic WSN with TSCH." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 1, no. 4 (November 4, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.1.4.38.
Abstract:
Time-Slotted Channel hopping (TSCH) that was introduced in IEEE802.15.4e is a promising technique to offer deterministic data deliveries in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Its main strength lies in using multiple channels for the transmissions, using frequency hopping method. However, it takes more time for initializing the network, as beacons have to be released on multiple frequencies and scanning needs to be carried out by the devices in all those frequencies for joining the network. In this work, a simulation study is carried out to investigate the effect of these delays for different types of multihop networks. The benefit of introducing multiple coordinators in reducing these time delays is also studied. It is found that the delays are increasing linearly with the number of hops in the network and adding an additional coordinator can bring down the initialization time by half.
9
Bunn, Marcus Vinicius, Samuel Baraldi Mafra, Richard Demo Souza, and Guilherme Luiz Moritz. "Exploiting Simultaneous Multi-Brand Operation to Improve 6TiSCH Reliability and Latency." Journal of Communication and Information Systems 38, no. 1 (October 31, 2023): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14209/jcis.2023.18.
Abstract:
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) group "IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e" (6TiSCH) introduced a protocol, utilizing Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) from IEEE802.15.4e due to its high reliability and time-deterministic characteristic, that achieves industrial performance requirements while offering the benefits of IP connectivity. This work proposes the addition of a second radio interface in 6TiSCH devices to operate a parallel network in sub-GHz, introducing transmit diversity while benefiting from decreased path-loss and reduced interference. Simulation results show an improvement of 20% in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and close to 31% in latency in different 6TiSCH networks scenarios.
10
Vera-Pérez, Jose, David Todolí-Ferrandis, Salvador Santonja-Climent, Javier Silvestre-Blanes, and Víctor Sempere-Payá. "A Joining Procedure and Synchronization for TSCH-RPL Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 3556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103556.
Abstract:
Wireless Sensor Networks have become a key enabler for Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) applications; however, to adapt to the derived robust communication requirements, deterministic and scheduled medium access should be used, along with other features, such as channel hopping and frequency diversity. Implementing these mechanisms requires a correct synchronization of all devices in the network, a stage in deployment that can lead to non-operational networks. The present article presents an analysis of such situations and possible solutions, including the common current approaches and recommendations, and proposes a new beacon advertising method based on a specific Trickle Timer for the Medium Access Control (MAC) Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) layer, decoupling from the timers in the network and routing layers. With this solution, improvements in connection success, time to join, and energy consumption can be obtained for the widely extended IEEE802.15.4e standard.
11
Orfanidis, Charalampos, Atis Elsts, Paul Pop, and Xenofon Fafoutis. "TSCH Evaluation under Heterogeneous Mobile Scenarios." IoT 2, no. 4 (October 22, 2021): 656–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iot2040033.
Abstract:
Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) is a medium access protocol defined in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It has proven to be one of the most reliable options when it comes to industrial applications. TSCH offers a degree of high flexibility and can be tailored to the requirements of specific applications. Several performance aspects of TSCH have been investigated so far, such as the energy consumption, reliability, scalability and many more. However, mobility in TSCH networks remains an aspect that has not been thoroughly explored. In this paper, we examine how TSCH performs under mobility situations. We define two mobile scenarios: one where autonomous agriculture vehicles move on a predefined trail, and a warehouse logistics scenario, where autonomous robots/vehicles and workers move randomly. We examine how different TSCH scheduling approaches perform on these mobility patterns and when a different number of nodes are operating. The results show that the current TSCH scheduling approaches are not able to handle mobile scenarios efficiently. Moreover, the results provide insights on how TSCH scheduling can be improved for mobile applications.
12
Shi, Ke, Lin Zhang, Zhiying Qi, Kang Tong, and Hongsheng Chen. "Transmission Scheduling of Periodic Real-Time Traffic in IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH-Based Industrial Mesh Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (September 22, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4639789.
Abstract:
Time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) is a part of an emerging IEEE 802.15.4e standard to enable deterministic low-power mesh networking, which offers high reliability and low latency for wireless industrial applications. Nonetheless, the standard only provides a framework, but it does not mandate a specific scheduling mechanism for time and frequency slot allocation. This paper focuses on a centralized scheme to schedule multiple concurrent periodic real-time flows in TSCH networks with mesh topology. In our scheme, each flow is assigned a dynamic priority based on its deadline and the hops remaining to reach the destination. A maximum matching algorithm is utilized to find conflict-free links, which provides more chances to transfer high-priority flows at each time slot. Frequency allocation is implemented by graph coloring to make finally selected links interference free. Simulation results show that our algorithm clearly outperforms the existing algorithms on the deadline satisfaction ratio with a similar radio duty cycle.
13
Orozco-Santos, Federico, Víctor Sempere-Payá, Teresa Albero-Albero, and Javier Silvestre-Blanes. "Enhancing SDN WISE with Slicing Over TSCH." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041075.
Abstract:
IWSNs (Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks) have become the next step in the evolution of WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) due to the nature and demands of modern industry. With this type of network, flexible and scalable architectures can be created that simultaneously support traffic sources with different characteristics. Due to the great diversity of application scenarios, there is a need to implement additional capabilities that can guarantee an adequate level of reliability and that can adapt to the dynamic behavior of the applications in use. The use of SDNs (Software Defined Networks) extends the possibilities of control over the network and enables its deployment at an industrial level. The signaling traffic exchanged between nodes and controller is heavy and must occupy the same channel as the data traffic. This difficulty can be overcome with the segmentation of the traffic into flows, and correct scheduling at the MAC (Medium Access Control) level, known as slices. This article proposes the integration in the SDN controller of a traffic manager, a routing process in charge of assigning different routes according to the different flows, as well as the introduction of the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) Scheduler. In addition, the TSCH (Time Slotted Channel Hopping) is incorporated in the SDN-WISE framework (Software Defined Networking solution for Wireless Sensor Networks), and this protocol has been modified to send the TSCH schedule. These elements are jointly responsible for scheduling and segmenting the traffic that will be sent to the nodes through a single packet from the controller and its performance has been evaluated through simulation and a testbed. The results obtained show how flexibility, adaptability, and determinism increase thanks to the joint use of the routing process and the TSCH Scheduler, which makes it possible to create a slicing by flows, which have different quality of service requirements. This in turn helps guarantee their QoS characteristics, increase the PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) for the flow with the highest priority, maintain the DMR (Deadline Miss Ratio), and increase the network lifetime.
