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Journal articles on the topic 'Time-lapse video analysis'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Watanabe, S., M. Kamihata, R. Matsunaga, A. Kuwahata, M. Ochi, and T. Horiuchi. "Effect of an abnormal first cleavage on embryonic development: time-lapse video analysis." Fertility and Sterility 100, no. 3 (September 2013): S245—S246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.1166.

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2

Gerlach, J., J. Vienken, P. Walker, and K. Affeld. "Computer Aided Time-Lapse Video Analysis of Hepatocyte Morphology during Adhesion to Cellulose Membranes." International Journal of Artificial Organs 13, no. 6 (June 1990): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889001300607.

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3

Feyeux, M., A. Reignier, M. Mocaer, J. Lammers, D. Meistermann, P. Barrière, P. Paul-Gilloteaux, L. David, and T. Fréour. "Development of automated annotation software for human embryo morphokinetics." Human Reproduction 35, no. 3 (March 2020): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa001.

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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Is it possible to develop an automated annotation tool for human embryo development in time-lapse devices based on image analysis? SUMMARY ANSWER We developed and validated an automated software for the annotation of human embryo morphokinetic parameters, having a good concordance with expert manual annotation on 701 time-lapse videos. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Morphokinetic parameters obtained with time-lapse devices are increasingly used for the assessment of human embryo quality. However, their annotation is time-consuming and can be slightly operator-dependent, highlighting the need to develop fully automated approaches. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This monocentric study was conducted on 701 videos originating from 584 couples undergoing IVF with embryo culture in a time-lapse device. The only selection criterion was that the duration of the video must be over 60 h. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS An automated morphokinetic annotation tool was developed based on gray level coefficient of variation and detection of the thickness of the zona pellucida. The detection of cellular events obtained with the automated tool was compared with those obtained manually by trained experts in clinical settings. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Although some differences were found when embryos were considered individually, we found an overall concordance between automated and manual annotation of human embryo morphokinetics from fertilization to expanded blastocyst stage (r2 = 0.92). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION These results should undergo multicentric external evaluation in order to test the overall performance of the annotation tool. Getting access to the export of 3D videos would enhance the quality of the correlation with the same algorithm and its extension to the 3D regions of interest. A technical limitation of our work lies within the duration of the video. The more embryo stages the video contains, the more information the script has to identify them correctly. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our system paves the way for high-throughput analysis of multicentric morphokinetic databases, providing new insights into the clinical value of morphokinetics as a predictor of embryo quality and implantation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was partly funded by Finox-Gedeon Richter Forward Grant 2016 and NeXT (ANR-16-IDEX-0007). We have no conflict of interests to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A
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4

Hoepfner, Dominic, Arndt Brachat, and Peter Philippsen. "Time-Lapse Video Microscopy Analysis Reveals Astral Microtubule Detachment in the Yeast Spindle Pole Mutantcnm67." Molecular Biology of the Cell 11, no. 4 (April 2000): 1197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.11.4.1197.

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae cnm67Δ cells lack the spindle pole body (SPB) outer plaque, the main attachment site for astral (cytoplasmic) microtubules, leading to frequent nuclear segregation failure. We monitored dynamics of green fluorescent protein–labeled nuclei and microtubules over several cell cycles. Early nuclear migration steps such as nuclear positioning and spindle orientation were slightly affected, but late phases such as rapid oscillations and insertion of the anaphase nucleus into the bud neck were mostly absent. Analyzes of microtubule dynamics revealed normal behavior of the nuclear spindle but frequent detachment of astral microtubules after SPB separation. Concomitantly, Spc72 protein, the cytoplasmic anchor for the γ-tubulin complex, was partially lost from the SPB region with dynamics similar to those observed for microtubules. We postulate that in cnm67Δ cells Spc72–γ-tubulin complex-capped astral microtubules are released from the half-bridge upon SPB separation but fail to be anchored to the cytoplasmic side of the SPB because of the absence of an outer plaque. However, successful nuclear segregation in cnm67Δ cells can still be achieved by elongation forces of spindles that were correctly oriented before astral microtubule detachment by action of Kip3/Kar3 motors. Interestingly, the first nuclear segregation in newborn diploid cells never fails, even though astral microtubule detachment occurs.
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5

Hagmann, Jörg, Daniel Dagan, and Max M. Burger. "Release of endosomal content induced by plasma membrane tension: Video image intensification time lapse analysis." Experimental Cell Research 198, no. 2 (February 1992): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(92)90383-j.

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6

Dover, R., and C. S. Potten. "Heterogeneity and cell cycle analyses from time-lapse studies of human keratinocytes in vitro." Journal of Cell Science 89, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.89.3.359.

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We have analysed the behaviour of cultured epidermal keratinocytes using time-lapse video recordings. We have found evidence for heterogeneity in the behaviour of the cells. Some lines underwent extensive self-renewal, thus expanding the population, while others produced daughter cells that migrated suprabasally and are presumed to have undergone terminal differentiation. We also present kinetic data on the cell cycle times, mitotic durations and post-mitotic residence times. The latter is the time between a cell's birth and eventual suprabasal migration. The data suggest that the ‘decision’ to migrate is in some way ‘programmed’ but that the actual migration is a stochastic process. Time-lapse analysis is a very powerful technique for lineage and cell kinetic analysis.
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7

Bertani, N. "Neurogenic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells revisited: analysis by immunostaining, time-lapse video and microarray." Journal of Cell Science 118, no. 17 (September 1, 2005): 3925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.02511.

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8

Skilton, Rachel J., Lesley T. Cutcliffe, David Barlow, Yibing Wang, Omar Salim, Paul R. Lambden, and Ian N. Clarke. "Penicillin Induced Persistence in Chlamydia trachomatis: High Quality Time Lapse Video Analysis of the Developmental Cycle." PLoS ONE 4, no. 11 (November 6, 2009): e7723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007723.

