Academic literature on the topic 'Time of Use (ToU) tariff'
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Journal articles on the topic "Time of Use (ToU) tariff"
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Sundt, Swantje, Katrin Rehdanz, and Jürgen Meyerhoff. "Consumers’ Willingness to Accept Time-of-Use Tariffs for Shifting Electricity Demand." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2020): 1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081895.
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Time-of-use (TOU) electricity tariffs represent an instrument for demand side management. By reducing energy demand during peak times, less investments in otherwise necessary, costly, and CO2 intensive redispatch would be required. We use a choice experiment (CE) to analyze private consumers’ acceptance of TOU tariffs in Germany. In our CE, respondents choose between a fixed rate tariff and two TOU tariffs that differ by peak time scheme and by a control of appliances’ electricity consumption during that time. We use a mixed logit model to account for taste heterogeneity. Moreover, investigating decision strategies, we identify three different strategies that shed light on drivers of unobserved taste heterogeneity: (1) Always choosing the status quo, (2) always choosing the maximum discount, and (3) choosing a TOU tariff but not always going for the maximum discount. Overall, about 70% of our 1398 respondents would choose a TOU tariff and shift their electricity demand, leading to a decline in energy demand during peak times. Rough estimates indicate that this would lead to significant savings in electricity generation, avoiding up to a mid to large-sized fossil-fuel power plant.
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Sundt, Swantje. "Influence of Attitudes on Willingness to Choose Time-of-Use Electricity Tariffs in Germany. Evidence from Factor Analysis." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 5406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175406.
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Time-of-use (TOU) electricity tariffs are a demand side measure to ease balancing of demand and supply to cope with a rising share of renewables in a country’s electricity mix. In general, consumers require compensation for accepting these tariffs. This study analyzes how attitudes drive consumers’ willingness to choose a TOU tariff in Germany. To identify attitudinal profiles, I use an exploratory factor analysis on items capturing positive and negative attitudes towards TOU tariffs, climate change awareness, and belief in energy saving measures. I use these factors as predictors in an ordered logit specification to estimate consumers’ stated willingness to choose a TOU tariff. Three factors are significant: positive and negative attitudes towards TOU tariffs, and climate change awareness. These findings highlight that decision makers who aim at balancing demand and supply through the use of TOU tariffs should focus on informing consumers about the positive impacts of these tariffs on climate change mitigation, grid stability, and possible energy savings.
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Azrina Mohd Azman, Nur, Md Pauzi Abdullah, Mohammad Yusri hasan, Dalila Mat Said, and Faridah Hussin. "Enhanced Time of Use Electricity Pricing for Industrial Customers in Malaysia." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v6.i1.pp155-159.
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<p>New Time of Use (ToU) tariff scheme known as Enhanced ToU (EToU) has been introduced on 1st January 2016 for industrial customers in Malaysia. EToU scheme is the advanced version of current ToU where the daily time frame is divided into six period blocks, as compared to only two in the existing ToU. Mid-peak tariff is introduced on top of peak-hour and off-peak tariff. The new scheme is designed to reduce Malaysia’s peak hour electricity demand. On customer side, they could be benefited from the low off-peak tariff by simply shifting their consumption. However, it depends on their consumption profile and their flexibility in shifting their consumption. Since EToU scheme is voluntary, each customer needs to perform cost-benefit analysis before deciding to switch into the scheme. This paper analyzes this problem by considering EToU tariff scheme for industry and customer’s electricity consumption profile. Case studies using different practical data from different industries are presented and discussed in this paper.</p>
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Phan, Binh Thi Thanh, Qui Minh Le, and Cuong Viet Vo. "Optimizing the time of use tariff with different scenarios of load management." Science and Technology Development Journal 20, K7 (November 27, 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v20ik7.1206.
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Demand Response program is applied in many countries as an effective instrument to regulate the electricity consumption. In this program, time of use (TOU) tariff is used widely. Optimal TOU pricing according to different objectives was mentioned in this paper such as peak load reduction, improving load curve, energy conservation, avoiding a new peak load. This is a problem with multiobjective functions in different unit of measurement and is solved by PSO algorithm. An example to find optimal TOU tariff for one utility is also presented in this paper.
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Xue, Wanlei, Xin Zhao, Yan Li, Ying Mu, Haisheng Tan, Yixin Jia, Xuejie Wang, Huiru Zhao, and Yihang Zhao. "Research on the Optimal Design of Seasonal Time-of-Use Tariff Based on the Price Elasticity of Electricity Demand." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041625.
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Building a new power system with renewable energy as its main component is a key measure proposed by China to address the climate change problem. Strengthening demand-side management (DSM) is an important way to promote the development of a new power system. As an important economic incentive measure in DSM, the current TOU tariff is faced with the problem of a weak incentive effect due to the small tariff difference between the peak and valley periods. Against this background, a novel hybrid three-stage seasonal TOU tariff optimization model is proposed in this paper. First, the K-means++ algorithm is adopted to select the typical days of the four seasons through load curve clustering. Then, the price elasticity of the electricity demand model is constructed to calculate the self-elasticity and cross-elasticity in four seasons. Finally, the seasonal TOU tariff optimization model is constructed to determine the optimal TOU tariff. Through the proposed model, the tariff in the peak period has increased by 8.06–15.39%, and the tariff in the valley period has decreased by 18.48–27.95%. The result shows that the load in the peak period has decreased by 4.03–8.02% and the load in the valley period has increased by 6.41–9.75% through the proposed model.
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Chen, Lu, Yong Biao Yang, and Li Huang. "Design of Time-of-Use Model for Promoting Wind Power’s Penetration." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.575.
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Considering wind power output characteristics, TOU model with frequency is proposed, in the form of “normal tariff plus frequency tariff”. Response mode and capacity is analyzed on the basis of consumer psychology. The numerical examples shows its effectiveness, that wind power output can be complemented by demand through tariff incentives, avoid abandoning the wind and reducing peak power difference.
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Jang, Minseok, Hyun-Cheol Jeong, Taegon Kim, and Sung-Kwan Joo. "Load Profile-Based Residential Customer Segmentation for Analyzing Customer Preferred Time-of-Use (TOU) Tariffs." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 6130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196130.
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Smart meters and dynamic pricing are key factors in implementing a smart grid. Dynamic pricing is one of the demand-side management methods that can shift demand from on-peak to off-peak. Furthermore, dynamic pricing can help utilities reduce the investment cost of a power system by charging different prices at different times according to system load profile. On the other hand, a dynamic pricing strategy that can satisfy residential customers is required from the customer’s perspective. Residential load profiles can be used to comprehend residential customers’ preferences for electricity tariffs. In this study, in order to analyze the preference for time-of-use (TOU) rates of Korean residential customers through residential electricity consumption data, a representative load profile for each customer can be found by utilizing the hourly consumption of median. In the feature extraction stage, six features that can explain the customer’s daily usage patterns are extracted from the representative load profile. Korean residential load profiles are clustered into four groups using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) with Bayesian information criterion (BIC), which helps find the optimal number of groups, in the clustering stage. Furthermore, a choice experiment (CE) is performed to identify Korean residential customers’ preferences for TOU with selected attributes. A mixed logit model with a Bayesian approach is used to estimate each group’s customer preference for attributes of a time-of-use (TOU) tariff. Finally, a TOU tariff for each group’s load profile is recommended using the estimated part-worth.
