Academic literature on the topic 'Time management Measurement'
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Journal articles on the topic "Time management Measurement"
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Jenning, Sabine, Hartmut Hein, Stephan Mai, and Holger Schüttrumpf. "BREAKS AND LONG TERM TRENDS OF TIDAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE SOUTHERN GERMAN BIGHT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 11, 2012): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.32.
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The recent influence of climate change and land subsidence on the water levels and tidal characteristics in the German Bight is documented by regional tide gauge observations. However, in any long time series the chance arises that measurement conditions may change over time. Some of these changes occur instantaneously like the change of the sensor or corrections of the zero-point of the gauge. Other changes occur subtly, such as alterations of the regional morphology and therefore the mode of behavior at the measurement site. We present long-term changes of tidal characteristics in the waterways of the southern German Bight, by detecting abrupt breakpoints and resulting homogenized trends. In order to understand processes of the changes of the tidal characteristics significant trends in the time series for measured and calculated tidal parameters are analyzed.
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Abuelgasim, Ahmed Abdelsalam, Mohamed Khalafalla Hassan, Mutaz Hamed Khairi, Muhammad Nadzir Marsono, and Kamaludin Mohamad Yusof. "Real-time high-speed mobility management." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 24, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i3.pp1534-1541.
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High-speed mobility system has now become a serious concern for mobile operators due to the large frameworks of a heterogeneous network made up of multiple cell types and different frequency bands. Handover (HO) is conducted in a real-life scenario when the user equipment (UE) moves from one network coverage to another by performing proper measurement with high speed. HO breakdown and call loss are observed due to a high speed; thus, high-speed mobility system needs improvement by using the UE speed as one of the key measurement monitoring criteria for the long-term evolution (LTE) network. Vendor consultation has been considered in this paper in addition to real drive test measurement in highways. Results have shown that velocity has a direct impact on the handover quality and overall timing. Results also demonstrate that 120 km/h measurement is better than 140 km/h as UE speed.
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Fleischmann, N., K. Staubmann, and G. Langergraber. "Management of sensible water uses with real-time measurements." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0048.
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For the protection of bankside wells and a groundwater recharge an early warning system had to be developed. The monitoring network design is based on sensor measurements only. For this purpose a new submersible spectrometer has been successfully tested for multi-parameter measurements directly in the medium. The developed system can easily be upgraded with other new sensors. Only calibration and validation data are supplied by conventional grab sampling and laboratory analysis.. A conventional testfilter improved by on-line monitoring at 5 sampling sites serves as a reference system. The whole system is equipped with remote control and the internet serves as the control centre of the network. All measurement data from all 9 sites are available in real time on the internet.
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LINDNER, CAEL A. "Work Measurement and Nursing Time Standards." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 20, no. 10 (October 1989): 44???49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-198910000-00009.
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Schwefel, Hans-Peter, Imad Antonios, and Lester Lipsky. "On the Calculation of Time Alignment Errors in Data Management Platforms for Distribution Grid Data." Sensors 21, no. 20 (October 18, 2021): 6903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206903.
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The operation and planning of distribution grids require the joint processing of measurements from different grid locations. Since measurement devices in low- and medium-voltage grids lack precise clock synchronization, it is important for data management platforms of distribution system operators to be able to account for the impact of nonideal clocks on measurement data. This paper formally introduces a metric termed Additive Alignment Error to capture the impact of misaligned averaging intervals of electrical measurements. A trace-driven approach for retrieval of this metric would be computationally costly for measurement devices, and therefore, it requires an online estimation procedure in the data collection platform. To overcome the need of transmission of high-resolution measurement data, this paper proposes and assesses an extension of a Markov-modulated process to model electrical traces, from which a closed-form matrix analytic formula for the Additive Alignment Error is derived. A trace-driven assessment confirms the accuracy of the model-based approach. In addition, the paper describes practical settings where the model can be utilized in data management platforms with significant reductions in computational demands on measurement devices.
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Wübbold, Frauke, Matthias Hentschel, Michalis I. Vousdoukas, and Bernardo Wagner. "APPLICATION OF AN AUTONOMOUS ROBOT FOR THE COLLECTION OF NEARSHORE TOPOGRAPHIC AND HYDRODYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 25, 2012): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.53.
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Beach topographic and hydrodynamic measurements are essential for coastal geology and engineering studies as well as sustainable coastal management. Standard approaches involve either time-consuming manual data acquisition usually with limited coverage or remote sensing techniques which are usually characterized by low resolution or increased costs. The present contribution reports the results from the application of the autonomous robot RTS-Hanna with a calibrated sensor setup including 3D laser range scanners, a camera, a Differential GPS and an inertial measurement unit which significantly facilitates field data collection. RTS-Hanna was tested at the Wadden Sea Barrier Island Langeoog, Northern Germany, for two days and was proven capable of autonomously collecting topographic scans. 175 GB of dense topographic and water surface elevation data were collected, including RBG images, while RTS-Hanna covered a total of 21 km of coastline in approximately 3 hours. Scans of the surf/swash zone allowed continuous measurements of topographic changes at the beachface, wave propagation velocities and wave breaking heights.
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Tanyi, Emmanuel, and Edwin Mbinkar. "Real-Time State Estimation in the Cameroon Power System." ISRN Power Engineering 2013 (September 16, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/871827.
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An important tool for the energy management system (EMS) is state estimation. Based on measurements taken throughout the network, state estimation gives an estimation of the state variables of the power system while checking that these estimates are consistent with the measurements. Currently, in the Cameroon power system, state estimates have been provided by ad hoc supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. A disadvantage is that the measurements are not synchronised, which means that state estimation is not very precise during dynamic phenomena in the network. In this paper, real-time phasor measurement units (PMUs) that provide synchronised phasor measurements are proposed for integration into the power system. This approach addresses two important issues associated with the power system state estimation, namely, that of measurement accuracy and that of optimization of the number of measurement sites, their location, and the importance given to their measurements on the dynamic state estimation.
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Janeslätt, Gunnel, Mats Granlund, and Anders Kottorp. "Measurement of time processing ability and daily time management in children with disabilities." Disability and Health Journal 2, no. 1 (January 2009): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2008.09.002.
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Soriguera, F., D. Rosas, and F. Robusté. "Travel time measurement in closed toll highways." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 44, no. 10 (December 2010): 1242–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2010.02.010.
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FRY, TIMOTHY, KIRK KARWAN, and WILLIAM BAKER. "Performance measurement systems and time-based manufacturing." Production Planning & Control 4, no. 2 (January 1993): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537289308919428.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Time management Measurement"
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Bahcivancilar, Ugur. "Validation Of Methods Time Measurement Data." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614916/index.pdf.
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This thesis shows the results of an experiment in order to test the validity of Methods Time
Measurement (MTM) data. MTM, developed in 1948, is one of the most commonly used
Predetermined Motion Time Systems to calculate standard time for a task. However, there is
limited research on the validity of the MTM data in the literature. Today&rsquos technology provides new computerized tools to perform time studies. One of such tools is Real Time Method Study (RTMS). RTMS is a computerized method study tool being developed in METU Technopolis, which uses Image Processing and Machine Learning to conduct time studies automatically. RTMS uses MTM data as a benchmark data to compare observed performance results
therefore validity of MTM data is an important issue for it. In order to test the validity of MTM data an experiment conducted in the Ergonomics Laboratory of the METU Industrial Engineering Department. In this experiment 40 undergraduate students performed four different tasks. These tasks were recorded by a video camera and analyzed frame by frame to calculate normal times for basic motions of MTM. Results are compared with the original MTM data and it is shown that MTM times do not fit the observed data. This study in the end suggests updating MTM data or constructing a new standard time database by using a tool like RTMS.
