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Journal articles on the topic 'Time Flow'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Březková, L., M. Starý, and P. Doležal. "The real-time stochastic flow forecast." Soil and Water Research 5, No. 2 (May 24, 2010): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/13/2009-swr.

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In the Czech Republic, deterministic flow forecasts with the lead time of 48 hours, calculated by rainfall-runoff models for basins of a size of several hundreds to thousands square kilometers, are nowadays a common part of the operational hydrological service. The Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI) issues daily the discharge forecast for more than one hundred river profiles. However, the causal rainfall is a random process more than a deterministic one, therefore the deterministic discharge forecast based on one precipitation prediction is a significant simplification of the reality. Since important decisions must be done during the floods, it is necessary to take into account the indeterminity of the input meteorological data and to express the uncertainty of the resulting discharge forecast. In the paper, a solution of this problem is proposed. The time series of the input precipitation prediction data have been generated repeatedly (by the Monte Carlo method) and, subsequently, the set of discharge forecasts based on the repeated hydrological model simulations has been obtained and statistically evaluated. The resulting output can be, for example, the range of predicted peak discharges, the peak discharge exceeding curve or the outflow volume exceeding curve. The properties of the proposed generator have been tested with acceptable results on several flood events which occurred over the last years in the upper part of the Dyje catchment (Podhradí closing profile). The rainfall-runoff model HYDROG, which has been in operation in CHMI since 2003, was used for hydrological simulation.

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2

Barth, Manuela, Armin Raabe, Klaus Arnold, Christian Resagk, and Ronald du Puits. "Flow field detection using acoustic travel time tomography." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 16, no. 4 (August 30, 2007): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2007/0216.

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3

Rathinam, Balasundaram. "Rule based heuristic approach for minimizing total flow time in permutation flow shop scheduling." Tehnicki vjesnik - Technical Gazette 22, no. 1 (2015): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17559/tv-20130704132725.

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4

Moore, Stephen, and Tim David. "3D Time-Dependent Models of Blood Flow in the Cerebro-vasculature(Cardiovascular flow Simulation)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2004.1 (2004): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2004.1.51.

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5

Gowda S.L., Girish, Jayanth Kumar H.V., Anand Kuriyan Mathew, Veeresh G.S., and Cholenahally Nanjappa Manjunath. "Intraoperative Flow Measurement of Saphenous Vein Graft: Transit Time Flowmetry Measurement Versus Free Flow Measurement." Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery 5, no. 1 (2019): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/jcms.2454.7123.5119.2.

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6

Martinetti, Pierre. "Emergence of Time in Quantum Gravity: Is Time Necessarily Flowing?" Kronoscope 13, no. 1 (2013): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685241-12341259.

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Abstract We discuss the emergence of time in quantum gravity and ask whether time is always “something that flows.” We first recall that this is indeed the case in both relativity and quantum mechanics, although in very different manners: time flows geometrically in relativity (i.e., as a flow of proper time in the four dimensional space-time), time flows abstractly in quantum mechanics (i.e., as a flow in the space of observables of the system). We then ask the same question in quantum gravity in the light of the thermal time hypothesis of Connes and Rovelli. The latter proposes to answer the question of time in quantum gravity (or at least one of its many aspects) by postulating that time is a state-dependent notion. This means that one is able to make a notion of time as an abstract flow—that we call the thermal time—emerge from the knowledge of both: the algebra of observables of the physical system under investigation; a state of thermal equilibrium of this system. Formally, the thermal time is similar to the abstract flow of time in quantum mechanics, but we show in various examples that it may have a concrete implementation either as a geometrical flow or as a geometrical flow combined with a non-geometric action. This indicates that in quantum gravity, time may well still be “something that flows” at some abstract algebraic level, but this does not necessarily imply that time is always and only “something that flows” at the geometric level.

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7

Feistauer, Miloslav, Jaromír Horáček, Václav Kučera, and Jaroslava Prokopová. "On numerical solution of compressible flow in time-dependent domains." Mathematica Bohemica 137, no. 1 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21136/mb.2012.142782.

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8

Egger, Joseph. "Time varying flow over mountains: temperature perturbations at the surface." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 18, no. 1 (March 6, 2009): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/352.