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Sulaima, Mohamad Fani, Nurliyana Binti Baharin, Aida Fazliana Abdul Kadir, Norhafiz Bin Salim Obtained, and Elia Erwani Hassan. "Investigation of electricity load shifting under various tariff design using ant colony optimization algorithm." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i1.pp1-11.
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<span>A price-based program through a time of use tariff (TOU) program is one of the initiatives to offer sufficient benefit for both consumers and generations sides. However, without any strategy for implementing optimal load management, a new tariff design structure will lead to the miss perception by electricity consumers. Therefore, this study offers an investigation toward appropriate TOU tariff design to reflect load profiles. Concurrently, the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm was proposed to deal with the load shifting strategy to determine the best load profiles and reducing the consumers’ electricity cost. The sample load profiles data is obtained from various residential houses, such as single-story, double-story, semi-D, apartment, and bungalow houses. The significant comparison between baseline flat tariffs to several TOU tariffs has shown an improvement in the percentage of cost saving for approximately 7 to 40%. Furthermore, the identified load management was observed where the maximum load shifting weightage was set up to 30% to reflect the consumers’ effort towards energy efficiency (EE) program. The previously proposed TOU design was identified to be a suitable structure that can promote balancing of EE and demand response (DR) program effort in most consumers' houses category in Malaysia.</span>
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Nazar, J., J. J. Jamian, M. A. Baharudin, and S. N. Syed Nasir. "New Dynamic Time-of-Use Tariff For Islanded Microgrid System With High Penetration of Renewable Energy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2523, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2523/1/012027.
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Abstract This paper proposes a dynamic time-of-use (d-TOU) tariff scheme for microgrid (MG) systems in islanded mode. The main problem for the islanded MG is the high cost of electricity, and the output from renewable energy is uncontrollable compared to the traditional grid. Therefore, this paper focuses on developing a suitable tariff scheme that provides reliability and financial benefits for both utility and customer. The time zone energy prices based on the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) are introduced for islanded MG. The results show a contradiction between islanded MG with the standard traditional power generation TOU. Even though the LCOE obtained for MG is higher than conventional electricity rates, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions rate is reduced by 85%. In conclusion, the proposed d-TOU tariff scheme is suitable for the islanded MG system and it is beneficial for both the utility and the customer by not causing a financial burden to the utility and encouraging the customer to make a demand response in the future.
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Lee, Jinyeong, Jaehee Lee, and Young-Min Wi. "Impact of Revised Time of Use Tariff on Variable Renewable Energy Curtailment on Jeju Island." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020135.
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Jeju Island announced the “Carbon Free Island (CFI) Plan by 2030” in 2012. This plan aims to replace conventional generators with distributed energy resources (DERs) up to a level of 70% by 2030. Akin to Jeju Island, as DERs have been expanded in islanded power systems, variable renewable energy (VRE) has become a significant component of DERs. However, VRE curtailment can occur to meet power balance, and VRE curtailment generally causes energy waste and low efficiency, so it should be minimized. This paper first presents a systematic procedure for estimating the annual VRE curtailment for the stable operation of the islanded power systems. In this procedure, the VRE curtailment is estimated based on the power demand, the grid interconnection, the capacity factor of VRE, and conventional generators in the base year. Next, through the analysis of the hourly net load profile for the year in which the VRE curtailment is expected to occur, a procedure was proposed to find the season and hour when VRE curtailment occurs the most. It could be applied to revised Time-of-Use (ToU) tariff rates as the most cost-effective mitigation method of VRE curtailment on the retail market-side. Finally, price elasticity of electricity demand was presented for applying the revised ToU tariff rate scenarios in a specific season and hour, which found that VRE curtailment occurred the most. Considering self- and cross-price elasticity of electricity, revised ToU tariff rate scenarios were used in a case study on Jeju Island. Eventually, it was confirmed that VRE curtailment could be mitigated when the revised ToU tariff rates were applied, considering the price elasticity of demand.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Time of Use (ToU) tariff"
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Soares, Henrique de Brito Aranha Machado. "Going with the wind: the time for time-of-use tariffs." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9619.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsThis work project consists on the proposal of a product/service – Variable Time of Use Tariff – to enhance the innovativeness of the portfolio of EDP Comercial. This product/service is dependent on the simultaneous use of a smart meter, a home energy manager and a set of smart domestic appliances. To sustain my proposal I resorted to data about the wind energy, the use of smart meters together with time of use tariffs and the general characteristics of tariff structures in Europe. A SWOT analysis follows the description of the product/service, with one threat and one opportunity standing as major issues. The feasibility of the implementation of the tariff I propose depends entirely the future of these two factors, thus making this work project a future looking one.
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Chatterjee, Arnab. "Optimization of mine ventilation fan speeds according to ventilation on demand and time of use tariff." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45900.
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With the growing concerns about energy shortage and demand supply imbalance, demand side
management (DSM) activities has found its way into the mining industry. This study analyzes
the potential to save energy and energy-costs in underground mine ventilation networks, by
application of DSM techniques. Energy saving is achieved by optimally adjusting the speed
of the main fan to match the time-varying flow demand in the network, which is known as
ventilation on demand (VOD). Further cost saving is achieved by shifting load to off-peak
or standard times according to a time of use (TOU) tariff, i.e. finding the optimal mining
schedule.
The network is modelled using graph theory and Kirchhoff’s laws; which is used to form a
non-linear, constrained, optimization problem. The objective of this problem is formulated
to minimize the energy cost; and hence it is directly given as a function of the fan speed,
which is the control variable. As such, the operating point is found for every change in the
fan speed, by incorporating the fan laws and the system curve.
The problem is solved using the fmincon solver in Matlab’s optimization toolbox. The
model is analyzed for different scenarios, including varying the flow rate requirements and tariff structure. Although the results are preliminary and very case specific, the study suggests
that significant energy and energy-cost saving can be achieved in a financially viable
manner.Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted
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Alenius, Jonas. "Analys och vidareutveckling av marknadsstyrd effekttariff inom eldistribution : En fallstudie av Sandviken Energi Elnät AB:s effekttariff." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-318353.
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This master thesis evaluates the incentives of a newly implemented market controlled network tariff by analyzing consumption data and constructing a time-differentiated debiting model. The tariff was implemented by Sandviken Energi Elnät AB and the thesis evaluates its customers consumption data compared to data provided by Sundsvall Elnät AB. The differences in data is evaluated by statistical tests of Students t-test, Bayesian t-test and χ2-test with the result that no statistically significant change in user pattern can be found and thus an elucidation of the incentives must be made in the form of a hourly time-differentiated debating model. The thesis also evaluates the cost incentives of the model compared to spot prices where it is shown that the tariff model can benefit much from the spot prices hourly incentives in its hourly time-differentiated model. Five time-differentiated models were constructed and presented where three uses a color coding scheme. The conclusion is that a color coded time-differentiated tariff should give the costumers clear and cost-effective incentives.
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Oriaifo, Stacey I. "Effects of Large-Scale Penetration of Electric Vehicles on the Distribution Network and Mitigation by Demand Side Management." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49681.
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For the purpose of this study, data for low voltage distribution transformer loading in small communities in Maryland was collected from a local electric utility company. Specifically, analysis was done on three distribution transformers on their system. Each of these transformers serves at least one electric vehicle (EV) owner. Of the three transformers analyzed, Transformer 2 serves eight residential homes and has the highest risk of experiencing an overload if all customers purchase at least one EV. Transformer 2 has a nameplate rating of 25kVA (22.5kW assuming a 0.9 power factor).