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9

Nagy, Gabor, Grant W. Hennig, Katalin Petrenyi, Laszlo Kovacs, Istvan Pocsi, Viktor Dombradi, and Gaspar Banfalvi. "Time-lapse video microscopy and image analysis of adherence and growth patterns of Candida albicans strains." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 98, no. 11 (April 2, 2014): 5185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5696-5.

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10

Siegert, F., C. J. Weijer, A. Nomura, and H. Miike. "A gradient method for the quantitative analysis of cell movement and tissue flow and its application to the analysis of multicellular Dictyostelium development." Journal of Cell Science 107, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.1.97.

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We describe the application of a novel image processing method, which allows quantitative analysis of cell and tissue movement in a series of digitized video images. The result is a vector velocity field showing average direction and velocity of movement for every pixel in the frame. We apply this method to the analysis of cell movement during different stages of the Dictyostelium developmental cycle. We analysed time-lapse video recordings of cell movement in single cells, mounds and slugs. The program can correctly assess the speed and direction of movement of either unlabelled or labelled cells in a time series of video images depending on the illumination conditions. Our analysis of cell movement during multicellular development shows that the entire morphogenesis of Dictyostelium is characterized by rotational cell movement. The analysis of cell and tissue movement by the velocity field method should be applicable to the analysis of morphogenetic processes in other systems such as gastrulation and neurulation in vertebrate embryos.
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11

Meyers, S., V. Burruel, M. Kato, A. de la Fuente, D. Orellana, C. Renaudin, and G. Dujovne. "Equine non-invasive time-lapse imaging and blastocyst development." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 12 (2019): 1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd19260.

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In this study we examined the timeline of mitotic events of invitro-produced equine embryos that progressed to blastocyst stage using non-invasive time-lapse microscopy (TLM). Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) embryos were cultured using a self-contained imaging incubator system (Miri®TL; Esco Technologies) that captured brightfield images at 5-min intervals that were then generated into video for retrospective analysis. For all embryos that progressed to the blastocyst stage, the initial event of extrusion of acellular debris preceded all first cleavages and occurred at mean (±s.e.m.) time of 20.0±1.1h after ICSI, whereas 19 of 24 embryos that did not reach the blastocyst stage demonstrated debris extrusion that occurred at 23.8±1.1h, on average 4h longer for this initial premitotic event (P<0.05). Embryos that failed to reach the blastocyst stage demonstrated a 4-h delay compared with those that reached the blastocyst stage to reach the 2-cell stage (P<0.05). All embryos that reached the blastocyst stage expressed pulsation of the blastocyst with visible expansion and contraction at approximate 10-min intervals, or five to six times per hour. Using a logit probability method, we determined that 2- and 8-cell stage embryos could reasonably predict which embryos progressed to the blastocyst stage. Together, the results indicate that TLM for equine embryo development is a dynamic tool with promise for predicting successful embryo development.
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12

Grönniger, Elke, Sonja Wessel, Sonja Christin Kühn, Jörn Söhle, Horst Wenck, Franz Stäb, and Marc Winnefeld. "A new protocol for functional analysis of adipogenesis using reverse transfection technology and time-lapse video microscopy." Cell Biology International 34, no. 7 (May 24, 2010): 737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cbi20090299.

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13

Magyar-Lehmann, Stefanie, Caterina Savi Suter, Werner Stahel, and Melitta Schachner. "Behaviour of Small Inhibitory Interneurons in Early Postnatal Mouse Cerebellar Microexplant Cultures: A Video Time-lapse Analysis." European Journal of Neuroscience 7, no. 7 (July 1995): 1449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01140.x.

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14

Mineyuki, Yoshinobu, and Brian E. S. Gunning. "Streak time-lapse video microscopy: analysis of protoplasmic motility and cell division in Tradescantia stamen hair cells." Journal of Microscopy 150, no. 1 (April 1988): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1988.tb04585.x.

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15

Straight, Aaron F., John W. Sedat, and Andrew W. Murray. "Time-Lapse Microscopy Reveals Unique Roles for Kinesins during Anaphase in Budding Yeast." Journal of Cell Biology 143, no. 3 (November 2, 1998): 687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.143.3.687.

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The mitotic spindle is a complex and dynamic structure. Genetic analysis in budding yeast has identified two sets of kinesin-like motors, Cin8p and Kip1p, and Kar3p and Kip3p, that have overlapping functions in mitosis. We have studied the role of three of these motors by video microscopy of motor mutants whose microtubules and centromeres were marked with green fluorescent protein. Despite their functional overlap, each motor mutant has a specific defect in mitosis: cin8Δ mutants lack the rapid phase of anaphase B, kip1Δ mutants show defects in the slow phase of anaphase B, and kip3Δ mutants prolong the duration of anaphase to the point at which the spindle becomes longer than the cell. The kip3Δ and kip1Δ mutants affect the duration of anaphase, but cin8Δ does not.
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16

Aftab, Obaid, Mårten Fryknäs, Ulf Hammerling, Rolf Larsson, and Mats G. Gustafsson. "Detection of Cell Aggregation and Altered Cell Viability by Automated Label-Free Video Microscopy." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 20, no. 3 (December 17, 2014): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057114562158.