14
Vera-Pérez, Jose, Javier Silvestre-Blanes, and Víctor Sempere-Payá. "TSCH and RPL Joining Time Model for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 5, 2021): 3904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113904.
Abstract:
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a key role in the ecosystem of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and the definition of today’s Industry 4.0. These WSNs have the ability to sensor large amounts of data, thanks to their easy scalability. WSNs allow the deployment of a large number of self-configuring nodes and the ability to automatically reorganize in case of any change in the topology. This huge sensorization capacity, together with its interoperability with IP-based networks, allows the systems of Industry 4.0 to be equipped with a powerful tool with which to digitalize a huge amount of variables in the different industrial processes. The IEEE 802.15.4e standard, together with the access mechanism to the Time Slotted Channel Hopping medium (TSCH) and the dynamic Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), allow deployment of networks with the high levels of robustness and reliability necessary in industrial scenarios. However, these configurations have some disadvantages in the deployment and synchronization phases of the networks, since the time it takes to synchronize the nodes is penalized compared to other solutions in which access to the medium is done randomly and without channel hopping. This article proposes an analytical model to characterize the behavior of this type of network, based on TSCH and RPL during the phases of deployment along with synchronization and connection to the RPL network. Through this model, validated by simulation and real tests, it is possible to parameterize different configurations of a WSN network based on TSCH and RPL.
15
Vatankhah, Aida, and Ramiro Liscano. "Comparative Analysis of Time-Slotted Channel Hopping Schedule Optimization Using Priority-Based Customized Differential Evolution Algorithm in Heterogeneous IoT Networks." Sensors 24, no. 4 (February 7, 2024): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24041085.
Abstract:
The Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) protocol is known for its suitability in highly reliable applications within industrial wireless sensor networks. One of the most significant challenges in TSCH is determining a schedule with a minimal slotframe size that can meet the required throughput for a heterogeneous network. We proposed a Priority-based Customized Differential Evolution (PCDE) algorithm based on the determination of a collision- and interference-free transmission graph. Our schedule can encompass sensors with different data rates in the given slotframe size. This study presents a comprehensive performance evaluation of our proposed algorithm and compares the results to the Traffic-Aware Scheduling Algorithm (TASA). Sufficient simulations were performed to evaluate different metrics such as the slotframe size, throughput, delay, time complexity, and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) to prove that our approach achieves a significant result compared with this method.
16
Asuti, Manjunath G., and Prabhugoud I. Basarkod. "Efficiency enhancement using optimized static scheduling technique in TSCH networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i2.pp1952-1962.
Abstract:
In recent times, the reliable and real-time data transmission becomes a mandatory requirement for various industries and organizations due to the large utilization of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. However, the IoT devices need high reliability, precise data exchange and low power utilization which cannot be achieved by the conventional Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols due to link failures and high interferences in the network. Therefore, the Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) networks can be used for link scheduling under the IEEE 802.15.4e standard. In this paper, we propose an Optimized Static Scheduling Technique (OSST) for the link scheduling in IEEE 802.15.4e based TSCH networks. In OSST the link schedule is optimized by considering the packet latency information during transmission by checking the status of the transmitted packets as well as keeping track of the lost data packets from source to destination nodes. We evaluate the proposed OSST model using 6TiSCH Simulator and compare the different performance metrics with Simple distributed TSCH Scheduling.
17
Hosni, Ines, and Ourida Ben Boubaker. "Optimized scheduling method in 6TSCH wireless networks." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 9, no. 10 (October 2022): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.10.011.
Abstract:
IEEE802.15.4e-TSCH is a mode exploited by the Internet of Things. Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) presents an upgrade to the IEEE 802.15.4 to build a Medium Access Control (MAC) for low power and loss network applications in IoT. This norm defines the concept of TSCH based on channel hopping and reservation of bandwidth to achieve energy efficiency, as well as consistent transmissions. Centralized approaches have been proposed for planning TSCH. They have succeeded in increasing network efficiency and reducing latency, but the scheduling length remains not reduced. However, distributed solutions appear to be more stable in the face of change, without creating a priori assumptions about the topology of the network or the amount of traffic to be transmitted. A distributed scheduling allowing neighboring nodes to decide on a coordination system operated by a minimal scheduling feature is currently proposed by the 6TiSCH working group. This scheduling allows sensor nodes to determine when data is to be sent or received. However, the details of scheduling time intervals are not specified by the TSCH-mode IEEE802.15.4e standard. In this work, we propose a distributed Optimized Minimum Scheduling Function (OMSF) that is based on the 802.15.4e standard TSCH mode. For this purpose, a distributed algorithm is being implemented to predict the scheduling requirements over the next slotframe, focused on the Poisson model and using a cluster tree topology. As a consequence, it will reduce the negotiation operations between the pairs of nodes in each cluster to decide on a schedule. This prediction allowed us to deduce the number of cells needed in the next slotframe. Clustering decreases, the overhead processing costs that produce the prediction model. So, an energy-efficient data collection model focused on clustering and prediction has been proposed. As a result, the energy consumption, traffic load, latency, and queue size in the network, have been reduced.