With one EV owner, Transformer 2 has a peak load of 46.82kW during the study period between August 4 and August 17, 2013. When seven additional EVs of different types were added in a simulated scenario, the peak load for Transformer 2 increased from 46.82kW to 89.76kW, which is outside the transformer thermal limit. With the implementation of TOU pricing, the peak load was reduced to 56.71kW from 89.76kW. By implementing a combination of TOU pricing and appliance cycling through demand side management (DSM), the peak load was further reduced to 52.27kW.Master of Science
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Li, Jiangtao. "Transmission use of system charges for a system with renewable energy." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.655726.
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Transmission charges are levied against generators and suppliers for their use of transmission networks. The majority of existing transmission charging methods were designed for a system dominated by conventional and controllable generation. The resultant transmission charges reflect network users’ contribution to the system peak. The integration of renewable generation brings fundamental challenges in transmission planning and charging. Main criteria of transmission planning have changed from meeting system peak demand to the trade-offs between operational and investment costs. Transmission charging is required to effectively reflect these trade-offs. This research work aims to develop novel transmission charging methods for low carbon power systems, reflecting the contribution to transmission investments from different generation technologies, different locations, and critically different times. It firstly identifies the key drivers and key conditions of transmission investments under the economic criteria. In the second step, the key drivers and conditions are reflected in the developing of T-LRIC method, ToU-LRIC method and ToU-ICRP method. Major innovations of the proposed methods include 1. reflecting the trade-offs between operational and investments costs by employing investment time horizons to reflect the impacts of system operation on transmission investments (T-LRIC method and ToU-LRIC method). 2. differentiating various generation technologies by firstly quantifying their impacts on the time horizons of network investments, then translating these impacts to transmission charges (T-LRIC method and ToU-LRIC method). 3. providing time-specific transmission charges, in which Time-of-Use periods are identified by clustering time-series congestion costs or transmission charges, thus reflecting the typical conditions of system congestions and the required transmission investments (ToU-LRIC method and ToU-ICRP method). The main benefits from introducing these innovations are i) to guide the short-run behaviours of network users, thus mitigating transmission congestions and promoting efficient utilization of existing networks; ii) to incentivize appropriate generation expansion, thus reducing or deferring costly future transmission investments.
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Wanderley, Rhasla Ramos Abrão. "Análise de impacto regulatório tarifário da inserção de microgeração fotovoltaica em consumidores residenciais /." Ilha Solteira, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152605.
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Orientador: Dionízio Paschoareli JúniorResumo: Diante das constantes mudanças nas regulamentações do setor elétrico, há necessidade de se realizar análises de impactos dessas regulamentações nos setores envolvidos, como consumidores e distribuidoras de energia elétrica.O Brasil tem aprimorado constantemente as regulamentações do setor de geração distribuída. As melhorias feitas partem de pesquisas realizadas em universidades, projetos de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, e consultas públicas. Além dessa inovação no setor residencial, a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) regulamentou uma nova modalidade tarifária, a tarifa branca, que é uma tarifa horária (Time-of-Use), com3 postos horários diferentes ao longo do dia, cada um com um valor de tarifa, com o objetivo de incentivar o deslocamento da carga dos horários mais sobrecarregados do sistema elétrico para horários ociosos. Esta regulamentação entrará em vigor a partir de janeiro de 2018 e por ser uma modalidade diferente da que os consumidores estão acostumados, há a necessidade de verificar os impactos deste tipo de tarifa no consumidor residencial considerando seus hábitos de consumo atuais e verificando a influência desta tarifa nos consumidores que estiverem dispostos a mudar seus hábitos de consumo. A proposta desta tese é apresentar os impactos desta nova modalidade tarifária em consumidores residenciais com microgeração fotovoltaica, considerando situações com consumo atual e com deslocamento de carga, através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologiacapaz de re... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In the face of constant changes in the regulations of the electricity sector, there is a need to analyse the impacts of these regulations on the sectors involved, such as electricity consumers and distributors. Brazil has presented a constant growth of photovoltaic microgeneration installations in residential consumers connected to the electric grid and has constantly improved the regulations of the distributed generation sector. The improvements made in these regulations are based on research carried out in universities, Research and Development projects, and public consultations. In addition to this innovation in the residential sector, the National Electric Energy Agency has regulated a new tariff modality, the white tariff, which is a Time-of-Use tariff, with 3 different timetables throughout the day, each with a with the objective of encouraging the shift of the load from the overloaded hours of the electrical system to idle schedules. This regulation will come into effect from January 2018 and since it is a different modality from which consumers are accustomed, there is a need to verify the impacts of this type of tariff on the residential consumer considering their current consumption habits and verifying the influence of this tariff consumers who are willing to change their consumption habits. The purpose of this thesis is to present the impacts of this new tariff modality on residential consumers with photovoltaic microgeneration, considering situations with current... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Haikola, Matilda, and Malin Söderberg. "Grid Tariff Design for Efficient Utilisation of the Distributor Grid : A qualitative study with actors on the Swedish electricity market." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279515.
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The Swedish electricity system is transitioning due to the establishment of climate policy goals and trends related to technology and demographics. The transition has resulted in an increased demand for electricity. The increased demand for electricity in combination with lack of forecasts, planning and coordination between actors in the electricity sector has led to the occurrence of grid congestion. Extending the network is time-consuming and requires substantial investments. Instead, an alternative is to utilise the available grid capacity more efficiently by implementing flexibility solutions. Flexibility can be achieved by implementing incentives such as grid tariffs. This solution has recently gained much attention in Sweden, but it is not apparent how grid tariffs should be designed. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how distribution grid tariffs could be designed to incentivise different actors to contribute to flexibility in a way that results in an efficient use of the electrical grid. A qualitative study was performed, collecting empirical data through semistructured interviews with actors in the Swedish electricity market. The aim is that the results from this thesis will act as a basis for DSOs planning to design grid tariffs with the purpose to utilise the grid more efficiently. The findings present a ToU capacity charge with off-peak periods that are free of charge as the preferable main price signal in the tariff to achieve efficient utilisation of the grid. It is further argued that other structural elements can complement the ToU capacity charge. A small fixed charge could be added in order to contribute to the cost reflectiveness of the grid tariff. A small energy charge could be incorporated in order to provide consumer with incentives to be flexible below the current metered maximum power and strengthen the signal from the ToU capacity charge. A small energy charge can avert difficulties related to providing incentives below the current metered maximum, as it still can provide some incentives to be flexible, or strengthen the signal from the ToU capacity charge. Further, the energy charge can ensure sustainability if customers respond well to a ToU capacity charge and to compensate solar PV customers. Furthermore, recommendations to further enable the grid tariffs potential to provide price signals include shifting the focus of the revenue cap from CapEx to OpEx and exploring the hampering signals of the energy tax as well as contradicting price signals from the wholesale electricity price.Det svenska elsystemet genomgår en förändring till följd av införandet av klimatmål och trender relaterade till teknik och demografi. Denna förändring har resulterat i ett ökat effektbehov. Ett ökat effektbehov i kombination med bristande prognostisering, planering och samordning mellan aktörer inom elsektorn har lett till uppkomsten av kapacitetsbrist. Att bygga ut elnätet är tar tid och kräver större investeringar. Ett alternativ är att istället utnyttja det befintliga elnätet mer effektivt genom att implementera flexibilitetslösningar. Flexibilitet kan uppnås genom att införa incitament i form av elnätstariffer. Denna lösning har nyligen fått mycket uppmärksamhet i Sverige, men det är inte klart inte hur dessa elnätstariffer ska utformas. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur distributionsnätets tariffer kan utformas för att stimulera olika aktörer att bidra med flexibilitet på ett sätt som resulterar i en effektiv användning av det befintliga elnätet. En kvalitativ studie genomfördes där empiriska data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med aktörer på den svenska elmarknaden. Syftet är att resultaten från detta arbete ska fungera som ett underlag för nätägare som planerar att utforma elnätstariffer med syftet att utnyttja nätet mer effektivt. Resultaten visar att en ToU-effektavgift med gratis off-peak perioder bör vara den huvudsakliga prissignalen i en elnätstariff som ämnar att utnyttja det befintliga nätet mer effektivt. Det visar även att andra strukturella element kan komplettera ToU-effektavgiften. En mindre fast avgift kan adderas i syfte att göra elnätstariffen mer kostnadsriktig. En mindre energiavgift kan införas för att ge kunder incitament att vara flexibla även under den nuvarande uppmätta maximala effekten och stärka signalen från ToU-effektavgiften. Vidare kan energiavgiften säkerställa tillräckliga intäkter för nätägaren om kunderna svarar bra på en ToU-effektavgift och för att kompensera kunder med solceller. Ytterligare rekommendationer för att möjliggöra prissignaler genom elnätstariffer inkluderar att skifta fokus på intäktsramen från CapEx till OpEx och utforska de hämmande prissignalerna från energiskatten och de motstridiga prissignalerna från elhandelspriset.