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Automated phase-contrast video microscopy now makes it feasible to monitor a high-throughput (HT) screening experiment in a 384-well microtiter plate format by collecting one time-lapse video per well. Being a very cost-effective and label-free monitoring method, its potential as an alternative to cell viability assays was evaluated. Three simple morphology feature extraction and comparison algorithms were developed and implemented for analysis of differentially time-evolving morphologies (DTEMs) monitored in phase-contrast microscopy videos. The most promising layout, pixel histogram hierarchy comparison (PHHC), was able to detect several compounds that did not induce any significant change in cell viability, but made the cell population appear as spheroidal cell aggregates. According to recent reports, all these compounds seem to be involved in inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) signaling. Thus, automated quantification of DTEM (AQDTEM) holds strong promise as an alternative or complement to viability assays in HT in vitro screening of chemical compounds.
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17

Lin, Sabrina Chia-Chin, Jo-Hao Weng, Kimberly Lung, Jonathan Balakumar, Victor Slupski, and Prue Talbot. "Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Behavior in Control and Experimental Conditions Using Time-Lapse Video Microscopy Endpoints." Biology of Reproduction 81, Suppl_1 (July 1, 2009): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolreprod/81.s1.667.

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18

Guo, Jun, Xuefei Yan, Shiyang Li, Johanna Van der Walt, Guangzhao Guan, and Li Mei. "Quantitative and qualitative analyses of orthodontic-related videos on YouTube." Angle Orthodontist 90, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/082019-542.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives To investigate content of orthodontic-related videos on YouTube to improve the understanding of orthodontic patients' perceptions and treatment experiences. Materials and Methods A systematic search was conducted on YouTube on March 20, 2018, and updated on August 4, 2019, to identify all relevant videos using search terms “orthodontic,” “orthodontics,” “braces,” and “orthodontic braces.” The data set was captured from YouTube Data API (Application Programming Interface) and stored in an Excel database using a query function written in Python. All videos captured were viewed and categorized by three independent dental investigators using thematic analysis. The top 100 videos (by view count) related to patients' treatment experience were further analyzed using discourse analysis. Results A total of 600 orthodontic videos were screened, and 546 were included in the study. Six main themes were identified: (1) individual review of orthodontic treatment (45.8%, n = 250), (2) entertainment (19.8%, n = 108), (3) education (18.3%, n = 100), (4) advertisements (6.6%, n = 36), (5) time lapse of orthodontic treatment (5.3%, n = 29), and (6) do-it-yourself orthodontics (4.2%, n = 23). Of the top 100 videos related to patient's individual review of treatment, patients' main focuses were on pain (24%), problems with chewing and swallowing (12%), and adhesive removal (10%). Conclusions Orthodontic-related YouTube videos are diverse in nature. The most common video category was video providing an individual review of orthodontic treatment experience. Other popular video categories included entertainment, education, and advertisements. A range of do-it-yourself YouTube videos were also identified. YouTube may provide an opportunity for orthodontic professionals to disseminate health information.
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19

Gwydir, Stacy, Christos Kirgios, Helen Buettner, and Stanley Dunn. "Analysis of time-varying imaging from phase-contrast microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1004–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100129656.

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Quantitative analysis of neurite outgrowth and growth cone (filopodia and lamellipodia) motility provides key information for developing new therapeutic strategies for treating peripheral nerve injury and disease. Neurite outgrowth and growth cone properties will be measured for neurons taken from the dorsal root ganglia of 8-day old chick embryos. Ganglia will be enzymatically dissociated into single neurons and cultured in a serum-free medium. Cultures will be grown on glass coverslips coated with the basement membrane protein laminin. Following a brief incubation period of 4 hr to allow the initiation of neurites from the nerve cell bodies, cultures will be moved to an incubated microscope stage maintained at 37 C. Subsequent growth of the neurites will be recorded at a rate of 2 frames/sec with a time-lapse videocassette recorder connected to the phase-contrast microscope through a high-resolution (800 lines) video camera.The videotaped growth sequence will be digitized at a specified time interval, using a frame grabber.
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20

Forrester, Helen B., Norman Albright, C. Clifton Ling, and William C. Dewey. "Computerized Video Time-Lapse Analysis of Apoptosis of REC:Myc Cells X-Irradiated in Different Phases of the Cell Cycle." Radiation Research 154, no. 6 (December 2000): 625–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2000)154[0625:cvtlao]2.0.co;2.

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21

Rezaie, P., G. Trillo-Pazos, J. Greenwood, I. P. Everall, and D. K. Male. "Motility and Ramification of Human Fetal Microglia in Culture: An Investigation Using Time-Lapse Video Microscopy and Image Analysis." Experimental Cell Research 274, no. 1 (March 2002): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/excr.2001.5431.

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22

Watanabe, S., M. Kamihata, R. Matsunaga, A. Kuwahata, M. Ochi, and T. Horiuchi. "Contractions during the expanded blastocyst stage decrease the success rate of frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer: time-lapse video analysis." Fertility and Sterility 100, no. 3 (September 2013): S245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.1165.

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23

Schiraldi, Chiara, Silvia Zappavigna, Antonella D' Agostino, Stefania Porto, Ornella Gaito, Sara Lusa, Monica Lamberti, Mario De Rosa, Giuseppe De Rosa, and Michele Caraglia. "Nanoparticles for the delivery of zoledronic acid to prostate cancer cells: A comparative analysis through time lapse video-microscopy technique." Cancer Biology & Therapy 15, no. 11 (November 2, 2014): 1524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/15384047.2014.955989.

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24

Huth, Johannes, Malte Buchholz, Johann M. Kraus, Martin Schmucker, Götz von Wichert, Denis Krndija, Thomas Seufferlein, Thomas M. Gress, and Hans A. Kestler. "Significantly improved precision of cell migration analysis in time-lapse video microscopy through use of a fully automated tracking system." BMC Cell Biology 11, no. 1 (2010): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2121-11-24.

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25

Oertel, Anke, Nicole Aichinger, Romana Hochreiter, Josef Thalhamer, and Ursula Lütz-Meindl. "ANALYSIS OF MUCILAGE SECRETION AND EXCRETION IN MICRASTERIAS (CHLOROPHYTA) BY MEANS OF IMMUNOELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND DIGITAL TIME LAPSE VIDEO MICROSCOPY1." Journal of Phycology 40, no. 4 (July 9, 2004): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03222.x.