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SESKAUSKIS, ZYGIMANTAS, and ROKAS NARKEVICIUS. "Sales forecasting management." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-10685.
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The purpose of this research is to investigate current company business process from sales forecasting perspective and provide potential improvements of how to deal with unstable market demand and increase overall precision of forecasting. The problem which company face is an unstable market demand and not enough precision in sales forecasting process. Therefore the research questions are: How current forecasting process can be improved? What methods, can be implemented in order to increase the precision of forecasting? Study can be described as an action research using an abductive approach supported by combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis practices. In order to achieve high degree of reliability the study was based on verified scientific literature and data collected from the case company while collaborating with company’s COO. Research exposed the current forecasting process of the case company. Different forecasting methods were chosen according to the existing circumstances and analyzed in order to figure out which could be implemented in order to increase forecasting precision and forecasting as a whole. Simple exponential smoothing showed the most promising accuracy results, which were measured by applying MAD, MSE and MAPE measurement techniques. Moreover, trend line analysis was applied as well, as a supplementary method. For the reason that the case company presents new products to the market limited amount of historical data was available. Therefore simple exponential smoothing technique did not show accurate results as desired. However, suggested methods can be applied for testing and learning purposes, supported by currently applied qualitative methods.
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Álvarez, Ruano Enrique José. "Effect of time and type of measurement on objective performance trends: a longitudinal analysis of new salespeople." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386480.
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The measurement of sales force performance is an issue of the upmost importance. Research in this area has primarily focused on cross-sectional studies establishing a link between various types of predictors and sales performance at a specific moment in time, despite the well accepted idea that performance is dynamic over time. Moreover, the most frequent way to measure performance has been through subjective measures. Yet, little is actually known empirically about trends (growth trajectories) of objective performance over time and their determinants.
The empirical research study presented in this dissertation is designed to fill this gap. First, we conducted an extensive survey of the literature in order to identify empirical work referred to objective measures of performance at the individual level in the sales domain, yielding 133 published studies and 148 samples. Then, we analyzed in detail, on one side, all studies using two or more objective measures of performance and, on the other, studies conducting a longitudinal research. Building on job stages theory, we argue specifically that measurements of objective performance taken at different times are not related when salespeople are involved in changing contexts. Furthermore, we hypothesize that growth trajectories measured with different indicators of objective performance are not related.
Random coefficient modeling in the form of Hierarchical Linear Modeling is then used to analyze objective performance over time. The individual performance growth trajectories of 230 salespeople that joined a Spanish direct selling firm were modeled using SPSS and R software. To the best of our knowledge, this thesis represents the first longitudinal study to explicitly analyze and compare the trends (growth trajectories) of various measures of objective performance (sales, units and compensation) of salespeople during their first months at av company.
This analysis yielded three important results at the individual salesperson level. First, time matters when measuring individual objective performance. Our findings confirm that performance is dynamic over time and that there is a rank-order effect when measuring salespeople. Second, different objective measures of performance quantify different things. We found no evidence that the growth trajectories of objective measures of performance taken during the same period are related, thus, building on the idea that objective measures of performance are not interchangeable. Third, these findings help understand the specificities of new salespeople in direct selling, facing a transitional job stage.
This thesis, thus, contributes to the longitudinal analysis of sales performance confirming (a) that future esearch studies have to consider the relationship over time of objective performance with any set of predictors, and (b) that objective indicators of sales performance are not interchangeable and have to be chosen carefully by scholars according to the objectives of each investigation. Additionally, it has important implications for practitioners referred to selection, promotion, retention, evaluation, training and compensation of salesforces.La medición de la performance de los vendedores de una empresa es una asunto de gran importancia. La investigación en esta área se ha centrado especialmente en análisis estáticos, determinando la relación entre varios tipos de predictores y la performance en un momento en el tiempo, pese a la idea aceptada en el mundo académicos de que la performance es dinámica en el tiempo. Además, la forma más habitual de medir esa performance ha sido mediante métricas subjetivas. Finalmente, se sabe muy poco sobre las tendencias (trayectorias de crecimiento) de la performance objetiva o sobre sus determinantes. El presente estudio empírico pretende abordar estos asuntos. Primero, realizamos un análisis detallado de las principales revistas académicas para identificar estudios empíricos referidos a medidas objetivas de performance a nivel individual en el ámbito de las ventas, obteniendo 133 artículos y 148 muestras. Posteriormente, analizamos exhaustivamente, por una parte, los estudios utilizando dos o más medidas objetivas de performance y, por otra, aquellos estudios con análisis longitudinales. Basándonos en la teoría de las etapas laborales ("job stages"), establecimos las hipótesis de que medidas de performance objetivas tomadas en momentos diferentes no están relacionadas entre sí cuando los vendedores están implicados en situaciones de cambio; además, consideramos que las trayectorias de crecimiento medidas con distintos indicadores no están relacionadas entre sí. Se utilizó "random coefficient modeling" en la forma de Modelos Jerárquicos Lineales ("HLM") para analizar la performance objetiva a lo largo del tiempo. Se modelizaron las trayectorias de crecimiento de la performance de 230 vendedores de una compañía española de venta directa utilizando los software "SPSS" y "R". Hasta donde hemos podido identificar, este es el primer estudio longitudinal que analiza y compara las trayectorias de varias medidas de performance objetiva (ventas en euros, unidades y retribución en euros) de vendedores durante sus primeros meses en la empresa. El análisis produjo tres resultados a nivel individual de los vendedores. Primero, el tiempo es un factor relevante cuando se mide la performance individual objetiva; nuestros resultados confirman que la performance es dinámica en el tiempo. Segundo, distintas métricas de performance objetiva miden cosas diferentes. No encontramos evidencia de que las trayectorias de crecimiento de medidas objetivas tomadas en el mismo periodo estén relacionadas, soportando la idea de que dichas métricas no son intercambiables entre sí. Tercero, estas conclusiones ayudan a entender los aspectos específicos de nuevos vendedores en una empresa. Por tanto, esta Tesis contribuye al análisis longitudinal de la performance de vendedores confirmando (a) que futuros estudios académicos deben considerar la relación en el tiempo de la performance objetiva con los predictores que se estén analizando, y (b) que las métricas de performance objetiva no son intercambiables entre sí y que, por tanto, deben escogerse cuidadosamente en función de los objetivos de la investigación. Adicionalmente, tiene importantes implicaciones para el mundo de la empresa referidas a la selección, promoción, retención, evaluación, formación y retribución de sus vendedores.
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Olsen, Eric Oscar. "Lean manufacturing management the relationship between practice and firm level financial performance /." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1086113492.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 220 p. : ill. (some col.). Advisor: Peter T. Ward, Dept. of Business Administration. Includes bibliographical references (p. 197-203).
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Lemke, Scott William. "Inventory Optimization in Manufacturing Organizations." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/754.