18
Kim, Min-Jae, and Sang-Hwa Chung. "Efficient Route Management Method for Mobile Nodes in 6TiSCH Network." Sensors 21, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 3074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093074.
Abstract:
The combination of time slotted access and channel hopping technology in IEEE 802.15 TSCH networks enables high reliability and low power operation to meet the stability and real-time requirements of industrial applications. Basically, TSCH and RPL, a routing protocol for TSCH, are proposed for static nodes that generate fewer control messages, so they allow collisions in shared cells when they exchange control messages. In a topology containing mobile nodes, the collision of control messages in a shared cell makes the network difficult to recover quickly. The proposed scheme minimizes the collision of control messages by allocating dedicated control cells to form preferred parent nodes quickly for mobile nodes. We also proposed a method for establishing a fixed route from the root node to the mobile node in RPL to minimize the delay time. Through the simulation using the 6TiSCH simulator, it was confirmed that the performance of the proposed method was approximately 2.5 times better in terms of overhead and resource use, and 33% better in terms of network participation time of mobile nodes compared with existing solutions.
19
Haque, Md Niaz Morshedul, Young-Doo Lee, and Insoo Koo. "Deep Learning-Based Scheduling Scheme for IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH Network." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (March 18, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8992478.
Abstract:
IEEE 802.15.4e time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) is one of the most reliable resources of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). TSCH operates on the slot-frame structure consisting of multiple channel-offsets and multiple slot-offsets. It is gaining acceptance due to its simple architecture and consume low power in industrial applications. The performance of TSCH is mainly dominated by the media access control (MAC) mechanism, which covers the refitment, enumeration, composition, and data transmission. However, in many cases, the data transmission schedules are not accurately prescribed. Therefore, most researchers are trying to define many pragmatic scenarios of scheduling. Their fundamental approach is to schedule TSCH network in a centralized way while framing scheduling based on network performance such as throughput and delay. In this work, a deep learning (DL)-based scheme has been proposed. TSCH network schedules for links to cell assignment of a slot-frame can be constructed as a maximum edge weighted bipartite matching approach. In this paper, we design bipartite edge weight to be composed of throughput and delay, and we use the Hungarian algorithm for proper cell assignment. With the Hungarian scheduling algorithm, we generate the training data and train a deep neural network (DNN) accordingly. In the simulation, we consider a simple TSCH network with 5 nodes where 12 links are formulated, and we consider 16 cells for the link assignment. The simulation results show that the proposed deep learning-based scheduling scheme can provide performance similar to the Hungarian algorithm-based scheduling scheme with above 90% accuracy and nearly 80% execution time reduction.
20
Mai, Dinh Loc, and Myung Kyun Kim. "A Scheduling Method Based on Packet Combination to Improve End-to-End Delay in TSCH Networks with Constrained Latency." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 3031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123031.
Abstract:
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are networks for gathering data from sensor nodes that have been applied in industry for a long time. In real-time industrial applications with tight latencies, schedulability is one of the most critical issues. Some authors have proposed centralized scheduling algorithms for time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) networks for real-time applications in industry, however, they have some disadvantages such as schedulability and high data traffic. In this paper, we improve the schedulability, latency, data traffic by dynamically prioritizing packets which are based on number duplex-conflicts and dynamically combining the packets. As a result, we show that the packet-combining algorithm improves schedulability and minimizes the amount of traffic in a network when compared with existing approaches.
21
Bommisetty, Lokesh, and T. G. Venkatesh. "Resource Allocation in Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) Networks Based on Phasic Policy Gradient Reinforcement Learning." Internet of Things 19 (August 2022): 100522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2022.100522.
22
Vera-Pérez, Jose, David Todolí-Ferrandis, Javier Silvestre-Blanes, and Víctor Sempere-Payá. "Bell-X, An Opportunistic Time Synchronization Mechanism for Scheduled Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 4128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194128.
Abstract:
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is having an ever greater impact on industrial processes and the manufacturing sector, due the capabilities of massive data collection and interoperability with plant processes, key elements that are focused on the implementation of Industry 4.0. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are one of the enabling technologies of the IIoT, due its self-configuration and self-repair capabilities to deploy ad-hoc networks. High levels of robustness and reliability, which are necessary in industrial environments, can be achieved by using the Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) medium access the mechanism of the IEEE 802.15.4e protocol, penalizing other features, such as network connection and formation times, given that a new node does not know, a priori, the scheduling used by the network. This article proposes a new beacon advertising approach for a fast synchronization for networks under the TSCH-Medium Access Control (MAC) layer and Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). This new method makes it possible to speed up the connection times of new nodes in an opportunistic way, while reducing the consumption and advertising traffic generated by the network.
23
Elsas, Robbe, Dries Van Leemput, Jeroen Hoebeke, and Eli De Poorter. "3MSF: A Multi-Modal Adaptation of the 6TiSCH Minimal Scheduling Function for the Industrial IoT." Sensors 24, no. 8 (April 10, 2024): 2414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24082414.
Abstract:
Although wireless devices continuously gain communication capabilities, even state-of-the-art Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) architectures, such as Internet Protocol version 6 over the Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode of IEEE 802.15.4 (6TiSCH), continue to use network-wide, fixed link configurations. This presents a missed opportunity to (1) forego the need for rigorous manual setup of new deployments; and (2) provide full coverage of particularly heterogeneous and/or dynamic industrial sites. As such, we devised the Multi-Modal Minimal Scheduling Function (3MSF) for the TSCH link layer, which, combined with previous work on the routing layer, results in a 6TiSCH architecture able to dynamically exploit modern multi-modal hardware on a per-link basis through variable-duration timeslots, simultaneous transmission, and routing metric normalization. This paper describes, in great detail, its design and discusses the rationale behind every choice made. Finally, we evaluate three basic scenarios through simulations, showcasing both the functionality and flexibility of our 6TiSCH implementation.