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26

Červinka, Miroslav. "Time-lapse Phase-contrast Microphotography of Cell Populations as a Basis for Improvement of In Vitro Toxicity Assessment." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 20, no. 2 (April 1992): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299202000223.

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Recent trends in the field of in vitro toxicology have centred around the validation of in vitro methods. The ultimate goal is to obtain pertinent data with the minimum of effort. In our laboratory, we have used toxicological methods based on the evaluation of cell morphology and cell proliferation. A method suitable for this purpose is time-lapse microcinematographic (or video) recording of cellular changes, which we used for many years. For practical in vitro toxicity testing, however, this method is far too complicated. Therefore, we have tried to develop a simple modification for the evaluation of cell morphology and cell proliferation, which would still allow for a basic time-dependent analysis. Comparison of detailed microcinematographic analysis with analysis according to our new proliferation assay is demonstrated with cisplatin as the toxicant. We believe that a time-dependent approach could improve the in vitro assessment of toxicity.
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27

Lu, Hengyang, Jiabing Li, Melisa A. Martinez-Paniagua, Irfan N. Bandey, Amit Amritkar, Harjeet Singh, David Mayerich, Navin Varadarajan, and Badrinath Roysam. "TIMING 2.0: high-throughput single-cell profiling of dynamic cell–cell interactions by time-lapse imaging microscopy in nanowell grids." Bioinformatics 35, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 706–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty676.

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Abstract Motivation Automated profiling of cell–cell interactions from high-throughput time-lapse imaging microscopy data of cells in nanowell grids (TIMING) has led to fundamental insights into cell–cell interactions in immunotherapy. This application note aims to enable widespread adoption of TIMING by (i) enabling the computations to occur on a desktop computer with a graphical processing unit instead of a server; (ii) enabling image acquisition and analysis to occur in the laboratory avoiding network data transfers to/from a server and (iii) providing a comprehensive graphical user interface. Results On a desktop computer, TIMING 2.0 takes 5 s/block/image frame, four times faster than our previous method on the same computer, and twice as fast as our previous method (TIMING) running on a Dell PowerEdge server. The cell segmentation accuracy (f-number = 0.993) is superior to our previous method (f-number = 0.821). A graphical user interface provides the ability to inspect the video analysis results, make corrective edits efficiently (one-click editing of an entire nanowell video sequence in 5–10 s) and display a summary of the cell killing efficacy measurements. Availability and implementation Open source Python software (GPL v3 license), instruction manual, sample data and sample results are included with the Supplement (https://github.com/RoysamLab/TIMING2). Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Prieur-Carrillo, Geraldine, Kenneth Chu, Johan Lindqvist, and William C. Dewey. "Computerized Video Time-Lapse (CVTL) Analysis of the Fate of Giant Cells Produced by X-Irradiating EJ30 Human Bladder Carcinoma Cells." Radiation Research 159, no. 6 (June 2003): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1667/rr3009.

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Tanaka, Satoshi, Yuko Sekino, and Tomoaki Shirao. "1105 Inhibition of the speed of of cerebellar granule cell migration in vitro by NT-3-A time-lapse video microscopic analysis." Neuroscience Research 28 (January 1997): S136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(97)90362-x.

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Sretavan, David W., and Louis F. Reichardt. "Time-lapse video analysis of retinal ganglion cell axon pathfinding at the mammalian optic chiasm: Growth cone guidance using intrinsic chiasm cues." Neuron 10, no. 4 (April 1993): 761–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(93)90176-r.

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Palevitz, Barry A. "Division plane determination in guard mother cells of Allium: Video time-lapse analysis of nuclear movements and phragmoplast rotation in the cortex." Developmental Biology 117, no. 2 (October 1986): 644–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(86)90333-7.

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Swift, Lucy, Chunfen Zhang, Ravi Shah, Tanya Trippett, and Aru Narendran. "In Vitro Activity and Target Modulation of PV-10 Against Relapsed and Refractory Pediatric Leukemia." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 5207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-119438.

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Abstract Introduction: Leukemias are the most common childhood cancers, accounting for 30% of all pediatric cancer diagnoses. Although the survival rate for pediatric leukemia has greatly improved, relapse is a major cause of treatment failure. Approximately 15-20% of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and 30-40% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients relapse, with relapsed ALL identified as the fourth most common malignancy in children. Treatment of relapsed pediatric leukemia includes intensification of chemotherapeutic regimens and use of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). However, increasing the intensity of combination chemotherapies and introduction of second-line drugs is often accompanied by cumulative toxicity with marginal incremental benefits. Therefore, research to identify and develop novel tolerable and effective agents is urgently needed. PV-10 (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodofluorescein) is a novel therapeutic that induces direct cytotoxicity in adult and pediatric solid tumors and stimulates tumor specific immune activation through immunogenic cell death. Our studies aim to identify the potential of PV-10 in future clinical trials for relapsed and refractory pediatric leukemias. Methods: A panel of eleven cell lines derived from patients with either primary or relapsed pediatric leukemia (CEM-C1, CCRF-SB, Kasumi-1, KOPN8, Molm-13, Molt-3, Molt-4, MV4-11, SEM, SUP-B15 and TIB-202) and cells from three primary leukemia patient specimens (T-ALL, AML, Infant AML) were treated with increasing concentrations of PV-10 and cell viability was measured by alamar blue assay, 96 h post-treatment. Target modulation and induction of cell death pathways were investigated by western blot, phase-contrast microscopy and time-lapse video microscopy. Analysis of cell cycle alterations and induction of apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. Combination studies will be performed to identify anti-cancer agents that are synergistic with PV-10 and animal models of pediatric leukemia used to identify the activity of PV-10 against pediatric leukemia in vivo. Results: PV-10 decreased cell viability in a concentration and time dependent manner in the eleven pediatric leukemia cell lines (mean IC50 93 µM), and three primary leukemia samples (mean IC50 122 µM) tested. Observation of four different leukemia cell lines (Molm-13, MV4-11, SEM, TIB-202) by phase-contrast and time-lapse video microscopy indicated that PV-10 was cytotoxic and not cytostatic to cells. Quantification of dead cells from time-lapse video microscopy experiments showed that PV-10 was cytotoxic in a cell line and concentration dependent manner. At 24 h post-treatment with 100 µM PV-10, 88% of MV4-11 cells, 69% of Molm-13 cells, 27% of TIB-202 cells and 25% of SEM cells had undergone cell death. When the concentration of PV-10 was increased to 200 µM, 100% of MV4-11 and Molm13 cells, 94% of SEM cells and 60% of TIB-202 cells had undergone cell death, 24 h after treatment. Additionally, observation by time-lapse video microscopy suggested that cells were dying by apoptosis, as treatment with PV-10 led to cell shrinkage. Induction of apoptosis by PV-10 was confirmed by dose and time dependent PARP cleavage, detected by western blot. Conclusions: Our studies provide first proof-of-concept pre-clinical data for the activity and mechanisms of action of PV-10 in pediatric leukemia. These data provide the rationale for additional studies and the formulation of an early-phase clinical trial for patients with relapsed and refractory pediatric leukemia. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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33