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Inventories totaling 1.7 trillion U.S. dollars represent an opportunity for U.S. manufacturers. This exploratory case study researched supply chain strategies used to manage inventory in manufacturing operations of a U.S. manufacturing company. A mature value chain contained within a single organization using the value chain framework was the basis for this study. Individual interviews conducted with 16 managers responsible for defining and implementing inventory control strategies, and 4 internal users provided primary information for the study. Other sources of information included a value chain map created through the observation of operations, various inventory measurements, and policies and guidelines related to managing inventory levels. An inductive content analysis employing zero-level coding of the interview transcripts identified 4 themes that describe inventory control strategies as economic order quantity, kanban, vendor managed inventory, and process integration. Physical observation of the value chain, review of supporting documents, and analysis of inventory data ensured the trustworthiness of interpreted themes. Findings identified no single inventory control strategy that fit all applications. Findings also revealed that the financial governing bodies' measurements were not the best tools for operational managers' improvement activities related to inventory control. Included are measures providing alternative means to gauge inventory efficiency. With the results of this study, managers may develop effective strategies to optimize inventory and improve material flow. Manufacturing managers improving material flow may promote sustainability of raw materials and business efficiencies through reduced waste, improved environmental conditions, and increased employment opportunities in associated communities.
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Diab, Anthony Francis. "A comparative evaluation of non-linear time series analysis and singular spectrum analysis for the modelling of air pollution." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51559.
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Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Air pollution is a major concern III the Cape Metropole. A major contributor to the air pollution problem is road transport. For this reason, a national vehicle emissions study is in progress with the aim of developing a national policy regarding motor vehicle emissions and control. Such a policy could bring about vehicle emission control and regulatory measures, which may have far-reaching social and economic effects. Air pollution models are important tools 10 predicting the effectiveness and the possible secondary effects of such policies. It is therefore essential that these models are fundamentally sound to maintain a high level of prediction accuracy. Complex air pollution models are available, but they require spatial, time-resolved information of emission sources and a vast amount of processing power. It is unlikely that South African cities will have the necessary spatial, time-resolved emission information in the near future. An alternative air pollution model is one that is based on the Gaussian Plume Model. This model, however, relies on gross simplifying assumptions that affect model accuracy. It is proposed that statistical and mathematical analysis techniques will be the most viable approach to modelling air pollution in the Cape Metropole. These techniques make it possible to establish statistical relationships between pollutant emissions, meteorological conditions and pollutant concentrations without gross simplifying assumptions or excessive information requirements. This study investigates two analysis techniques that fall into the aforementioned category, namely, Non-linear Time Series Analysis (specifically, the method of delay co-ordinates) and Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA). During the past two decades, important progress has been made in the field of Non-linear Time Series Analysis. An entire "toolbox" of methods is available to assist in identifying non-linear determinism and to enable the construction of predictive models. It is argued that the dynamics that govern a pollution system are inherently non-linear due to the strong correlation with weather patterns and the complexity of the chemical reactions and physical transport of the pollutants. In addition to this, a statistical technique (the method of surrogate data) showed that a pollution data set, the oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), displayed a degree of non-linearity, albeit that there was a high degree of noise contamination. This suggested that a pollution data set will be amenable to non-linear analysis and, hence, Non-linear Time Series Analysis was applied to the data set. SSA, on the other hand, is a linear data analysis technique that decomposes the time series into statistically independent components. The basis functions, in terms of which the data is decomposed, are data-adaptive which makes it well suited to the analysis of non-linear systems exhibiting anharmonic oscillations. The statistically independent components, into which the data has been decomposed, have limited harmonic content. Consequently, these components are more amenable to prediction than the time series itself. The fact that SSA's ability has been proven in the analysis of short, noisy non-linear signals prompted the use of this technique. The aim of the study was to establish which of these two techniques is best suited to the modelling of air pollution data. To this end, a univariate model to predict NOx concentrations was constructed using each of the techniques. The prediction ability of the respective model was assumed indicative of the accuracy of the model. It was therefore used as the basis against which the two techniques were evaluated. The procedure used to construct the model and to quantify the model accuracy, for both the Non-linear Time Series Analysis model and the SSA model, was consistent so as to allow for unbiased comparison. In both cases, no noise reduction schemes were applied to the data prior to the construction of the model. The accuracy of a 48-hour step-ahead prediction scheme and a lOO-hour step-ahead prediction scheme was used to compare the two techniques. The accuracy of the SSA model was markedly superior to the Non-linear Time Series model. The paramount reason for the superior accuracy of the SSA model is its adept ability to analyse and cope with noisy data sets such as the NOx data set. This observation provides evidence to suggest that Singular Spectrum Analysis is better suited to the modelling of air pollution data. It should therefore be the analysis technique of choice when more advanced, multivariate modelling of air pollution data is carried out. It is recommended that noise reduction schemes, which decontaminate the data without destroying important higher order dynamics, should be researched. The application of an effective noise reduction scheme could lead to an improvement in model accuracy. In addition to this, the univariate SSA model should be extended to a more complex multivariate model that explicitly encompasses variables such as traffic flow and weather patterns. This will explicitly expose the inter-relationships between the variables and will enable sensitivity studies and the evaluation of a multitude of scenarios.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoë vlak van lugbesoedeling in die Kaapse Metropool is kommerwekkend. Voertuie is een van die hoofoorsake, en as gevolg hiervan word 'n landswye ondersoek na voertuigemissie tans onderneem sodat 'n nasionale beleid opgestel kan word ten opsigte van voertuigemissie beheer. Beheermaatreëls van so 'n aard kan verreikende sosiale en ekonomiese uitwerkings tot gevolg hê. Lugbesoedelingsmodelle is van uiterste belang in die voorspelling van die effektiwiteit van moontlike wetgewing. Daarom is dit noodsaaklik dat hierdie modelle akkuraat is om 'n hoë vlak van voorspellingsakkuraatheid te handhaaf. Komplekse modelle is beskikbaar, maar hulle verg tyd-ruimtelike opgeloste inligting van emmissiebronne en baie berekeningsvermoë. Dit is onwaarskynlik dat Suid-Afrika in die nabye toekoms hierdie tydruimtelike inligting van emissiebronne gaan hê. 'n Alternatiewe lugbesoedelingsmodel is dié wat gebaseer is op die "Guassian Plume". Hierdie model berus egter op oorvereenvoudigde veronderstellings wat die akkuraatheid van die model beïnvloed. Daar word voorgestel dat statistiese en wiskundige analises die mees lewensvatbare benadering tot die modellering van lugbesoedeling in die Kaapse Metropool sal wees. Hierdie tegnieke maak dit moontlik om 'n statistiese verwantskap tussen besoedelingsbronne, meteorologiese toestande en besoedeling konsentrasies te bepaal sonder oorvereenvoudigde veronderstellings of oormatige informasie vereistes. Hierdie studie ondersoek twee analise tegnieke wat in die bogenoemde kategorie val, naamlik, Nie-lineêre Tydreeks Analise en Enkelvoudige Spektrale Analise (ESA). Daar is in die afgelope twee dekades belangrike vooruitgang gemaak in die studieveld van Nie-lineêre Tydreeks Analise. 