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Singh, Baljot. "A case study about the potential of battery storage in Culture house : Investigation on the economic viability of battery energy storage system with peak shaving & time-of-use application for culture house in Skellefteå." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-52998.
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The energy demand is steadily increasing, and the electricity sector is undergoing a severe change in this decade. The primary drivers, such as the need to decarbonize the power industry and megatrends for more distributed and renewable systems, are resulting in revolutionary changes in our lifestyle and industry. The power grid cannot be easily or quickly be upgraded, as investment decisions, construction approvals, and payback time are the main factors to consider. Therefore, new technology, energy storage, tariff reform, and new business models are rapidly changing and challenging the conventional industry. In recent times, industrial peak shaving application has sparked an increased interest in battery energy storage system (BESS). This work investigated BESS’s potential from peak shaving and Time-of-use (TOU) applications for a Culture-house in Skellefteå. Available literature provides the knowledge of various BESS applications, tariff systems, and how battery degradation functions. The predicted electrical load demand of the culture-house for 2019 is obtained from a consultant company Incoord. The linear optimization was implemented in MATLAB using optimproblem function to perform peak shaving and time-of-use application for the Culture-hose BESS. A cost-optimal charging/discharging strategy was derived through an optimization algorithm by analyzing the culture-house electrical demand and Skellefteå Kraft billing system. The decisional variable decides when to charge/discharge the battery for minimum battery degradation and electricity purchase charges from the grid. Techno-economic viability is analyzed from BESS investment cost, peak-power tariff, battery lifespan, and batter aging perspective. Results indicate that the current BESS price and peak-power tariff of Skellefteå Kraft are not suitable for peak shaving. Electricity bill saving is too low to consider TOU application due to high battery degradation. However, combining peak shaving & TOU does generate more profit annually due to additional savings from the electricity bill. However, including TOU also leads to higher battery degradation, making it not currently a viable application. A future scenario suggests a decrease in investment cost, resulting in a shorter payback period. The case study also analyses the potential in the second-life battery, where they are purchased at 80 % State of Health (SoH) for peak shaving application. Second-life batteries are assumed to last until 70 % or 60 % before End of Life (EOL). The benefit-cost ratio indicates that second-life batteries are an attractive investment if batteries can perform until 60% end of life, it would be an excellent investment from an economic and sustainability perspective. Future work suggests integrating more BESS applications into the model to make BESS an economically viable project.
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Celebi, Emre. "MODELS OF EFFICIENT CONSUMER PRICING SCHEMES IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/811.
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Suppliers in competitive electricity markets regularly respond to prices that change hour by hour or even more frequently, but most consumers respond to price changes on a very different time scale, i. e. they observe and respond to changes in price as reflected on their monthly bills. This thesis examines mixed complementarity programming models of equilibrium that can bridge the speed of response gap between suppliers and consumers, yet adhere to the principle of marginal cost pricing of electricity. It develops a computable equilibrium model to estimate the time-of-use (TOU) prices that can be used in retail electricity markets. An optimization model for the supply side of the electricity market, combined with a price-responsive geometric distributed lagged demand function, computes the TOU prices that satisfy the equilibrium conditions. Monthly load duration curves are approximated and discretized in the context of the supplier's optimization model. The models are formulated and solved by the mixed complementarity problem approach. It is intended that the models will be useful (a) in the regular exercise of setting consumer prices (i. e. , TOU prices that reflect the marginal cost of electricity) by a regulatory body (e. g. , Ontario Energy Board) for jurisdictions (e. g. , Ontario) where consumers' prices are regulated, but suppliers offer into a competitive market, (b) for forecasting in markets without price regulation, but where consumers pay a weighted average of wholesale price, (c) in evaluation of the policies regarding time-of-use pricing compared to the single pricing, and (d) in assessment of the welfare changes due to the implementation of TOU prices.
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Lemos, Ivan Pedrotti. "Medidor de Energia para Avalia??o da Ades?o ? Tarifa Branca em Smart Grids." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2017. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/923.
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Inteligente. Tarifa Time-of-use tariffs are one way of encouraging consumers to carry out the transfer of load to off-peak intervals, thus making unnecessary new and high investments in generation and transmission and distribution infrastructure. This is therefore a tool for the expansion of energy efficiency, in a new concept of electricity grids, the Smart Grids. However, for this type of charging to be applied, new and modern meters are required, those with the capacity to differentiate consumption hours and that can inform the consumer properly. In this sense, this work is aimed at the development of a meter with an open source platform, in the case Arduino, associated to Analog Devices ADE7753 integrated circuit, transmitting information through IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi) network, and through an IoT (Internet of Things) platform, to make an assessment whether adoption of the White Tariff is financially beneficial to the consumer in a simple and interactive way.
As tarifas hor?rias s?o uma das formas de incentivar os consumidores a realizarem a transfer?ncia de carga para intervalos fora de ponta, fazendo assim desnecess?rios novos e altos investimentos em gera??o e infraestrutura de transmiss?o e distribui??o. Sendo esta portanto uma ferramenta para a amplia??o da efici?ncia energ?tica, em um novo conceito de redes de energia el?trica, as Smart Grids. Entretanto, para que este tipo de tarifa??o seja aplicado, novos e modernos medidores s?o requeridos, aqueles com capacidade de diferencia??o de hor?rio de consumo e que possam informar devidamente ao consumidor. Neste sentido este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de um medidor com plataforma open source, no caso o Arduino, associado ao circuito integrado para medi??o de energia el?trica ADE7753 da Analog Devices, transmitindo as informa??es atrav?s de rede IEEE802.11(Wi-Fi), e por meio de uma plataforma para IoT (Internet of Things), realizar uma avalia??o se a ado??o ? Tarifa Branca ? ben?fica financeiramente ao consumidor de forma simples e interativa.