Grundler, F., L. Schnibbe, and U. Wyss. "In vitro studies on the behaviour of second-stage juveniles of Heterodera schachtii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in response to host plant root exudates." Parasitology 103, no. 1 (August 1991): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000059394.

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The behaviour of Heterodera schachtii second-stage juveniles in response to mustard (Sinapis alba) rooxudates was observed and analysed under aseptic conditions in a standardized bioassay. Aggregation of juveniles on an agarose layer occurred within less than 30 min in the area where root exudates had been applied and persisted for several hours. Analysis of time-lapse video recordings showed that the aggregation did not result from a directed orientation of the juvenile towards the root exudate. This was supported by an orientation assay using single juveniles. Aggregated juveniles showed pre-infection exploratory behaviour, including stylet thrusting and head-end bending, while staying at rest for several minutes.
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34

Bohrmann, J., and K. Biber. "Cytoskeleton-dependent transport of cytoplasmic particles in previtellogenic to mid-vitellogenic ovarian follicles of Drosophila: time-lapse analysis using video-enhanced contrast microscopy." Journal of Cell Science 107, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 849–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.4.849.

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In Drosophila oogenesis, several morphogenetic determinants and other developmental factors synthesized in the nurse cells have been shown to accumulate in the oocyte during pre- to mid-vitellogenic stages. However, the mechanisms of the involved intercellular transport processes that seem to be rather selective have not been revealed so far. We have investigated in vitro, by means of video-enhanced contrast time-lapse microscopy, the transport of cytoplasmic particles from the nurse cells through ring canals into the oocyte during oogenesis stages 6–10A. At stage 7, we first observed single particles moving into the previtellogenic oocyte. The particle transfer was strictly unidirectional and seemed to be selective, since only some individual particles moved whereas other particles lying in the vicinity of the ring canals were not transported. The observed transport processes were inhibitable with 2,4-dinitrophenol, cytochalasin B or N-ethylmaleimide, but not with microtubule inhibitors. At the beginning of vitellogenesis (stage 8), the selective translocation of particles through the ring canals became faster (up to 130 nm/second) and more frequent (about 1 particle/minute), whereas during mid-vitellogenesis (stages 9–10A) the velocity and the frequency of particle transport decreased again. Following their more or less rectilinear passage through the ring canals, the particles joined a circular stream of cytoplasmic particles in the oocyte. This ooplasmic particle streaming started at stage 6/7 with velocities of about 80 nm/second and some reversals of direction at the beginning. The particle stream in the oocyte was sensitive to colchicine and vinblastine, but not to cytochalasin B, and we presume that it reflects the rearrangement of ooplasmic microtubules described recently by other authors. We propose that during stages 7–10A, a selective transport of particles into the oocyte occurs through the ring canal along a polarized scaffold of cytoskeletal elements in which microfilaments are involved. This transport might be driven by a myosin-like motor molecule. Either attached to, or organized into, such larger particles or organelles, specific mRNAs and proteins might become selectively transported into the oocyte.
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35

Ward, Mandy J., Kenny C. Mok, and David R. Zusman. "Myxococcus xanthus Displays Frz-Dependent Chemokinetic Behavior during Vegetative Swarming." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 2 (January 15, 1998): 440–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.2.440-443.1998.

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ABSTRACT Myxococcus xanthus has been shown to utilize both directed (tactic) and undirected (kinetic) movements during different stages of its complex life cycle. We have used time-lapse video microscopic analysis to separate tactic and kinetic behaviors associated specifically with vegetatively swarming cells. Isolated individual cells separated by a thin agar barrier from mature swarms showed significant increases in gliding velocity compared to that of similar cells some distance from the swarm. This orthokinetic behavior was independent of the frequency of reversals of gliding direction (klinokinesis) but did require both the Frz signal transduction system and S-motility. We propose that M. xanthus uses Frz-dependent, auto-orthokinetic behavior to facilitate the dispersal of cells under conditions where both cell density and nutrient levels are high.
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36

CROMARTY, S. I., J. S. COBB, and G. KASS-SIMON. "Behavioral Analysis of the Escape Response in the Juvenile Lobster Homarus Americanus Over the Molt Cycle." Journal of Experimental Biology 158, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 565–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.158.1.565.