'n Volledige stel metodes is beskikbaar om nie-lineêriteit te identifiseer en voorspellingsmodelle op te stel. Dit word geredeneer dat die dinamika wat 'n besoedelingsisteem beheer nie-lineêr is as gevolg van die sterk verwantskap wat dit toon met weerpatrone asook die kompleksiteit van die chemiese reaksies en die fisiese verplasing van die besoedelingstowwe. Bykomend verskaf 'n statistiese tegniek (die metode van surrogaatdata) bewyse dat 'n lugbesoedelingsdatastel, die okside van Stikstof (NOx), melineêre gedrag toon, alhoewel daar 'n hoë geraasvlak is. Om hierdie rede is die besluit geneem om Nie-lineêre Tydreeks Analise aan te wend tot die datastel. ESA daarenteen, is 'n lineêre data analise tegniek. Dit vereenvoudig die tydreeks tot statistiese onafhanklike komponente. Die basisfunksies, in terme waarvan die data vereenvoudig is, is data-aanpasbaar en dit maak hierdie tegniek gepas vir die analise van nielineêre sisteme. Die statisties onafhanklike komponente het beperkte harmoniese inhoud, met die gevolg dat die komponente aansienlik makliker is om te voorspel as die tydreeks self. ESA se effektiwitiet is ook al bewys in die analise van kort, hoë-graas nie-lineêre seine. Om hierdie redes, is ESA toegepas op die lugbesoedelings data. Die doel van die ondersoek was om vas te stel watter een van die twee tegnieke meer gepas is om lugbesoedelings data te analiseer. Met hierdie doelwit in sig, is 'n enkelvariaat model opgestel om NOx konsentrasies te voorspel met die gebruik van elk van die tegnieke. Die voorspellingsvermoë van die betreklike model is veronderstelom as 'n maatstaf van die model se akkuraatheid te kan dien en dus is dit gebruik om die twee modelle te vergelyk. 'n Konsekwente prosedure is gevolg om beide die modelle te skep om sodoende invloedlose vergelyking te verseker. In albei gevalle was daar geen geraasverminderings-tegnieke toegepas op die data nie. Die akuraatheid van 'n 48-uur voorspellingsmodel en 'n 100-uur voorspellingsmodel was gebruik vir die vergelyking van die twee tegnieke. Daar is bepaal dat die akkuraatheid van die ESA model veel beter as die Nie-lineêre Tydsreeks Analise is. Die hoofrede vir die ESA se hoër akkuraatheid is die model se vermoë om data met hoë geraasvlakke te analiseer. Hierdie ondersoek verskaf oortuigende bewyse dat Enkelvoudige Spektrale Analiese beter gepas is om lugbesoedelingsdata te analiseer en gevolglik moet hierdie tegniek gebruik word as meer gevorderde, multivariaat analises uitgevoer word. Daar word aanbeveel dat geraasverminderings-tegnieke, wat die data kan suiwer sonder om belangrike hoë-orde dinamika uit te wis, ondersoek moet word. Hierdie toepassing van effektiewe geraasverminderings-tegniek sal tot 'n verbetering in model-akkuraatheid lei. Aanvullend hiertoe, moet die enkele ESA model uitgebrei word tot 'n meer komplekse multivariaat model wat veranderlikes soos verkeersvloei en weerpatrone insluit. Dit sal die verhoudings tussen veranderlikes ten toon stel en sal sensitiwiteit-analises en die evaluering van menigte scenarios moontlik maak.
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Cronin, Lorcan. "Life skills development through youth sport : antecedents, consequences, and measurement." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22533.
Full textAbstract:
Youth sport is acknowledged as an ideal setting for promoting positive youth development. In particular, youth sport participation has been linked to life skills development and psychological well-being. The coaching climate has been proposed to play a role in facilitating such positive outcomes. Nonetheless, few measures exist to examine life skills development through sport and it is unclear how positive youth development may be facilitated by the coach. Using existing and newly developed measures, this thesis examined how the coaching climate is related to life skills development and psychological well-being in youth sport participants. Phase 1 of this programme of research investigated Benson and Saito’s (2001) conceptual framework for youth development theory and research within sport. Study 1 examined a model whereby the coaching climate is related to life skills development (personal and social skills, cognitive skills, goal setting, and initiative); which, in turn, is related to participants’ psychological well-being (self-esteem, positive affect, and satisfaction with life). Data from 202 youth sport participants suggested that an autonomy supportive coaching climate was positively related to all four life skills. Further analysis revealed that the development of personal and social skills mediated the relationships between coach autonomy support and all three indices of psychological well-being. However, the validity of the scale used to measure life skills was brought into question during this study. Therefore, the studies which follow developed and validated a new scale which could accurately assess eight key life skills young people learn through sport. Phase 2 of this programme of research involved developing and validating a scale which measures life skills development through sport. Study 2 outlines the initial development of a scale which would assess whether young people learn the following life skills through sport: teamwork, goal setting, time management, emotional skills, interpersonal communication, social skills, leadership, and problem solving and decision making. This study involved defining each of the eight life skills, deciding what components made up each life skill and developing items which could assess each life skill. The initial item pool was reviewed by 39 academics, with between two and seven experts assessing the items for each of the eight life skills. Using the ratings and comments provided by experts, the first version of the Life Skills Scale for Sport (LSSS) was developed. Study 3 reduced the number of items contained within the LSSS from 144 to 47 items using both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and descriptive statistics. For this task, 338 youth sport participants completed the LSSS. EFA results supported the unidimensional factor structure of each of the eight subscales. Each subscale also displayed adequate internal consistency reliability. Study 4 examined the factor structure of the LSSS using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with an independent sample of 223 youth sport participants. After the removal of four emotional skills items, seven of the eight subscales and the revised 43-item scale displayed adequate model fit. Results supported both the convergent and discriminant validity of the LSSS and each of the eight subscales displayed adequate internal consistency reliability. Study 5 assessed the test-retest reliability of the LSSS with an independent sample of 37 youth sport participants. Each participant completed the scale on two occasions which were two weeks apart. Results revealed that time 1 and time 2 scores were relatively unchanged over this two-week period, providing evidence of test-retest reliability. Phase 3 of this programme of research involved re-testing Benson and Saito’s (2001) framework. Study 6 retested the coaching climate – life skills development – psychological well-being model from Study 1 using the LSSS. Data from 326 youth sport participants suggested that an autonomy supportive coaching climate was positively related to young people learning teamwork, goal setting, time management, emotional skills, interpersonal communication, social skills, leadership, and problem solving and decision making. The total amount of life skills a young person developed through sport was positively related to their self-esteem, positive affect and satisfaction with life. Again, the factor structure and reliability of the scale was supported. The findings from this PhD research suggest that the coaching climate plays an important role in young peoples’ development through sport. Specifically, an autonomy supportive coaching climate was positively related to life skills development and psychological well-being in youth sport participants. This thesis also provides researchers with a valid and reliable measure of life skills development through sport. Future research using the LSSS should examine other factors (e.g., peer relationships) which may promote positive youth development through sport. Additionally, future studies can use the LSSS to examine the efficacy of existing programmes (e.g., the SUPER programme) which teach life skills through sport. Such research will help guide coaches and sports programmes efforts to promote positive youth development through sport.
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Borrego, José Pedro Mateiro Matias. "Impact of the transient behavior of radio communication systems on spectrum management." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14243.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia EletrotécnicaThis PhD Thesis falls within the domain of spectrum engineering and spectrum management, and intends to address current and concrete problems, with which, regulators have to deal. Particularly, the definition of technical conditions to be met by radio systems, which will operate in specific bands, selected to introduce novel concepts such as flexibility and technological neutrality. The Block Edge Mask approach was adopted to define technical conditions of operation, in those bands. However, this model, based on spectral masks, which are defined in the frequency domain, do not take into account the transient behavior or time-varying characteristics of signals used by emerging radio communication systems. Furthermore, measurement methodologies developed for validation of technical parameters associated to these models, which are recommended by international bodies, potentially lead to practical issues that must be scrutinized. Thus, alternative time-frequency mixed domain signal processing techniques are explored, in this thesis, to be used for assessing the compliance of radio systems operating under such constraints.