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9

Varganova, Galina. "In the time flow." Scientific and Technical Libraries, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2016-1-102-106.

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Review of the book: Above the Barriers: Russian-U.S. Cooperation in Education and Culture: Professional Experience of V. P. Leonov, Director of Russian Academy of Sciences Library [in Russian] / Comp. by A. S. Krymskaya ; RAS Library. - St. Petersburg, 2013. - 204 p.

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10

Sharpe, Kevin, and Jonathan Walgate. "The Flow of Time." Philosophy and Theology 13, no. 2 (2001): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtheol200113213.

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11

Bansal, Nikhil, and Kedar Dhamdhere. "Minimizing weighted flow time." ACM Transactions on Algorithms 3, no. 4 (November 2007): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1290672.1290676.

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12

Kalyanasundaram, Bala, and Kirk R. Pruhs. "Minimizing flow time nonclairvoyantly." Journal of the ACM 50, no. 4 (July 2003): 551–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/792538.792545.

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13

Majia, Jidi. "The Flow of Time." Manoa 30, no. 1 (2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/man.2018.0117.

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14

Goodrich, John W., Karl Gustafson, and Kadosa Halasi. "Time-asymptotic flow calculation." Computer Physics Communications 65, no. 1-3 (April 1991): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(91)90161-d.

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15

Chen, Zhangxin, Magne Espedal, and Richard E. Ewing. "Continuous-time finite element analysis of multiphase flow in groundwater hydrology." Applications of Mathematics 40, no. 3 (1995): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21136/am.1995.134291.

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16

Kořínek, J., O. Nekardová, and P. Kovář. "The influence of woven geotextiles on ponding time and overland flow." Soil and Water Research 11, No. 4 (October 12, 2016): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4/2016-swr.

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17

Khanal, Durga Prasad, Urmila Pyakurel, and Tanka Nath Dhamala. "FLOW OVER TIME PROBLEM WITH INFLOW-DEPENDENT TRANSIT TIMES." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 23, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v23i1.22161.

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Network flow over time is an important area for the researcher relating to the traffic assignment problem. Transmission times of the vehicles directly depend on the number of vehicles entering the road. Flow over time with fixed transit times can be solved by using classical (static) flow algorithms in a corresponding time expanded network which is not exactly applicable for flow over time with inflow dependent transit times. In this paper we discuss the time expanded graph for inflow-dependent transit times and non-existence of earliest arrival flow on it. Flow over time with inflow-dependent transit times are turned to inflow-preserving flow by pushing the flow from slower arc to the fast flow carrying arc. We gave an example to show that time horizon of quickest flow in bow graph GB was strictly smaller than time horizon of any inflow-preserving flow over time in GB satisfying the same demand. The relaxation in the modified bow graph turns the problem into the linear programming problem.

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18

Nagano, M. S., and J. V. Moccellin. "Reducing mean flow time in permutation flow shop." Journal of the Operational Research Society 59, no. 7 (July 2008): 939–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602395.

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19

Gupta, J. N. D., and J. E. Schaller. "Minimizing flow time in a flow-line manufacturing cell with family setup times." Journal of the Operational Research Society 57, no. 2 (February 2006): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601971.

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20

McEnroe, John E. "Cash Flow Accounting: is It Time For Increased Disclosures?" Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 12, no. 1 (September 12, 2011): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v12i1.5836.

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Cash flow reporting has attracted increased attention in the United States, especially in the past decade. However, despite the use of per share cash flow information by security analysts, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has prohibited its disclosure. This article provides a historical perspective of cash flow accounting in the U.S., as well as a discussion of cash flow advocates. The final section presents arguments for increased disclosures in the area of cash flows, including operating cash flow on a per share basis and a schedule of free cash flows.

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21

ERN, PATRICIA, and JOSÉ EDUARDO WESFREID. "Flow between time-periodically co-rotating cylinders." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 397 (October 25, 1999): 73–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099006059.