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1. Components of the escape response of the American lobster were compared over the molt cycle. Number of tailflips, frequency, duration and distance were measured. Velocity, acceleration, force and work were computed from the above measurements, using time-lapse video-recordings of escaping lobsters. 2. Soft-shelled postmolt lobsters (stage B) traveled further, spent more time tailflipping and performed a larger number of tailflips than hard-shelled premolt lobsters (stage D). Hard-shelled lobsters had a more forceful initial power swim, achieved a higher overall velocity and acceleration and, therefore, produced more forceful swims with greater energy expenditure (measured by work output) than soft-shelled animals. 3. Among hard-shelled lobsters, velocity, acceleration, force and work fell off markedly in the latter part of their subsequent swims as a consequence of the prolonged duration and reduced frequency of these swims. Soft-shelled lobsters sustained their swimming velocity, acceleration, force and work for their entire subsequent swimming response. 4. There are likely to be large molt-related differences in energy metabolism, endocrinology and nerve and muscle physiology which lead to the observed differences in the escape response.
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37

Kil, Nuray, Katrin Ertelt, and Ulrike Auer. "Development and Validation of an Automated Video Tracking Model for Stabled Horses." Animals 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122258.

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Changes in behaviour are often caused by painful conditions. Therefore, the assessment of behaviour is important for the recognition of pain, but also for the assessment of quality of life. Automated detection of movement and the behaviour of a horse in the box stall should represent a significant advancement. In this study, videos of horses in an animal hospital were recorded using an action camera and a time-lapse mode. These videos were processed using the convolutional neural network Loopy for automated prediction of body parts. Development of the model was carried out in several steps, including annotation of the key points, training of the network to generate the model and checking the model for its accuracy. The key points nose, withers and tail are detected with a sensitivity of more than 80% and an error rate between 2 and 7%, depending on the key point. By means of a case study, the possibility of further analysis with the acquired data was investigated. The results will significantly improve the pain recognition of horses and will help to develop algorithms for the automated recognition of behaviour using machine learning.
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38

Saisho, Yoshifumi, Erica Manesso, Tatyana Gurlo, Chang-jiang Huang, Gianna M. Toffolo, Claudio Cobelli, and Peter C. Butler. "Development of factors to convert frequency to rate for β-cell replication and apoptosis quantified by time-lapse video microscopy and immunohistochemistry." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 296, no. 1 (January 2009): E89—E96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90697.2008.

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An obstacle to development of methods to quantify β-cell turnover from pancreas tissue is the lack of conversion factors for the frequency of β-cell replication or apoptosis detected by immunohistochemistry to rates of replication or apoptosis. We addressed this obstacle in islets from 1-mo-old rats by quantifying the relationship between the rate of β-cell replication observed directly by time-lapse video microscopy (TLVM) and the frequency of β-cell replication in the same islets detected by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against Ki67 and insulin in the same islets fixed immediately after TLVM. Similarly, we quantified the rate of β-cell apoptosis by TLVM and then the frequency of apoptosis in the same islets using TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling and insulin. Conversion factors were developed by regression analysis. The conversion factor from Ki67 labeling frequency (%) to actual replication rate (%events/h) is 0.025 ± 0.003 h−1. The conversion factor from TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling frequency (%) to actual apoptosis rate (%events/h) is 0.41 ± 0.05 h−1. These conversion factors will permit development of models to evaluate β-cell turnover in fixed pancreas tissue.
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39

Glassmann, Alexander, Carmen Carrillo Garcia, Viktor Janzen, Dominik Kraus, Nadine Veit, Jochen Winter, and Rainer Probstmeier. "Staurosporine Induces the Generation of Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells in Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma A549 Cells." Analytical Cellular Pathology 2018 (October 10, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1754085.

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Cultivation of A549 non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells in the presence of staurosporine (SSP) leads to a reduction or a lack of proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. This inhibition of proliferation is accompanied by the generation of polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) that are characterized by cell flattening, increased cell size, polyploidy, and polynucleation as determined by crystal violet staining, BrdU and DiI labelling, and flow cytometry as well as video time-lapse analysis. Continuous SSP treatment of A549 cells can preserve PGCCs for at least two months in a resting state. Upon removal of SSP, A549 PGCCs restart to divide and exhibit a proliferation pattern and cellular morphology indistinguishable from cells where PGCCs originally derived from. Thus, SSP-treated A549 cells represent a simple and reliable experimental model for the reversible generation of PGCCs and their subsequent experimental analysis.
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40

Chu, Kenneth, Edith A. Leonhardt, Maxine Trinh, Geraldine Prieur-Carrillo, Johan Lindqvist, Norman Albright, C. Clifton Ling, and William C. Dewey. "Computerized Video Time-Lapse (CVTL) Analysis of Cell Death Kinetics in Human Bladder Carcinoma Cells (EJ30) X-Irradiated in Different Phases of the Cell Cycle." Radiation Research 158, no. 6 (December 2002): 667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2002)158[0667:cvtlca]2.0.co;2.

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41

Salmon, K., D. Johnson, C. Underberger, D. L. Hill, M. Surrey, H. Danzer, S. Ghadir, W. Chang, C. Alexander, and J. Barritt. "Time-lapse video analysis demonstrates laser-assisted hatching of ∼33% of the zona-pellucida after blastocyst warming significantly improves an embryo’s ability to fully hatch." Fertility and Sterility 104, no. 3 (September 2015): e188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.07.583.

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42

Heinzen, Robert A., Scott S. Grieshaber, Levi S. Van Kirk, and Clinton J. Devin. "Dynamics of Actin-Based Movement byRickettsia rickettsii in Vero Cells." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 4201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.8.4201-4207.1999.