24
Lee, Sol-Bee, Sam Nguyen-Xuan, Jung-Hyok Kwon, and Eui-Jik Kim. "Multiple Concurrent Slotframe Scheduling for Wireless Power Transfer-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 22, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 4520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124520.
Abstract:
This paper presents a multiple concurrent slotframe scheduling (MCSS) protocol for wireless power transfer (WPT)-enabled wireless sensor networks. The MCSS supports a cluster-tree network topology composed of heterogeneous devices, including hybrid access points (HAPs) serving as power transmitting units and sensor nodes serving as power receiving units as well as various types of traffic, such as power, data, and control messages (CMs). To this end, MCSS defines three types of time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) concurrent slotframes: the CM slotframe, HAP slotframe, and WPT slotframe. These slotframes are used for CM traffic, inter-cluster traffic, and intra-cluster traffic, respectively. In MCSS, the length of each TSCH concurrent slotframe is set to be mutually prime to minimize the overlap between cells allocated in the slotframes, and its transmission priority is determined according to the characteristics of transmitted traffic. In addition, MCSS determines the WPT slotframe length, considering the minimum number of power and data cells required for energy harvesting and data transmission of sensor nodes and the number of overprovisioned cells needed to compensate for overlap between cells. The simulation results demonstrated that MCSS outperforms the legacy TSCH medium access control protocol and TSCH multiple slotframe scheduling (TMSS) for the average end-to-end delay, aggregate throughput, and average harvested energy.
25
.., Hamza M. Ridha Al, and Refed Adnan Jaleel. "Design of High-Performance Intelligent WSN based-IoT using Time Synchronized Channel Hopping and Spatial Correlation Model." Fusion: Practice and Applications 13, no. 1 (2023): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/fpa.130104.
Abstract:
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the most significant contributors to the Internet of Things (IoT), and it plays a significant role in the lives of individuals. There are three main problems in the design of traditional WSN based-IoT. First problem about data; the WSN transmits a huge volume of data to the IoT for processing. The second problem is the energy; since sensor nodes rely on their limited battery, conserving energy is crucial, and the third problem about efficiency of transmission. This paper presents new WSN based IoT framework that integrate important techniques to solve these problems; To increase the effectiveness of data processing and storing, the intelligent Adaptive Boosting stochastic algorithm is applied. IEEE 802.15.4e time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) protocol is used because it has the benefits such as collision-free transmission and multi-hop transmission. Data reduction at the Gateway (GW) level of the network is achieved through spatial correlation between sensors with the goal of conserving energy. Principle idea of this new framework is to identify the advantages of integrating the important techniques; intelligent Adaptive Boosting Stochastic diffusion search algorithm, TSCH, and Special correlation model. As a result, the proposed framework can thereby satisfy the need for a long battery life of low-rate applications and at the same time, the need for high throughput for high-rate uses also for testing it in achieved efficient classification of data, the important performance measures are used.
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Daneels, Glenn, Dries Van Leemput, Carmen Delgado, Eli De Poorter, Steven Latré, and Jeroen Famaey. "Parent and PHY Selection in Slot Bonding IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH Networks." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 5150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155150.
Abstract:
While IEEE 802.15.4e Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) networks should be equipped to deal with the hard wireless challenges of industrial environments, the sensor networks are often still limited by the characteristics of the used physical (PHY) layer. Therefore, the TSCH community has recently started shifting research efforts to the support of multiple PHY layers, to overcome this limitation. On the one hand, integrating such multi-PHY support implies dealing with the PHY characteristics to fit the resource allocation in the TSCH schedule, and on the other hand, defining policies on how to select the appropriate PHY for each network link. As such, first a heuristic is proposed that is a step towards a distributed PHY and parent selection mechanism for slot bonding multi-PHY TSCH sensor networks. Additionally, a proposal on how this heuristic can be implemented in the IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e (6TiSCH) protocol stack and its Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy network (RPL) layer is also presented. Slot bonding allows the creation of different-sized bonded slots with a duration adapted to the data rate of each chosen PHY. Afterwards, a TSCH slot bonding implementation is proposed in the latest version of the Contiki-NG Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) operating system. Subsequently, via extensive simulation results, and by deploying the slot bonding implementation on a real sensor node testbed, it is shown that the computationally efficient parent and PHY selection mechanism approximates the packet delivery ratio (PDR) results of a near-optimal, but computationally complex, centralized scheduler.
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Kim, Dongwan, Jung-Hyok Kwon, and Eui-Jik Kim. "TSCH Multiple Slotframe Scheduling for Ensuring Timeliness in TS-SWIPT-Enabled IoT Networks." Electronics 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10010048.
Abstract:
This paper presents a time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) multiple slotframe scheduling (TMSS) protocol to ensure the timeliness of energy harvesting and data transmission for sensor devices with different transmission periods in Internet of Things (IoT) networks enabled with time-switching simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (TS-SWIPT). The TMSS uses a modified three-step 6P transaction to allocate power and data cells within the slotframe. The sensor device sets the slotframe length equal to the transmission period and estimates the number of power and data cells for allocation in the configured slotframe and requests cell allocation to the hybrid access point (HAP). Upon request from a sensor device, the HAP executes a cell-overlapping prevention (COP) algorithm to resolve the cell-overlapping problem and responds to the sensor device with a candidate cell list. Upon receiving the response from HAP, the sensor device determines its power and data cells by referring to the cell list. We conducted experimental simulations and compared the TMSS performance to that of the legacy TSCH medium access control (MAC) with a single slotframe and the harvest-then-transmit-based modified enhanced distributed coordination function (EDCF) MAC protocol (HE-MAC). The results showed that TMSS outperforms legacy TSCH MAC and HE-MAC in terms of delay, effective throughput and energy utilization.