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We consider oscillatory flows between concentric co-rotating cylinders at angular velocity Ω(t) = Ωm + Ωo cos ωt as a prototype to investigate the competing effects of centrifugal and Coriolis forces on the flow stability. We first study by flow visualization the effect of the mean rotation Ωm on the centrifugal destabilization due to the temporal modulation. We show that increasing the mean rotation first destabilizes and then restabilizes the flow. The instability of the purely azimuthal basic flow is then analysed by investigating the dynamics of the axial velocity component of the vortex structures. Velocity measurements performed in the rotating frame of the cylinders using ultrasound Doppler velocimetry show that secondary flow appears and disappears several times during a flow period. Based on a finite-gap expression for the basic flow, linear stability analysis is performed with a quasi-steady approach, providing the times of appearance and disappearance of secondary flow in a cycle as well as the effect on the instability threshold of the mean rotation. The theoretical and numerical results are in agreement with experimental results up to intermediate values of the frequency. Notably, the flow periodically undergoes restabilization at particular time intervals.

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22

Du, Jianzhong, Joseph Y. T. Leung, and Gilbert H. Young. "Minimizing mean flow time with release time constraint." Theoretical Computer Science 75, no. 3 (October 1990): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(90)90100-v.

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23

Longo, R. T. "Theories Affected by Time Flow." Universal Journal of Physics and Application 16, no. 2 (August 2022): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujpa.2022.160202.

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24

Focardi, R., R. Gorrieri, and F. Martinelli. "Real-time information flow analysis." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 21, no. 1 (January 2003): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2002.806122.

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25

Stewart, Kent K. "Time-based flow injection analysis." Analytica Chimica Acta 179 (1986): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)84453-0.

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26

Samet, Haidar, and Morteza Khorshidsavar. "Analytic time series load flow." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82 (February 2018): 3886–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.084.

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27

Li, Jianhui, Binyu Zang, Rong Wu, and Chuanqi Zhu. "Run-time data-flow analysis." Journal of Computer Science and Technology 17, no. 4 (July 2002): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02943284.

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28

Tang, Yujie, Krishnamurthy Dvijotham, and Steven Low. "Real-Time Optimal Power Flow." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 8, no. 6 (November 2017): 2963–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2704922.

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29

Nayak, Krishna S., John M. Pauly, Adam B. Kerr, Bob S. Hu, and Dwight G. Nishimura. "Real-time color flow MRI." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 43, no. 2 (February 2000): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(200002)43:2<251::aid-mrm12>3.0.co;2-#.

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30

Camus, Ted. "Real-Time Quantized Optical Flow." Real-Time Imaging 3, no. 2 (April 1997): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rtim.1996.0048.

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31

Dalalah, Doraid. "Real-time optimization flow control." Computer Networks 54, no. 5 (April 2010): 797–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2009.09.005.

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32

Cascini, Egidio, and Leonardo Cascini. "Forecasting spring flow time series." Journal of the Italian Statistical Society 3, no. 1 (February 1994): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02589037.

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33

Kitts, David. "Geological Time and Psychological Time." Earth Sciences History 8, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.8.2.4102132n21644667.

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The ‘flow’ of time from the future to the past through a dimensionless present is a dramatic feature of our experience. In this paper I argue that the flow of time has found its way into the practice of stratigraphy where it has been detrimental to our clear conception of geologic time.

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34

De Tienne, André. "The Flow of Time and the Flow of Signs." American Journal of Semiotics 31, no. 1 (2015): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ajs2015311/22.

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35

Benkowski, R., B. Lynch, G. Morello, D. Morley, and G. P. Noon. "REAL TIME FLOW MEASUREMENT FOR A CONTINUOUS FLOW VAD." ASAIO Journal 47, no. 2 (March 2001): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-200103000-00130.

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36

Gerhardy, C., and W. K. Schomburg. "Time of flow sensor with a flow parallel wire." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 186 (October 2012): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2012.03.010.

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37

Sarpkaya, T. "Brief Reviews of Some Time-Dependent Flows." Journal of Fluids Engineering 114, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910029.