Books on the topic "Time of Use (ToU) tariff"
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Grattan, Patrick. Oasts and Hop Kilns. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789622515.001.0001.
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The book recounts for the first time the 400-year history of oasts and hop kilns, vernacular farm buildings uses for drying hops. They are found in three regions of England: Kent and Sussex, Hampshire and Farnham, Herefordshire and Worcestershire. The evolution of the kilns, the drying methods and the machinery used is pieced together from surviving buildings, agricultural books, archives and local lore. 250 diagrams, sketches and photographs present a graphic picture of hop drying and the impact of oasts and kilns on the countryside. Hop growing expanded to meet the demands of Industrial Revolution Britain, its army and navy. The commercial and political drama of hop farming, drying and marketing is present in the book. Fortunes were made and lost. Gambling and dodgy dealing on hops and taxes was common. No crop was more volatile than hops. Political battles over tariffs and free trade are reported. The hop drying buildings in continental Europe – notably Flanders, Alsace, Bavaria and the Czech Republic- and in parts of the USA are described. They demonstrate that hop drying buildings in England were unmatched in the 17th-19th centuries, but that in the 20th century modern drying machinery in the USA and Germany left England behind.
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Carter, Sarah Anne. Objects and Ideas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190225032.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 explores broader political, economic, psychological, literary, and intellectual meanings of the object lesson, presenting it as a key way of reasoning in and about nineteenth-century American culture. It connects object lessons to the rhetoric that surrounded the tariff debates of the 1890s and presents the practice as a way to talk about commodities and capitalism. Teachers often conducted object lessons on easily purchased materials, connecting classroom practices to the choices children would make as consumers. At the same time, psychologist G. Stanley Hall and educator T. G. Rooper tried to understand the ways children’s sense perceptions linked to their understanding of the wider world. Finally, the practice was used as a literary metaphor, to describe the need to pause and to consider something carefully. In these ways, the classroom object lesson became a central way to reason about and through nineteenth-century American cultural and intellectual life.
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Shaffer, Gregory, Manfred Elsig, and Sergio Puig. The World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Body. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795582.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses how the authority of the Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) rapidly became extensive. It nonetheless remains fragile given geopolitical shifts that have helped catalyze the rise of neo-nationalist trade politics in the United States. The establishment of extensive AB authority represented a legalization leap in which international dispute settlement moved from limited narrow authority under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to significantly more expansive authority. However, the WTO is an interstate dispute settlement system, so private parties have no direct access to the AB. The AB thus confronts state pressure and at times shapes its decisions to facilitate WTO Member compliance with them. The AB’s authority appears threatened by the US refusal to approve the launching of the selection process to replace retiring AB members. The United States is reacting, in particular, to AB rulings against US import relief practices.
Book chapters on the topic "Time of Use (ToU) tariff"
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Zhao, Xiancong, Hao Bai, Qi Shi, and Zhancheng Guo. "Optimization and Management of Byproduct Gas Distribution in Steel Mills Under Time-of-Use (TOU) Electricity Price." In Energy Technology 2016, 89–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48182-1_11.
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Xiancong, Zhao, Bai Hao, Qi Shi, and Guo Zhancheng. "Optimization And Management of BYPRODUCT Gas Distribution In Steel Mills Under Time-of-Use (TOU) Electricity Price." In Energy Technology 2016: Carbon Dioxide Management and Other Technologies, 89–96. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274704.ch11.
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Alves, Maria João, Carlos Henggeler Antunes, and Inês Soares. "Optimizing Prices and Periods in Time-of-use Electricity Tariff Design Using Bilevel Programming." In Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43680-3_1.
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Arshad, Hafsa, Saadia Batool, Zunaira Amjad, Mudabbir Ali, Syeda Aimal, and Nadeem Javaid. "Pigeon Inspired Optimization and Enhanced Differential Evolution Using Time of Use Tariff in Smart Grid." In Advances in Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems, 563–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65636-6_51.
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Hayat, Muhammad Adnan, Farhad Shahnia, and Ali Arefi. "Efficient Seasonal Time of Use Feed-in Tariff for Residential Rooftop Solar Panels in Australian Electricity Market." In Transition Towards 100% Renewable Energy, 171–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69844-1_16.
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Kusakana, K. "Impact of Different South African Demand Sectors on Grid-Connected PV Systems’ Optimal Energy Dispatch Under Time of Use Tariff." In Sustainable Cloud and Energy Services, 243–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62238-5_10.
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R. Walwyn, David. "Balancing Renewable Energy Capacity, Time of Use Tariffs and Energy Storage in Energy Systems." In Energy Storage Applications in Power Systems [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111433.
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The intermittency of solar energy predicates the simultaneous use of energy storage to maintain secure supplies. However, storage is expensive to instal and maintain, suggesting that there is an optimum design based on the price tolerance of electricity markets. In this chapter, a method for the calculation of the optimal size of a battery energy storage system (BESS), linked to utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) capacity, is presented. The method, which is illustrated by its application to the South African national grid (GridSA), uses historical generation/demand data to construct a spreadsheet model of the energy system. The model assumes that the difference between base load and energy demand, referred to as headroom, will be met using variable energy sources, including wind, solar, diesel/gas and batteries. Optimal sizing of these components to minimize the use of gas in summer, and make maximum use of low-cost solar and wind, leads to a configuration for GridSA consisting of a 22 GW base load (coal and nuclear), a PV installed capacity of 17.8 GW and a BESS capacity of 3.7 GW/10.4 GWh. A peak time of use tariff of ZAR3,500 per MWh (almost double the average tariff) will be optimal to build an economic case for energy storage as a sustainable option for GridSA.
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Annapoorani, V., J. Banupriya, P. Navaraja, and V. Chinnammal. "A New Tariff Based Energy Saving and Sharing Scheme from Renewable Energy Using Smart Grid." In Recent Trends in Intensive Computing. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/apc210270.
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Abstract of our paper’s major intent is to manage power and to share the solar load power to grid system by using smart grid technologies that is called as Demand Side Management (DSM). This paper gives the idea of modernized delivery system of electricity in which it observes, safeguards and adjusts accordingly with the energy that is used in home. The objective of the work is when the renewable resources are plentiful and electricity becomes affordable, time-of-use pricing, which allows customers to move some of their energy use to consistent and convenient moment of the day.
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Sharma, Ramesh C. "Open Source for Higher Conventional and Open Education in India." In Open-Source Technologies for Maximizing the Creation, Deployment, and Use of Digital Resources and Information, 136–53. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2205-0.ch009.
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Distance Education in India has come a long way since the launch of correspondence courses in 1962 at the Delhi University. There have been many changes over the period of time, and thus, a transition was observed from print based correspondence courses to media supported distance education. With the advent of technology, expansion of telephone network, and lowering of tariff, there has been expansion of e-learning services, web based education, and mobile learning. Currently there are around 600 conventional (face-to-face) universities in India serving around 1.2 billion students. Starting with one Open University in 1982, now we have 15 open universities. There are single mode and dual mode distance education institutions. These provide instructions from print based to technology enabled means. All these developments transformed the teaching learning. Many of the institutions followed Open Educational Resources and Open Source movement. Reasons are varied for adopting open source. With the purpose to reduce the costs on software development, freedom to improve the software and freedom to redistribute to help neighbours has made individuals, institutions, and governments support open source. In this chapter, the author examines some of the initiatives of Open Source in the field of higher, open and distance education in India.