Esta Tese de Doutoramento insere-se nos domínios da engenharia do espectro e da gestão do espectro radioelétrico, e pretende abordar problemas atuais e concretos com que os reguladores se deparam. Em particular, a definição de condições técnicas a serem cumpridas pelos sistemas rádio que irão operar em determinadas faixas de frequências, selecionadas para a introdução de abordagens de gestão do espectro mais flexíveis e tecnologicamente neutras. O modelo de Máscara Delimitadora de Bloco (Block Edge Mask) foi adotado, a nível europeu, como estratégia de definição de condições técnicas de operação, nessas faixas. Contudo, este modelo, que recorre a restrições que são apenas estabelecidas no domínio da frequência, não entra em linha de conta com comportamentos transitórios ou com a variabilidade temporal de sinais inerentes aos sistemas de radiocomunicações atuais. Para além disso, a medição e validação de parâmetros técnicos associados a estes modelos, conforme definidas nas recomendações internacionais aplicáveis, levantam problemas práticos que importa escalpelizar. Nesse sentido, são exploradas, nesta tese, técnicas alternativas de processamento de sinal no domínio misto tempo-frequência, tendo em vista a sua utilização na avaliação de conformidade dos sistemas rádio em face das restrições aplicáveis.
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Eggberry, Ivan. "An investigation into a generally applicable plant performance index." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-082922008-100156/.
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Huang, Renke. "Seamless design of energy management systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53518.
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The contributions of the research are (a) an infrastructure of data acquisition systems that provides the necessary information for an automated EMS system enabling autonomous distributed state estimation, model validation, simplified protection, and seamless integration of other EMS applications, (b) an object-oriented, interoperable, and unified component model that can be seamlessly integrated with a variety of applications of the EMS, (c) a distributed dynamic state estimator (DDSE) based on the proposed data acquisition system and the object-oriented, interoperable, and unified component model, (d) a physically-based synchronous machine model, which is expressed in terms of the actual self and mutual inductances of the synchronous machine windings as a function of rotor position, for the purpose of synchronous machine parameters identification, and (e) a robust and highly efficient algorithm for the optimal power flow (OPF) problem, one of the most important applications of the EMS, based on the validated states and models of the power system provided by the proposed DDSE.
Books on the topic "Time management Measurement"
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Michele, Ver Ploeg, and National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on National Statistics., eds. Time-use measurement and research: Report of a workshop. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2000.
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Collins, Ciarán P. Challenging times: The relationship between time perspective and the measurement of new product success. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1996.
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1950-, Clark Susan, ed. How to make the most of your workday. Hawthorne, NJ: Career Press, 1994.
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Marlowe, Christopher S. E. Safety now!: Controlling chemical exposures at hazardous waste sites with real-time measurements. Fairfax, Va: AIHA Press, 1999.
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ha-Kol zemani: Mashmaʻut ha-zeman be-ḥayenu. Israel]: Rimonim, 2010.
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Houwman, Klaas. Tide, wind- and wave-driven flow processes in the nearshore zone: Field measurement Terschelling and modelling. Utrecht: Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap/Faculteit Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen, Universiteit Utrecht, 2000.
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Office, General Accounting. Social security: Time required to approve and pay attorney fees can be reduced : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.
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Office, General Accounting. Nuclear waste: Greater use of removal actions could cut time and cost for cleanups : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Military Procurement, Committee on National Security, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1996.
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Ontario Educational Research Council. Conference. [Papers presented at the 33rd Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council, Toronto, Ontario, December 6-7, 1991]. [Ontario: s.n.], 1991.
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Ontario Educational Research Council. Conference. [Papers presented at the 28th Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council, Toronto, Ontario, Dec. 1986]. [Toronto, ON: s.n.]., 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Time management Measurement"
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Cohn, Sorin, and Ricardo R. Fernandez. "Comprehensive Measurement Systems." In Total Innovative Management Excellence (TIME), 399–468. New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Productivity Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003004554-14.
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Diván, Mario José, and María Laura Sánchez Reynoso. "Real-Time Measurement and Evaluation as System Reliability Driver." In System Reliability Management, 161–88. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor &: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351117661-11.
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Vargha, Zsuzsanna. "Clocks, Clerks, Customers: Queue Management Systems, Post-Socialist Sensibilities, and Performance Measurement at a Retail Bank." In Materiality and Time, 124–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137432124_7.
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Garzetti, Fabio. "Ultra-High Performance Digital Electronic Architectures for Events Management in Real Time Environments." In Special Topics in Information Technology, 53–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15374-7_5.
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AbstractThe research spans several application areas, including biotechnology, medical imaging, and environmental monitoring. Precise and specialized processing techniques are often required for measurements of signal parameters with high efficiency, for example, in terms of resolution and count rate, such as time of occurrence of events. Digital solutions have thus received the most significant attention since they are the most effective at enabling flexible, application-oriented elaboration systems. The research is finalized to develop high-resolution time measurement systems in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices. The goal is to optimize resolution, linearity, and processing speed at the state-of-the-art in modern, most dynamic branches of very high-efficiency time measurement. To maximize the number of events handled in real-time, the research is also concentrated on developing cutting-edge communication and data transfer methods for performing multiple measures in parallel.
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Waesche, Niko Marcel, Tilman Rotberg, and Florian Renz. "The Contribution of Measurement in a Cross-Device, Data-Driven, Real-Time Marketing World." In Management for Professionals, 153–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25023-6_13.
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Mirshahi, Soheyla, and Vilém Novák. "A Fuzzy Approach for Similarity Measurement in Time Series, Case Study for Stocks." In Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems, 567–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50153-2_42.
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Keyvani, Ali, Dan Lämkull, Gunnar Bolmsjö, and Roland Örtengren. "Using Methods-Time Measurement to Connect Digital Humans and Motion Databases." In Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics, and Risk Management. Human Body Modeling and Ergonomics, 343–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39182-8_40.
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Reghenzani, Federico. "Beyond the Traditional Analyses and Resource Management in Real-Time Systems." In Special Topics in Information Technology, 67–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85918-3_6.
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AbstractThe difficulties in estimating the Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) of applications make the use of modern computing architectures limited in real-time systems. Critical embedded systems require the tasks of hard real-time applications to meet their deadlines, and formal proofs on the validity of this condition are usually required by certification authorities. In the last decade, researchers proposed the use of probabilistic measurement-based methods to estimate the WCET instead of traditional static methods. In this chapter, we summarize recent theoretical and quantitative results on the use of probabilistic approaches to estimate the WCET presented in the PhD thesis of the author, including possible exploitation scenarios, open challenges, and future directions.
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Sheikh, Almamun, Debabrata Bej, and Ashis Kumar Mal. "IoT-Enabled Customizable System for Traffic Management with Real-Time Vehicle Emission Measurement Functionality." In Internet of Things and Data Mining for Modern Engineering and Healthcare Applications, 141–60. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003217398-9.
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Wu, Xiao-dan, X. junZuo, Dian-min Yue, and Dan Liu. "Robustness to Measurement Errors and Diversity in Resource Sharing in Time-driven Activity-based Costing." In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management 2014, 139–43. Paris: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-102-4_29.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Time management Measurement"
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South, D. H. "The management, optimization and measurement of concurrent information." In IEE Colloquium on `Concurrent Engineering - Getting it Right First Time'. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19950819.