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Elsas, Robbe, Jeroen Hoebeke, Dries Van Leemput, Adnan Shahid, Glenn Daneels, Jeroen Famaey, and Eli De Poorter. "Intra-Network Interference Robustness: An Empirical Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4-2015 SUN-OFDM." Electronics 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101691.
Abstract:
While IEEE 802.15.4 and its Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) medium access mode were developed as a wireless substitute for reliable process monitoring in industrial environments, most deployments use a single/static physical layer (PHY) configuration. Instead of limiting all links to the throughput and reliability of a single Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), you can dynamically re-configure the PHY of link endpoints according to the context. However, such modulation diversity causes links to coincide in time/frequency space, resulting in poor reliability if left unchecked. Nonetheless, to some level, intentional spatial overlap improves resource efficiency while partially preserving the benefits of modulation diversity. Hence, we measured the mutual interference robustness of certain Smart Utility Network (SUN) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) configurations, as a first step towards combining spatial re-use and modulation diversity. This paper discusses the packet reception performance of those PHY configurations in terms of Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) and time-overlap percentage between interference and targeted parts of useful transmissions. In summary, we found SUN-OFDM O3 MCS1 and O4 MCS2 performed best. Consequently, one should consider them when developing TSCH scheduling mechanisms in the search for resource efficient ubiquitous connectivity through modulation diversity and spatial re-use.
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Sayjari, Tarek, Regina Melo Silveira, and Cintia Borges Margi. "Application-Aware Scheduling for IEEE 802.15.4e Time-Slotted Channel Hopping Using Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Network Slicing." Sensors 23, no. 16 (August 12, 2023): 7143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23167143.
Abstract:
Given the improvements to network flexibility and programmability, software-defined wireless sensor networks (SDWSNs) have been paired with IEEE 802.15.4e time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) to increase network efficiency through slicing. Nonetheless, ensuring the quality of service (QoS) level in a scalable SDWSN remains a significant difficulty. To solve this issue, we introduce the application-aware (AA) scheduling approach, which isolates different traffic types and adapts to QoS requirements dynamically. To the best of our knowledge, this approach is the first to support network scalability using shared timeslots without the use of additional hardware while maintaining the application’s QoS level. The AA approach is deeply evaluated compared with both the application traffic isolation (ATI) approach and the application’s QoS requirements using the IT-SDN framework and by varying the number of nodes up to 225. The evaluation process took into account up to four applications with varying QoS requirements in terms of delivery rate and delay. In comparison with the ATI approach, the proposed approach enhanced the delivery rate by up to 28% and decreased the delay by up to 57%. Furthermore, even with four applications running concurrently, the AA approach proved capable of meeting a 92% delivery rate requirement for up to 225 nodes and a 900 ms delay requirement for up to 144 nodes.
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Milica Lekic, Gordana Gardasevic, and Milan Mladen. "Experimental evaluation of multi-PHY 6TiSCH networks." ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52953/cghe6909.
Abstract:
The architectural design of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications requires the careful planning and selection of an appropriate operational strategy. Harmonization of standards is crucial to ensure easier certification and commercialization of IIoT solutions. The ongoing research activities are directed toward designing agile, reliable, and secure transmission technologies and protocols. Recently, Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) standardization bodies have started to consider support for multiple physical layers thus accommodating a wide range of applications. This paper presents the results of the extensive experimental measurement campaign to study the performance of the 6TiSCH (IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e) network while supporting multiple physical layers (PHYs). For measurement purposes, all experiments were performed on OpenMote-B hardware. These devices are equipped with an Atmel AT86RF215 dual radio transceiver implementing IEEE 802.15.4g. The performance evaluation is provided for the following metrics: network formation time, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), latency, and duty cycle. Results are encouraging, particularly in terms of high PDR for all tested PHYs. Performance evaluation indicates the importance of proper node positioning, link quality estimation and careful selection of network parameters. Moreover, collected experimental results create a dataset that provides insights into the tested PHYs' performance and their potential for indoor 6TiSCH networking.
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Urke, Andreas Ramstad, Øivind Kure, and Knut Øvsthus. "A Survey of 802.15.4 TSCH Schedulers for a Standardized Industrial Internet of Things." Sensors 22, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010015.
Abstract:
Concepts such as Industry 4.0 and Cyber-Physical Systems may bring forward a new industrial revolution. These concepts require extensive connectivity far beyond what is provided by traditional industrial networks. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) bridges this gap by employing wireless connectivity and IP networking. In order for wireless networks to meet the strict requirements of the industrial domain, the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) MAC is often employed. The properties of a TSCH network are defined by the schedule, which dictates transmission opportunities for all nodes. We survey the literature for these schedulers, describe and organize them according to their operation: Centralized, Collaborative, Autonomous, Hybrid, and Static. For each category and the field as a whole, we provide a holistic view and describe historical trends, highlight key developments, and identify trends, such as the attention towards autonomous mechanisms. Each of the 76 schedulers is analyzed into their common components to allow for comparison between schedulers and a deeper understanding of functionality and key properties. This reveals trends such as increasing complexity and the utilization of centralized principles in several collaborative schedulers. Further, each scheduler is evaluated qualitatively to identify its objectives. Altogether this allows us to point out challenges in existing work and identify areas for future research, including fault tolerance, scalability, non-convergecast traffic patterns, and hybrid scheduling strategies.
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Karalis, Apostolos, Dimitrios Zorbas, and Christos Douligeris. "Collision-Free Advertisement Scheduling for IEEE 802.15.4-TSCH Networks." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 14, 2019): 1789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081789.