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Separated flows in general and time-dependent flows in particular provide fertile territory for fundamental research in fluid dynamics and account for much of the subject matter. Thus, it is thought appropriate to review some of these unsteady flows with special emphasis on hydrodynamic applications which are, admittedly, of special interest to this writer: unsteady separation; characteristics of impulsively and nonimpulsively-started flow about cylinders; excursion of separation points on circular cylinders in oscillating flow; separation and other flow phenomena governing the unsteady maneuvers of large submerged bodies, and, finally, the three-dimensional footprints of subsurface vortical structures rising toward the free surface. It is hoped that these concise reviews will enhance communication between various groups of researchers, draw attention to many exciting phenomena in naval hydrodynamics, and inspire new research topics.

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38

Keto, Eric. "Stability and solution of the time-dependent Bondi–Parker flow." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 493, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 2834–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa529.

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ABSTRACT Bondi and Parker derived a steady-state solution for Bernoulli’s equation in spherical symmetry around a point mass for two cases, respectively, an inward accretion flow and an outward wind. Left unanswered were the stability of the steady-state solution, the solution itself of time-dependent flows, whether the time-dependent flows would evolve to the steady state, and under what conditions a transonic flow would develop. In a Hamiltonian description, we find that the steady-state solution is equivalent to the Lagrangian implying that time-dependent flows evolve to the steady state. We find that the second variation is definite in sign for isothermal and adiabatic flows, implying at least linear stability. We solve the partial differential equation for the time-dependent flow as an initial-value problem and find that a transonic flow develops under a wide range of realistic initial conditions. We present some examples of time-dependent solutions.

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39

Moon, Sungdo, Byoungro So, and Mary W. Hall. "Combining Compile-Time and Run-Time Parallelization." Scientific Programming 7, no. 3-4 (1999): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/490628.

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This paper demonstrates that significant improvements to automatic parallelization technology require that existing systems be extended in two ways: (1) they must combine high‐quality compile‐time analysis with low‐cost run‐time testing; and (2) they must take control flow into account during analysis. We support this claim with the results of an experiment that measures the safety of parallelization at run time for loops left unparallelized by the Stanford SUIF compiler’s automatic parallelization system. We present results of measurements on programs from two benchmark suites – SPECFP95and NASsample benchmarks – which identify inherently parallel loops in these programs that are missed by the compiler. We characterize remaining parallelization opportunities, and find that most of the loops require run‐time testing, analysis of control flow, or some combination of the two. We present a new compile‐time analysis technique that can be used to parallelize most of these remaining loops. This technique is designed to not only improve the results of compile‐time parallelization, but also to produce low‐cost, directed run‐time tests that allow the system to defer binding of parallelization until run‐time when safety cannot be proven statically. We call this approachpredicated array data‐flow analysis. We augment array data‐flow analysis, which the compiler uses to identify independent and privatizable arrays, by associating predicates with array data‐flow values. Predicated array data‐flow analysis allows the compiler to derive “optimistic” data‐flow values guarded by predicates; these predicates can be used to derive a run‐time test guaranteeing the safety of parallelization.

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40

Gao, Zhong-Ke, Shan-Shan Zhang, Wei-Dong Dang, Shan Li, and Qing Cai. "Multilayer Network from Multivariate Time Series for Characterizing Nonlinear Flow Behavior." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 27, no. 04 (April 2017): 1750059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127417500596.

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The exploration of two-phase flows, as a multidisciplinary subject, has drawn a great deal of attention on account of its significance. The dynamical flow behaviors underlying the transitions of oil–water bubbly flows are still elusive. We carry out oil–water two-phase flow experiments and capture multichannel flow information. Then we propose a novel methodology for inferring multilayer network from multivariate time series, which enables to fuse multichannel flow information at different frequency bands. We employ macro-scale, meso-scale and micro-scale network measures to characterize the generated multilayer networks, and the results suggest that our analysis allows uncovering the nonlinear flow behaviors underlying the transitions of oil-in-water bubbly flows.

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41

Annila, Arto. "The Matter of Time." Entropy 23, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23080943.