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Li, Yihan, Naoya Kuse, and Martin E. Fermann. "A photonic system for broadband microwave measurement." In Real-time Photonic Measurements, Data Management, and Processing III, edited by Bahram Jalali, Keisuke Goda, Ming Li, and Kevin K. Tsia. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2501089.
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Xiaomao, Chen, Liu Chunfei, Fan Yiwei, and Guo Ning. "Time synchronization method based on time interval measurement." In 2021 IEEE 4th Advanced Information Management, Communicates, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imcec51613.2021.9482349.
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Chenggang Zhen and Kai Li. "Memory management research based on real-time database." In 2009 International Conference on Test and Measurement (ICTM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictm.2009.5412904.
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Batumalay, M., and S. W. Harun. "Relative humidity measurement using tapered plastic fiber coated with HEC/PVDF." In 2013 International Conference on Technology, Informatics, Management, Engineering & Environment (TIME-E). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/time-e.2013.6611963.
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Tang, Jing Rui, Nor Ashidi Mat Isa, and Ewe Seng Ch'ng. "Study on quantitative measurement of chromatin size of cervical cell images." In 2015 International Conference on Technology, Informatics, Management, Engineering & Environment (TIME-E). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/time-e.2015.7389740.
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Zhang, Zhiyao, Shangjian Zhang, Yali Zhang, and Yong Liu. "Broadband microwave measurement based on photonic down-conversion sampling." In Real-time Photonic Measurements, Data Management, and Processing V, edited by Bahram Jalali, Ming Li, and Mohammad Hossein Asghari. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2573338.
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Guo, Chenji, Xunhua Huang, Yuanyuan Hao, Huali Lu, and Hua Zhao. "A modified OAM Mach-Zehnder interferometer for displacement measurement." In Real-time Photonic Measurements, Data Management, and Processing VI, edited by Bahram Jalali, Ming Li, and Mohammad Hossein Asghari. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2601370.
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Cao, Zhun. "Measurement of Knowledge Quantity by Cognitive Time." In 2016 International Conference on Economy, Management and Education Technology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemet-16.2016.268.
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Zhao, Wenjun, Xiaoxiao Yao, Cui Yu, Simin Li, and Shilong Pan. "A photonic-assisted transceiver for microwave Doppler frequency shift measurement." In Real-time Photonic Measurements, Data Management, and Processing VI, edited by Bahram Jalali, Ming Li, and Mohammad Hossein Asghari. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2602243.
Full textReports on the topic "Time management Measurement"
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Dasberg, Shmuel, Jan W. Hopmans, Larry J. Schwankl, and Dani Or. Drip Irrigation Management by TDR Monitoring of Soil Water and Solute Distribution. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568095.bard.
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Drip irrigation has the potential of high water use efficiency, but actual water measurement is difficult because of the limited wetted volume. Two long-term experiments in orchards in Israel and in California and several field crop studies supported by this project have demonstrated the feasibility of precise monitoring of soil water distribution for drip irrigation in spite of the limited soil wetting. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) enables in situ measurement of soil water content of well defined small volumes. Several approaches were tried in monitoring the soil water balance in the field during drip irrigation. These also facilitated the estimation of water uptake: 1. The use of multilevel moisture probe TDR system. This approach proved to be of limited value because of the extremely small diameter of measurement. 2. The placement of 20 cm long TDR probes at predetermined distances from the drippers in citrus orchards. 3. Heavy instrumentation with neutron scattering access tubes and tensiometers of a single drip irrigated almond tree. 4. High resolution spatial and temporal measurements (0.1m x 0.1m grid) of water content by TDR in corn irrigated by surface and subsurface drip. The latter approach was accompanied by parametric modelling of water uptake intensity patterns by corn roots and superimposed with analytical solutions for water flow from point and line sources. All this lead to general and physically based suggestions for the placement of soil water sensors for scheduling drip irrigation.
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Delwiche, Michael, Boaz Zion, Robert BonDurant, Judith Rishpon, Ephraim Maltz, and Miriam Rosenberg. Biosensors for On-Line Measurement of Reproductive Hormones and Milk Proteins to Improve Dairy Herd Management. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573998.bard.
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The original objectives of this research project were to: (1) develop immunoassays, photometric sensors, and electrochemical sensors for real-time measurement of progesterone and estradiol in milk, (2) develop biosensors for measurement of caseins in milk, and (3) integrate and adapt these sensor technologies to create an automated electronic sensing system for operation in dairy parlors during milking. The overall direction of research was not changed, although the work was expanded to include other milk components such as urea and lactose. A second generation biosensor for on-line measurement of bovine progesterone was designed and tested. Anti-progesterone antibody was coated on small disks of nitrocellulose membrane, which were inserted in the reaction chamber prior to testing, and a real-time assay was developed. The biosensor was designed using micropumps and valves under computer control, and assayed fluid volumes on the order of 1 ml. An automated sampler was designed to draw a test volume of milk from the long milk tube using a 4-way pinch valve. The system could execute a measurement cycle in about 10 min. Progesterone could be measured at concentrations low enough to distinguish luteal-phase from follicular-phase cows. The potential of the sensor to detect actual ovulatory events was compared with standard methods of estrus detection, including human observation and an activity monitor. The biosensor correctly identified all ovulatory events during its testperiod, but the variability at low progesterone concentrations triggered some false positives. Direct on-line measurement and intelligent interpretation of reproductive hormone profiles offers the potential for substantial improvement in reproductive management. A simple potentiometric method for measurement of milk protein was developed and tested. The method was based on the fact that proteins bind iodine. When proteins are added to a solution of the redox couple iodine/iodide (I-I2), the concentration of free iodine is changed and, as a consequence, the potential between two electrodes immersed in the solution is changed. The method worked well with analytical casein solutions and accurately measured concentrations of analytical caseins added to fresh milk. When tested with actual milk samples, the correlation between the sensor readings and the reference lab results (of both total proteins and casein content) was inferior to that of analytical casein. A number of different technologies were explored for the analysis of milk urea, and a manometric technique was selected for the final design. In the new sensor, urea in the sample was hydrolyzed to ammonium and carbonate by the enzyme urease, and subsequent shaking of the sample with citric acid in a sealed cell allowed urea to be estimated as a change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The pressure change in the cell was measured with a miniature piezoresistive pressure sensor, and effects of background dissolved gases and vapor pressures were corrected for by repeating the measurement of pressure developed in the sample without the addition of urease. Results were accurate in the physiological range of milk, the assay was faster than the typical milking period, and no toxic reagents were required. A sampling device was designed and built to passively draw milk from the long milk tube in the parlor. An electrochemical sensor for lactose was developed starting with a three-cascaded-enzyme sensor, evolving into two enzymes and CO2[Fe (CN)6] as a mediator, and then into a microflow injection system using poly-osmium modified screen-printed electrodes. The sensor was designed to serve multiple milking positions, using a manifold valve, a sampling valve, and two pumps. Disposable screen-printed electrodes with enzymatic membranes were used. The sensor was optimized for electrode coating components, flow rate, pH, and sample size, and the results correlated well (r2= 0.967) with known lactose concentrations.
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.
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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.
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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.
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Tanny, Josef, Gabriel Katul, Shabtai Cohen, and Meir Teitel. Application of Turbulent Transport Techniques for Quantifying Whole Canopy Evapotranspiration in Large Agricultural Structures: Measurement and Theory. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592121.bard.