Abstract:
IEEE802.15.4-time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) is a medium access control (MAC) protocol designed to support wireless device networking, offering high reliability and low power consumption, two features that are desirable in the industrial internet of things (IIoT). The formation of an IEEE802.15.4-TSCH network relies on the periodic transmissions of network advertising frames called enhanced beacons (EB). The scheduling of EB transmissions plays a crucial role both in the joining time and in the power consumption of the nodes. The existence of collisions between EB is an important factor that negatively affects the performance. In the worst case, all the neighboring EB transmissions of a node may collide, a phenomenon which we call a full collision. Most of the EB scheduling methods that have been proposed in the literature are fully or partially based on randomness in order to create the EB transmission schedule. In this paper, we initially show that the randomness can lead to a considerable probability of collisions, and, especially, of full collisions. Subsequently, we propose a novel autonomous EB scheduling method that eliminates collisions using a simple technique that does not increase the power consumption. To the best of our knowledge, our proposed method is the first non-centralized EB scheduling method that fully eliminates collisions, and this is guaranteed even if there are mobile nodes. To evaluate our method, we compare our proposal with recent and state-of-the-art non-centralized network-advertisement scheduling methods. Our evaluation does not consider only fixed topology networks, but also networks with mobile nodes, a scenario which has not been examined before. The results of our simulations demonstrate the superiority of our method in terms of joining time and energy consumption.
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Amiri, Sahand, Mohammad Nassiri, Reza Mohammadi, and Fabrice Theoleyre. "An Efficient Anycast Mechanism for 802.15.4-TSCH to Improve QoS in IIoT." Journal of Sensors 2023 (October 21, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9910809.
Abstract:
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has emerged as a technology that automates industrial processes. In IIoT networks, data are collected from various nodes and sent to a base station for managerial purposes. However, in the industrial environment, network reliability and delay are significant challenges due to the high likelihood of packet loss in radio networks. Anycast is a link layer mechanism that increases reliability and reduces delay by allowing multiple receivers to be connected to a sender, and a single packet is simultaneously sent to all receivers. The receivers decode the packet based on their priorities, and transmission succeeds if at least one receiver can decode the packet. Moreover, mechanisms exist to limit the number of duplicates. This paper proposes a novel centralized anycast aware scheduling algorithm (AASA), which implements anycast based on the 802.15.4e-time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) standard and in the stack of the 6TiSCH protocol. The goal of AASA is to improve IIoT networks more reliable and reduce end-to-end delay. To do this, upon a link failure, AASA chooses an alternative link and the packet is sent without any delay via that link through the same time slot. We implemented AASA in 6TiSCH simulator and carried out different scenarios to investigate its efficiency under various conditions. Results from simulations show that AASA effectively increases reliability by reducing repetitive packet transmissions and, thus, decreasing the delay in packet delivery.
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Amezcua Valdovinos, Ismael, Patricia Elizabeth Figueroa Millán, Jesús Arturo Pérez-Díaz, and Cesar Vargas-Rosales. "Distributed Channel Ranking Scheduling Function for Dense Industrial 6TiSCH Networks." Sensors 21, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051593.
Abstract:
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is considered a key enabler for Industry 4.0. Modern wireless industrial protocols such as the IEEE 802.15.4e Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) deliver high reliability to fulfill the requirements in IIoT by following strict schedules computed in a Scheduling Function (SF) to avoid collisions and to provide determinism. The standard does not define how such schedules are built. The SF plays an essential role in 6TiSCH networks since it dictates when and where the nodes are communicating according to the application requirements, thus directly influencing the reliability of the network. Moreover, typical industrial environments consist of heavy machinery and complementary wireless communication systems that can create interference. Hence, we propose a distributed SF, namely the Channel Ranking Scheduling Function (CRSF), for IIoT networks supporting IPv6 over the IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH mode. CRSF computes the number of cells required for each node using a buffer-based bandwidth allocation mechanism with a Kalman filtering technique to avoid sudden allocation/deallocation of cells. CRSF also ranks channel quality using Exponential Weighted Moving Averages (EWMAs) based on the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Background Noise (BN) level measurements, and the Packet Delivery Rate (PDR) metrics to select the best available channel to communicate. We compare the performance of CRSF with Orchestra and the Minimal Scheduling Function (MSF), in scenarios resembling industrial environmental characteristics. Performance is evaluated in terms of PDR, end-to-end latency, Radio Duty Cycle (RDC), and the elapsed time of first packet arrival. Results show that CRSF achieves high PDR and low RDC across all scenarios with periodic and burst traffic patterns at the cost of increased end-to-end latency. Moreover, CRSF delivers the first packet earlier than Orchestra and MSF in all scenarios. We conclude that CRSF is a viable option for IIoT networks with a large number of nodes and interference. The main contributions of our paper are threefold: (i) a bandwidth allocation mechanism that uses Kalman filtering techniques to effectively calculate the number of cells required for a given time, (ii) a channel ranking mechanism that combines metrics such as the PDR, RSSI, and BN to select channels with the best performance, and (iii) a new Key Performance Indicator (KPI) that measures the elapsed time from network formation until the first packet reception at the root.
35
Osman, Mohamed, and Frederic Nabki. "OSCAR: An Optimized Scheduling Cell Allocation Algorithm for Convergecast in IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH Networks." Sensors 21, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 2493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072493.