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About a century ago, in the spirit of ancient atomism, the quantum of light was renamed the photon to suggest that it is the fundamental element of everything. Since the photon carries energy in its period of time, a flux of photons inexorably embodies a flow of time. Thus, time comprises periods as a trek comprises legs. The flows of quanta naturally select optimal paths (i.e., geodesics) to level out energy differences in the least amount of time. The corresponding flow equations can be written, but they cannot be solved. Since the flows affect their driving forces, affecting the flows, and so on, the forces (i.e., causes) and changes in motions (i.e., consequences) are inseparable. Thus, the future remains unpredictable. However, it is not all arbitrary but rather bounded by free energy. Eventually, when the system has attained a stationary state where forces tally, there are no causes and no consequences. Since there are no energy differences between the system and its surroundings, the quanta only orbit on and on. Thus, time does not move forward either but circulates.

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42

Chambers, Marcus J., and Michael A. Thornton. "DISCRETE TIME REPRESENTATION OF CONTINUOUS TIME ARMA PROCESSES." Econometric Theory 28, no. 1 (August 2, 2011): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466611000181.

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This paper derives exact discrete time representations for data generated by a continuous time autoregressive moving average (ARMA) system with mixed stock and flow data. The representations for systems comprised entirely of stocks or of flows are also given. In each case the discrete time representations are shown to be of ARMA form, the orders depending on those of the continuous time system. Three examples and applications are also provided, two of which concern the stationary ARMA(2, 1) model with stock variables (with applications to sunspot data and a short-term interest rate) and one concerning the nonstationary ARMA(2, 1) model with a flow variable (with an application to U.S. nondurable consumers’ expenditure). In all three examples the presence of an MA(1) component in the continuous time system has a dramatic impact on eradicating unaccounted-for serial correlation that is present in the discrete time version of the ARMA(2, 0) specification, even though the form of the discrete time model is ARMA(2, 1) for both models.

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43

Saupe, K. W., C. A. Smith, K. S. Henderson, and J. A. Dempsey. "Diastolic time: an important determinant of regional arterial blood flow." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 269, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): H973—H979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1995.269.3.h973.

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In unanesthetized dogs we measured heart rate, blood pressure, and external iliac, celiac, and renal artery flows on a beat-by-beat basis. All three flows fluctuated in synchrony with breathing. Although the fluctuations in renal flow could to a large degree be explained by fluctuations in blood pressure, this was not the case in the external iliac artery where flow increased when pressure decreased and decreased when pressure increased. These paradoxical fluctuations in flow appear to be caused by respiratory fluctuations in heart rate, since we observed a strong (r = 0.89) correlation between external iliac flow and the length of the preceding diastole. Single long diastolic periods, induced by atropine, were always followed by a beat of increased flow even though arterial pressure was constant. We conclude that diastolic time has a profound impact on blood flow during the next beat. Our data support a model of the arterial system in which backpressure to flow through a bed is dependent on the amount of time for diastolic runoff into the capillaries.

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44

Hamache, Amar, Mohand Outahar Bensidhoum, and Hachemi Chekireb. "Time delay finite time control of unified power flow controller for power flow reference tracking." International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control 29, no. 4 (2018): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmic.2018.092117.

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45

Hamache, Amar, Mohand Outahar Bensidhoum, and Hachemi Chekireb. "Time delay finite time control of unified power flow controller for power flow reference tracking." International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control 29, no. 4 (2018): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmic.2018.10013131.

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46

Amit, Hagay, and Peter Olson. "Time-average and time-dependent parts of core flow." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 155, no. 1-2 (April 2006): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2005.10.006.

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47

McCall, Storrs. "Time flow does not require a second time dimension." Australasian Journal of Philosophy 76, no. 2 (June 1998): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048409812348441.

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48

Aung Kyaw, NyoNyo, and Sijing Zong. "The Time-varying Cash Flow Sensitivity of Cash." Journal of International Business and Economy 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2014.2.1.

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By using data of US manufacturing companies, we revisit the cash flow sensitivity to cash in two sub-samples of 1993-2000 and 2000-2011 to investigate the time-varying features of the cash flow sensitivity of cash. Our results show a weakening coefficient of US manufacturing firms from 1990s to 2000s. The sensitivity in the later time period is only a half of its original scale. Financially unconstrained firms seem to converge with the constrained firms in the later period, leading to the conclusion that macroeconomic conditions impact more on the cash flow sensitivity of cash than the external financial constraint does. Further, our research identifies that the overall decreasing sensitivity is driven by firms with negative cash flows.