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ABSTRACT Actin-based motility (ABM) is a virulence mechanism exploited by invasive bacterial pathogens in the genera Listeria,Shigella, and Rickettsia. Due to experimental constraints imposed by the lack of genetic tools and their obligate intracellular nature, little is known about rickettsial ABM relative toListeria and Shigella ABM systems. In this study, we directly compared the dynamics and behavior of ABM ofRickettsia rickettsii and Listeria monocytogenes. A time-lapse video of moving intracellular bacteria was obtained by laser-scanning confocal microscopy of infected Vero cells synthesizing β-actin coupled to green fluorescent protein (GFP). Analysis of time-lapse images demonstrated that R. rickettsii organisms move through the cell cytoplasm at an average rate of 4.8 ± 0.6 μm/min (mean ± standard deviation). This speed was 2.5 times slower than that of L. monocytogenes, which moved at an average rate of 12.0 ± 3.1 μm/min. Although rickettsiae moved more slowly, the actin filaments comprising the actin comet tail were significantly more stable, with an average half-life approximately three times that of L. monocytogenes (100.6 ± 19.2 s versus 33.0 ± 7.6 s, respectively). The actin tail associated with intracytoplasmic rickettsiae remained stationary in the cytoplasm as the organism moved forward. In contrast, actin tails of rickettsiae trapped within the nucleus displayed dramatic movements. The observed phenotypic differences between the ABM of Listeria andRickettsia may indicate fundamental differences in the mechanisms of actin recruitment and polymerization.
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43

Zahm, Jean-Marie, Sonia Baconnais, Serge Monier, Noël Bonnet, Ginette Bessède, Philippe Gambert, Edith Puchelle, and Gérard Lizard. "Chronology of cellular alterations during 7-ketocholesterol-induced cell death on A7R5 rat smooth muscle cells: Analysis by time lapse-video microscopy and conventional fluorescence microscopy." Cytometry Part A 52A, no. 2 (March 19, 2003): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.10027.

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44

Swift, Lucy, Chunfen Zhang, Antony Pfaffle, Paul Chew, Olga Kovalchuk, Tanya Maria Trippett, and Aru Narendran. "Effective targeted antitumor activity of the antimicrobial agent taurolidine against relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma: Cytotoxicity, target modulation and tumor xenograft studies." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e21502-e21502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e21502.

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e21502 Background: Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor and one of the most complex and difficult to treat diseases in pediatrics. Currently, even with highly aggressive treatment protocols, the prognosis for patients with high-risk and relapsed NB remains poor. Hence, there is a clear need to identify new agents and novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these children. Taurolidine (TRD) is derived from the aminosulfoacid taurine and has known anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. TRD has demonstrated anti-neoplastic activity against a range of aggressive human tumors. We present mechanistic evidence and supportive preclinical data from in vitro and animal models of refractory NB for the development of an early phase clinical trial incorporating TRD. Methods: For in vitro activity studies, a panel of cell lines derived from patients with relapsed NB (n = 6) and normal control cells were treated with increasing concentrations of TRD and cell viability was measured by alamar blue assay. Phase-contrast light microscopy, western blotting, time-lapse video microscopy and analysis of global gene expression by RNA-Seq were used to evaluate target modulation and induction of cell death pathways. Bioluminescence imaging of mice bearing NB xenografts treated with TRD was used to investigate the efficacy of TRD in vivo. Results: Cell survival data showed that TRD is cytotoxic against NB cell lines in vitro (mean IC50 value 100 µM, range 65-135 µM). Phase-contrast and time-lapse video microscopy confirmed the antitumor effects of TRD. Western blot analyses identified that TRD induced target modulation and an effective apoptotic cascade, resulting in PARP cleavage. Gene expression analyses and signaling pathway activation scores indicated alterations in the Notch, MAPK and IL-10 signaling pathways. Xenograft studies further validated the in vivo activity of TRD with decreased tumor burden in treated mice and a measurable improvement in survival. Conclusions: Our study provides key pre-clinical data on the activity and mechanism of action of TRD against NB. The findings support the rationale for further evaluation of TRD for the treatment of relapsed/refractory NB patients in an early phase clinical trial.
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45

Breen, E. J., P. H. Vardy, and K. L. Williams. "Movement of the multicellular slug stage of Dictyostelium discoideum: an analytical approach." Development 101, no. 2 (October 1, 1987): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.101.2.313.

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Time-lapse video recordings of migrating multicellular slugs of Dictyostelium discoideum were subjected to image analysis. A transient ‘collar-like’ structure was identified at the anterior end of the slug. This collar remains stationary in the wild- type strain WS380B; it is observed shortly after the advancing tip contacts the substratum. Stationary collars formed approximately every 12min; they were matched with patterns revealed on the underside of slime trails with FITC-coupled monoclonal antibody MUD50. It is proposed that stationary collars are involved with the forward movement of the slug. The mutant strain HU2421 lacks the MUD50-epitope and forms collars which do not remain stationary but move backwards along the slug to collect at a ‘waist’ region. The slipping-collars observed in the mutant correlated with very slow migration rates. We propose that HU2421 moves slowly because it lacks traction.
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46

Blue, Ben, Elena Vayndorf, Matt Kaeberlein, and Jason Pitt. "A ROBOTIC SYSTEM FOR HIGH-THROUGHPUT AUTOMATED LIFESPAN ANALYSIS IN C. ELEGANS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.383.

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Abstract Over the past decade, the identification of potential genetic and pharmacological modifiers of lifespan and age-related pathologies in C. elegans and other model organisms has yielded fruitful leads for follow-up investigation. A major limitation of such studies, however, is that they are often time-consuming and labor-intensive. The advent of affordable high-quality digital cameras, robotics systems, and 3D printers, as well as the decreasing costs of image storage and processing have allowed us to automate data capture and analysis at an unprecedented scale. To this end, our group developed a tool consisting of an unbiased, high-throughput, automated robotic system to perform genetic and pharmacological quantification of lifespan and health measures in C. elegans and related nematode species. The WormBot utilizes industry-standard, commercially available robotics components to position a digital camera over individual wells of standard 12-well culture plates, containing a small population of C. elegans per well. A high-resolution image is captured of each plate every 10 minutes throughout the course of the experiment. Our software processes the images for stabilization, compiles them into a time-lapse series for each well, and quantifies survival and mobility (paralysis) with minimal input. In addition, a short video is captured of each well once each day, to allow for quantitative analyses of activity and coordinated movement. We will describe this technology and present applications to screen genetic and pharmacological libraries in aging and age-related disease.
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47

Datta, Harish K., Iain MacIntyre, and Mone Zaidi. "The effect of extracellular calcium elevation on morphology and function of isolated rat osteoclasts." Bioscience Reports 9, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01114813.