Abstract:
Today’s wireless sensor networks expect to receive increasingly more data from different sources. The Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) protocol defined in the IEEE 802.15.4-2015 version of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard plays a crucial role in reducing latency and minimizing energy consumption. In the case of convergecast traffic, nodes close to the root have consistently heavy traffic and suffer from severe network congestion problems. In this paper, we propose OSCAR, an novel autonomous scheduling TSCH cell allocation algorithm based on Orchestra. This new design differs from Orchestra by allocating slots according to the location of the node relative to the root. The goal of this algorithm is to allocate slots to nodes according to their needs. This algorithm manages the number of timeslots allocated to each node using the value of the rank described by the RPL routing protocol. The goal is that the closer the node is to the root, the more slots it gets in order to maximize the transmission opportunities. To avoid overconsumption, OSCAR sets up a mechanism to adjust the radio duty cycle of each node by reducing the slots allocated to inactive nodes regardless of their position in the network. We implement OSCAR on Contiki-ng and evaluate its performance by both simulations and experimentation. The performance assessment of OSCAR shows that it outperforms Orchestra on the average latency and reliability, without significantly increasing the average duty cycle, especially when the traffic load is high.
36
Charlier, Maximilien, Remous-Aris Koutsiamanis, and Bruno Quoitin. "Scheduling UWB Ranging and Backbone Communications in a Pure Wireless Indoor Positioning System." IoT 3, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 219–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iot3010013.
Abstract:
In this paper, we present and evaluate an ultra-wideband (UWB) indoor processing architecture that allows the performing of simultaneous localizations of mobile tags. This architecture relies on a network of low-power fixed anchors that provide forward-ranging measurements to a localization engine responsible for performing trilateration. The communications within this network are orchestrated by UWB-TSCH, an adaptation to the ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless technology of the time-slotted channel-hopping (TSCH) mode of IEEE 802.15.4. As a result of global synchronization, the architecture allows deterministic channel access and low power consumption. Moreover, it makes it possible to communicate concurrently over multiple frequency channels or using orthogonal preamble codes. To schedule communications in such a network, we designed a dedicated centralized scheduler inspired from the traffic aware scheduling algorithm (TASA). By organizing the anchors in multiple cells, the scheduler is able to perform simultaneous localizations and transmissions as long as the corresponding anchors are sufficiently far away to not interfere with each other. In our indoor positioning system (IPS), this is combined with dynamic registration of mobile tags to anchors, easing mobility, as no rescheduling is required. This approach makes our ultra-wideband (UWB) indoor positioning system (IPS) more scalable and reduces deployment costs since it does not require separate networks to perform ranging measurements and to forward them to the localization engine. We further improved our scheduling algorithm with support for multiple sinks and in-network data aggregation. We show, through simulations over large networks containing hundreds of cells, that high positioning rates can be achieved. Notably, we were able to fully schedule a 400-cell/400-tag network in less than 11 s in the worst case, and to create compact schedules which were up to 11 times shorter than otherwise with the use of aggregation, while also bounding queue sizes on anchors to support realistic use situations.
37
Vera-Pérez, José, Javier Silvestre-Blanes, Víctor Sempere-Payá, and David Cuesta-Frau. "Multihop Latency Model for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Interfering Nodes." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 8790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198790.
Abstract:
Emerging Industry 4.0 applications require ever-increasing amounts of data and new sources of information to more accurately characterize the different processes of a production line. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies, and in particular Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), allow a large amount of data to be digitized at a low energy cost, thanks to their easy scalability and the creation of meshed networks to cover larger areas. In industry, data acquisition systems must meet certain reliability and robustness requirements, since other systems such as predictive maintenance or the digital twin, which represents a virtual mapping of the system with which to interact without the need to alter the actual installation, may depend on it. Thanks to the IEEE 802.15.4e standard and the use of Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) as the medium access mechanism and IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) as the routing protocol, it is possible to deploy WSNs with high reliability, autonomy, and minimal need for re-configuration. One of the drawbacks of this communication architecture is the low efficiency of its deployment process, during which it may take a long time to synchronize and connect all the devices in a network. This paper proposes an analytical model to characterize the process for the creation of downstream routes in RPL, whose transmission of multi-hop messages can present complications in scenarios with a multitude of interfering nodes and resource allocation based on minimal IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e (6TiSCH). This type of multi-hop message exchange has a different behaviour than the multicast control messages exchanged during the synchronization phase and the formation of upstream routes, since the number of interfering nodes changes in each retransmission.
38
Orozco-Santos, Federico, Víctor Sempere-Payá, Javier Silvestre-Blanes, and Teresa Albero-Albero. "TSCH Multiflow Scheduling with QoS Guarantees: A Comparison of SDN with Common Schedulers." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010119.
Abstract:
Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSN) are becoming increasingly popular in production environments due to their ease of deployment, low cost and energy efficiency. However, the complexity and accuracy demanded by these environments requires that IWSN implement quality of service mechanisms that allow them to operate with high determinism. For this reason, the IEEE 802.15.4e standard incorporates the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) protocol which reduces interference and increases the reliability of transmissions. This standard does not specify how time resources are allocated in TSCH scheduling, leading to multiple scheduling solutions. Schedulers can be classified as autonomous, distributed and centralised. The first two have prevailed over the centralised ones because they do not require high signalling, along with the advantages of ease of deployment and high performance. However, the increased QoS requirements and the diversity of traffic flows that circulate through the network in today’s Industry 4.0 environment require strict, dynamic control to guarantee parameters such as delay, packet loss and deadline, independently for each flow. That cannot always be achieved with distributed or autonomous schedulers. For this reason, it is necessary to use centralised protocols with a disruptive approach, such as Software Defined Networks (SDN). In these, not only is the control of the MAC layer centralised, but all the decisions of the nodes that make up the network are configured by the controller based on a global vision of the topology and resources, which allows optimal decisions to be made. In this work, a comparative analysis is made through simulation and a testbed of the different schedulers to demonstrate the benefits of a fully centralized approach such as SDN. The results obtained show that with SDN it is possible to simplify the management of multiple flows, without the problems of centralised schedulers. SDN maintains the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) levels of other distributed solutions, but in addition, it achieves greater determinism with bounded end-to-end delays and Deadline Satisfaction Ratio (DSR) at the cost of increased power consumption.