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49

D'Almeida, M. S., S. Cailmail, and D. Lebrec. "Validation of transit-time ultrasound flow probes to directly measure portal blood flow in conscious rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 271, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): H2701—H2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.6.h2701.

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Direct measurement of portal venous blood flow is technically difficult, yet crucial for accurate assessment of liver hemodynamic and metabolic functions. The aim of this investigation was to assess the feasibility of implanting transit-time ultra-sound (TTUS) perivascular flow probes on the portal vein of the rat and to validate this technique as a means of directly measuring portal blood flow in conscious rats. A TTUS flow probe was implanted on the portal veins of 10 rats. One week later, portal flow was measured under basal conditions in these rats by TTUS probes and after pharmacological manipulation of portal flow by intravenous injections of Glypressin or infusions of adenosine while the rats were conscious. Portal flow was simultaneously measured in the same rats using radioactive microspheres. Basal systemic hemodynamics, regional blood flows to splanchnic organs, and portal blood pressure were not significantly modified by the presence of the probe on the portal vein compared with a control group of rats not instrumented with flow probes. Basal portal flows measured by the TTUS and microsphere techniques were not different (20.6 +/- 2.6 and 17.6 +/- 1.3 ml/min). After Glypressin, portal flows measured by the TTUS and microsphere techniques were 12.3 +/- 2.9 and 9.3 +/- 1.9 ml/min and, in response to adenosine, increased to 27.2 +/- 3.4 and 31.3 +/- 4.1 ml/min. There was no significant difference between the TTUS and microsphere flows. Both the relationship between absolute flows and the relationship between changes in flows measured by the two techniques were linear with slopes approaching 1.0. Thus TTUS flow probes can be used to directly measure portal flow from the portal vein in conscious rats. This methodology is as effective as the standard technique of radioactive microspheres. More importantly, the TTUS technique allows for continuous direct measurement of portal flow and eliminates the hazards and sources of error associated with the radioactive microsphere technique.

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Zavala Sansón, Luis. "Nonlinear and time-dependent equivalent-barotropic flows." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 871 (May 30, 2019): 925–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.354.

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Some oceanic and atmospheric flows may be modelled as equivalent-barotropic systems, in which the horizontal fluid velocity varies in magnitude at different vertical levels while keeping the same direction. The governing equations at a specific level are identical to those of a homogeneous flow over an equivalent depth, determined by a pre-defined vertical structure. The idea was proposed by Charney (J. Met., vol. 6 (6), 1949, pp. 371–385) for modelling a barotropic atmosphere. More recently, steady, linear formulations have been used to study oceanic flows. In this paper, the nonlinear, time-dependent model with variable topography is examined. To include nonlinear terms, we assume suitable approximations and evaluate the associated error in the dynamical vorticity equation. The model is solved numerically to investigate the equivalent-barotropic dynamics in comparison with a purely barotropic flow. We consider three problems in which the behaviour of homogeneous flows has been well established either experimentally, analytically or observationally in past studies. First, the nonlinear evolution of cyclonic vortices around a topographic seamount is examined. It is found that the vortex drift induced by the mountain is modified according to the vertical structure of the flow. When the vertical structure is abrupt, the model effectively isolates the surface flow from both inviscid and viscous topographic effects (due to the shape of the bottom and Ekman friction, respectively). Second, the wind-driven flow in a closed basin with variable topography is studied (for a flat bottom this is the well-known Stommel problem). For a zonally uniform, negative wind-stress curl in the homogeneous case, a large-scale, anticyclonic gyre is formed and displaced southward due to topographic effects at the western slope of the basin. The flow reaches a steady state due to the balance between topographic,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$, wind-stress and bottom friction effects. However, in the equivalent-barotropic simulations with abrupt vertical structure, such an equilibrium cannot be reached because the forcing effects at the surface are enhanced, while bottom friction effects are reduced. As a result, the unsteady flow is decomposed as a set of planetary waves. A third problem consists of performing simulations of the wind-driven flow over realistic bottom topography in the Gulf of Mexico. The formation of the so-called Campeche gyre is explored. It is found that such circulation may be consistent with the equivalent-barotropic dynamics.

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