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Original objectives and revisions The original objectives of this research, as stated in the approved proposal were: 1. To establish guidelines for the use of turbulent transport techniques as accurate and reliable tool for continuous measurements of whole canopy ET and other scalar fluxes (e.g. heat and CO2) in large agricultural structures. 2. To conduct a detailed experimental study of flow patterns and turbulence characteristics in agricultural structures. 3. To derive theoretical models of air flow and scalar fluxes in agricultural structures that can guide the interpretation of TT measurements for a wide range of conditions. All the objectives have been successfully addressed within the project. The only modification was that the study focused on screenhouses only, while it was originally planned to study large greenhouses as well. This was decided due to the large amount of field and theoretical work required to meet the objectives within screenhouses. Background In agricultural structures such as screenhouses and greenhouses, evapotranspiration (ET) is currently measured using lysimeters or sap flow gauges. These measurements provide ET estimates at the single-plant scale that must then be extrapolated, often statistically or empirically, to the whole canopy for irrigation scheduling purposes. On the other hand, turbulent transport techniques, like the eddy covariance, have become the standard for measuring whole canopy evapotranspiration in the open, but their applicability to agricultural structures has not yet been established. The subject of this project is the application of turbulent transport techniques to estimate ET for irrigation scheduling within large agricultural structures. Major conclusions and achievements The major conclusions of this project are: (i) the eddy covariance technique is suitable for reliable measurements of scalar fluxes (e.g., evapotranspiration, sensible heat, CO2) in most types of large screenhouses under all climatic conditions tested. All studies resulted with fair energy balance closures; (ii) comparison between measurements and theory show that the model is capable in reliably predicting the turbulent flow characteristics and surface fluxes within screenhouses; (iii) flow characteristics within the screenhouse, like flux-variance similarity and turbulence intensity were valid for the application of the eddy covariance technique in screenhouses of relatively dilute screens used for moderate shading and wind breaking. In more dense screens, usually used for insect exclusions, development of turbulent conditions was marginal; (iv) installation of the sensors requires that the system’s footprint will be within the limits of the screenhouse under study, as is the case in the open. A footprint model available in the literature was found to be reliable in assessing the footprint under screenhouse conditions. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The study established for the first time, both experimentally and theoretically, the use of the eddy covariance technique for flux measurements within agricultural screenhouses. Such measurements, along with reliable theoretical models, will enable more accurate assessments of crop water use which may lead to improved crop water management and increased water use efficiency of screenhouse crops.
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Lee, W. S., Victor Alchanatis, and Asher Levi. Innovative yield mapping system using hyperspectral and thermal imaging for precision tree crop management. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598158.bard.
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Original objectives and revisions – The original overall objective was to develop, test and validate a prototype yield mapping system for unit area to increase yield and profit for tree crops. Specific objectives were: (1) to develop a yield mapping system for a static situation, using hyperspectral and thermal imaging independently, (2) to integrate hyperspectral and thermal imaging for improved yield estimation by combining thermal images with hyperspectral images to improve fruit detection, and (3) to expand the system to a mobile platform for a stop-measure- and-go situation. There were no major revisions in the overall objective, however, several revisions were made on the specific objectives. The revised specific objectives were: (1) to develop a yield mapping system for a static situation, using color and thermal imaging independently, (2) to integrate color and thermal imaging for improved yield estimation by combining thermal images with color images to improve fruit detection, and (3) to expand the system to an autonomous mobile platform for a continuous-measure situation. Background, major conclusions, solutions and achievements -- Yield mapping is considered as an initial step for applying precision agriculture technologies. Although many yield mapping systems have been developed for agronomic crops, it remains a difficult task for mapping yield of tree crops. In this project, an autonomous immature fruit yield mapping system was developed. The system could detect and count the number of fruit at early growth stages of citrus fruit so that farmers could apply site-specific management based on the maps. There were two sub-systems, a navigation system and an imaging system. Robot Operating System (ROS) was the backbone for developing the navigation system using an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV). An inertial measurement unit (IMU), wheel encoders and a GPS were integrated using an extended Kalman filter to provide reliable and accurate localization information. A LiDAR was added to support simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms. The color camera on a Microsoft Kinect was used to detect citrus trees and a new machine vision algorithm was developed to enable autonomous navigations in the citrus grove. A multimodal imaging system, which consisted of two color cameras and a thermal camera, was carried by the vehicle for video acquisitions. A novel image registration method was developed for combining color and thermal images and matching fruit in both images which achieved pixel-level accuracy. A new Color- Thermal Combined Probability (CTCP) algorithm was created to effectively fuse information from the color and thermal images to classify potential image regions into fruit and non-fruit classes. Algorithms were also developed to integrate image registration, information fusion and fruit classification and detection into a single step for real-time processing. The imaging system achieved a precision rate of 95.5% and a recall rate of 90.4% on immature green citrus fruit detection which was a great improvement compared to previous studies. Implications – The development of the immature green fruit yield mapping system will help farmers make early decisions for planning operations and marketing so high yield and profit can be achieved.
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Castellano, Mike J., Abraham G. Shaviv, Raphael Linker, and Matt Liebman. Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile soil organic matter fractions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597926.bard.
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A major goal in Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems is to maximize nitrogen availability to crops while minimizing nitrogen losses to air and water resources. This goal has presented a significant challenge to global agronomists and scientists because crops require large inputs of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to maximize yield, but N fertilizers are easily lost to surrounding ecosystems where they contribute to water pollution and greenhouse gas concentrations. Determination of the optimum N fertilizer input is complex because the amount of N produced from soil organic matter varies with time, space and management. Indicators of soil N availability may help to guide requirements for N fertilizer inputs and are increasingly viewed as indicators of soil health To address these challenges and improve N availability indicators, project 4550 “Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile organic matter fractions” addressed the following objectives: Link the quantity and quality of labile soil organic matter fractions to indicators of soil fertility and environmental quality including: i) laboratory potential net N mineralization ii) in situ gross N mineralization iii) in situ N accumulation on ion exchange resins iv) crop uptake of N from mineralized soil organic matter sources (non-fertilizer N), and v) soil nitrate pool size. Evaluate and compare the potential for hot water extractable organic matter (HWEOM) and particulate organic matter quantity and quality to characterize soil N dynamics in biophysically variable Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems that are managed with different N fertility sources. Ultimately, we sought to determine if nitrogen availability indicators are the same for i) gross vs. potential net N mineralization processes, ii) diverse agroecosystems (Israel vs. US) and, iii) management strategies (organic vs. inorganic N fertility sources). Nitrogen availability indicators significantly differed for gross vs. potential N mineralization processes. These results highlight that different mechanisms control each process. Although most research on N availability indicators focuses on potential net N mineralization, new research highlights that gross N mineralization may better reflect plant N availability. Results from this project identify the use of ion exchange resin (IERs) beads as a potential technical advance to improve N mineralization assays and predictors of N availability. The IERs mimic the rhizosphere by protecting mineralized N from loss and immobilization. As a result, the IERs may save time and money by providing a measurement of N mineralization that is more similar to the costly and time consuming measurement of gross N mineralization. In further search of more accurate and cost-effective predictors of N dynamics, Excitation- Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy analysis of HWEOM solution has the potential to provide reliable indicators for changes in HWEOM over time. These results demonstrated that conventional methods of labile soil organic matter quantity (HWEOM) coupled with new analyses (EEM) may be used to obtain more detailed information about N dynamics. Across Israeli and US soils with organic and inorganic based N fertility sources, multiple linear regression models were developed to predict gross and potential N mineralization. The use of N availability indicators is increasing as they are incorporated into soil health assessments and agroecosystem models that guide N inputs. Results from this project suggest that some soil variables can universally predict these important ecosystem process across diverse soils, climate and agronomic management. BARD Report - Project4550 Page 2 of 249
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McGill, Karis, and Eleanor Turner. Return on Investment Analysis of Private Sector Facilitation Funds for Rwandan Agribusinesses. RTI Press, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.rr.0042.2008.