39
Martin, K. M., and B. Seetha Ramanjaneyulu. "Priority Based Centralized Scheduling for Time Slotted Channel Hopping Based Multihop IEEE 802.15.4 Networks." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8676.
Abstract:
To meet the growing demands of low power and determinism in Industrial Wireless applications, IEEE defined IEEE 802.15.4e amendment that includes many channel access methods. Time Slotted Channel Hopping protocol is one of the most popular MAC protocols under IEEE 802.15.4e. However, scheduling of time slots for time slotted channel hopping, was not part of the protocol and so different scheduling algorithms were proposed by researchers. A new time slotted channel hopping scheduling mechanism that considers priorities to meet the time critical industrial applications is proposed in this work. Latency improvements of about 40 percentage are obtained here, for slot allocations to higher priority devices, when compared with the conventional queuing methods.
40
Hammoudi, Sarra, Saad Harous, Zibouda Aliouat, and Lemia Louail. "Time slotted channel hopping with collision avoidance." International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing 29, no. 1/2 (2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijahuc.2018.094400.
41
Louail, Lemia, Sarra Hammoudi, Zibouda Aliouat, and Saad Harous. "Time slotted channel hopping with collision avoidance." International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing 29, no. 1/2 (2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijahuc.2018.10015700.
42
Gomes, Pedro Henrique, Thomas Watteyne, and Bhaskar Krishnamachari. "MABO-TSCH: Multihop and blacklist-based optimized time synchronized channel hopping." Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies 29, no. 7 (August 8, 2017): e3223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.3223.
43
Ha, Yuvin, and Sang-Hwa Chung. "A virtual slotframe technique for reliable multi-hop IEEE 802.15.4e time-slotted channel hopping network." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 7 (July 2018): 155014771879075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718790754.
Abstract:
Time-slotted channel hopping is one of the medium access control modes defined in IEEE 802.15.4e. Although time-slotted channel hopping provides high reliability, it cannot be achieved automatically. A time-slotted channel hopping should be configured properly according to the dynamic changes in a network. When new devices participate in the network or the data traffic is increased, link allocation may not be possible due to the fixed slotframe length. The simplest way to acquire additional links is to change the length. However, the conventional method to change this length involves significant overhead and the possibility of link failures. In this article, we evaluate the performance of the conventional IEEE 802.15.4e method and analyze the problems that can occur when changing the slotframe length. To resolve these problems, we propose a virtual slotframe technique that forms a logical slotframe by connecting multiple slotframes. A slot scheduler will then perceive the virtual slotframe as merely a long slotframe. The devices can translate the schedules made for the longer slotframe into real links using the virtual slotframe technique. These features allow the time-slotted channel hopping network to allocate additional slots without reconfiguration. The simulation results show that the proposed technique is a maximum of 18 times and an average of 10 times faster than the conventional method.
44
Feldman, Max, Gustavo Cainelli, Gustavo Kunzel, Ivan Muller, and Carlos Eduardo Pereira. "Adaptive Channel Map for Time Slotted Channel Hopping Industrial Wireless Networks." IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, no. 2 (2020): 8237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.1975.
45
Tavakoli, Rasool, Majid Nabi, Twan Basten, and Kees Goossens. "Dependable Interference-Aware Time-Slotted Channel Hopping for Wireless Sensor Networks." ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 14, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3158231.
46
Kwon, Jung-Hyok, Eui-Jik Kim, and Dongwan Kim. "Slotframe Partitioning-based Cell Scheduling for IEEE 802.15.4 Time Slotted Channel Hopping." Sensors and Materials 31, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.18494/sam.2019.2262.
47
Rekik, Sana, Nouha Baccour, Mohamed Jmaiel, and Khalil Drira. "A performance analysis of Orchestra scheduling for time-slotted channel hopping networks." Internet Technology Letters 1, no. 3 (September 24, 2017): e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/itl2.4.
48
Santoso, Iman Hedi, Kalamullah Ramli, and Suryadi M.T. "TLS-VaD: A New Tool for Developing Centralized Link-Scheduling Algorithms on the IEEE802.15.4e TSCH Network." Electronics 8, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 1555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121555.
Abstract:
A simulator plays an important role in network protocol research, as it enables researchers to develop protocols more flexibly. Many simulators have been developed to support research in this field, including NS-2, NS-3, OPNET, OMNeT, and Cooja. Although, as a research support tools, NS3 and Cooja have already been equipped with an Internet of things (IoT) module, their support for research on IoT centralized scheduling is still limited. Therefore, this study is aimed to develop a tool for IoT centralized scheduling research, where the IoT technology is based on the IEEE802.15.4e time synchronized channel hopping (TSCH) standard. The tool is called the TSCH Link-Scheduling visualization and data processing (TLS-VaD). The results of validity tests show that TLS-VaD works well; therefore, this tool can be used in the performance measurement of centralized scheduling algorithms on TSCH networks. As an example of the application, this research used TLS-VaD to test the performance of three scheduling algorithms: Iman Ramli Bursty Transmission Scheduling Algorithm (IRByTSA), first top scheduling algorithm (FTSA), and first leaf scheduling algorithm (FLSA). The test results using TLS-VaD shows that IRByTSA had better performance compared to FLSA and FTSA, because it saved more power and was able to generate scheduling decisions relatively quickly.
49
Park, Huiung, Haeyong Kim, Seon-Tae Kim, and Pyeongsoo Mah. "Multi-Agent Reinforcement-Learning-Based Time-Slotted Channel Hopping Medium Access Control Scheduling Scheme." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 139727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010575.
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Choi, Kanghoon, and Sang-Hwa Chung. "Enhanced time-slotted channel hopping scheduling with quick setup time for industrial Internet of Things networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 13, no. 6 (June 2017): 155014771771362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147717713629.