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Osteoclasts are large multinucleate cells unique in their capacity to resorb bone. These cells are exposed locally to high levels of ionised calcium during the process of resorption. We have therefore examined the effect of elevated extracellular calcium on the morphology and function of freshly disaggregated rat osteoclasts. Cell size and motility were quantitated by time-lapse video recording together with digitisation and computer-centred image analysis. In order to assess the resorptive capacity of isolated osteoclasts, we measured the total area of resorption of devitalised cortical bone by means of scanning electron microscopy and computer-based morphometry. The results show that elevation of the extracellular calcium concentration causes a dramatic reduction of cell size, accompanied by a marked diminution of enzyme release and abolition of bone resorption. We propose that ionised calcium might play an important role in the local regulation of osteoclastic bone resorption.
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48

Comes, Maria Colomba, Arianna Mencattini, Davide Di Giuseppe, Joanna Filippi, Michele D’Orazio, Paola Casti, Francesca Corsi, Lina Ghibelli, Corrado Di Natale, and Eugenio Martinelli. "A Camera Sensors-Based System to Study Drug Effects on In Vitro Motility: The Case of PC-3 Prostate Cancer Cells." Sensors 20, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051531.

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Cell motility is the brilliant result of cell status and its interaction with close environments. Its detection is now possible, thanks to the synergy of high-resolution camera sensors, time-lapse microscopy devices, and dedicated software tools for video and data analysis. In this scenario, we formulated a novel paradigm in which we considered the individual cells as a sort of sensitive element of a sensor, which exploits the camera as a transducer returning the movement of the cell as an output signal. In this way, cell movement allows us to retrieve information about the chemical composition of the close environment. To optimally exploit this information, in this work, we introduce a new setting, in which a cell trajectory is divided into sub-tracks, each one characterized by a specific motion kind. Hence, we considered all the sub-tracks of the single-cell trajectory as the signals of a virtual array of cell motility-based sensors. The kinematics of each sub-track is quantified and used for a classification task. To investigate the potential of the proposed approach, we have compared the achieved performances with those obtained by using a single-trajectory paradigm with the scope to evaluate the chemotherapy treatment effects on prostate cancer cells. Novel pattern recognition algorithms have been applied to the descriptors extracted at a sub-track level by implementing features, as well as samples selection (a good teacher learning approach) for model construction. The experimental results have put in evidence that the performances are higher when a further cluster majority role has been considered, by emulating a sort of sensor fusion procedure. All of these results highlighted the high strength of the proposed approach, and straightforwardly prefigure its use in lab-on-chip or organ-on-chip applications, where the cell motility analysis can be massively applied using time-lapse microscopy images.
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49

Tankersley, Richard A., and Ronald V. Dimock Jr. "Endoscopic visualization of the functional morphology of the ctenidia of the unionid mussel Pyganodon cataracta." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 811–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-106.

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During reproduction, the outer demibranchs of the unionid mussel Pyganodon cataracta serve as marsupia, with incubation of the developing shelled glochidia larvae occurring within the water tubes. In this study, recently developed endoscopic video analysis techniques were employed to examine in vivo the dynamics of filter feeding and water transport in mussels during gravid and postgravid periods. Particles entering the mantle cavity and retained by the gills were transported to the palps in a complex mucus-bound cord by the ventral food groove of the medial ctenidia. Larval incubation and ctenidial swelling impeded flow around the lateral demibranchs, although marsupial ctenidia were still actively involved in suspension feeding. Cilia on the distended ventral edges of marsupial demibranchs were often observed transporting filtered particles to the frontal surface of the medial gills. Larvae within the brood chambers were morphologically isolated from the surrounding medium by dorsal brood caps on the primary water tubes. Direct observations of the secondary water tubes of marsupial gills constructed during periods of larval incubation confirmed their role as temporary lumina for water transport during gravid periods. Time-lapse video recordings revealed that mature larvae are released from the brood chambers via the suprabranchial cavity and exhalant siphon by rapid adductions of the valves and contractions of the brooding demibranchs.
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50

Yang, Sam S., Elaine Yeh, E. D. Salmon, and Kerry Bloom. "Identification of a Mid-anaphase Checkpoint in Budding Yeast." Journal of Cell Biology 136, no. 2 (January 27, 1997): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.136.2.345.

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Activation of a facultative, dicentric chromosome provides a unique opportunity to introduce a double strand DNA break into a chromosome at mitosis. Time lapse video enhanced-differential interference contrast analysis of the cellular response upon dicentric activation reveals that the majority of cells initiates anaphase B, characterized by pole–pole separation, and pauses in mid-anaphase for 30–120 min with spindles spanning the neck of the bud before completing spindle elongation and cytokinesis. The length of the spindle at the delay point (3–4 μm) is not dependent on the physical distance between the two centromeres, indicating that the arrest represents surveillance of a dicentric induced aberration. No mid-anaphase delay is observed in the absence of the RAD9 checkpoint gene, which prevents cell cycle progression in the presence of damaged DNA. These observations reveal RAD9- dependent events well past the G2/M boundary and have considerable implications in understanding how chromosome integrity and the position and state of the mitotic spindle are monitored before cytokinesis.
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