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This study analyzes the return on investment for an agribusiness facilitation fund implemented in Rwanda. Combining project monitoring data with supplementary surveys and interviews of recipient agribusinesses, we find a positive return on investment in terms of farmer income generated per dollar spent by the US government. To determine the commercial viability of the investments, we estimate the payback period and find the median time it will take a firm to recoup the entire investment through profits is 3.7 years. We estimate the net present value of the entire fund portfolio to be $12.5 million. These estimates rely on conservative assumptions and likely underrepresent the profitability of the investments. Given the positive returns and commercial viability of the agribusinesses, we examine the fund’s role as a first step to “graduate” firms toward investment readiness. Although three firms did access equity investment, we find that the majority of the businesses in the portfolio do not meet investor requirements for deal size and management capacity and are more appropriately financed by commercial lenders. We conclude with recommendations for the implementation and measurement of similar funds.
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Alchanatis, Victor, Stephen W. Searcy, Moshe Meron, W. Lee, G. Y. Li, and A. Ben Porath. Prediction of Nitrogen Stress Using Reflectance Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580664.bard.
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Commercial agriculture has come under increasing pressure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer inputs in order to minimize potential nonpoint source pollution of ground and surface waters. This has resulted in increased interest in site specific fertilizer management. One way to solve pollution problems would be to determine crop nutrient needs in real time, using remote detection, and regulating fertilizer dispensed by an applicator. By detecting actual plant needs, only the additional nitrogen necessary to optimize production would be supplied. This research aimed to develop techniques for real time assessment of nitrogen status of corn using a mobile sensor with the potential to regulate nitrogen application based on data from that sensor. Specifically, the research first attempted to determine the system parameters necessary to optimize reflectance spectra of corn plants as a function of growth stage, chlorophyll and nitrogen status. In addition to that, an adaptable, multispectral sensor and the signal processing algorithm to provide real time, in-field assessment of corn nitrogen status was developed. Spectral characteristics of corn leaves reflectance were investigated in order to estimate the nitrogen status of the plants, using a commercial laboratory spectrometer. Statistical models relating leaf N and reflectance spectra were developed for both greenhouse and field plots. A basis was established for assessing nitrogen status using spectral reflectance from plant canopies. The combined effect of variety and N treatment was studied by measuring the reflectance of three varieties of different leaf characteristic color and five different N treatments. The variety effect on the reflectance at 552 nm was not significant (a = 0.01), while canonical discriminant analysis showed promising results for distinguishing different variety and N treatment, using spectral reflectance. Ambient illumination was found inappropriate for reliable, one-beam spectral reflectance measurement of the plants canopy due to the strong spectral lines of sunlight. Therefore, artificial light was consequently used. For in-field N status measurement, a dark chamber was constructed, to include the sensor, along with artificial illumination. Two different approaches were tested (i) use of spatially scattered artificial light, and (ii) use of collimated artificial light beam. It was found that the collimated beam along with a proper design of the sensor-beam geometry yielded the best results in terms of reducing the noise due to variable background, and maintaining the same distance from the sensor to the sample point of the canopy. A multispectral sensor assembly, based on a linear variable filter was designed, constructed and tested. The sensor assembly combined two sensors to cover the range of 400 to 1100 nm, a mounting frame, and a field data acquisition system. Using the mobile dark chamber and the developed sensor, as well as an off-the-shelf sensor, in- field nitrogen status of the plants canopy was measured. Statistical analysis of the acquired in-field data showed that the nitrogen status of the com leaves can be predicted with a SEP (Standard Error of Prediction) of 0.27%. The stage of maturity of the crop affected the relationship between the reflectance spectrum and the nitrogen status of the leaves. Specifically, the best prediction results were obtained when a separate model was used for each maturity stage. In-field assessment of the nitrogen status of corn leaves was successfully carried out by non contact measurement of the reflectance spectrum. This technology is now mature to be incorporated in field implements for on-line control of fertilizer application.
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Tanny, Josef, Gabriel Katul, Shabtai Cohen, and Meir Teitel. Micrometeorological methods for inferring whole canopy evapotranspiration in large agricultural structures: measurements and modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594402.bard.
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Original objectives and revisions The original objectives as stated in the approved proposal were: (1) To establish guidelines for the use of micrometeorological techniques as accurate, reliable and low-cost tools for continuous monitoring of whole canopy ET of common crops grown in large agricultural structures. (2) To adapt existing methods for protected cultivation environments. (3) To combine previously derived theoretical models of air flow and scalar fluxes in large agricultural structures (an outcome of our previous BARD project) with ET data derived from application of turbulent transport techniques for different crops and structure types. All the objectives have been successfully addressed. The study was focused on both screenhouses and naturally ventilated greenhouses, and all proposed methods were examined. Background to the topic Our previous BARD project established that the eddy covariance (EC) technique is suitable for whole canopy evapotranspiration measurements in large agricultural screenhouses. Nevertheless, the eddy covariance technique remains difficult to apply in the farm due to costs, operational complexity, and post-processing of data – thereby inviting alternative techniques to be developed. The subject of this project was: 1) the evaluation of four turbulent transport (TT) techniques, namely, Surface Renewal (SR), Flux-Variance (FV), Half-order Time Derivative (HTD) and Bowen Ratio (BR), whose instrumentation needs and operational demands are not as elaborate as the EC, to estimate evapotranspiration within large agricultural structures; and 2) the development of mathematical models able to predict water savings and account for the external environmental conditions, physiological properties of the plant, and structure properties as well as to evaluate the necessary micrometeorological conditions for utilizing the above turbulent transfer methods in such protected environments. Major conclusions and achievements The major conclusions are: (i) the SR and FV techniques were suitable for reliable estimates of ET in shading and insect-proof screenhouses; (ii) The BR technique was reliable in shading screenhouses; (iii) HTD provided reasonable results in the shading and insect proof screenhouses; (iv) Quality control analysis of the EC method showed that conditions in the shading and insect proof screenhouses were reasonable for flux measurements. However, in the plastic covered greenhouse energy balance closure was poor. Therefore, the alternative methods could not be analyzed in the greenhouse; (v) A multi-layered flux footprint model was developed for a ‘generic’ crop canopy situated within a protected environment such as a large screenhouse. The new model accounts for the vertically distributed sources and sinks within the canopy volume as well as for modifications introduced by the screen on the flow field and microenvironment. The effect of the screen on fetch as a function of its relative height above the canopy is then studied for the first time and compared to the case where the screen is absent. The model calculations agreed with field experiments based on EC measurements from two screenhouse experiments. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The study established for the first time, both experimentally and theoretically, the use of four simple TT techniques for ET estimates within large agricultural screenhouses. Such measurements, along with reliable theoretical models, will enable the future development of lowcost ET monitoring system which will be attainable for day-to-day use by growers in improving irrigation management.