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E. Juanicó, Luis. "Holistic and Affordable Approach to Supporting the Sustainability of Family Houses in Cold Climates by Using Many Vacuum-Tube Solar Collectors and Small Water Tank to Provide the Sanitary Hot Water, Space Heating, Greenhouse, and Swimming Poole Heating De." In Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) - Materials, Design and New Approaches [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103110.
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This work presents a new proposal for supporting the sustainability of a single-family house in very cold climates by installing many vacuum-tube solar collectors and a small water tank in order to fulfill the whole dweller demands of heat: space heating, sanitary hot water, and warming both, a greenhouse (spring and autumn) and a swimming pool (summer). This way is obtained a sustained demand that maximizes the utilization of heat from solar collectors throughout the year. This system is designed intending to use the smallest tank that fulfills the winter heating demand, supported by vacuum-tube solar collectors and a little help from electrical heaters working just on the valley tariff. This innovative design gets the most sustainable (but affordable) solution. This goal can be achieved by using a small well-insulated overheated aboveground water tank, instead of the huge underground reservoir of heat used by most projects tested up today. These large communal projects use huge reservoirs to provide seasonal thermal storage (STES) capacity, but their costs are huge too. Besides, it was observed that all these huge STES suffer large heat losses (about 40%), due to constraints for thermally insulating such very heavy systems. On the contrary, our small aboveground water tank can be thermally insulated very well and gets affordable costs. In this work is developed dynamical solar-thermal modeling for studying this novel approach and are discussed its major differences with traditional design. This modeling is used to study the whole demands of heat for one family living in the same conditions of the Okotoks’ project. The Okotoks’ project is based on many flat solar collectors (2,290 m2) and a huge (2,800 m3) rocky-underground STES system in order to almost fulfill (97%) the space heating demand of 52 houses (15,795 kWh/y ea.) in Alberta (Canada), having an overall cost of 9 MU$ (173,000 U$ ea.). We have already shown in previous work that this new proposal could reach noticeably lower costs (€30,500) than the Okotoks’ project in order to provide the same heating demand, by taking advantage of using 18 vacuum-tube collectors (solar area 37 m2) and a small (72 m3) well-insulated (heat losses 18%) water tank heated up to 85°C, which is the same temperature used in Okotoks and other traditional projects. Now, this proposal is enhanced by using a holistic approach to include other low-temperature demands (sanitary hot water and warming a greenhouse and swimming pool) that enhance the sustainability of dweller living. This way, the full production of heat from solar collectors is utilized (about six times larger than the single space heating demand, but using only 20 vacuum-tube solar collectors (21 m2 solar area) and a very small (10m3) water tank, reaching about a lower overall cost (€20,000), and so, the economic performance is enhanced as well. Besides, it is shown that using a small fraction of electrical heaters as a backup system (2%) and slightly overheating the water (up to 120°C@2 bar), which is feasible by using commercial stainless steel water tanks designed for such purposes, its economic performance could be again noticeably enhanced (reducing the overall cost to €20,000, and getting payback period less than two years). This way here is demonstrated the overall solar-STES system can be reduced by about half size meanwhile the energy output can be increased up to seven times. Hence, the thermal analysis performed suggested us strongly critic the traditional approach of using flat solar collectors instead of vacuum-tube collectors. This analysis shows that this choice has strongly driven the selection of a huge STES, which in turn increases noticeably the overall costs of the system since for such huge STES is mandatory to use underground reservoirs. However, this analysis also shows that without including those secondary demands, this proposal achieves a modest economic performance (payback period about 11 years) regarding its lower energy saved and compared against the “most smart” standard solution (one water tank with electrical heaters, costing about 5,000 U$ and exploiting the valley tariff of nocturnal electricity costing 0.1 €/kWh). On the contrary, when these secondary demands are included, the payback period is reduced by two years. Beyond the particular case studied here, this analysis suggests that the right design of any solar + STES system should be led by the solar production. On the contrary, the traditional design intends to fulfill one demand (space heating) concentrated during winter, and so, its performance is noticeably penalized, and the solution is definitely not to put a larger tank. Unfortunately, up today the poor performance of these projects has shown that this solar technology is (by far) unaffordable. Maybe its best days have gone, considering the enormous improvements achieved by another solar technology (using photovoltaic panels + heat pump + small daily-storage water tank), as it was discussed here.
Conference papers on the topic "Time of Use (ToU) tariff"
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Yan, Liu, Enguo Zhu, Kuixi Chen, and Guoquan Zheng. "Smart Meter Clock Management Method Supporting to Time-Of-Use (TOU) Tariff Mechanism." In 2022 IEEE 6th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei256261.2022.10116859.
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Jeong, Hyun Cheol, and Byung O. Kang. "Development of Characterization and Clustering Method of Daily Load Profiles for Time-of-Use (TOU) Tariff Structure." In 2019 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm40551.2019.8973623.
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Zhou, Yanglin, Feng Gao, Song Ci, Yang Yang, and Yuemei Xu. "Time-of-use pricing in retail electricity market: Step tariff vs. usage-based schemes." In 2016 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pmaps.2016.7764129.
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Kurniawan, B., A. A. Gozali, W. Weng, and S. Fujimura. "A genetic algorithm for unrelated parallel machine scheduling minimizing makespan cost and electricity cost under time-of-use (TOU) tariffs with job delay mechanism." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2017.8289958.
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Jiang, Yilin, Li Song, Janet K. Allen, and Farrokh Mistree. "Home Energy Management System (HEMS): Coupled Flexible Load Management in Homes." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-71680.
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Abstract Electricity suppliers have introduced time-of-use (TOU) metering and pricing in residential buildings in recent years. By increasing the price of electricity during on-peak hours (e.g., 2 pm to 7 pm in summer months), suppliers expect to regulate the energy usage from homeowners when the grid is near capacity. Therefore, homeowners are motivated to shift the load by moving their home electricity use from on-peak hours to off-peak hours for utility cost savings. However, peak load management is another factor that needs to be considered, since a higher peak load might cause other penalties, such as making suppliers change their current tariff policy in the next paying period since the grid needs to fulfill a higher demand. In this paper we explore the Home Energy Management System (HEMS) Strategy for homeowners who are considering saving money by reducing/avoiding the on-peak hour electricity usage while reducing peak load. A multi-goal scheduling problem is solved by constructing a coupled compromise decision support problem in which a water heater is coupled with flexible, non-thermal appliances such as a washing machine. To address these multiple goals, we use Decision Support Problem (DSP) construct. A use case simulation shows that our scheduler can make a reasonable tradeoff between two conflicting goals, helping the homeowner save money while maintaining low peak demand.
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L’Heureux, Zara E., and Klaus S. Lackner. "Small Scale Energy Storage for Peak Demand Shaving." In ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2017-3053.
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Utilities in regulated energy markets manage power generation, transmission, and delivery to consumers. Matching peak demand with peak generation is costly, and the increasing penetration of renewable energy into the grid adds complexity due to fluctuations in supply. A few options exist for addressing the task of balancing supply and demand, including demand response, energy storage, and time-varying pricing (tariffs). Arizona Public Service (APS), the largest electric utility company in Arizona, employs tariffs that charge more for electricity at certain times (on-peak periods) and a demand charge for the highest power demand throughout the billing period. Such tariffs incentivize end users to lower peak demand. Arizona State University (ASU), a public university with its largest campus in Tempe, AZ, participates in a time-of-use tariff structure with APS. Analysis in this paper shows that ASU’s 16MWdc of onsite solar capacity alone can lower its monthly electricity bills by over 10% by decreasing on-peak power demand. A novel contribution of the paper is the analysis of the value of small scale, on-campus energy storage in lowering the demand charge. Most analyses consider savings from transferring off-peak electric power to peak-electric power, but this paper considers using stored electricity solely to reduce peak demand and thus lower the demand charge. Small amounts of electricity could greatly reduce overall cost. An algorithm was developed and executed in Python to decide when on-campus storage should be charged and discharged. The critical part of the algorithm is to decide when to discharge. Deploying too early, or too late, will not change peak demand. The paper’s storage dispatch model is implemented alongside a financial model that calculates the savings in electricity bills and determines the net present value (NPV) of different storage technologies as a function of storage lifetime and installed capacity (kWh). The results show that, for all storage technologies considered, a positive NPV is realized. NPVs are very sensitive to actual power demand and thus vary from year to year. This is to be expected because the storage dispatch strategy operates on extreme values, which tend to include very rare events. This analysis uses actual data from ASU, which allows us to extend the results to other universities and commercial customers. The favorable results suggest that a smarter dispatch algorithm based on machine learning would enable further cost savings by determining what can be thought of as a shadow price of electricity.
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Kalele, Amit, Kiran Narkhede, and Mayank Bakshi. "Time of Use Tariff parameter Estimation." In ICPE '17: ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3053600.3053623.
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Hussin, N. S., M. P. Abdullah, A. I. M. Ali, M. Y. Hassan, and F. Hussin. "Residential electricity time of use (ToU) pricing for Malaysia." In 2014 IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cencon.2014.6967542.
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Estebsari, Abouzar, Aaron Gillich, and Roozbeh Rajabi. "Time-of-Use Tariff with Local Wind Generation." In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2023 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeeic/icpseurope57605.2023.10194842.
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Yi Su, Xiaomin Bai, Xiaoliu Shen, and Chun Lin. "Study of synthetic decision making in time-of-use(TOU) pricing." In 2006 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED 2006). IEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20061616.
Full textReports on the topic "Time of Use (ToU) tariff"
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Pérez Urdiales, María, Analía Gómez Vidal, and Jesse Madden Libra. Pricing Determinants in the Water and Sanitation Sector: A Quick View of Heterogeneity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004796.
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The dual nature of water as a finite resource and as a basic human right creates a tension that presents important implications for water pricing. Water tariffs are a key tool used by policymakers to create incentive structures that promote efficient use; at the same time, they can create barriers to access and ignore waters socio-cultural value if not calibrated properly. This conflict between pricing as to reduce over-consumption and to guarantee accessibility exposes the difficulty of optimizing residential water pricing, and the importance of progressive tariff structures in building more resilient communities.Water policymakers view tariffs as an instrument to balance various objectives, such as efficiency, equity, cost recovery, and environmental preservation. However, these competing objectives mean that effective water tariff structures must be acutely customized to local contexts, a reality that is especially pertinent to Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) due to its geographic and temporal heterogeneity in terms of water availability and demand. Prices can also be influenced by other factors. Four primary factor categories were identified as influential to water prices based on a comprehensive review of the price determination literature: (1) environmental factors, (2) urban factors, (3) political and ideological factors, and (4) management and institutional factors. The present brief examines how these factors theoretically impact pricing and what their status is throughout LAC, with the ultimate goal of providing a framework for future research.
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Carballo, Jerónimo, Alejandro Graziano, Georg Schaur, and Christian Volpe Martincus. Import Processing and Trade Costs. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004752.
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We estimate import processing costs based on the time it takes to import. Our theory extends existing time-cost measures to account for uncertainty in import processing. We use detailed, highly disaggregated data on import processing dates and import values to provide evidence for our theory and estimate processing costs consistent with the theory. The evidence shows that our extensions to time-cost estimates are economically relevant to determine processing costs. We estimate that the tariff equivalent import processing costs is as high as 18 percent. WTO estimates suggest that the full implementation of the 2013 Trade Facilitation Agreement would reduce the time to trade by 1.5 days. In that case, processing costs would decrease to 13 percent.
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Train, K., and G. Mehrez. Optional time-of-use prices for electricity: Analysis of PG E's experimental TOU rates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7146032.
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Ramdas, Ashwin, Kevin McCabe, Paritosh Das, and Benjamin O. Sigrin. California Time-of-Use (TOU) Transition: Effects on Distributed Wind and Solar Economic Potential. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1508511.
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Ianchovichina, Elena. GTAP-DD: A Model for Analyzing Trade Reforms in the Presence of Duty Drawbacks. GTAP Technical Paper, March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp21.
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Duty drawback schemes, which typically involve a combination of duty rebates and exemptions, are a feature of many countries' trade regimes. They are used in highly protected, developing economies as means of providing exporters with imported inputs at world prices, and thus increasing their competitiveness, while maintaining the protection on the rest of the economy. In China duty exemptions have been central to the process of trade reform and have led to a tremendous increase in processed exports utilizing imported materials. Despite the widespread use and importance of duty drawbacks, these "new trade liberalization" instruments have been given relatively little attention in empirical multilateral trade liberalization studies. This paper presents an empirical multi-region trade model GTAP-DD, an extension of GTAP, in which the effects of policy reform are differentiated based on the trade-orientation of the firms. Both GTAP and GTAP-DD are used to analyze the impact of China's WTO accession, which involves liberalization in China from 1997 to post-accession tariffs among a number of other liberalization measures. The analysis shows that failure to account of duty exemptions in the case of China's recent WTO accession will overstate the increase in : (a) China's trade flows by 40 percent, (b) China's welfare by 15 percent, and (c) exports of selected sectors by as much as 90 percent. The magnitude of the bias depends on the level of pre-intervention tariffs and the size of tariff cuts - the larger the initial distortions and tariff reductions, the larger the bias when duty drawbacks are ignored. The bias in GTAP's estimates of China's real GDP, trade flows and welfare changes due to WTO accession increases more three times when China's pre-intervention tariffs are raised from their 1997 levels to the much higher 1995 levels. These results suggest that trade liberalization studies focusing on economies in which protection is high, import concessions play an important role and planned tariff cuts are deep, must treat duty drawbacks explicitly in order to avoid serious errors in their estimates of sectoral, trade flows and welfare changes.
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Carrico, Caitlyn, Erwin Corong, and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe. The GTAP 10A Multi-Region Input Output (MRIO) Data Base. GTAP Research Memoranda, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm34.
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This memorandum describes the GTAP version 10A Multi-Region Input Output (GTAPMRIO) Data Base. GTAP-MRIO extends the standard GTAP Data Base (Aguiar et al., 2019) by additionally distinguishing bilateral trade and tariff flows by agents or so-called end-users,namely: firms, private household, government and investors. In constructing GTAP-MRIO,we employ the methodology in Carrico (2017) and update it in four ways. First, an updated concordance table is used—i.e., the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) 6-digit Harmonized System 2012 to Broad Economic Categories concordances revision 4 to System of National Accounts end-use framework (HStoBECtoSNA). Second, the International Trade Centre (ITC) Market Access Map (MAcMap) data is directly used in lieu of the TASTE utility (Horridge and Laborde, 2008) which is also based on MAcMap. Third, the optimization programs are updated to take advantage of grid facility in GAMS, thereby reducing MRIO data build time by 90 percent and easing MRIO data construction at the full dimensionality of GTAP data—i.e., 65-sectors and 141-regions for version 10A. Fourth, accompanying GTAPAgg2 (Horridge, 2019) and FlexAgg packages (Villoria and McDougall, 2012) are provided to aid researchers aggregate the GTAP-MRIO data.
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Train, K., and G. Mehrez. Optional time-of-use prices for electricity: Analysis of PG&E`s experimental TOU rates. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10179948.
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Hertel, Thomas, David Hummels, Maros Ivanic, and Roman Keeney. How Confident Can We Be in CGE-Based Assessments of Free Trade Agreements? GTAP Working Paper, June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp26.
Full textAbstract:
With the proliferation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) over the past decade, demand for quantitative analysis of their likely impacts has surged. The main quantitative tool for performing such analysis is Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modeling. Yet these models have been widely criticized for performing poorly (Kehoe, 2002) and having weak econometric foundations (McKitrick, 1998; Jorgenson, 1984). FTA results have been shown to be particularly sensitive to the trade elasticities, with small trade elasticities generating large terms of trade effects and relatively modest efficiency gains, whereas large trade elasticities lead to the opposite result. Critics are understandably wary of results being determined largely by the authors’ choice of trade elasticities. Where do these trade elasticities come from? CGE modelers typically draw these elasticities from econometric work that uses time series price variation to identify an elasticity of substitution between domestic goods and composite imports (Alaouze, 1977; Alaouze, et al., 1977; Stern et al., 1976; Gallaway, McDaniel and Rivera, 2003). This approach has three problems: the use of point estimates as “truth”, the magnitude of the point estimates, and estimating the relevant elasticity. First, modelers take point estimates drawn from the econometric literature, while ignoring the precision of these estimates. As we will make clear below, the confidence one has in various CGE conclusions depends critically on the size of the confidence interval around parameter estimates. Standard “robustness checks” such as systematically raising or lowering the substitution parameters does not properly address this problem because it ignores information about which parameters we know with some precision and which we do not. A second problem with most existing studies derives from the use of import price series to identify home vs. foreign substitution, for example, tends to systematically understate the true elasticity. This is because these estimates take price variation as exogenous when estimating the import demand functions, and ignore quality variation. When quality is high, import demand and prices will be jointly high. This biases estimated elasticities toward zero. A related point is that the fixed-weight import price series used by most authors are theoretically inappropriate for estimating the elasticities of interest. CGE modelers generally examine a nested utility structure, with domestic production substitution for a CES composite import bundle. The appropriate price series is then the corresponding CES price index among foreign varieties. Constructing such an index requires knowledge of the elasticity of substitution among foreign varieties (see below). By using a fixed-weight import price series, previous estimates place too much weight on high foreign prices, and too small a weight on low foreign prices. In other words, they overstate the degree of price variation that exists, relative to a CES price index. Reconciling small trade volume movements with large import price series movements requires a small elasticity of substitution. This problem, and that of unmeasured quality variation, helps explain why typical estimated elasticities are very small. The third problem with the existing literature is that estimates taken from other researchers’ studies typically employ different levels of aggregation, and exploit different sources of price variation, from what policy modelers have in mind. Employment of elasticities in experiments ill-matched to their original estimation can be problematic. For example, estimates may be calculated at a higher or lower level of aggregation than the level of analysis than the modeler wants to examine. Estimating substitutability across sources for paddy rice gives one a quite different answer than estimates that look at agriculture as a whole. When analyzing Free Trade Agreements, the principle policy experiment is a change in relative prices among foreign suppliers caused by lowering tariffs within the FTA. Understanding the substitution this will induce across those suppliers is critical to gauging the FTA’s real effects. Using home v. foreign elasticities rather than elasticities of substitution among imports supplied from different countries may be quite misleading. Moreover, these “sourcing” elasticities are critical for constructing composite import price series to appropriate estimate home v. foreign substitutability. In summary, the history of estimating the substitution elasticities governing trade flows in CGE models has been checkered at best. Clearly there is a need for improved econometric estimation of these trade elasticities that is well-integrated into the CGE modeling framework. This paper provides such estimation and integration, and has several significant merits. First, we choose our experiment carefully. Our CGE analysis focuses on the prospective Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) currently under negotiation. This is one of the most important FTAs currently “in play” in international negotiations. It also fits nicely with the source data used to estimate the trade elasticities, which is largely based on imports into North and South America. Our assessment is done in a perfectly competitive, comparative static setting in order to emphasize the role of the trade elasticities in determining the conventional gains/losses from such an FTA. This type of model is still widely used by government agencies for the evaluation of such agreements. Extensions to incorporate imperfect competition are straightforward, but involve the introduction of additional parameters (markups, extent of unexploited scale economies) as well as structural assumptions (entry/no-entry, nature of inter-firm rivalry) that introduce further uncertainty. Since our focus is on the effects of a PTA we estimate elasticities of substitution across multiple foreign supply sources. We do not use cross-exporter variation in prices or tariffs alone. Exporter price series exhibit a high degree of multicolinearity, and in any case, would be subject to unmeasured quality variation as described previously. Similarly, tariff variation by itself is typically unhelpful because by their very nature, Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariffs are non-discriminatory in nature, affecting all suppliers in the same way. Tariff preferences, where they exist, are often difficult to measure – sometimes being confounded by quantitative barriers, restrictive rules of origin, and other restrictions. Instead we employ a unique methodology and data set drawing on not only tariffs, but also bilateral transportation costs for goods traded internationally (Hummels, 1999). Transportation costs vary much more widely than do tariffs, allowing much more precise estimation of the trade elasticities that are central to CGE analysis of FTAs. We have highly disaggregated commodity trade flow data, and are therefore able to provide estimates that precisely match the commodity aggregation scheme employed in the subsequent CGE model. We follow the GTAP Version 5.0 aggregation scheme which includes 42 merchandise trade commodities covering food products, natural resources and manufactured goods. With the exception of two primary commodities that are not traded, we are able to estimate trade elasticities for all merchandise commodities that are significantly different form zero at the 95% confidence level. Rather than producing point estimates of the resulting welfare, export and employment effects, we report confidence intervals instead. These are based on repeated solution of the model, drawing from a distribution of trade elasticity estimates constructed based on the econometrically estimated standard errors. There is now a long history of CGE studies based on SSA: Systematic Sensitivity Analysis (Harrison and Vinod, 1992; Wigle, 1991; Pagon and Shannon, 1987) Ho
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Hummels, David. Time as a Trade Barrier. GTAP Working Paper, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp18.
Full textAbstract:
International trade occurs in physical space and moving goods requires time. This paper examines the importance of time as a trade barrier, estimates the magnitude of time costs, and relates these to patterns of trade and the international organization of production. Estimates indicate that each additional day spent in transport reduces the probability that the US will source from that country by 1 – 1.5 percent. Conditional on exporting country, estimates directly identify a willingness-to-pay for time savings using variation across exporters and commodities in the relative price / speed tradeoff for air and ocean shipping. Each day saved in shipping time is worth 0.8 percent ad-valorem for manufactured goods. Relative declines over time in air shipping prices make time-savings less expensive, providing a compelling explanation for aggregate trade growth, compositional effects in trade growth, as well as growth in time-intensive forms of integration such as vertical specialization. Specifically, the advent of fast transport (air shipping and faster ocean vessels) is equivalent to reducing tariffs on manufactured goods from 32% to 9% between 1950-1998.